PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

COURSE CODE: MAT101

COURSE TITLE: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

COURSE INTENDED A. Knowledge

LEARNING 1. Discuss and argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how its
OUTCOMES: expressed, represented, and used.
2. Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments
made about mathematics and mathematical concepts.
3. Discuss the language and symbols of mathematics
B. Skills
4. Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical data;
5. Analyze codes and coding schemes used for identification, privacy, and
security purpose;
6. Use mathematics in other areas such as finance, voting, health and
medicine, business, environment, arts and design, and recreation.
C. Values
7. Appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday life.
8. Affirm honesty and integrity in the application of mathematics to
various human endeavours.

LEARNING MATERIAL
FOR WEEK NUMBER:
3-4
I. TITLE: Module 2: Mathematical Language and Symbols
Section 1 : Mathematics as a Language
Section 2: Basic Concepts of Mathematical Language: Sets, Functions , and Binary
Operations
Section 3: Mathematical Logic

II. OBJECTIVES: After this lesson, you are expected to:

1. classify group of words or symbols as mathematical expressions or

mathematical sentences
2. identify the verbs in mathematical sentences
3. demonstrate understanding of the basic concepts in sets, functions,
and binary operations
4. represent sentences using set notations
5. identify if a given set is a function
6. perform binary operations on sets
7. write statements in symbolic forms
8. write symbolic statements in words
9. construct a truth table for a given compound statement
10. write a conditional statement in other forms

III. INTRODUCTION: In everyday living, we may encounter and even use expressions in English that may
connote mathematical values or symbols without our knowing it. These encounters
include riding a vehicle, re-loading cellular phones in a station; buying a particular
items from a store; taking allowances from parents or guardians; expectations of
grades in a particular subject; number of friends in Social Media who are sincere,
honest, or the opposite; friends who like a photo uploaded on Facebook; number of
crushes in this school; number of hours spent using the Internet; and many more.

The translation of these encounters into mathematical expressions and vice versa,
however, is found to be a little complicated, especially if our knowledge of English
grammar is limited.

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 1 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

IV. CONTENTS:
SECTION 1

Definition of Language:
Language – is a systematic way of communication with other people use of sounds or convention symbols.

Importance of Language:
1. Language was invented to communicate ideas to others.
2. The language of mathematics was designed:
 Numbers
 Sets
 Functions
 Perform operations

Characteristics of the mathematical language

1. It is precise 4. It is nontemporal
2. It is concise 5. It also has vocabulary and parts of speech.
3. It is powerful

Parts of Speech for Mathematics

Just like any ordinary language, mathematics also has syntax and structure which cab be categorized
Into five forms.
1. Numbers are the very first symbols that can be used to represent quantity. These are nouns (objects) in
the English language.
2. Operation symbols like ,,, x can act as connectives in a mathematical sentence.
3. Relation symbols such as =, < and  are used for comparison and act as verbs in the mathematical
language.
4. Grouping symbols such as ( ), { }, [ ] are used to associate groups of numbers and operations.
5. Variables are letters that represent quantities and act as pronouns.

Symbols commonly used in Mathematics

1. The ten digits: 1, 2, 3, …, 10
2. Operations: ,,, x
3. Sets:    
4. Variables: a, b, c, x and y
5. Special symbols:  , < , >,  ,  , 
6. Logic symbols: ~, ^,  , , 
7. Set Notations: N, W, Z, Q, R, C

A mathematical expression refers to objects of interest acting as the subject in the ordinary language. A
sentence with a complete thought is a mathematical sentence which can be regarded as true or false.

Example 1
a. The following are examples of mathematical expressions:
4, - 5, 5 + 2, 2e
b. The following are mathematical sentences:
1. 5 plus 2 is equal to the square root of 49.
5  2  49 Here the symbol “+” is a connective while “=” is the verb. The sentence is true.

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 2 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

2. 10 divided by 2 is less than 3.

10  2  3 The symbol “  ” is a connective while the operator “<” acts as verb. The statement is false

Test yourself:
Which of the following are sentences?
1. Manila is the capital of the Philippines.
2. The province of Cavite
3. The number 5 is a composite number.

