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Exercise 1

➢ Design a simple pneumatic direct control circuit to open and

close the Gate of a factory. By operating a push button valve,
gate should open or close.
Component List

a) FRL Unit.
b) 3/2 Push Button Valve.
c) Single Acting Spring Return Cylinder.

Introduction to new items.

a) FRL – Unit (Filter Regulating and Lubricating Unit):
This is positioned between Air source and the components. This unit plays
an important roll in pneumatic systems. The FRL Unit provides
compressed clean and oil – enriched air at a constant pressure to the
system.
b) 3/2 Pus Button Valve: This component has three air ports and two
positions (pressed or released). P is an air inlet port, A is a working port
(Out Let Port) and R is an Exhaust Port. The valve is activated by a manual
push button and returned by spring force.
c) Spring Return Cylinder: When pressurized air enters through Port, it
pushes the piston out of the cylinder, thereby contracting the spring. When
no air pressure is applied, the spring expands, drawing the piston back into
the cylinder.
Procedure:
Select the components from component library. Load the single acting
cylinder, place at the top of the Screen. Load 3/2 push button valve and
place between cylinder and conditioning Unit (FRL). The FRL Unit will be
at the bottom by default. Before starting simulation FRL unit parameters
(i.e. Pressure and Flow) are to be set by double clicking on it.
Connect the components as per the circuit, as show in Fig.No.1 Click on
Simulation icon or from main menu to start simulation and observe the
following.

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Fig no:1

Observations:
When the push button is pressed, the spring in the valve is compressed,
allowing air to flow through the valve to the cylinder. Air passes through
the rear port of the cylinder and pushes the piston rod out.
(Thereby opening the gate).

When the push button released, the spring in the valve expands. Air is
exhausted from the cylinder and airflow to the cylinder is blocked. The
spring in the cylinder is able to expand; the piston rod retracts (thereby
closing the gate)

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Exercise 2
Design a pneumatic circuit using a double acting cylinder and 5/2
Air Spring Valve to open the main gate of a factory which can be
controlled by a security personnel from the security room.

Component List:
a) FRL Unit:
b) 5/2 Air Spring Valve.
c) 3/2 Push botton Valve
d) Double Acting Cylinder.

Introduction to new items.

● 5/2 Air Spring Valve:

This component has five airports and two positions. P
is an air inlet port; A& B are working ports (Outlet
ports). R& S are air Exhaust Ports and Y is pilot
Operated port.

● Double Acting Cylinder:

This cylinder has two inlet ports A & B. Air entering
from A port extends the piston, Air at the other side is
exhausted through B port. If air enters through B port
piston rod of the cylinder will retract while air
exhausts from the A port.

Procedure:
Load the double acting cylinder and place at the top of the screen.
Load 5/2 Air Spring Valve and place below the cylinder. The FRL
Unit will be at the bottom by default. Connect the components as
per the circuit, as show in fig. No.2 Start simulation by clicking
on the simulation icon and observe the following

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Fig no:2

Observations:
When the Push button valve is activated, allowing air to flow through the 5/2air spring
valve to the rear port of the cylinder then piston rod extends. (There by opening the gate).
When the Push Button is released, allowing the air to flow through the valve to the front
port of the cylinder. The cylinder piston rod retracts.

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Exercise3

➢ Design a pneumatic circuit using a double acting cylinder and

5/2 Air Spring valve to lift the carton boxes at the loading point.
The raising and lowering speeds are to be adjustable separately.

List of components:
a) FRL Unit
b) 5/2 Air Spring Valve
c) 3/2 Push button Valve.
d) Double Acting Cylinder
e) Flow Control valves -2 Nos.

Introduction to new items.

a) Flow Control Valve: This valve are used to regulate

airflow. Example, to control the piston speeds of the
cylinder. The air can flow only via the cross section,
which is adjustable by means of the throttle screw. The
user can change the settings by double clicking on it. The
settings vary from 2 to 16.

