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Chapter 031

The document defines various radiobiology terms and provides answers to challenge questions about radiobiology topics. It defines terms like in vitro, structural chromosome changes from radiation, genetic mutations from radiation damage to DNA, free radicals, the target theory of cell death, how macromolecule crosslinking occurs, and more. It then provides short answers to questions about main chain scissions, crosslinking, point mutations, how radiation affects solution viscosity, phases of the cell cycle, effects of radiation, and more radiobiology concepts.

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28 views

Chapter 031

The document defines various radiobiology terms and provides answers to challenge questions about radiobiology topics. It defines terms like in vitro, structural chromosome changes from radiation, genetic mutations from radiation damage to DNA, free radicals, the target theory of cell death, how macromolecule crosslinking occurs, and more. It then provides short answers to questions about main chain scissions, crosslinking, point mutations, how radiation affects solution viscosity, phases of the cell cycle, effects of radiation, and more radiobiology concepts.

Uploaded by

gasai gasai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Riean Arwen E.

Brosas Radiobiology

2nd Year BS Radiologic Technology Assignment # 1

CHALLENGE QUESTIONS

1. Define or otherwise identify the following:

a. In vitro pertains to the exterior or outside of the human body.

b. Structural changes in chromosomes made by radiation.

c. Genetic mutation due to the molecular lesion of the DNA from radiation.

d. Free radical contains a single unpaired electron in the outermost shell, it is an


uncharged molecule, short live and highly reactive.

e. This theory in radiobiologic study states that a cell will die after exposure if its
target molecule is inactivated.

f. The viscosity of a solution determines the degree of main chain scissions.

g. Macromolecules attach to another macromolecule or to another segment of the


same molecule by using its side structures that has a sticky like substance on their
end. Only some macromolecules (those who have side structures) are able to
crosslink.

h. Occurs when a radiation interaction occurs with the target.

i. It is a metabolic activity that is responsible for building energy for a cell by


breaking down large molecules into smaller ones (nutrients).

j. It pertains to the probability or frequency of radiation as a function of radiation


dose to produce a biologic response wherein there is no dose threshold and dose
increases proportionally with disease incidence.

2. Main chain scission, cross-linking, point mutations, change in viscosity.

3. A high dose of radiation of macromolecules increases the viscosity of a solution.


Therefore, solution viscosity can measure the main-chain scission of
macromolecules; the thicker the solution becomes, the higher the main-chain
scission of macromolecule is.

4. Catabolism is the breakup of large molecules into smaller molecules. Anabolism


is the construction of large molecules from smaller molecules.

Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Answers to Challenge Questions 31-2

5. Synthesis (S) phase.

6. Cell death, malignant disease, and genetic damage.

7. The genetic code of DNA is transcribed by messenger RNA (mRNA). It is then


transferred to transfer RNA (tRNA), which translates it into a protein.

8. Refer to written scanned copy

9. H2O + energy in the form of radiation ® HOH+ + e−.

10. The free radicals within the cell join with another molecule to be neutralized after
it migrates and transfer energy to target molecules.

11. Deterministic effect refers to the condition in which a cell will only die if its target
site/molecule is hit.

12. DNA’s number of molecules doubles as the parent DNA is replicated into two
duplicate daughter molecules.

13. Chromosome aberrations are examples of cytogenetic damage.

14. Point mutation occurs when the triplet code is destroyed due to the lost of a single
nucleotide base.

15. H2O + Radiation = HOH+ + e−.


HOH+ (Dissociation) = H+ + OH*.
HOH− (Dissociation) = OH− + H*.

16. Stochastic effects happens when an abnormal metabolic activity occurs due to the
damage to the DNA.

17. Free radicals are uncharged, short live and highly reactive molecule which can
cause disruption in bonds and produce point lesions at some distance from the
original ionizing event when their excess energy transfers to other molecules.

18. The main difference between the direct and indirect effect lies on the process in
which the radiation interacts with the DNA; a direct effect occurs when the
ionizing radiation interacts directly with the target molecule DNA. In the other
hand, excess energy is transferred to the DNA due to the radicals that formed from
the interaction of some other molecule.

19. There may be only one DNA molecule in the cell. The abundance of the cell does
not determine its quantity.

Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Answers to Challenge Questions 31-3

20. The main difference between the radiation response in vivo and vitro lies in its
direct and indirect response; most of the radiation damage which can be observes
in vivo is from the indirect effects which damages the DNA. Meanwhile, more
direct effect happen in vitro.

Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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