4. x  12
5. x 1  3
SECTION 2

*** SETS ***

Sets – is a collection of distinct objects, called elements of the set
A set can be defined by describing the contents, or by listing the elements of the set, enclosed in curly
brackets.

2 ways to represents the elements of the set.

1. Roster Method – lists down all the elements.

Example: 1
Set A is the set of counting numbers less than 6.
Set notation: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
This is finite set with cardinality of 5.

Example: 2
Set B is the set of positive even integers greater than 8.
Set notation: B = {10, 12, 14, …}
B is an infinite set which uses dots to denote infinite sequence.

2. Set Builder Notation – presents the elements by stating their common properties. It is also useful when
describing infinite sets.

Example: 3
Set A is the set of counting numbers greater than 6.
Set notation: A ={x/x  N and x  6 } Where N is the set of counting numbers.
It is read as “The set of all x such that x is a counting number and greater than 6.”

SUBSET

A subset of a set A is another set that contains only elements from the set A, but may not contain all the
elements of A.
If B is a subset of A, we write B ⊆ A
A proper subset is a subset that is not identical to the original set—it contains fewer elements.
If B is a proper subset of A, we write B ⊂ A

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 3 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Example:
Consider these three sets:
A = the set of all even numbers
B = {2, 4, 6}
C = {2, 3, 4, 6}

Here B ⊂ A since every element of B is also an even number, so is an element of A.

More formally, we could say B ⊂ A since if x ∈ B, then x ∈ A.
It is also true that B ⊂ C.
C is not a subset of A, since C contains an element, 3, that is not contained in A

UNION, INTERSECTION, AND COMPLEMENT

The union of two sets contains all the elements contained in either set (or both sets). The union is
notated A ⋃ B. More formally, x ∊ A ⋃ B if x ∈ A or x ∈ B (or both)
The intersection of two sets contains only the elements that are in both sets. The intersection is
notated A ⋂ B. More formally, x ∈ A ⋂ B if x ∈ A and x ∈ B.
The complement of a set A contains everything that is not in the set A. The complement is notated A’, or Ac,
or sometimes ~A.

Example.
Consider the sets:
A = {red, green, blue}
B = {red, yellow, orange}
C = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple}

Find the following:

1. Find A ⋃ B
2. Find A ⋂ B
3. Find Ac ⋂ C

Answers

1. The union contains all the elements in either set: A ⋃ B = {red, green, blue, yellow, orange} Notice we only
list red once.
2. The intersection contains all the elements in both sets: A ⋂ B = {red}
3. Here we’re looking for all the elements that are not in set A and are also in C. Ac ⋂ C = {orange, yellow,
purple}

UNIVERSAL SET

A universal set is a set that contains all the elements we are interested in. This would have to be defined by
the context.
A complement is relative to the universal set, so Ac contains all the elements in the universal set that are not
in A.

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 4 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Example: 1
1. If we were discussing searching for books, the universal set might be all the books in the library.
2. If we were grouping your Facebook friends, the universal set would be all your Facebook friends.
3. If you were working with sets of numbers, the universal set might be all whole numbers, all integers, or all
real numbers
Example: 2
Suppose the universal set is U = all whole numbers from 1 to 9. If A = {1, 2, 4}, then Ac = {3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

Example: 3
Suppose H = {cat, dog, rabbit, mouse}, F = {dog, cow, duck, pig, rabbit}, and W = {duck, rabbit, deer, frog, mouse}
1. Find (H ⋂ F) ⋃ W
2. Find H ⋂ (F ⋃ W)
3. Find (H ⋂ F)c ⋂ W

Solutions

1. We start with the intersection: H ⋂ F = {dog, rabbit}. Now we union that result with W: (H ⋂ F) ⋃ W = {dog,
duck, rabbit, deer, frog, mouse}
2. We start with the union: F ⋃ W = {dog, cow, rabbit, duck, pig, deer, frog, mouse}. Now we intersect that
result with H: H ⋂ (F ⋃ W) = {dog, rabbit, mouse}
3. We start with the intersection: H ⋂ F = {dog, rabbit}. Now we want to find the elements of W that
are not in H ⋂ F. (H ⋂ F)c ⋂ W = {duck, deer, frog, mouse}

CARDINALITY

The number of elements in a set is the cardinality of that set.

