LAB REPORTS GROUP NUMBER : 23 SECTION : T SUBJECT : EVS 101 GROUP MEMBERS : 1. Hema Harshitha Jupalli AP21110011391 2. Suram Sanjeev Reddy AP21110011392 3. Mahanthi Rahul AP21110011393 4. Jothsna Aadi Durga Sai Sravani Karri AP21110011394 5. Venkata Ramesh Jangalapalle AP21110011395Experiment No. 1: Objective: To determine the alkalinity of a given water sample. Principle: The alkalinity of water is a measure of how much acid it can neutralize. When a water sample has a pH of greater than 4.5 titrated with acid to a pH 4.5 end point , all OH- , CO3-2,HCO3- will be neutralized . For the sample with pH more than 10.36, adda phenolphthalein indicator , the colour changes to pink . This pink colour is due to the presence of hydroxyl ions. If sulphuric acid is added to it , the pink colour disappears i.e. OH- ions are neutralized . This colour change indicates that all the CO3” and HCO3- have been neutralized.This is the end point. Calculation: Alkalinity: Hydroxide alkalinity (mg/l as CaCO; ) = 50,000 * 10!°"?*l PH Value of water is 10.36. pKw = 14= 50,000*10!936441 = 50,000*10'>*) Hydroxide alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO, ) =11.454 mg/L Carbonate alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO, ) = 2 * [Phenolphthalein alkalinity - Hydroxide alkalinity] =2 * [120 - 11.454] = 217.092 Carbonate alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO, ) = 217.092 mg/L Phenolphthalein alkalinity (mg/L as CacO,) =(A, * N * 50,000) /V A, = Volume of sulphuric acid used in mL = 6 ml; N= Normality of acid used to titrate = 0.02; V = Volume of sample water used in mL = 50 mL; =(6*0.02*50,000) / 50 Phenolphthalein alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO.) = 120 mg/L Bicarbonate alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO.) = Total alkality -[Carbonate alkalinity + Hydroxide alkalinity] = 156 - [217.092 +11.454] = -72.546 Bicarbonate alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO ) = -72.546 mg/LTotal alkalinty (mg/L as CaCO,) = (A, * N * 50,000) / V A, = Volume of sulphuric acid from the very start of titration (step c) to reddish violet endpoint = 7.8 N= Normality of acid used to titrate = 0.02; V = Volume of sample used in mL = 50 ml; = (7.8 * 0.02 * 50,000) / 50 =156 Total alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO, ) = 156 mg/L CaCO3 Result : The total alkalinity of the sample of water is 156 mg/L CaCO3Turbidity : Turbidity is caused by suspended materials which absorb and scatter light . These colloidal and finely dispersed turbidity-causing materials do not settle under quiescent condition and are difficult to remove by sedimentation . Turbidity is a key parameter in water supply engineering , because turbidity will both cause water to be aesthetically unpleasant and cause problems in water treatment processes , such as filtration disinfection . Turbidity is also often used as indicative evidence of the possibility of bacteria being present . Turbidity measurements performed using proprietary nephelometric instruments are expressed as Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). The light reflected at 90° is measured by a photoelectric detector and is compared against light reflected by a reference standard . No interference exists for the turbidity test . Locally , the Public Utilities Board (PUB) of Singapore requires all water treatment facilities to produce water containing less than 1 NTU. Calculation: Turbidity (NTU) = NTU measured /proportion of sample in dilution . = 4000/25 = 160 NTU The turbidity of the samples is 160 NTU.Experiment No. 2 : objective : To find out the amount of dissolved oxygen in a given sample of water. Principle: 1. Dissolved Oxygen in a water sample is determined by Winkler's method. 2. The saturation DO value is the maximum dissolved oxygen at given temperature and pressure. 3. Given water sample is to be tested with a mixture of manganese sulphate (IMnSO4). 4. The Mn2+ ions released from MnSO4 react with OH ions of water . 5. White precipitate forms if there is no dissolved oxygen otherwise they give rise to a red precipitate. Mn2+ + 20H- Mn(OH)2 (white precipitate) Mn2+ + 20H- + % O2 MnO2 (red precipitate) + H2O 6. The amount of I2 is estimated from titration with the N in/40 Sodium Thiosulphate. 12 + 2 Na2S203 2Nal + Na2S406 (Sodium Tetrathionate) 8. The expected DO value for suitability in domestic use is 4— 8 mg/L.Calculation : Volume of the water sample taken for titration is 100 ml. Total Volume of titrant used is 3.4 ml (given) Normality of Sodium thiosulphate is 0.025 Dissolved oxygen in ppm = (Volume of Sodium Thiosulphate in ml x N x 0.008 x 10*6)/ (Volume of sample in ml ) = (3.4x 0.025 x 0.008 x10%6) / 100 = 6.8PPM. Result : Therefore, the amount of dissolved oxygen is 6.8 PPM.Experiment No. 3: Objective : To determine the total hardness of a given water sample. Principle : The hardness of water is determined by using the EDTA method. EDTA is Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid. It dissolves in water with great difficulty, but it's disodium salt dissolves in water quickly & completely it is hexa dentate ligand. It isa complexometric titration in which formation of coloured complex is used to indicate the end point of titration. Hardness of water