Factors That Contribute Towards Widening The Digital Divide Gap: Poverty
Factors That Contribute Towards Widening The Digital Divide Gap: Poverty
Theory Notes
The Digital Divide
Digital Divide refers to the gap between those who benefit from digital technology and those
who do not. It is the gap between those people with effective access to digital and information
technology, and those without or limited access to it. It includes the imbalances in physical
access to technology, as well as the imbalances in resources and skills needed to effectively
participate as a digital citizen in this so called e‐world. The digital divide refers to that disparity
between individuals and/or communities who can use electronic information and
communication tools, such as the internet, to better the quality of their lives and those who
cannot.
Several factors must be addressed when one evaluates digital divide whether globally or locally.
Being digitally connected is critical to economic, educational, and social advancement. Those
without the appropriate tools, in terms of personal computers (PCs) and Internet connectivity,
and applicable skills will become increasingly disadvantaged.
Factors that contribute towards widening the digital divide gap:
Poverty
One of the crucial factors that affect the digital divide of countries is poverty. Developing
countries suffer greatly from high levels of poverty. Consequently, they are greatly affected by
digital divide internally and externally. Residents of such countries do not have the necessary
finances to afford computers and internet connection. Digitalization is not important to them
when compared to the basic needs of food, shelter and clothing which they hardly fulfill to the
maximum. It is therefore logical that a huge proportion of the population is not able to access
internet services due to increasing levels of poverty. A closely associated factor with this
phenomenon is the variance of minimum wages in different countries. Many third world
countries have people working below the internationally stipulated minimum wages. Workers in
these countries are exploited, working for long hours for little pay. The process can have dire
consequences to the growth of the gap in utility of the internet connections such that people
are always busy working with little time and money to explore and discover new methods or the
importance of internet connections. There are wide disparities amongst income groups. The
better off are far more likely to have PCs and Internet connections than others.
Education
A society that needs information for its growth and development realizes that education is an
important aspect when it comes to basic culture and technical preparation. Internet and the
ability to know and understand computer applications has become a necessary advantage for
many job seekers internationally. Every individual or child has the right to education. The
internet is the domain of the literate. A person who cannot both read and write cannot have any
reasonable expectation of making practical use of either a computer or the Internet with any
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facility. Information and technology has helped to increase literacy rates all over the world.
Internet has become an important aspect of the learning process especially in tertiary learning
institutions such as colleges, technical institutes and universities. ICT has become a major
subject taught in most schools but many adults did not have the opportunity to learn how to use
computers when they were in school. The gap in the utilization of internet and other electronic
sources has been greatly influenced by the quality of education a person has or inspires to
achieve. For example, students in colleges tend to use the surf engines more than high school
students. Furthermore, as an individual is able to acquire more knowledge and education, digital
communication becomes a necessity. However, for third world countries the problem of
internet and education is determined by greater forces. The fact these nations are poor means
that many public institutions cannot afford internet connections as a tool for learning. Most
luxuries are left for the rich who are able to afford the best quality education that money can
buy. The inclusion of the internet in most learning programs requires a personal initiative from
an individual rather than the society at large.
Gender
Access and use of ICTs are known to have the potential to influence social and economic well
being. However, a range of other factors contribute to inequality among those with access to
ICT and those marginalized from them. Though the digital divide in many countries is being
bridged slowly but surely, the aspects of gender cannot be ignored in terms of its utility. The
division between women and men is not only in terms of economics but in dimensions of
technology as well. The inability of women to access information and technology in general is
attributed to many factors be it political, economical and cultural. The variety of information
technologies in the competitive markets does not bridge the gap of accessibility when it comes
to gender issues. In many developing countries poor infrastructure is weaker in rural areas when
compared to urban areas. Most women live in rural areas where accessibility to information and
technology is limited. Hence women become deprived in terms of
information and technology. Women in poor countries especially the rural areas do not have
access to education and technological skills to utilize ICT’s efficiently. This is likely due to the fact
that they are constrained by language barriers since women who are deprived educationally
lack the opportunities to learn the international languages that are utilized by the internet.
Dependency
Dependency on technology happens when technology is widely used without regarding the
consequences of the increased utilization of technology. There is an increase in concern about
the rate at which people who can afford advanced technology are consuming it. In the
developed world, the dependence on technology has spread in almost all the systems that are
important to the survival of the economy and society. For example, in the banking system the
use of automated teller machines in banks has reduced the need for human service delivery and
movement in the banks also in the health sectors and education system. Dependency
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on technology hence automatically requires that members of societies become literate in
matters of technology in order to survive. Urban people have access to services facilitated by
technology and hence they become dependent on it when compared to rural folk.
Technology for third world countries is costly. However due to the increase of technology in the
international arena, these countries are forced to put more effort in order to be at parity in the
competitive global economy. The digital divide between the North and the South is greatly felt
especially when the third world countries continuously depend on finances from the North.
