BORED PILE SSL

PROCEDURE
1‐ Piling Stage drawing checking

2‐ Setting out

3‐ Installation of temporary casing

4‐ Drilling

5‐ Stabilizer fluid

6‐ Pile toe cleaning with cleaning bucket

7‐ Installation of steel cage

8‐ Tremie Pile Installation and Pile toe cleaning with airlift equipment if any

9‐ Concreting

10‐ Casing removal

And About Bentonite Surry

Pile Load Test

17.4.2018
Procedure for bored pile construction
In order to ensure the quality of bored pile construction that shall be
complying with (chapter 7.1) quality control as record and quality
management as standard as (Chart 7.2.1.3) and all machines will be check,
test running before construction. The standard operating procedures for the
bored pile construction are as follows;
1‐ Piling Stage drawing checking
2‐ Setting out
3‐ Installation of temporary casing
4‐ Drilling
5‐ Stabilizer fluid
6‐ Pile toe cleaning with cleaning bucket
7‐ Installation of steel cage
8‐ Tremie Pile Installation and Pile toe cleaning with airlift equipment if any
9‐ Concreting
10‐ Casing removal
Flowchart as below:

1‐ Piling Stage drawing checking

Site drawing
Pile size, pile types, Pile numbers, Cutoff level(Pile cap bottom level),
Piletoe level, Existing Ground level, Concrete Grade, Steel strength, Pile Geotechnical calculation
Skin friction End bearing
Safety factor
Steel cage(Rebarcage) details, Main bar size Spiral size,
lapping ? pile
၂\၃ Full length
? Ultimate design depth, steel cage design
bore hole
zone ? Pile size zone depth, steel cage
design, cutoff level Concrete grade
access road piling plan ?
? pile
Service crane backhoe
2‐ Setting out
Surveyer Total station ႔ Center Point
safety tape 10mm dia
Point site
( )
Point team team check
Surveyor Pile no. Pile size
point pile no. Pile size Check
Point
check 1.5m or distance
90°(X;Y) Ref Casing ref ႔
Casing ၂ Center distance Casing Radious ႔ Distance ႔ )
Pile eccentricity(ECC) Ground lvl
record

3‐ Installation of temporary casing

Casing install Pre bore ႔ Vibro Hammer ၂
Bored pile temporary casing( stand pipe ) prebore
Auger, Boring Bucket Auger, Bucket
R.point ၂ -1m pile
pile ecc(eccentricity) +- 75mm A A1/ B B1
Casing install +- 75mm Casing install
+or- 75mm Check Banksman, machine helper
Supervisor
အသုံးမ်ားတဲ့ Casing lengthေတြက 4.5m၊ 3m၊ 1.5mစသျဖင့္အမ်ဳး၂ရွ ိ ရာိ ေျမအမ်ဳးစားလု
ိ ိက္ ေျမေပ်ာ့ရင္ Steel
cage (Rebar weight)မ်ားရင္ Casing length ရွည္တာပုိေကာင္းပါတယ္။ သုိ႔မွသာ Steel cage weight နဲ႔
Concrete pouringလုပ္ေနစဥ္ Vibrationေၾကာင့္ တျခားအေၾကာင္းေတြေၾကာင့္ Casing ကြၽတာ ံ
(နဂုိlvlေအာက္က်သြားတာ) မျဖစ္မွာပါ။ တခ်ဳ႕Test
ိ pileေတြဆုိCasing length 9mထိရပါတယ္
ွိ ။ Casing
Diameterေတြက Bore pile diameterထက္ 100mmကေန 150mm ~200mm ထိပုိႀကီးပါတယ္။
ဥပမာ1000mm bore pileအတြက္ဆုိCasing diaက 1150mmပါ။
Preboreတူးတဲ့အခါ ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ Auger or Soil bucketကုိ အသုံးျပဳတူးပါတယ္။ တူးေနစဥ္မွာ သတ္မွတ္
Specification ရွတဲ
ိ ့ Bentoniteကုိ ျဖည့္ေပးေနရပါတယ္ (တူးေနရင္းေျမေတြျပဳမက်လာေအာင္
ိ ပါ)။
Casing
Bentonite Wet pile 4-6m
Prebore Casing Bentonite
Bentonite quality pile
Dry hole Vibro
hammer Casing Vibro
casing Vibro
Boring Casing Casing Prebore
reference point adjust

3.1 Casing ECC and Verticality Checking

Casing ECC ECC Eccentricity(
) Casing Design Position
Casing Reference
2 casing manually
casing +\- 75mm (Site
) Surveyor Design Easting Northing coordinates /
Casing Total Station Pile ECC
Bored pile - single pile - single column ECC
Column load pile Total Station Casing
ECC check
Casing install ECC check Verticality check Install
install
( ) Casing install
90 Check casing alignment
install
casing
measure tape
PS- casing . Vertical
casing must be stand vertical( by checking verticality of casing when insert casing )
ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင္း Casingကုိ 0.5mကေန 1mထိ Ground levelအေပၚမွာေဖာ္ထားေလ့ရပါတယ္
ွိ
Stopperကလည္း Casingနႈတ္ခမ္းကေန 500mmေလာက္မွာတပ္ထားတာပါ။

ECC ႔ Lvl ok Back hoe ႔ Casing ႔ Casing

(Casing ႔
Bentonite Casing ႔ ႔ )
 INSERTING STAND PIPE ON
GROUND

4
Right 5

Wrong Center Line Of

Crane

45Deg Of Earth Pressure At Least 5

Line Meter

End of stand pipe must be exceed the earth pressure

line which is 45 degree from the crane center.
4.Drilling
Rock Bucket

Cleaning Bucket Bucket Bore Hole

(Base Cleaning)
Bentonite/Polymer ကဲ့သို႔ Drilling Fluid သံုးၿပီးတူးျခင္း(Wet Hole) နဲ႔ ဘာမွမသံုးပဲ[ေျမသားေကာင္းၿပီးမၿပိဳႏို
င္/ေရမထြက/္ ေရထြက္လ်င္လည္း နည္းနည္းပဲထြက္လို႔] (Dry Hole) တူးတာဆိုၿပီးေတာ့ပါ။ Dry Hole တူးတဲ့အခါ အဓိက
သံုးၾကတာကေတာ့ Auger(လြန္သြား) ပါပဲ။ ရိုးရိုး ေျမတူးတဲ့ Teeth တပ္ၿပီးသံုးတာနဲ႔ တခါတရံ အရမ္းမာလို႔ Bullet Teeth
တပ္ၿပီးသံုးတာဆိုၿပီးရွိတယ္။ ေမးစရာတစ္ခုရွိတာက ဘာလို႔ Auger ကိုအဓိက သံုးတယ္ဆိုၿပီးေျပာတာလဲ??? ဘာလို႔ Bucket
အေၾကာင္းမေျပာတာလဲ??? Bucket နဲ႔တူးလဲရပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ Bucket နဲ႔က တစ္ခါတူးၿပီးတိုင္း တံခါးတစ္ခါဖြင့္ၿပီး ေျမႀကီးထု
တ္ရတယ္။ Auto အဖြင့္အပိတ္ Bucket ဆိုေတာ္ေသးတယ္၊ Manual လူနဲ႔အဖြင့္အပိတ္လုပ္ရတယ္ဆို အခ်ိန္ပိုၾကာသြားမယ္။
(ခုေနာက္ပိုင္းေတာ့ Auto ပဲအသံုးမ်ားပါတယ္)။ Bucket Lock ပ်က္တာေတြ၊ Bucket တံခါးပ်က္တာေတြ ရွိႏိုင္တယ္။
Auger နဲ႔ၾကေတာ့ တူးမယ္၊ ဆြဲတင္မယ္၊ Casing ထိပ္ေရာက္ရင္ ခါထုတ္ပစ္လိုက္မယ္။ ျမန္တယ္၊ အပ်က္အစီးနည္းတယ္၊ အခ်ိ
န္ကုန္သက္သာတယ္။ Wet Hole က်ေတာ့ Auger ကို Casing မခ်ခင္ Prebore တူးတဲ့အခါနဲ႔ ေရမထြက္လာခင္ ေျမလႊာေ
လာက္ထိပဲသံုးႏိုင္တယ္။ Drilling Fluid ထည့္ၿပီးတာနဲ႔ Bucket နဲ႔ပဲတူးလို႔ရေတာ့မယ္။ Bored Pile တူးတဲ့အခါ
Boring Rig Operator/Soil Sample Collect လုပ္ေပးမဲ့ Banksman/ Soil Checking လုပ္မဲ့ Incharge
အားလံုးဂရုစိုက္သင့္တယ္။ တူးတဲ့သူကလည္း ကိုယ္တူးေနတဲ့ေျမအေနအထား/က်င္းၿပိဳေနလား/Teeth ေတြလဲသင့္ၿပီလား စသည္ျ
ဖင့္သိဖို႔ သတိထားဖို႔လိုသလို Banksman ကလည္း ေျမလႊာေျပာင္းရင္ Sample ယူဖို႔၊ ယူတဲ့ေျမကလည္း အေရာအေႏွာကင္းၿပီး
ေျမအမွန္ျဖစ္ဖို႔ စသျဖင့္ဂရုျပဳသင့္တယ္။ တာဝန္ရွိ Soil Sample Checker ကလည္း Banksman ယူေပးတဲ့ ေျမနမူနာေတြ ေ
ကာင္းမေကာင္း၊ မွန္မမွန္ၾကည့္ေပးေနရမယ္။ Pile တစ္လံုးခ်င္းစီရဲ႕ Geotechnical Capacity Calculation အရ
Design Depth ကိုဆံုးျဖတ္တဲ့အခါ Sample ေတြကအလြန္အေရးႀကီးတယ္။ မလိုအပ္ပဲ Pile တိုျခင္း၊ ရွည္ျခင္းေတြျဖစ္သြားႏို
င္တယ္။ အထူးဂရုစိုက္သင့္တယ္။
Sometime for
Rock Coring Socketing Rock
Coring Core Barrel Bullet Teeth Core
Barrel Roller Bit Core Barrel
Core Barrel