The cardinality of the set A is often notated as |A| or n(A)

Example:

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8}.

What is the cardinality of B? A ⋃ B, A ⋂ B?

Answers

The cardinality of B is 4, since there are 4 elements in the set.

The cardinality of A ⋃ B is 7, since A ⋃ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}, which contains 7 elements.
The cardinality of A ⋂ B is 3, since A ⋂ B = {2, 4, 6}, which contains 3 elements.

Test yourself:
1. Express the set using set-builder notation: {spring, summer, winter, fall}
2. Express the set using the roster method: “The set of months of the year that start with the letter J.”
3. Find the cardinal number for set A. Set A = {Cabrini College, Villanova University, Eastern College, Rosemont
College, Immaculate University}
4. Are the sets equal? Give a reason for your answer. {a, b, c, d, e} {a, b, b, c, c, c, d, d, d, d, e, e, e, e, e}

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 5 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

5. Are these sets equivalent? Give a reason for your answer. {a, b, c, d, e} {a, a, a, a, a, b, b, b, c, c, c, d, d, e}

Let U = {a, b, c, d, e} A = {b, c, d} B = {c, d, f}

6. Use the roster method to write A c .

7. Is B a subset of U ? Give a reason for your answer.
8. List all the subsets of A

*** Function ***

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. 1,2, 2,3,  2,4,  1,0is an example of a relation.

The x-values in each coordinate make up what is referred to as domain. {-2, -1, 1, 2} is the domain of the
relation.
The y-values in each coordinate make up what is referred to as the range. {-3, 0, 2, 4} is the range of the
relation.
So what are functions?
 Functions are relations, so they are sets of ordered pairs!
 What makes them special is that the x-values don’t repeat!
 Each x-values is paired with exactly one y-values.
 There are many ways to express functions.
 They can be expressed as ordered pairs, in tables, in a graph, or as a mapping.
Functions cab be expresses as:
 Let’s use the relation  2,3, 1,4, 0,4,  1,2 .
This relation is a function because the x-values don’t repeat.
It is expressed here as a set of ordered pairs.
We can also use a table to express this function.

x y
-2 3
-1 2
0 4
1 4

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 6 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

You can express a function as a mapping. A mapping is two ovals. The first oval contains the domain (x-values).
The second oval contains the range (y-values).
For example:

-1 -2

0 1
1
2
2

This is an example of a mapping. Each x-value is mapped or paired with exactly one y-value.

Functions in a graph
Here are some examples of functions in graphs:

Graphs of Functions

You can tell if the graph

of a relation is a function if it passes something called the Vertical Line Test. The VLT says that if you draw a
vertical line through a graph and it intersects the graph in exactly one point, then the graph is a function.

The first graph is

a function; it passes the
VLT, while the second
graph is not function because it fails the VLT.

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 7 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

** Binary Operations **

The word "binary" means composed of two pieces. A binary operation is simply a rule for combining two
values to create a new value. The most widely known binary operations are those learned in elementary school:
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on various sets of numbers.

A binary operation on a set is a calculation involving two elements of the set to produce
another element of the set.

Let's take a look at some creative binary operations.

Situation 1:
It is possible to define "new" binary operations. Consider this example:

A new math (binary) operation, using the symbol Φ, is defined to be

a Φ b = 3a + b,
where a and b are real numbers.

Question Explanation
1. What is 8 Φ 3 ? Substitute the values of a and b into the right-hand side of the definition,
namely 3a + b.
8 Φ 3 = 3•8 + 3 = 24 + 3 = 27

2. Is a Φ b commutative? Does a Φ b = b Φ a for all possible values?

3a + b = 3b + a ? Not true for all real numbers.
If a = 8 and b = 2; 3•8 + 2 ≠ 3•2 + 8; 26 ≠ 14.
The operation Φ is not commutative for real numbers.