These finances come with conditions that are mainly agreeable to the North.
Rural and Urban Perspective
For many rural dwellers in developed countries, the abundance of information and technology is
a blessing that creates conveniences in the daily lives of the people. The automation of service
deliveries in institutions such as banks eliminates the travelling necessities to the metropolis in
order to access finances. Frequent communication to investors and families through video
phones and conferences helps to save time and money.
Generally, in developed countries, the internet services are cheaper hence individuals in the
rural areas can afford these services despite their geographical location. The major difference
between the urban and rural areas in developed countries is the adequacy of internet service
and geographical distance. The rate of internet use is higher in urban areas than in rural areas.
The geographical coverage determines the capability of how fast or slow one is able to be
connected to the internet. However, this is not the case with developing countries, information
technology in developing urban areas is still limited due to costs, education and income
variations of the city dwellers. The internet services are available but are restricted to certain
areas such as high learning institutions and government offices. Rural areas are by conventional
wisdom, held to be unattractive for any telephone or internet service provider. The capital cost
involved is high and the revenues are poor. The poor power supply on which internet services
are predicated especially in the rural areas makes the use of the internet less cost effective.
Thus, the rural areas in developing countries lack internet facilities due to poor infrastructure,
education and poverty. In a nut shell, the utility of internet services globally vary between rural
and urban dwellers. Upon further analysis, the digital divide in rural developing areas is greater
than in rural developed areas. Consequently, the urban dwellers in developed cities use more
internet services when compared to urban dwellers in developing countries.
Cultural Dimensions
There are certain cultures that hinder the possibilities of progress especially when it comes to
evolution of information, technology and communication. There are people, or cultures, that, as
a matter of fact, can use new information and communication tools, such as the internet, but
choose not to do so. The growth in information technology holds the promise in the growth of
sustainable economic growth that is beneficial to everyone on the planet. However, cultural and
behavioral attitudes create barriers that inhibit technological process, adaptation and utility by
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many in the world. Thus, even though, the country might try to promote the utilization of ICT’s
in the country, behavioral attitudes of individuals might contribute to digital divide.
Behavioral and attitudinal barriers are mainly enhanced by myths and stereotypes about the
internet. Studies have shown even in developed countries, people have resisted adaptation of
advance technology based on misconceptions such as: computers are for clever people, for
men, and for younger people. A huge number of the older generation believed that they are
unsafe and they lack security for personal information. This is a pattern most common in rural
areas. Most families also believed that internet caused increase in immorality due to the variety
of content that was accessible.
Age
The digital divide is also influenced by age. There is an existence of digital divide between the
young and old which is also closely linked to accessibility. Children and teenagers use computers
and the internet more than any other age group and that computers at schools substantially
narrow the gap in computer usage rates for children from high and low income families. It
seems that young people feel more comfortable with new technology and are able to benefit
from it more than older people. Older people are less likely to have a computer and are less
likely to be interested in using the Internet In order to benefit from the digital technology
people must know how to use it.
Economic Development and Distribution
The unequal access to information technology and communication increase the developmental
gap between rich developed countries and poor developing countries. Economic power is vital
to the accessibility. Many developing countries have become trapped in technologies that are
obsolete. Therefore, it can take any economic sector a very long period of time to evolve and
overcome the impact of intense investments in analogue communication system and landlines.
Thus, the rise of digital divide and its utility lies in ability of the communications sector to
survive such unavoided circumstances. The digital divide in developing countries is closely tied
to the contextual economic environment of the respective countries. Countries with thriving
economies are largely associated with increased access to ICTs compared to those whose
economies are doing badly. In addition, the economic development is increasingly being tied to
the breadth and depth of digital gaps within and between nations. Countries with low digital
gaps are more developed (developed world) than countries with high digital gaps (developing
countries).
Conclusion
Digital Divide is defined as the growing gap between those who have access to and the skills to
use ICT and those who, due to economic or/and geographical reasons, have limited or no
access. The digital divide can be identified at both the domestic level and at the international
level. The gap varies with the utilization of technology from one country to the next depending
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on variables like education, gender, governance, age, economy and distribution. There is
significant divide in the utility of the internet which varies from rural to urban centers all over
the world. Many developed countries attribute the widening gap of lack of utilization of
computers and the internet to stereotypes, myths and misconceptions about ICT’s. Through the
practical use of the leap frog theory, some developing countries have been able to afford and
access technology and communication systems and therefore bridging the gap of digital divide
as well as promoted its use. Political instability and corruption in main institutions have led to a
decrease in development consequently leading to stagnation of the growth in ICT’s in a country.
The utilization of internet services vary with the level of interconnectedness an individual has.
Furthermore, many people in the world live below the minimum wage and find internet costly
and unaffordable.