Procedure:

Select the components from components library and place the

double acting cylinder at the top of the Screen. 5/2 air Spring valve
below the cylinder. The Flow Control Valve is placed between
cylinder and Air Spring Valve. The FRL Unit will be at the bottom
by default. Connect the components as per the circuit, as show in
Fig No.3. Start simulation by clicking on simulation icon and
observe the following.

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Fig.No.3

Observations:

When the Push Button is pressed, allowing air to flow through the
valve to the one port of the cylinder. The air enters from the rear
port of the cylinder and pushes the piston rod out. ( Thereby
opening the gate). When the push-button Valve released, allowing
the air to flow through the valve to the front port of the cylinder.
Then the cylinder piston rod retracted (thereby gate is closed).
Adjust the throttle valve screws and observe the variation in piston
speed.

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Exercise 4

➢ Design a Hydraulic circuit using a double acting cylinder and 4/2

hand operated valve to raise or lower the pallet truck.

Apparatus:
a) Power Pack
b) 4/2 Hand Operated Valve.
c) Double Acting Cylinder.

Procedure:
Select the components from the component library and place at suitable location.
Connect the component as per the circuit shown in the fig no 4Start the simulation
by pressing the simulation button and observe the following.

Fig.No.4

Observations:

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When the hand lever is pressed, allowing fluid to flow through the valve to rear port of
the cylinder and pushes the piston rod out. (Thereby raise the pallet). When the hand
lever raised up, allowing the fluid to flow through the valve to the second port of the
cylinder. Then the cylinder piston rod retracts. (Thereby lowering the pallet).

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Experiment:5

To study about the programming of the PLC using Ladder diagram to

switch ON the 230V AC Lamp using start button and switch OFF the Lamp
using stop button (Latching circuit).

1. Open the Screen AC1131 to write the program on PC.

2. Now open the new file and select CPU model number in which you are going
to program (like 07CR41)
3. After selecting the CPU model select the programming type (like LD) ladder
diagram.
4. Now do the program using ladder logic.
5. Click the rung then Select the contact on the tool bar. Click the question mark
and give name START_1 to first contact.
6. Click the rung and type the Address for the input.
7. Click the rung and select another contact on the tool bar and give the name
STOP_1.
8. Give ENTER and type the address.
9. Click the rung and select the coil on the tool bar for Lamp.
10. Click the rung and type the Address for the Output.
11. Click START_1 and select parallel contact and give the name Lamp.

LAMP

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12. After the programming go to PROJECT and select REBUILT all to verify the
program.

13. If any error on program which is written on the screen. Then it will be
displayed on the Bottom of the Screen.

14. Before down load the program to PLC follow the Instruction given below
❖ If any errors displayed then correct it, after that go to ONLINE.
❖ Connects the mains plug in to the mains board, keep the power switch
in ON position.
❖ Now verify the power and Run LED will be glow
❖ Connect the Interface cable between PLC to PC
❖ Patch the circuit

15. Now go to ONLINE ---- Communication parameters and select the Comport
and baud rate Then again go to ONLINE -----Login

16. If it is shown the Error like PLC does not respond to Login Click OK and verify
the Interface cable between PC to PLC If it is on perfect then select another
Com port.

17. Now Login to PLC and down load the Program to PLC. After that the screen
shows to the program is download successfully. Now the PLC is ready to do
process.

18. When start button is pressed the Lamp will energized.

19. In MONO PULSE TRIGGERRING two switches available we use normally open
for START button and normally closed for STOP button. When you press start
button “ON” button closed and input passes through START and STOP button
(it is already closed) to “ON” the “LAMP”. Once the Lamp “ON” this signal
goes also in parallel contact “LAMP_1”. The motor will run if you Release the
start button because the input signal passes through parallel contact of the
stop button. When you press the stop button the NC contact is opened then
no signal passes through it so the Lamp will goes to be “OFF”.

Experiment: 6
Using PLC, Write and simulate a program to move the forward stroke of a pneumatic double acting
cylinder in 15seconds and to return after 10seconds.