Casing ECC & Lvl ႔ Final depth Drilling

Bucket Operator
႔ m
5 ႔ soil
soil sample soil class record
၂ Soil bucket ႔ Rock bucket ႔
Bucket Bucket
(50mm Concrete Vol ႔ Bucket
size Design Dia ) Final
Depth Final Depth 300mm
Final
depth ၂bucket ႔ ႔ Rock
Bucket ( ႔) Rock Auger ႔ Bucket
Designer ႔
႔ ႔
Spirit lvl ( ႔ Kelly bar
Vertical ( ႔
) ႔
 S
႔ ite Rock Socketing Design
Rocket layer ႔ (engine
) Rock layer
႔ Socketing ႔ Core barral ႔
Rock Coring ( ) Rocket socketing length Pile dia
1D 2D ) Bentonite
( )

5. Stabilizer fluid
Site Bentonite specification

Bentonite Casing Bentonite lvl

႔ ႔
Gap(Bentonite ႔ ( Bentonite
specification Prebore Bentonite tank
Drilling Air lifting Bentonite
) Operator Measuring tape
(sounding ) ႔
Cleaning

6. Pile toe cleaning with cleaning bucket

Cleaning ႔ Drilling bucket Cleaning bucket
Cleaning bucket Drilling bucket
၂
F.D ( ) Base cleaning ECC ႔ Casing Lvl As
build ႔ ECC ႔ Casing lvl
Record
Koden test(Testing by Untrasonic Drilling Mornitor)
Check Verticality of bored pile before concreting after drilling
႔Site Konden Test ႔ Untrasonic
Drilling Mornitor Winch unit ႔ Recorder unit Winch unit
Winch unit Sensor unit ၂ Recorder
unit X-X´ ,Y-Y' ႔ Graph
( ) Souding ႔
Record Koden test 1hr
႔ ႔ Bentonite Quality Settlement
႔ ႔ ႔ Site Koden
Test Kelly Bar
7 Installation of steel cage
Insert of steel cage
Koden test ႔ Steel Cage( ) ႔

1.Mainbar
( Dia Number Length Lapping Binding Welding )
2.Binders ( ႔)Outer Ring
( Dia Spacing Lapping Binding Welding )
3.Stiffener ( )႔ Inner ring
( Dia Spacing Lapping Binding Welding )
4.Spacer bar ( ႔)Cover chair bar
( Dia Spacing Number Binding Welding )
5.Hanging Rod
(H.R) lvl Casing
Casing lvl ႔ Reabar top lvl HR )
**H.R Casing Lvl ႔ Pile Design Length & Cut off lvl

( ) Dia
Spiral
Lapping ႔
႔Site Design
Pile Cap →45
→45
→ 5
→ 5 , = f
Spacer ba →4 @
H → 5
H →45
→
→75
႔ ( )
Crane ႔ ၂
Inner ring( ) Casing ႔ ႔ ႔ (Steel Cage
weight ႔ Inner ring Main bar
Lapping lengh Lapping length
spiral Spiral ok
႔ Welding ( ႔) Bullet clip
(Structual dwg Design ) Weldin ႔ Welding length & Thickness Designer
Guideline ႔ ၂ Spiral
Lapping length ႔ Spiral spacing
Splice% 50% ( ႔)100% ) ႔Ok ႔
( ႔ ) Crane ႔ ၂
႔ Spiral
၂
Design St (Steel cage
length ) length H Rebar
top lvl ႔ Lapping Welding Welding Steel
cage Weight H ႔ H.R welding ႔ Crane ႔
၂ H.R ႔ H.R
Casing ) Tremie pipe
Design Pile ႔
... Site Foundation Checking ႔
Pile Inclinometer pipe
Grouting ႔
F.D ၂
Steel cage installation Survey ႔ ECC ႔ Casing lvl
record
Installation of steel cage

2m Length

3m Length

1m Length

Type of tremie pipe :

we have 3 types of tremie : 1m, 2m and 3m Length
(8) Tremie pipe installation
႔ Pipe stand pipe stand
Tremie pipe
4m( ) 3m 2m 1m
0.5m ၂ Dia 350mm 250mm 200mm
Pile size 600mmDia Tremmie pipe dia 200mm Tremie
pipe tip ႔ bore hole (Gap) 200mm-300mm
pipe length 0.5m ႔ (Length ႔ ႔)
Gap 5 ( )
Gap Concrete ႔ Gap Concrete ( )
႔ Tremie pipe length F.D Gap Pipe
length Gap
( ) Bentonite ႔ (
) pipe length (Pipe
)
Tremie pipe ႔
casing Bentonite
pump ႔ Bentonite ႔ ႔
Tremie pipe lapping
(Concrete length) (Concreting )
Tremie pipe ။

Air lift
Tremie pipe Settlement ( )
Sounding ႔ F.D F.D ႔ Settlement
Drillin F.D 43m (Design depth 43m ) Tremie F.D
42 Settlement 1m (Design depth ) Settlement
300mm Air lift Settlement 300mm ႔ Air lift A
f Tremie pipe F.D
Air lift ႔ Compressor ႔ bentonite ႔ settlement
( ႔
) Air lift
Bentonite Pump ႔
Tank ႔ ႔
႔ Air lift Compressor ႔ ႔
(Bentonite ) Bentonite specification Air lifting
Air lift ႔ Tremie pipe Ag
(Hooper)
9.Concreting
Concrte Ag (
Casing Ag ႔
Back hole ႔slope ႔ Slope
Compaction
) Hooper ႔ Service crane
႔ Service Boom Service
႔ Station pump ႔
Station pump ႔ Pump pipe
Crane Hook Hopper( ) Hook
Pump
 ႔ slurry ႔ Tremie
pipe Tremie
Pipe concrete
F.D Concrete volume(m3) ႔ Cutt off
lvl 1m ႔ ( )
Grade 35Mpa (Structural dwg )
Slump 200±20mm slump
႔ Ag
Chemical Concrete setting time 3hr
Site ႔ Plump Ag ႔ Ag
႔ ႔ Ag
႔ Ag
Ag Standby
႔ T
႔ remie pipe Concrete
႔ ႔ ႔ Service Crane ႔