3. Is a Φ b associative? Does a Φ (b Φ c) = (a Φ b) Φ c ?
a Φ (3b + c) = (3a + b) Φ c ?
3a + (3b + c) = 3(3a + b) + c ? Not true for all reals.
If a = 2, b = 3, c = 4; 3•2 + (3•3 + 4) ≠ 3(3•2 + 3) + 4;
6 + 13 ≠ 3(9) + 4; 19 ≠ 31.
The operation Φ is not associative for real numbers.

Situation 2:
Sometimes, a binary operation on a finite set (a set with a limited number of elements) is displayed in a table which
shows how the operation is to be performed.

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 8 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

A binary operation, , is defined on the set

{1, 2, 3, 4}. The table at the right shows the 16
possible answers using this operation.
To read the table: read the first value from the
left hand column and the second value from the
top row. The answer is the intersection point.

Question Explanation

1. What is 2 4? 2 4 = 2 (where the row and column intersect)

2. Is commutative? Check: 3 1=1 3, yes, 2 = 2.

Unfortunately, you now need to check all of the
other possibilities. There is, however, a shorter
way ...
draw a diagonal line from the upper left corner to the lower right
corner of the table. If the table is symmetric with respect to this line,
the table is commutative.
3. What is the identity element Find the single element that will always return the original value.
The identity element is 4. You will have found the identity element
for the operation ? when all of the values in its row and its column are the same as the
row and column headings.

4. Is associative for these values? Does 4 (3 2) = (4 3) 2?

4 (3 2) = (4 3) 2 4 (4) = (3) 2
4 = 4 YES, this example is associative.

Unfortunately, if you were asked the general question, "Is associative?", instead of just checking one single case
as shown in #4, you would have to check ALL possible arrangements. Unlike the commutative property, there is NO
shortcut for checking associativity when working with a table. But remember, it only takes one arrangement which
does not work to show that associativity fails.

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 9 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

SECTION 3

** Mathematical Logic **

Symbolic Logic is a powerful tool for analysis and communication in mathematics. It represents the natural
language and mathematical language with symbols and variables.

A statement is an assertion which can be regarded as true or false. A simple statement is a single statement
which does not contain other statements as parts. A compound statement contains two or more statements.
A logical connectives combines simple statements into compound statements.

Example1:
The following sentences are simple statements.

I will go to the mall.

The sky is cloudy.
You will receive your promotion.
The function f(x) is continuous.

Table shows basic propositional logic with their symbols

Connectives Propositional Symbols Example Read
Logic
Not negation ~ ~p Not p (p is false)
And/But conjunction  p q p and q (Both p and
q are true
Or disjunction  pq p or q (Either p is
true or q is true or
both are true)
Implies conditional  pq If p then q
If and only if biconditional  pq p implies q and q
implies p
p if and only if q

Example 2:
Consider the following statements.
h : Harry is not happy.
v : Harry is going to watch a volleyball game.
r : It is going to rain.
s : Today is Sunday.

Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.

a. Today is Sunday and Harry is not happy.

b. Today is Sunday and Harry is not going to watch a volleyball game.
c. If it is going to rain, then Harry is not going to watch a volleyball game.
d. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game if and only if he is happy.
e. Harry is happy only if it is not going to rain.
f. Harry is going to watch a volleyball or it is going to rain.

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 10 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Solution:
a. s  h c. r  ~v e. ~h→~r
b. s  ~v d. v  ~h f. v  r

Example 3:
Convert the following symbolic statements into words given the following propositions.
p : Gian plays volleyball.
q : Lanz plays basketball.

a. ~p c. p→~q
b. p  q d. p  (~p→q)

Solution:
a. Gian does not play volleyball.
b. Gian plays volleyball while Lanz plays basketball.
c. If GIan play volleyball, then Lanz does not play basketball.
d. Gian plays volleyball, or if Gian does not play volleyball, then Lanz plays basketball.