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Components Required:
1. PLC trainer kit
2. FRL unit.
3.5/2 Double solenoid valve
4. Double acting cylinder
Procedure:

1. Open the Screen AC1131 to write the program on PC.

2. Now open the new file and select CPU model. (07CR41)
3. After selecting the CPU model select the programming type LD.
4. Then Click the rung in the program area then Select the Contact on the tool bar.
6. Click the question mark and give name Start_1 to first switch.
7. Click the rung and type the address (%IX 62.0) for the input.
8. Click the rung and select the coil on the tool bar.
9. Select a coil and give name LED_1 and address (%QX 62.0) to it
then SET the LED_1.
10. In second rung place a contact and name it as LED_1.
11. Select timer through the menu INSERT ------> Function blocks and then select the TON.
12. Select a coil and click another coil for parallel connection give
name as LED_1for first coil and RESET it.
13. Second coil is used as a FLAG so give name as AUX_1 and
Address as %MX0.1then SET the FLAG.
14. Select third rung and place a coil and name it as AUX_1.
15. Select another TIMER for next delay its delay time is 10sec.
16. Then select a coil and give name as LED_2and its address as %QX62.1.
17. Connect the Input terminal zero to the start switch.
18. The Digital output terminal zero of PLC is connected to one of the 5/2 double solenoid valve and
connect the other end of the 5/2 double solenoid valve to other digital output terminal one.
19. Pneumatic connections are given as shown in the Fig no: 7 and pressure source is maintained at 2 bar.

20. After the connection, go to PROJECT menu and select REBUILT all to
Verify the program.
21. Now go to ONLINE menu and Login.
22. Click down load menu to transfer the Program to PLC CPU.
23. Finally, by clicking the Run menu, the required operation is performed.

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Fig no: 7
Result:
By using the PLC, the required operation is performed.

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Experiment :7

Write and simulate a program in PLC to repeat 15 times the to and fro motion of a pneumatic
Double acting cylinder.

Components Required:
1. PLC trainer kit
2. FRL unit.
3.5/2 Double solenoid valve
4. Double acting cylinder
Procedure:

1. Open the Screen AC1131 to write the program on PC.

2. Now open the new file and select CPU model. (07CR41)
3. After selecting the CPU model select the programming type LD.
4. Program is typed in the program area.
5. Pneumatic connections are given as shown in the Fig no: 8
and pressure source is maintained at 2 bar.
6. The Digital output terminal zero of PLC is connected to one of the 5/2 double solenoid valve and
connect the other end of the 5/2 double solenoid valve to other digital output terminal one.
7. After the connection, go to PROJECT menu and select REBUILT all to
Verify the program.
8. Now go to ONLINE menu and Login.
9. Click down load menu to transfer the Program to PLC CPU.
10. Finally, by clicking the Run menu, the required operation is performed.

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Fig no: 8

Result:
By using the PLC, the required operation is performed.

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Exercise 8

FLOW PROCESS STATION – AUTO MODE

Aim :

To study the closed loop operation of the Flow Process control using PID controller with
LABVIEW. Also To find the Kc and Ti value of the PID controller for a particular set point.

Apparatus :

1. Flow Process Station Trainer

2. Patch chords and USB cable

3. PC with Virtual instrumentation software (LABVIEW)

FRONT PANEL

BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Procedure :

1. To interconnect the Flow Process Station Trainer as per the patching diagram.

2. Ensure all the precautions and follow as per the previous experiment.

3. Ensure the connection of the process variable to ADC and DAC output to the V to I converter.

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4. Now consider the software go to and open it.

5. Now in the flow process station,

Switch ON the key and change the selector switch to Auto mode.

6. Switch ON the MCB in the flow process station

7. Set the value of set flow rate of process (say for example 1200LPH) using numeric Indicator
named SET FLOW in the front panel of experiment 5.3.

8. To find the final value of P gain Kc and Ti for that increase the Kc value first from minimum to
final value keep other values are zero. After getting P gain increase Ti from step-by-step from
minimum to final value with P gain & keep Td as zero. For a constant input-output process .Td is
not necessary. -Td is mainly used at the rapid change of process variable.