Ag ႔ ႔ ႔ Specific
Gravity Concrete Specific Gravity
Bentonite ၂
Bentonite pump ႔ Bentonite tank ႔
Concrete sounding Pipe
length ၂ (Pipe ) Tremie pipe
lapping (Concrete length) Tremie pipe lapping

Dia1500mm pile 6m (4m pile size ႔ Ag Lvl

f 6m )
Dia 1000mm ( )႔ 800mm pile 4m
Dia 600mm pile 3m Concrete
Lapping pipe ႔ Lapping Lappig (
bentonite ) Pile Lapping f
Sounding Pipe (
lapping ႔ ) Tremie pipe length 42m ႔ ႔
Sounding 33m lapping 3m pipe length 36m
႔ 3m pipe2 ႔ Concrete ႔ ႔ Pipe ႔ ႔
Lapping
Crane operator concrete
lvl cut-off lvl 1m ႔ Sounding ႔
Concreting
(10) Casing removal
Concreting Casing (Casing Remove ) Concrete lvl Casing
bottom Concrete lvl Casing
( ) ႔ Casing ႔Concrete (Concrete ႔ )
႔ Casing Casing Casing
Length ႔ Sounding (Casig Concrete lvl Length)
Sounding Length Casing Length Concrete Casing Casing
Ag Service Crane ႔Back Hole ၂
Concreting ႔ Steel Cage H.R Welding ႔ Crane ႔
Casing ႔ Bore Pile ႔ ႔ Test
Pile Casing Casing (Load Test ႔ )
King Post Pile Steel Column (H-Beam) Casing
Casing Concrete Strength
Casing length Casing bottom lvl
Casing ႔
Cleaning Setting Tim
Filling Filling &
Compacting ႔ Filling
&Compacting
Bore Pile

Crawler Crane Steel Casing

Remove casing

Sample Cycle Time

 BENTONITE SUPPORT FLUIDS
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

PREFACE
Bentonite is the name used for a range of clays that can swell and gel when dispersed in water. The
name “bentonite” originates from the discovery of this type of clay near Fort Benton, USA, in the 19th
Century. This was a natural sodium bentonite, and has been mined extensively for many years in
Wyoming and Dakota for oil well drilling applications.
 Stabilizer Comparison Chart
Materials Bentonite Polymer
Belong to high swelling natural Belong to polyacrylamide polymer, fine powder,
1. Nature montmorillonite minerals, powdered, mixed mixed with water to form a high viscosity of the
with water to form bentonite slurry stability. transparent polymer stabilizer.
Using the ratio of 3% -8%, depending on the
Using a ratio of 1:3,000 ~ 5,000, according to
2. Modulation geological conditions
geological conditions, a pack of 15 kg polymar can
ratio
be equivalent of more than 1 ton of bentonite effect.

Baked soil by the mixing machine, the need Polymer mixed by the mixing tube, 30 minutes to
for more than 12 hours before the full reach its maximum effect, which can be used
3. Mixing Time
expansion of hydration, up to its maximum immediately.
effect, and must be ready to mix trough.
The use of bentonite stabilizing liquid gel The viscosity of Polymer Stabilizer will penetrate
sealing wall, in order to achieve the effect of into the soil and allow the soil particles to be
4. Function stabilizing the wall, dust film will increase cemented in a vertical and horizontal direction to
with the filtration of water thickening. stabilize the wall.
A) Pre-mixing is required 12 hours prior to
A) ready-to-use, without the need to set the ready-
full expansion and hydration.
mix tank, but must be set to recover the storage
B) Bentonite in stabilizing solution of
tank.
bentonite is not easy to be precipitated, but
B) Agglomeration, the sediment contained in the
5. Operate Area settling tank shall be set up. Recovered
Polymer solution will agglomerate and precipitate
stabilizing liquid shall be treated with
quickly. The sand content of the recovery stabilizer
sedimenting equipment and dispersant before
will be low., and can be directly recovered into the
recirculating after sedimentation.
storage tank without reserve tank.
Bentonite stabilizing solution of high sand Polymer Stabilizer has a sand content of <2% and a
6. Concrete content, specific gravity, concrete replacement specific gravity of nearly 1, which makes it easy to
placement more difficult, and easy to produce clay replace the concrete and avoid clogging.
phenomenon.

After the concrete is replaced, Polymer stabilizer

7. Hold the bar
After the replacement of concrete, bentonite remaining on the rebar contacts the calcium ion in
Wrapping force
residue in the steel bar easily, affecting the the concrete, destroying its bond, allowing the
of shadow
bond between the steel and concrete. concrete to bond tightly with the reinforcing bar
ring
without affecting its grip force.
Bentonite stabilizing liquid with a suspension The sediment in the stabilizing solution of Polymer
force, so that the sediment contained in the stabilizing liquid is precipitated in the bottom of the
slow rate of sediment, often placed in the steel hole 15-30 minutes after the completion of the
8. Impact on drilling. It is easy to remove the sediment and the
cage after the completion of the sediment
bearing capacity sand content of the stabilized liquid in the depth of
sedimentation at the bottom of the hole can
not be removed, and the impact of the the cage is less than 1% Bearing capacity.
basement bearing capacity .
9. The Bentonite powder inhalation of the The fine-grained powder of Polymar does not
construction construction workers in the respiratory tract, expand in volume after exposure to water and does
workers and the volume expansion after water 12 to 16 not endanger the health of the operator.
health times, and endanger the health of workers.
Construction site
Impact
Bentonite stabilizing solution will produce a
10.
large number of waste mud, to be abandoned Polymer Stabilizer produces very little waste
Contamination
disposal, and pollution of the environment, sludge, no disposal, no pollution, no pollution.
and Public hazard
resulting in secondary pollution.
 Purpose Of
• Bentonite Water Bentonite
– The most economic system a bore-hole open while drilling is
progress and for casting a pile involves the use of a fluid, the
drilling mud, oppose:
• The pressure of outside water
• The earth pressure into the section.
Bentonite is a kind of chemical, which are including-
Mg Ca,Al2 O3 ,Si O2,H2O
Some time we use C.M.C, if the soil condition is very fine
and collapsed.
A good drilling mud should be mixed such that the
percentage of bentonite is from 5% to
8 % (of water),But it greatly depends on the quality and
characteristics of the bentonite
available.

– Bentonite water create the bentonite cake on the surface of

wall of hole when it is contacted to sandy soil. Water head
and properties of bentonite water ,which are directly related
to prevention of collapse of wall of hole and to discharge of
excavated material. Bentonite water that circulates during
excavation. Specific gravity is from 1.02 to 1.09.

– Bentonite ရဲ႕ Specific gravity သည္ 1.02 မွ 1.09 ထိရိွျပီး ေရရဲ႕

Specific gravity သည္ 1.0 ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ ျပင္ပမွေရကို
တြင္းတူးေနစဥ္ကာကြယ္ထားသည္။

– Concrete ရဲ႕ Specific gravity သည္ 2.37ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ concrete

သြန္းေလာင္းလွ်င္ bentonite အရည္မ်ားကို အလိုအေလ်ာက္
တြန္းဖယ္နုိ္ငသည္။
Betonite Betonite Specific Viscosity
3
Remark
kg/m of mud % Gravity sec. sand %

nil 0 1.000 27 1.0 Clay

20 2 1.010 28 1.1 Clay
30 3 1.020 30 2.2 Clay
40 4 1.025 35 3.7 Clay
50 5 1.035 40 6.6 Clayed sand
60 6 1.035 40 12.0 Clayed sand
70 7 1.040 45 19.0 Clayed sand
80 8 1.045 55 35.0 Sand
90 9 1.070 60 68.0 Sand
100 10 1.075 70 92.0 Sand
 Bentonite
Cake

Hydrostatic pressure
0.2 Kg/cm2 .
Bento
nite

Soil
Particle

-Bentonite level in the hole must be more than 2 meter above the water level
or under ground water level. Bentonate water create the bentonite cake on
the surface of wall of hole when it is contacted to sandy soil. Water head and
properties of bentonite water,which are directly related to prevention of
collapse of wall of hole and to discharge of excavated material. Bentonite
water that circulates during excavation. Specific gravity is from 1.02 to 1.06.
Water level
Ground level
Over 2 m

Ground water
level Bentonite
Cake

Hydrostatic
Pressure
Over
Hydrostatic
0.2 Kg/cm2
pressure
0.2 Kg/cm2

.
Bento
nite

Soil
Particle
1 THE USE OF BENTONITE SUPPORT FLUIDS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
One of their main uses is to support the sides of panel excavations for diaphragm walls. In this
application, the bentonite must be capable of forming a barrier or “filter cake” on the sides of the
excavations to prevent loss of fluid into the ground and provide a surface layer against which the
pressure of the fluid can act in order to resist external pressures from the soil and groundwater. The
properties of bentonites from different sources vary, and it is important to understand that a property
which may be required for one application may not be required for another.