Example 4:
Consider the following statements

p : Adele is a singer.
q : Adele is a songwriter.
r : Adele is an actress.

a. Write  p  q   ~r into words.

b. Write “If Adele is an actress, then Adele is not a singer and Adele is not a songwriter” in symbolic form.

Solution:
a. If Adele is a singer and Adele is a songwriter, then Adele is not an actress.
b. r→(~p  ~q)

Example 5:

Given s : A polygon has three sides.

t : a polygon is a triangle.
Write the given statement in symbolic form.
“A polygon having three sides is a necessary and sufficient condition for a polygon to be a triangle.”

Solution:

s t

The Converse, the Inverse, and the Contrapositive

The conditional statement, p (antecedent) → q (consequent), has the following forms.

a. If p, then q. g. q provided that p.
b. p implies q. h. q is a necessary condition for p.

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 11 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

c. p only if q. i. p is a sufficient condition for q.

d. Not p or q. j. p yields q.
e. Every p is q. k. q follows from p.
f. q, if p.

Example 6:
Consider the following statements.
p : x is a prime number.
q : x is odd.

Formalize the following statements.

a. x being prime is a sufficient condition for being odd.

b. x being odd is a necessary condition for being prime.

Solution:
a. p  q
b. pq

Example 7:
Write each statement in the form “If p, then q.”

a. I will able to tour abroad next year provided that I have my passport renewed.
b. Every triangle that is not a right triangle is an oblique triangle.

Solution:
a. If I have my passport renewed, then I will be able to tour abroad next year.
b. If a triangle is not a right triangle, then it is an oblique triangle.

Derived Forms of a Conditional Statement

There are three ways to restate a conditional statement – the converse, the inverse and the contrapositive.
However, restating the statement into one of these forms may change the meaning of the original statement. The
conditional statement, p → q, may be restated in the following forms.

Converse Form: q→p

Inverse Form: ~p → ~ q
Contrapositive: ~q → ~ p

Example 8:
Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the given sentence.

“She is allowed to join the volleyball team, only if she knows how to receive the ball.”

Solution:

q → p: If she allowed to join the volleyball team, then she knows how to receive the ball.

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 12 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Converse: If she knows how to receive the ball, then she is allowed to join the volleyball team.
Inverse: If she is not allowed to join the volleyball team, then she does not know how to receive the ball.
Contrapositive: If she does not know how to receive the ball, then she is not allowed to join the volleyball team.

Example 9:

Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the given sentence.

“Every rectangle is a parallelogram.”

Solution:
p → q: If it is a rectangle, then it is a parallelogram.

Converse: If it is a parallelogram, then it is a rectangle.

Inverse: If it is not a rectangle, then it is not a parallelogram.
Contrapositive: If it is not a parallelogram, then it is not a rectangle.

Truth Tables

A logical statement may either be true or false. If the statement is true, then the truth value corresponding to the
statement is true and denoted by the letter T. If it is false, the statement has a value denoted by F. The truth table
is a summary of all possible truth values of a statement. Here are some examples.

A. Assertion D. Disjunction
p p q pq
T T T T
F T F T
F T T
B. Negation F F F
p ~p
T F E. Conditional
F T p q p→q
C. Conjunction T T T
p q pq T F F
T T T F T T
T F F F F T
F T F F. Biconditional
F F F p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 13 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Compound Statements and Their Truth Tables

Compound statements are complex statements built up on two simple statements by using connectives. In joining
two statements, parenthesis is use to enclose a single a single statement. The truth table of a compound
statement involving two or more statements can be constructed from the truth tables of each of the simple
statements.

Example 10:

Construct the truth table for the compound statement.

 p  q  ~p
p q pq ~p  p  q  ~p
T T T F F
T F T F F
F T T T T
F F F T F

Example 11:

Find the truth table of ~p  (~q → p)

Solution:
p q ~p ~q ~q → p ~p  (~q → p)
T T F F T T
T F F T T T
f T T F T T
F f T T F T

If the truth value of a compound statement is always true regardless of the truth values of each of the
component statements, then the statement is said to be a tautology. If the truth table value of compound
statement is always false, regardless of the truth values of each of the compound statement, then the statement
is a contradiction.