is the presence of dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium. There are two types of hardness : 1, Temporary hardness 2. Permanent hardnessCalculation : Calculation of total hardness by following formula- Volume of EDTA solution consumed for total hardness = 7 ml Volume of hard water taken = 50 ml Total hardness = vol of EDTA sol consumed _in ml *1000 vol of hard water taken in ml Total hardness = ( 7 *1000) /50 =140ppm Total hardness = 140ppm Calculation of Permanent hardness : Volume of EDTA solution consumed for permanent hardness = 4ml Volume of boiled water = 50m! Permanent hardness = (Vol of EDTA sol consumed in ml *1000. Vol of boiled water taken in ml = (4*1000)/50 = 80ppm Permanent hardness = 80ppm Calculation of Temporary hardness: Temporary hardness = Total hardness - Permanent hardness = 140ppm - 80ppm =60ppmTemporary hardness = 60ppm Results : The total hardness of the water sample is 140ppm. The temporary hardness of the water sample is 6(0ppm. The permanent hardness of the water sample is 80ppm.Experiment No. 4: objective : To determine the total dissolved solids and total suspended solids of a given water sample. Principle : 1. The total amount of solids consists of the suspended solids with the dissolved solids. 2. By evaporating the water sample , The total solids in a sample is determined by weighing the left residue. 3. The amount of suspended solids is obtained by filtering the water sample and weighing the residue left on the filter paper. 4. One of the water analysis tests. Calculation : Total solids : TS = TSS + TDS TS(mg\L) = (A -B)/ V A= mass of beaker + dried residue(mg) = 28.65g + 2.4mg B= mass of beaker (tare weight)(mg) = 28.65g V= volume of sample filtered (L) = 0.05 (SOmL)TS = (28.65g + 2.4mg — 28.65g ) / 0.05 = 2.4 / 0.05 = 48.00 Total suspended solids TSS( mg/L) = (dry weight of residue and filter - dry weight of filter alone, in grams)/ L of sample ) W1 - 0.107(empty paper weight) W2 - 1.469(after filtration paper weight) Volume = 50 mi TSS = (1.469 - 0.107) / 0.05 = 1.362 / 0.05 = 27.24 Mg/L Total dissolved solids: TDS =TS-TSS = 48 - 27.24 = 20.76 Mg/L Result : The total suspended solids in the water sample is 27.24 ppm. The total dissolved solids in the water sample is 20.76 ppm.Experiment No. 5: objective : To determine the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of a given sample of water. principle : Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen required for the microorganisms (bacteria) present in the wastewater to convert the organic substance to stable compounds such as CO2 and H20. Organic substance + oxygen bacteria --> CO2 + H20 Bacteria placed in contact with organic materials will utilize it as a food source. The Organic material will be oxidized to CO2 H20. BOD is considered to be the measure of the organic content of the waste water. The BOD determination is done by measuring the amount of oxygen utilized by the microorganism in waste water for 5 days at 20 C. For domestic sewage the 5 days B.O.D value represent approximately 2/3 of the demand of all the oxidizing materials.Dilution water contains a mixture of salts necessary for biological activities plus a phosphate buffer to maintain neutral pH.Calculation: DO in mg/l: Dissolved oxygen in mg/L= ( Volume of Sodium Thiosulphate in ml* N*0.008*106)/ Volume of sample in ml N = Normality of Sodium thiosulphate = 0.025. Initial volume of thiosulphate = 4.5 ml DO = (4.5 *0.025*0.008*10%6)/100 The amount of dissolved oxygen in water= 9 ppm Final BOD CALCULATION : ( Volume of Sodium Thiosulphate in ml* N*0.008*106)/ Volume of sample in ml) N= Normality of Sodium thiosulphate = 0.025. Final volume of thiosulphate = 2.3 ml = ( 2.3*0.025*0.008*1046)/100 =4.6ppm BOD of sample After dilution = initial volume - final volume = 9 - 4.6 = 4.4 mg/L Result : The BOD of the water sample is 4.4 mg/L.EXPERIMENT NO.6: Objective: To determine the iron content of a given sample of water Principle: The safety of drinking water is a very important public health issue.The U.S Federal regulations limit the amount of iron to less than 0.3 ppm (0.3 mg/L) in municipal drinking water. Although iron is only toxic at very high concentrations , it acts as a useful surrogate for other heavy metals, whose presence in drinking water is a real danger to public health. In this experiment we will determine the levels of iron present in various water samples. Acommonly used method for the determination of trace amounts of iron involves the complexation of Fe2+ with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) to produce an intensely red orange colored complex: Fe2+ +3 phen —> Fe(phen)342+ The determination of the iron-phen complex is performed with a spectrophotometer at a fixed wavelength of 510 nm using external calibration based on iron standard solutions.Calculation: Plot a graph of Concentration and absorbance on the X axis & Y axis respectively. data for standard values concentration (ppm) absorbance at 510 nm 2.000 0.413 4.000 0.740 6.000 1.227 8.000 1.630 20.000 3.677 unknown absorbance :0.875 Scale on graph On x axis 1 unit = 1 absorbance Ony axis 1 unit = 2 PPM> abs an 4 (4.21,0.875) 0.875 aes cee ec ete fonction PPM Result : The iron concentration in the unknown sample is 4.21 ppm.