2 THE PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF BENTONITE POWDER

Commercial bentonites are hydrated alumino silicates. Bentonite occurs as a clay ore
containing up to 50 % moisture. Commercially viable deposits consist of accessible clay seams, low in
accessory minerals, which can be cleanly worked to minimise unwanted inclusions such as sand. The
characteristics of the clay vary, and selection is based on factors such as yield and gelling ability.

There are three common types of bentonite, namely:

• Natural sodium bentonite
• Natural calcium bentonite
• Sodium-activated bentonite

Natural sodium bentonite is characterised by very high swelling ability, high liquid limit and low filter
loss. This bentonite was used as the standard by which all other bentonites were measured for many
years.
Natural calcium bentonite, where calcium is the predominant exchangeable cation, is mined world-
wide. It has much lower swelling ability and liquid limit, and much higher filter or fluid loss than
natural sodium bentonite.
Sodium-activated bentonite is produced by the addition of soluble sodium carbonate to calcium
bentonite.
Most bentonites used in civil engineering to produce support fluids are sodium-activated. Natural
sodium bentonite is rarely used because of its high cost. Natural calcium bentonite is usually not
suitable for this purpose.
The rheological characteristics of bentonites (i.e. their behaviour as bentonite slurries when mixed
with water) influence their suitability for use in civil engineering applications. Typically, if 3% or
more bentonite powder is dispersed in water, a viscous slurry is formed which is thick when allowed
to stand but thin when agitated. When the slurry is allowed to stand, the plate-like particles become
orientated as shown in Figure 1(a). Electrical bonding forces between the particles form an
interlocking structure which causes the slurry to gel. When the gel is agitated, the electrical bonds are
broken and the slurry becomes fluid, with the particles orientated in random fashion as shown in
Figure 1(b).

Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(b)

3 BENTONITE SPECIFICATIONS

Bentonite powder is normally satisfactory for use in support fluids in civil engineering if it complies
with one of the following specifications:
• API Specification 13A, Fifteenth Edition, May 1, 1993, Section 6 (OCMA grade bentonite)
• The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association (EEMUA)
Publication No. 163 entitled “Drilling Fluid Materials”, last reprinted in 1988.
API Specification
• A 6.4% suspension of bentonite in distilled water, aged for 16 hours, should have a minimum
viscometer dial reading of 30 at 600 rpm and a maximum Yield Point/Plastic Viscosity Ratio of 6. The
filtrate volume must not exceed 16 ml in 30 minutes.
EEMUA
• A 6.4% suspension of bentonite in distilled water, aged for 24 hours, should have a minimum
viscometer dial reading of 30 at 600 rpm. The filtrate volume is measured on a 7.5% suspension, aged
for 24 hours, and should not exceed 15 ml in 30 minutes.

The maximum moisture content of the bentonite powder is specified as 13% in the API Specification
and 15% in the EEMUA Specification. Both Specifications require the residue greater than 75 microns
(US standard sieve No.200) not to exceed 2.5% by weight.

4 BENTONITE SLURRY PROPERTIES

Bentonite slurries of the type normally used to support excavations, can vary widely in their physical
and chemical properties. They must, however, perform the following functions:
a) Support the excavation by exerting hydrostatic pressure on its walls
b) Remain in the excavation, and not flow to any great extent into the soil
c) Suspend detritus and prevent sludgy layers building up at the base of the excavation
In addition, they must allow:
d) Clean displacement by concrete, with no significant interference with the bond between
reinforcement and set concrete
e) Cleaning to remove suspended detritus, by passing through screens and hydrocyclones, in
preparation for re-use
f) Easy pumping
In general, items a) to c) require thick, dense slurries, while items d) to f) need very fluid slurries.
There are therefore conflicting requirements which must be resolved before an acceptable
specification for slurry properties can be drawn up.
The primary aim of any bentonite slurry specification must be to ensure that the slurry is capable of
fulfilling functions a) to d) without deleterious effects on the finished pile, wall or other form of
construction. In addition, for economic and environmental reasons, the maximum re-use and minimum
disposal of used slurry are required.

4.1 The effect of slurry properties on required functions

4.1.1 Excavation support
In order to exert stabilising pressure on permeable walls of an excavation, bentonite slurry must form a
seal on or near the surface of the soil. This avoids loss of slurry into the soil, with consequent increase
in pore pressure and reduction in shear strength, and enables the slurry to exert its maximum
stabilising effect.

The seal can be formed by three different mechanisms:

• Surface filtration
• Deep filtration
• Rheological blocking
Surface filtration occurs when a filter cake is formed by the bridging of hydrated bentonite particles at
the entrance to the pores in the soil, with negligible penetration of the bentonite into the soil. During
and after its formation, water percolates through the filter cake from the slurry into the soil. Water lost
in this way is referred to as fluid loss, and reduces in relation to the square root of time.

Deep filtration occurs when slurry penetrates into the soil, slowly clogging the pores and building up a
filter cake within them. In this case, the seal may penetrate into the soil about 40 to 50 mm.
In both surface filtration and deep filtration, the concentration of bentonite in the filter cake is greater
than in the slurry (typically 15% for a slurry containing 5% bentonite).

Rheological blocking occurs when slurry flows into the soil until it is restrained by its shear strength.
In this case the slurry may flow several metres into the soil. Of these three mechanisms, surface
filtration is much to be preferred, since the seal is formed very rapidly with little or no penetration of
bentonite into the soil.

4.1.2 Retention within the excavation

Retention of bentonite slurry in excavations in clay, silt or sand should not present any problems
provided the bentonite slurry has a minimum Marsh funnel viscosity of about 32 seconds (946 ml test
volume). Excavations in gravel may require a Marsh funnel viscosity of 40 to 50 seconds to limit the
filtration depth into the soil. A Marsh funnel viscosity in excess of 50 seconds will make desanding
operations more difficult, and may inhibit complete displacement of the bentonite slurry by concrete in
excavations containing complex steel reinforcement. It may not be possible to retain bentonite slurry
in very open ground containing cobbles and boulders unless special measures are taken. These may
include the addition of sand to the bentonite to assist the blocking mechanism, or the use of bentonite-
cement slurry or weak concrete to seal off strata where losses occur.

4.1.3 Suspension of solids

While excavating under bentonite, fine soil particles will accumulate in the slurry. If this material is to
be kept in suspension, for example to prevent the formation of a layer of sediment at the base of a pile
bore, the bentonite slurry should have a high viscosity under quiescent conditions. A measure of this
can be obtained from the 10 minute gel strength which can be determined when testing the rheological
of the slurry, or other testing method for gel strength .

4.1.4 Displacement by concrete

The bentonite slurry should have a low viscosity and contain the minimum possible amount of
suspended soil particles if it is to be displaced by concrete placed through a tremie pipe or by
pumping. It is therefore normal practice to use desanding equipment and, if necessary, desilting
equipment to remove soil particles from the slurry, or to replace the contaminated slurry with fresh or
reconditioned slurry before the concrete is placed. Sometimes there can be a build-up of fine silt and
clay particles in the slurry which cannot be removed by conventional desanding or desilting
equipment. A practical upper limit has therefore to be set on the density of the slurry, after which it is
considered to be unsuitable for re-use.

4.1.5 Cleaning

Suspended soil particles can be removed from a slurry more easily if the slurry has a low viscosity.
Desanding becomes increasingly difficult as the viscosity of the slurry increases, and also as the
amount of suspended solids increases.