Logical Equivalence
Two mathematical statements are logically equivalent if the final output of their truth tables are exactly the
same. For example, the statement p → q is not logically equivalent to q → p. If P and Q are compound statements,
then P and Q are logically equivalent if and only if p  q is a tautology.

Example 12:

Verify if the statement p → q and ~ p  q are logically equivalent. What is the logical content equivalent of “If the
price is right, then I will accept the job offer”?

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 14 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

Solution:

Construct the truth table to show equivalence.

p q ~p pq ~ pq
T T F T T
T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T T T

Since the last two column are identical, the given statements are logically equivalent.

Using the above results, the logical content equivalent of “If the price is right, then I will accept the job offer” is
“The price is not right or I will accept the job offer.”

De Morgan’s Laws

Let p and q be any propositional statements. Then

~  p  q  (~p)  (~q)
~  p  q  (~p)  (~q)

Example 13:

Prove: p  q  (~q)→(~p)

Proof
p  q  (~p)  q Logical equivalence of p → q
 q  (~p) The operator  is commutative
 ~(~ q)  (~ p) For any statement p, ~(~ p) = p
 (~ q) →(~p) The converse of p  q is also true

Quantifiers

Special words like “all”, “any”, “every”, and “some” are called quantifiers. They can be used to analyze
mathematical sentences or may be used to define mathematical terms. Quantifiers are categorized into universal
quantifiers and existential quantifiers.

Universal quantifiers such as “all”, and “every” are used to denote that all elements in the set satisfy a given
property. The following statements contain universal quantifiers.
 All professors handling professional courses are licensed engineers.
 Each of the students attending field trip must have the waiver form signed by the parents.
 Every right triangle has an angle that measure 90°.

Existential quantifiers such as “some” and “there exists” are used to denote that one or more elements of a set
satisfy a given property. The following statements contain existential quantifiers.

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 15 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

 Some parents now fear vaccines.

 There exists a relationship between the mathematical language and the ordinary language.
 There is a number whose square is 9.

Notation for Quantifiers

If S is a set and P(x) is a statement about the element x, then the notation

x  S Px
means that “For all x in S, P of x is true” or “P(x) is true for every x in set S.” The notation

x  S Px
means “There exists x in S, for which P of x is true” or “There exists t least one element x of S for which P(x) is
true.”

Example 14:

Use quantifiers to define odd and even numbers.

Solution:
a. An integer x is even if there exists an integer y such that x  2 y . In symbols,

y  x  2 y
b. An integer x is odd if there exists an integer y such that x  2 y  1 . In symbols,

y  x  2 y  1

V. REFERENCES: Mathematics in the World book from Richard T. Earnhart/Edgar M. Adina

http://www.slideshare.net>joeyvaldriz>mathematical-logic
https://youtu.be/ngUotonNTNY

VI. ASSESSMENT
TASK:
CHALLENGE YOURSELF

Answer the following.

A. Classify if each item is an expression (E) or a sentence (S).

1. pretty girl ________________________
2. 3  4  4  3 ________________________
3. The word “vowel” starts with a consonant. ________________________
4. 5 x 3 ________________________

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 16 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

5. You and I ________________________

B. For number 1 to 6, use the roster method to represent each given set.
1. The set of counting numbers greater than – 1 and less than 9 ________________________
2. The set of integers satisfying x  2  5 ________________________
3. The first names of all the members of the group One Direction ________________________
4. The set of months of a year ending with the letter “ber” ________________________
5. The set of cities in Metro Manila that start with the letter P ________________________
C. Problem Solving
Determine whether each pair of statements is logically equivalent.
1. p   p  q  and p
2. ~  p  q  and (~ p)→~q

VI. Assignment task

Read the article referenced below and complete the statement follow.

The Language of Mathematics

http://wwww.onemathematicalcat.org/pdf_files/LANG1.pdf

Three things that I significantly learned from the article.

a. ________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 17 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES

LECTURE NOTES COMPILATION Page 18 of 18

2nd Semester A.Y. 2020-2021