9. At the initial state set the PID GAIN parameters, Proportional gain (Kc) = 1
Integral Time (Ti) =0
Derivative Time (Td) = 0

10. Now in the computer,

Execute the software by Menu
Click OPERATE

RUN

Don’t stop the program until to find the final value of Kc and Ti are found.

11. Check the front panel actual flow meter indicates zero and I to P input current and the output
pressure. And also observe the control valve, which is also open.

12. After opening the valve switch ON the motor using START switch.
13. Now the process (Actual flow) is increasing slowly and try to reach the predefined set flow with
the applied P gain. To find the final value of proportional gain will includes the following three
steps.

14. After some time interval the screen looks like below

STEP 1:

1200 LPH

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Steady state
error

Definition of steady state error : It is the final

difference between the process variable and set point.

The above diagram gives the larger value of steady state error this is due to
smaller value of P gain. To reduce this increase the proportional gain slowly in
steps of 0.1 or 0.2

In general increasing the proportional

15. Without stop the experiment increase the P GAIN.
gain will increase the speed of the control system response. And also increased value
of P gain decreases the steady state error. But As per the PID theory we know if the proportional
gain(Kc) is too large the process variable will begin to oscillate. To find out the exact value of p gain
for a particular set point of a process slowly increase (in terms of 0.1 or 0.2) the p gain (Kc) value until
the process variable will begin to oscillate. The below diagram (12001 LPH) indicates the reduced
value of steady state error for a Proportional gain (Kc ) = 2.5
Integral Time (Ti) =0
Derivative Time (Td) = 0

This is the final value of P gain because further increment of the P value the process variable will begin to oscillate that
condition is indicated in the figure (12002 LPH).

STEP 2:

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12001 LPH

Steady state
error

290 580

In this condition also we have a steady state error to reduce this further increase the P gain.
STEP 3:
1200 2LPH

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Steady state
error

But further increasing of P gain will produce the oscillation so

Kc = 2.5 is the final value of P gain of the process for a set point 1200LPH

Note : The final value of P I D gains are also depends on the percentage of Bypass
valve opening. It may vary under the input flow variation.

To find the integral time

Once P gain has been set to obtain a desired fast response, the integral term is increased to stop the
oscillations. The integral term reduces the steady state error, but increases overshoot.

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The integral response will continuously increase overtime, unless the error is zero. So the effect is
to drive the steady state error is zero. The following diagrams identify this.

Without stop the experiment add the integral time Ti = 0.001 with Kc = 2.5

1200 i

1200 i1

Further increment of Ti from 0.001 min to 0.01 with Kc = 2.5 gives the following result. The increased
value of Ti shows the reduced amplitude of the oscillation and also indicates the further increment of
Ti.

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1200 i2

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The above result shows the final value of Ti is 0.150 min

16. After the experimentation stop the program by clicking the Red button on the tool bar or go to
menu

OPERATE

STOP.

Result :
The closed loop operation of the Flow Process control using PID controller with LABVIEW was
studied. And also the value of Kc and Ti of the PID controller were found for a set point 1200 LPH.

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Exercise 9

LEVEL PROCESS STATION - AUTO MODE

Aim:
To study the auto tuning PID controller using virtual instrumentation (LABVIEW) based DAQ.

Apparatus:
1. Level Process Station Trainer

2. Patch chords

3. PC with Virtual instrumentation software (LABVIEW)

Procedure :
1. To interconnect the Level Process Station circuits as per the patching diagram.

2. Connect the trainer to Single phase AC mains.

3. Switch ON the key lock and change the selector switch to auto mode.

4. Ensure the by pass valve which should be open.

5. Ensure the outlet valve it should be 50% open.

6. Given the pressure signal to the input of air regulator and observes the I to P input pressure which
should in 1.2 kg per cm2 otherwise adjust the air regulator.