4.1.6 Pumping

Pumping bentonite slurry over distances of several hundred metres can become difficult and
inefficient if the viscosity of the slurry is too high or the slurry contains a large amount of suspended
solids. The slurry should have low viscosity to minimise the energy required for pumping but should
have sufficient gel strength to prevent soil particles from settling out in the delivery lines if pumping is
interrupted.

5 PREPARATION OF BENTONITE SLURRY

When a bentonite slurry is being prepared, the objective is to achieve maximum hydration of the
bentonite. Potable quality fresh water from a mains supply should be used in the mixing process to
achieve the best results. If there is any doubt about the quality of the water, a chemical analysis should
be carried out to determine its suitability or the need for chemical treatment before use.
Salt water should not be used in the preparation of bentonite slurry because there is no simple
chemical treatment available to remove the sodium chloride. The presence of calcium or magnesium
in fresh water will inhibit dispersion of the bentonite powder, but it is a relatively simple matter to
treat these chemically before the water is used. Calcium can be removed by soda ash (sodium
carbonate) which precipitates out the calcium as calcium carbonate. Care must be taken not to over-
treat the water, since this will provide an excess of carbonate ions which will hinder hydration.
Magnesium can be treated with caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) which can also be used to provide
some alkalinity to assist in dispersing the bentonite when it is mixed.

Bentonite slurry can be prepared either in batches or in a continuous process, depending on the type of
equipment used. The bentonite powder must be added to the mixing water gradually in order to ensure
that all the particles are wetted and do not clump into partially hydrated balls. Typically, the bentonite
powder is added through a simple venturi hopper or directly into a high shear mixer.

The mixing equipment must generate sufficient shear to ensure that all the individual bentonite
particles are dispersed in the mixing water. The quantity of bentonite powder to be added to the
mixing water depends on the quality of the bentonite and the required viscosity of the slurry. For most
applications, concentrations between 4% and 6% by weight are typical.
Following dispersion in the mixing water, the bentonite particles absorb water and swell. The initial
properties of the slurry will depend on the efficiency of the mixing process. Thus, the greater the
agitation and the longer the mixing time, the higher will be the initial viscosity and gel strength. After
mixing, the slurry is normally stored in tanks or lagoons where it is kept agitated by circulating
through pumps or by injecting compressed air while further hydration takes place. Hydration is time
dependent and will continue for many days, but the rheological properties of the slurry will approach
limiting values within a few days after mixing. The slurry is normally stored for at least 12 hours
before being used, but it can be used immediately after mixing if necessary, provided tests show that
its properties are satisfactory. Satisfactory results should be obtained if the properties of the fresh
bentonite slurry comply with the “fresh” column in Table 1.
 TABLE 1 : CHARACTERISTICS FOR BENTONITE SUSPENSIONS
Stages
Property Units Fresh Ready Before Test equipment
for re-use concreting
Density g/ml < 1.10 < 1.25 < 1.15 Mud balance
Marsh viscosity (946 ml) sec 32 to 50 32 to 60 32 to 50 Marsh funnel
Fluid loss (30 min) ml < 30 < 50 n.a. Filter press
pH 7 to 11 7 to 12 n.a. pH meter
Sand content % n.a. n.a. <4 Sand content set
n.a. : not applicable
In order to keep sand particles in suspension, it is necessary for the bentonite slurry to have sufficient
gel strength. The gel strength can be checked by using a rotational viscometer or other suitable
equipment.

6 CLEANING BENTONITE SLURRY

Upon completion of an excavation, the slurry will contain soil particles held in suspension which may
include clay, silt, sand and fine to medium gravel. If concrete is to be placed through a tremie pipe into
the excavation, a sample of the slurry should be taken from the bottom of the excavation and checked
for compliance with the values in the “before concreting” column in Table 1.
If the sand content is greater than 4%, slurry should be removed from the bottom of the excavation by
means of a pump or air-lift, while clean slurry is pumped into the top of the excavation to maintain the
required level. The slurry from the excavation can be pumped directly to a desander and then returned
to the excavation in a closed circuit, or can be pumped to a lagoon for subsequent desanding and
replaced by clean slurry from storage tanks or a separate storage lagoon. Up to 6% sand and a
maximum density of 1.20 g/ml may be permitted in special cases such as unreinforced walls, but it is
preferable for the sand content to be reduced as far as possible before the concrete is placed in order to
reduce the risk of blockages in the pipes when the slurry is being pumped back to the mixing station
during the concreting operation. After desanding, the slurry may still contain silt and clay-size soil
particles which will increase its density. During the excavation process, heavy slurry is lost and
replaced by lighter slurry, which may result in the density of the slurry increasing to a certain level
above which no further increase occurs. Should the build-up of fine soil particles continue and become
a serious problem, there are two possible solutions: either dispose of the slurry or use a desilter or
centrifuge to remove silt-size particles. This latter option may be relatively expensive, but may still be
preferable to disposal of large quantities of slurry. It is not practical to remove clay-size particles
therefore, should these continue to build up, increasing the density of the slurry to more than the
allowable limit, disposal is the only practical solution.
Desanding
• 1:30
bentonite

• desander bentonite
bentonite
 Desanding

Air
compressor

Desand
er

Copres
sed Air

Purified
bentonite
Disposal material,
sand
and other
impurities
7 RE-USE OF BENTONITE SLURRY
Bentonite slurry can be re-used repeatedly provided its properties are carefully monitored and kept
under control. Whatever system of excavation is used, loss of slurry will occur. Some will be
excavated with the soil, some will permeate into the strata, and some will become too contaminated
for re-use and have to be taken off site. Also, some slurry may be left in the excavation if it is not
filled with concrete to ground level. The slurry which is lost is replaced by fresh slurry which is
blended with the used slurry to top up the system. Satisfactory results should be obtained if the
properties of blended fresh and used slurry comply with the “ready for re-use” column in Table 1.

Bentonite powder may have to be added to the slurry or admixtures may have to be introduced to
adjust its properties. These may include sodium bicarbonate or soda ash to control the pH, organic
thinners or polyphosphates to reduce viscosity, and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to reduce
fluid loss.

The pH of the slurry will increase if it becomes contaminated by cement, and will reduce if
contaminated by acids or acidic groundwater. In both cases, there will be an increase in viscosity
accompanied by an increase in fluid loss, therefore the pH should be adjusted to its original value
before any other tests are carried out. This can be achieved by the addition of sodium bicarbonate if
the pH has to be reduced, or soda ash if it has to be increased. After adjustment of the pH, the next
step is to check the density, Marsh viscosity and fluid loss.

If the density rises above the acceptable limit due to the inclusion of clay and silt-size particles, and
cannot be reduced by the equipment available on site, the slurry must be taken off site for disposal.
The Marsh viscosity will increase if the slurry contains an accumulation of clay and silt size particles,
and will increase still further if contamination causes flocculation to occur.

In their dispersed state in the fluid, the individual clay particles are held apart by water cushions but,
when contamination occurs, the water cushions shrink and the particles move closer together, causing
flocculation. The flocs form a highly permeable filter cake accompanied by high fluid loss which may
result in partial or complete collapse of an excavation. Flocculation can often be corrected by the
addition of organic thinners or polyphosphates, but it may be necessary to analyse a sample of the
filtrate water to identify the contaminant if the problem persists. It is important to carry out regular
filtrate tests on the slurry to check the fluid loss, because this can increase with continued use of the
slurry, even though other properties may remain within acceptable limits.

8 DISPOSAL OF BENTONITE SLURRY

Under current UK waste regulations bentonite is classified as a non-hazardous waste. Usually, the
cheapest acceptable method of disposal of bentonite slurry is to place it in an approved landfill tip,
with transportation by a licenced carrier.
Alternative methods which are available but, to date, not cost effective are:
(i) Continuous belt filtration units which produce a clay product with a solids content of
approx. 65%.
(ii) Decanting centrifuge units, producing a similar product to the above.
(iii) Flocculation of the bentonite, followed by the addition of cement to form a clay-like
product, generally with a solids content of approximately 25%.
The purpose of these forms of treatment is to allow the products to be disposed of as solid waste.
Waste disposal regulations have been the subject of significant changes in recent years and users of
this guide should always ensure that any transportation or disposal is in compliance with the latest
regulations.
Test For Specific Gravity Of
Bentonite

ပထမဦးစြာ မွန္ပံုးတစ္ခုထဲတြင္
အလည္မွအေပၚသို႕ဆဲြထုတ္ လိ႕ု ရေသာ
မွန္ျပားတစ္ျပားခံျပီး တစ္ဖက္တင
ြ ္ သဲကန္၊
တစ္ဖက္တင
ြ ္ Bentonite
အရည္တစ္ကန္စီထည့္ပါ။
ထိုအခါ ပံု(ဿ)တြင္ျပထားသကဲ့သို႕ျပိဳက်မသြားလွ်င္ Bentonite ရဲ႕
Specific gravity သည္ အေကာင္းဆံုးျဖစ္သည္။
ပံု(၀)ကဲ့သို႕အနည္းငယ္ေလ်ာ့က်သြားလွ်င္ သင္ေ
့ တာ္ေသးေသာ္လည္း
ပံု(၁)ကဲ့သို႕ လံုးှေလ်ာ့က်သြားလွ်င္ ေရထဲသို႕ bentonite
ထပ္မံေရာစပ္ေပးရမည္ျဖျပီး ပံု(ဿ) ကဲ့သို႕ အေနအထားျဖစ္မျဖစ္
ျပန္လည္စမ္းသပ္ေပးရမည္။
9 TESTING (Watching Video in Youtube for more undersanding)
Some of these tests are more appropriate to the research laboratory than to a construction site
therefore, in selecting parameters to be measured on site it is important to consider the following
questions:
• Is the test parameter relevant to the site situation?
• Does the test procedure produce repeatable results so that unacceptable materials
can be easily identified?
• Is the test equipment robust and suitable for site use?
• Can the test be performed reasonably rapidly?

It is not suggested that all the tests detailed below are appropriate for use on all sites.
Important parameters which may need to be tested include:
• Some measure of rheology to ensure that the slurry is appropriately fluid.
• The density of the slurry in the excavation prior to concreting to ensure satisfactory displacement by
the concrete.
• The sand content, if the slurry is to be cleaned and re-used (slurries with high densities but low sand
contents may be little improved by conventional cleaning plants).
• The pH of the fresh bentonite slurry as a quality control measure (the result should be consistent for a
particular source/type of bentonite but may vary between sources).
• The pH of the slurry in use to check for cement or other contamination.
• Filtrate loss of the slurry to check its ability to form a seal on or near the surfaceof the soil in the
excavation.

9.1 Density
For excavation slurries, the standard instrument for density measurement is the mud balance.

The calibration of the instrument should be checked regularly. The procedure is simply to test a
sample of clean water. This should show a density in the range 0.995 to 1.005 g/ml. If the reading is
outside this range, set the rider to a density of 1.000 and adjust the counterweight until the beam is in
balance. The counterweight is at the far end of the beam from the cup, and usually consists of a small
recess containing lead shot, closed by a screw plug.
9.2 Sand content
During excavation with a bentonite slurry, the density will increase due to suspension of spoil. The
density of a contaminated slurry provides a measure of the total amount of spoil in the slurry but no
information as to whether this is sand, silt or clay.
The sand content set is designed to measure the bulk volume of sand (strictly material coarser than 200
mesh U.S., 0.075 mm, 75 microns) in a given volume of slurry. The apparatus consists of a tapered
graduated tube, a small 200 mesh U.S. sieve and a funnel, as shown in Figure 3.

9.3 Viscosity test

The Marsh funnel

The Marsh funnel, as shown in Figure 5, is the simplest instrument for routine checking of slurry
viscosity. The test procedure is as follows:
(i) Clean and dry the funnel.
(ii) Hold the funnel upright with a finger over the outlet spigot.
(iii) Pour a freshly stirred sample of the slurry through the screen to fill the funnel to the underside of
the screen (a volume of 1.5 litres).
(iv) Immediately the funnel is full, keeping the funnel upright, remove the finger and allow the slurry
to flow into a graduated receiver. Record the time for the flow of one US quart (946 ml). The volume
discharged should also be quoted.

It is necessary to record the volume discharged, as the specification for the instrument also allows a
discharge volume of 1000 ml.

The funnel may be checked by measuring the flow time for water. For clean water at 21oC
(70oF), the times should be as follows:
25.5 to 26.5 seconds for 946 ml
27.5 to 28.5 seconds for 1000 ml

No adjustment of the funnel is possible, and if readings outside the above ranges are obtained, it must
be assumed that the funnel (or the stopwatch) is damaged or that the funnel has not been properly
cleaned. Solids can build up around the discharge orifice and constrict the flow. Clogging of the
discharge orifice may be particularly severe if the funnel has been used previously for polymer based
slurries. In this case, it may be necessary to immerse the cone in a chemical polymer breaking agent
(e.g. bleach). The Marsh funnel is suitable for testing most bentonite slurries.
9.4 pH

pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. pH 7 is neutral, below 7 is acid and above 7 is alkaline. pH

may be measured with a glass electrode and a matched millivolt meter or with pH papers.

By selecting narrow range pH papers it is, in theory, possible to measure pH to 0.1 unit. However,
there can often be doubts about the indicated colour. When testing suspensions,to avoid masking the
colour with deposited solids, apply the suspension to one side only of the paper and read the colour
from the other.

Typical pH values
Most fresh slurries made with bentonite which has been converted from the calcium form to the
sodium form by the addition of sodium carbonate, will have a pH in the range 9.5 to 10.5. Used
slurries, unless contaminated by cement, often have a slightly lower pH than their fresh counterparts.

Natural sodium bentonites, such as Wyoming bentonite, can be of more nearly neutral pH. Cement
contaminated slurries may have very high pH values of the order of 11.5 to 12.5. pH may be used as a
quality control parameter for the bentonite as delivered to site. For this, the pH of a slurry of fixed
concentration (typically 5%) should be measured, though the variation of pH with concentration will
be quite modest.

9.5 Filtrate loss

Fluid Loss is a measure of bentonite slurry's ability to form a low permeability filter cake. Its primary application
in the drilling industry is to indicate the drilling mud's ability to seal a porous formation along a side-wall of an
exploratory bore- hole
Filtrate loss (sometimes known as fluid loss), bleed, settlement and syneresis all represent segregation
processes which may suggest slurry instability. The standard apparatus used for filtrate loss
measurement is the American Petroleum Institute standard filter press, as shown in Figure 6. The
instrument consists of a 3 inch diameter cell with a detachable base in which a filter paper, supported
on a wire mesh, can be fitted. In the test, the volume of filtrate collected from a slurry sample,
subjected to a pressure of 100 psi for 30 minutes, is measured.
 Pile Load Test အေၾကာင္း သိေကာင္းစရာ
ယေန႕ေခတ္အခါသမယသည္ အေဆာက္အအံုမ်ား နယ္ပယ္အသီးသီးတြင္ ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေနေသာ အခ်ိန္ၿဖစ္သည္။
ပံုမွန္လူေနအိမ္မ်ားမွအစၿပဳ၍ ဆိပ္ခံတံတားမ်ား ၊ ေရနံသိုေလွာင္ကန္မ်ား ၊ စက္ရုံ အလုပ္ရုံ မ်ားႏွင့္
အထပ္ျမင့္အေဆာက္အအံုမ်ား အထိ တည္ေဆာက္ေနခ်ိန္လည္းၿဖစ္သည္။

ထိုသို႔ပံုသ႑န္အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးရွိေသာအေဆာက္အအံုမ်ားကိုတည္ေဆာက္ရာ၌ေအာက္ခံေၿမသားေကာင္းမြန္ေသာ ေနရာကို
ေရြးခ်ယ္ေန၍မၿဖစ္ ၊ခြင့္ၿပဳခ်က္ရေသာေနရာ၊ လစ္လပ္ေသာေနရာမ်ားတြင္ တည္ေဆာက္ရမည္သာ ၿဖစ္ေပသည္။ သို႔ပါ၍
အဆ္ိုပါအေဆာက္အအံုမ်ား၏ အေလးခ်ိန္ခံႏိုင္ေစရန္ Deep Foundation ေခၚ Pile Foundation ကို
အဓိကထားတည္ေဆာက္ၾကရသည္။ Pile Foundation Design တြက္ခ်က္ရာတြင္ ေၿမသားစမ္းသပ္မႈ အခ်က္အလက္
(Soil Test Data) မ်ားကိုအေၿခခံ၍တြက္ခ်က္ရပါသည္။ အမ်ားအားၿဖင့္ လံုၿခံဳမႈ ပမာဏ ၂ဆ (Safety Factor 2)
ထားေလ့ရွိပါသည္။