7. Enter the set level of the tank in the front panel of the software program.

8. Switch ON the MCB and start the motor using start switch.

10.Execute the software and view the current level of the tank

11. The PID controller gains and outputs are displayed in the front panel of
the software program.

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Result :

The Auto tuning PID controller using virtual instrumentation (LABVIEW) based DAQ was studied.

Exercise 10

PRESSURE PROCESS STATION – AUTO MODE

Aim:
To maintain the constant pressure of a process (Pressure) tank using Auto PID in LABVIEW.

Apparatus:

1. Pressure Process Station

2. Patch chords

3. PC with Virtual instrumentation software (LABVIEW)

4. DAQ Accessory with USB cable

Procedure:

1. To interconnect the Pressure Process Station Trainer as per the patching diagram

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2. Ensure all the precautions in the pneumatic (Pressure) section and follow as per the previous
experiment.

3. Ensure the connection of the process variable to ADC and DAC output to the V to I converter.

4. In the Pressure process station, Switch ON the key and start switch change the selector switch to
Auto mode.

5. Now consider the software go to and open it.

6. Set the value of set Pressure of process (say for example 2Kg/cm2) in the numeric Indicator named
SET PRESSURE in the front panel screen.

7. Now in the computer,

Execute the software by Menu
Click OPERATE

RUN

8. We will get a Auto PID tuning Wizard in that select the tuning parameters in four steps such us
Controller type - PID
#Of cycle of Average – 1
Relay amplitude - 0.5
Control design – Fast

9. Then go to the NEXT

10. Another screen will appear in that select accept current value of noise provided in the screen then
click NEXT.

11. After completion of four steps we will get PID gain values, this automatically generated PID gain
values will control and maintain the process corresponding to the set value.

12. The graph indicator displays the set point, process variable PID output status.

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Front panel

BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Experimentation Results :

Pr 2 a

Pr.auto

Note : The final value of P I D gains are also depends on the percentage of Outlet
valve opening. It may also vary under the input Pressure variation. So always keep
the constant input pressure to the process tank.

Result :

The process (Pressure) tank pressure was maintained constantly corresponding to the set value
using Auto PID in LABVIEW and the output was verified with the PC and the Process tank.

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Exercise 11

TEMPERATURE PROCESS STATION – AUTO MODE

Aim :

To study the closed loop operation of the Temperature Process control using Auto PID controller
with LABVIEW. Also To find the Kc and Ti value of the PID controller for a particular set point.

Apparatus :

1. Temperature Process Station Trainer

2. Patch cords and USB cable

3. PC with Virtual instrumentation software (LABVIEW)

Procedure :

1. To interconnect the Temperature Process Station Trainer as per the patching diagram.

2. Ensure all the precautions and follow as per the previous experiment.

3. Ensure the connection of the process variable to ADC and DAC output to the V to I converter.

4. Now consider the software go to and open it.

5. Now in the Temperature process station,

Switch ON the key and change the selector switch to Auto mode.

6. Switch ON the MCB in the Temperature process station

7. Set the value of set Temperature rate of process (say for example 100C) using numeric Indicator
named SET TEMPERATURE in the front panel of experiment.

8. To find the final value of P gain Kc and Ti for that increase the Kc value first from minimum to
final value keep other values are zero. After getting P gain increase Ti from step-by-step from
minimum to final value with P gain & keep Td as zero. For a constant input-output process .Td is
not necessary. -Td is mainly used at the rapid change of process variable.

9. At the initial state set the PID GAIN parameters, Proportional gain (Kc) = 1
Integral Time (Ti) =0
Derivative Time (Td) =
0

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FRONT PANEL

EX.NO: 5.3
FRONT PANEL

BLOCK DIAGRAM

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OUTPUT

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Experimentation Result :

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Note : The final value of P I D gains are also depends on the percentage of Outlet
valve opening. It may also vary under the input Cold water variation. So always
keep the constant input Cold water to the Heat Exchanger.

RESULT :

The Process (Temperature) was maintained constantly corresponding to the set value using Auto PID
in LABVIEW and the output was verified with the PC.

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