မည္သို႔ေသာတြက္ခ်က္မႈမ်ားရွိေစကာမူ Pile Foundation မ်ား၏ ခံႏိုင္ရည္ကိုသိရွိႏိုင္ရန္ Load Test ၿပဳလုပ္ရမည္

ၿဖစ္ပါသည္။ ၿမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ Pile Load Test စံခ်ိန္စံညႊန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ပတ္သက္၍ အထပ္ၿမင့္အေဆာက္အအံု
တည္ေဆာက္ေရးစီမံကိန္းမ်ား ၾကီးၾကပ္စစ္ေဆးေရးပညာရွင္အဖြဲ႔ (CQHP) မွ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း သတ္္မွတ္ထားပါသည္။

Ultimate Load Test (ULT) = 3 x Safe Working Load (SWL)

Working Load Test (WLT) = 2 x Safe Working Load (SWL)

ULT ဆိုသည္မွာ Pile ၏ အၿမင့္ဆံုး ခံႏိုင္ရည္ (သို႔မဟုတ္) Pile ကြ်ံဝင္သြားသည္အထိ စမ္းသပ္ရန္ ၿပဳလုပ္ရေသာ Test
ၿဖစ္သည္။ WLT ဆိုသည္မွာ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ အေဆာက္အအံု မွ Pile ေပၚသို႔ သက္ေရာက္မည့္ အေလးခ်ိန္၂ဆအထိ
စမ္းသပ္ရန္ ၿဖစ္သည္။ SWL ဆိုသည္မွာ Pile ေပၚသို႕သက္ေရာက္မည့္ အေဆာက္အအံု၏ အေလးခ်ိန္ ၿဖစ္သည္။

Pile Load Test ကို Static (တည္ၿငိမ္) ႏွင့္ Dynamic (လွ်ပ္တျပက္) ဟူ၍ ပိုင္းၿခားထားသည္။

Static Test အတြက္

၁။ Kentledge System (တိုက္ရုိက္ အေလးခ်ိန္တင္ေသာ စနစ္) ႏွင့္
၂။ Inverted Beam System (ေၿမစိုက္ / Anchor Pile ႏွင့္ တြဲဖက္ စမ္းသပ္ေသာ စနစ္) ဟူ၍ စနစ္ ႏွစ္မ်ိဳး ကို
အသုုံးျပုုေလ့ရွိျပီးေအာက္ေဖာ္ၿပပါ ပံုမ်ားတြင္ ေလ့လာ သိရွိႏိုင္ပါသည္။

Dynamic Test အတြက္ Pile Dynamic Analysis (PDA) စနစ္ ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးၿဖင့္ တိုင္းတာေလ့ ရွိသည္။
၁။ PDI / Capwap System (အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ တြင္ ထုတ္လုပ္ေသာ စမ္းသပ္သည့္ ပစၥည္းၿဖစ္သည္။)
၂။ Allnamics / Allwave DLT (နယ္သာလန္ႏိုင္ငံ တြင္ ထုတ္လုပ္ေသာ စမ္းသပ္သည့္ ပစၥည္းၿဖစ္သည္။)
ဤစနစ္ ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးစလံုးသည္ ၾကိမ္ႏႈန္းၿမင့္ အာရုံခံ ကိရိယာ (High Strain Sensor) ၿဖင့္တိုင္းတာေသာ နည္းပညာၿဖစ္သည္။
Dynamic Hammer အေလးခ်ိန္သည္Test Load ၏ ၁% မွ ၅% အထိ ရွိ္ရမည္ ၿဖစ္သည္။

 STATIC PILE LOAD TEST WITH KENTLEDGE SYSTEM

STATIC PILE LOAD TEST WITH INVERTED BEAM SYSTEM

Static Load Test ၿပဳလုပ္ရန္ လုိအပ္သည့္ အေရအတြက္ ႏွင့္ Dynamic Load Test ၿပဳလုပ္ရန္ လုိအပ္သည့္
အေရအတြက္ ကို CQHP မွ ထုတ္ထားေသာ လုပ္ငန္းလမ္းညႊန္ခ်က္တြင္ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း ေဖာ္ၿပထားပါသည္။
Bored Piles / In-situ Piles (တြင္းတူး၍ ကြန္ကရစ္ေလာင္းထည့္ေသာ Pile)
၁။ 2% Static Working Load Test + 50% Integrity Test
၂။ 1% Static Working Load Test + 5% Dynamic Load Test + 50% Integrity Test

Driven Piles (Hammer ၿဖင့္ ရုိက္ထည့္ေသာ Pile)
1% Static Working Load Test + 50% Integrity Test (Minimum 2 Piles)
Pushed Piles (စက္ၿဖင့္ဖိထည့္ေသာ Pile)
1% Static Working Load Test (Minimum 2 Piles) + 25% Integrity Test
Static Pile Load Test အတြက္ ခြင့္ၿပဳသည့္ Pile နိမ့္ဆင္းသည့္ ပမာဏ (Passing Criteria) သည္ Safe Working
Load အတြက္ 12.5mm (လက္မဝက္ခန္႔) ၊ Safety Factor ၂ဆ ရွိသည့္ Working Load အတြက္ 25mm
(တစ္လက္မခန္႔) ၿဖစ္သည္။

Pile Integrity Test (PIT) ဆိုသည္မွာ ၾကိမ္ႏႈန္းနိမ့္ အာရုံခံ ကိရိယာ (Low Strain Sensor) ၿဖင့္ Pile ၏
အရည္အေသြးကို စစ္ေဆးၿခင္း ၿဖစ္သည္။ ဤ စစ္ေဆးစမ္းသပ္ခ်က္ၿဖင့္ Pile တစ္ေခ်ာင္းတြင္ အက္ေၾကာင္း (Crack)
မ်ား ရွိမရွိ ၊ အေပါက္ (Void) မ်ား ရွိမရွိ ၊ Pile အရြယ္အစား ၾကီးထြားၿခင္း သိမ္ဝင္ၿခင္း ရွိမရွိ Pile ၏ ေၿမဝင္အရွည္
မည္မွ်ရွိသည္ကို သိရွိႏိုင္သည္။ အထူးသတိၿပဳရန္မွာ Pile ၏ ခံႏိုင္ဝန္ (Load) ကို သိရွိႏိုင္ၿခင္း မရွိပါ။ Pile ၏ ခံႏိုင္ဝန္ကို
သိရွိႏိုင္ရန္အတြက္မွာ အထက္တြင္ ေဖာ္ၿပခဲ့သည့္ Static / Dynamic Load Test ၿဖင့္သာ စမ္းသပ္သိရွိႏိုင္သည္။

DYNAMIC PILE LOAD TEST FOR PUSHED PILE

DYNAMIC PILE LOAD TEST FOR BORED PILE

Pile Load Test ႏွင့္ပတ္သက္၍ အၿပည္ၿပည္ဆိုင္ရာ စံခ်ိန္စံညႊန္း တစ္ခုတြင္ ပါဝင္ေသာ ASTM Standard (American
Society for Testing Materials) အဆင့္ ၿဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း သတ္မွတ္ထားသည္။
၁။ Static Pile Load Test / SLT (ASTM D-1143)
၂။ Dynamic Pile Load Test / PDA (ASTM D-4945)
၃။ Pile Integrity Test / PIT (ASTM D-5882)

Pile Integrity Test (PIT) ကို Sonic Integrity Test (SIT) အၿဖစ္လည္း ေခၚေဝၚ အသံုးၿပဳၾကသည္။ ၾကိမ္ႏႈန္းနိမ့္ (Low
Strain Wave) ၿဖစ္သည့္ Sonic Wave ကို အစြဲၿပဳ ေခၚေဝၚ ၿခင္းၿဖစ္သည္။ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ စီမံကိန္းမ်ားတြင္ အတို္င္ပင္ခံ
အင္ဂ်င္နီယာ (Consulting Engineer) မွ Pile Integrity Test အစား Sonic Wave ကို အသံုးၿပဳသည့္ Sonic Logging
Test (ASTM D-6760) ကို ရည္ညႊန္းေလ့ ရွိသည္။ ဤ Test ကို Ultrasonic Cross-hole Testing ဟု ASTM က
သတ္မွတ္ထားသည္။ ဤ Test သည္ PIT ထက္ ေစ်းၾကီး၍ Pile Integrity Test ၿဖင့္ စမ္းသပ္၍ Data လံုေလာက္စြာ
မရရွိေသာအခါမွ စမ္းသပ္ေလ့ရွိေသာ Test ၿဖစ္သည္။ စာေရးသူ၏ အေတြ႕အၾကံဳအရ ၿမန္မာႏုိင္ငံတြင္
လာေရာက္အလုပ္လုပ္ကိုင္ေနေသာ ႏိုင္ငံၿခားသားမ်ားပင္ Sonic Integrity Test ႏွင့္ Sonic Logging Test ကို
ကြဲၿပားၿခားနားစြာ မသိရွိၾကသည္ကို မၾကာခဏ ၾကံဳေတြ႕ရသည္။

PILE INTEGRITY TEST

SONIC LOGGING TEST (ULTRASONIC CROSS-HOLE)

Record from breaking pile
If unbroken, no velocity increase before 98 ft, which is the
pile toe location

Break
အေရွ႕ေတာင္အာရွႏိုင္ငံမ်ားႏွင့္ ကမၻာအရပ္ရပ္ရွိ Static Pile Load Test တြင္ ထည့္သြင္း အသံုးၿပဳသည့္ ကိရိယာမ်ား ၏
တိုင္းတာမႈစနစ္ မွန္ကန္ေၾကာင္းအသိအမွတ္ၿပဳ လက္မွတ္ (Calibration Certificate) ကို တစ္ႏွစ္ သက္တမ္း
သတ္မွတ္ထားေသာ္လည္း CQHP ကမႈ ASTM D-1143 Standard တြင္ ရည္ညႊန္းသည့္ အတိုင္း ေၿခာက္လ သက္တမ္း
သတ္မွတ္ထားသည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ Static Pile Load Test စီမံကိန္းတြင္ ပါဝင္မည့္ သူမ်ားသည္ ေအာက္ေဖာ္ၿပပါ
ကိရိယာမ်ား၏ Calibration Certificate မွန္ကန္မႈ ရွိမရွိ စစ္ေဆးရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။

၁။ Load Cell (ဝန္ခံအား တိုင္းတာသည့္ ကိရိယာ)

၂။ LVDT (Linear Variations Displacement Transducer) (ေရြ႕လ်ားမႈ တိုင္းတာသည့္ ကိရိယာ, Digital System)
၃။ Displacement Dial Gauge (ေရြ႕လ်ားမႈ တိုင္းတာသည့္ ကိရိယာ, Manual System)
၄။ Hydraulic Jack (ဝန္ခံအား ၿမွင့္တင္သည့္ ကိရိယာ)၊ Load Cell သံုးပါက Calibration လုပ္ရန္မလို အပ္ပါ။
၅။ Pressure Gauge (ဖိအားတိုင္းတာသည့္ ကိရိယာ)
၆။ Level Instrument (အနိမ့္အၿမင့္ တိုင္းတာသည့္ ကိရိယာ)။

အခ်ိန္မီ Calibration ၿပဳလုပ္ႏိုင္ရန္ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ ပင္လယ္ရပ္ၿခား တိုင္းၿပည္မ်ားရွိ Calibration Lab သို႔ ပို႕ၿခင္း
(သို႔မဟုတ္) ကြ်မ္းက်င္သူ ပညာရွင္ကို ေခၚ၍ၿပဳလုပ္ၿခင္း (သို႔မဟုတ္) အၿပည္ၿပည္ဆိုင္ရာ အရည္အေသြး
သတ္မွတ္မႈစနစ္ (ISO 9001 QMS System) အရ မိမိရုံးတြင္း Calibration (In-house Calibration) ၿပဳလုပ္ၿခင္း တို႔ကို
ၾကိဳတင္ ၿပင္ဆင္ထားရန္ လိုအပ္ပါသည္။ ISO 9001 QMS System အရ Calibration ၿပဳလုပ္ရန္ ပစၥည္း အထုတ္အသြင္း
မွတ္တမ္း (Trading Record) မ်ားကိုပါ ထိန္းသိမ္းထားရန္ လိုအပ္သည္။

Bored Pile မ်ားကို Ultimate Load Test စမ္းသပ္ရာတြင္ ကြန္ကရိထဲတြင္ ထည့္သြင္း ၿမဳပ္ႏွံရမည့္ Strain Gauges နွင့္
Rebar Strain Meters (ဆန္႔ထြက္မႈ တိုင္းတာသည့္ ကိရိယာ) မ်ားမွာ တစ္ၾကိမ္သံုး ကိရိယာမ်ား ၿဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္
ပစၥည္းထုတ္လုပ္သူ (Manufacturer) မွ ထုတ္ေပးထားသည့္ Calibration Certificate သည္ အသံုးၿပဳမည့္ အခ်ိန္ထိ
အတည္ၿဖစ္သည္။

Dynamic Load Test တြင္ အသံုးၿပဳသည့္ High - Strain Sensor မ်ား၏ Calibration Certificate သည္ အၿခား
ကန္႔သတ္ခ်က္ မရွိလွ်င္ ဤ ကိရိယာကို အသံုးၿပဳေနသည့္ ကြ်မ္းက်င္သူ ပညာရွင္ (Certified Technician) မွ ထပ္မံ
Calibration ၿပဳလုပ္ရန္ ေတာင္းဆိုၿခင္း (သို႔မဟုတ္) မပ်က္စီးမီ အခ်ိန္ထိ အက်ံုဳးဝင္သည္။

PIT Test တြင္ အသံုးၿပဳမည့္ Low – Strain Sensor ၏ Calibration Certificate သည္ ထုတ္လုပ္သည့္
ကုမၸဏီအာမခံခ်က္ေပၚ မႈတည္၍ သံုးႏွစ္ အထိ (သို႔မဟုတ္) ဤ ကိရိယာကို အသံုးၿပဳေနသည့္ ကြ်မ္းက်င္သူ ပညာရွင္
(Certified Technician) မွ ထပ္မံ Calibration ၿပဳလုပ္ရန္ ေတာင္းဆို သည့္အခ်ိန္ထိ အက်ံဳးဝင္သည္။

Pile Load Test လုပ္ငန္းသည္ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ အေဆာက္အအံု၏ ခိုင္ခံ့ တည္ၿမဲမႈ ကို ပံ့ပိုးေပးၿပီး အမ်ားသူငါ
အသက္အိုးအိမ္ စည္းစိမ္ လံုၿခံဳမႈ (Public Safety) ကို အေထာက္အကူၿပဳေစသည့္ လုပ္ငန္းၿဖစ္ေၾကာင္း အင္ဂ်င္နီယာ
ရႈေထာင့္မွ ေရးသား တင္ၿပလိုက္ရပါသည္။

(ဤေဆာင္းပါးတြင္ အမွားအယြင္း ပါဝင္ခဲ့ပါက စာေရးသူ၏ တာဝန္သာ ၿဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ဝန္ခံ အပ္ပါသည္။)

ဝင္းႏိုင္ထြန္း (ၿမိဳ႕ၿပ)
၂၀၁၆ ခုႏွစ္၊ စက္တင္ဘာလ (၁၈) ရက္
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

References: CQHP Guidelines

Standard Method Statement for ASTM D-1143, D-4945, D-5882 and D-6760
ISO 9001-2008 QMS System Work Instructions and Operation Guidelines
 Copy From

BHONE KO AUNG Bored Pile Procedure

U KYaw Linn CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE of Bored Pile
KO AUNG SU MYAT Short_Notes_on_Civil_Engineering_Volume_1
Federation of Piling Specialists – January 2006 (2nd edition)
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