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Simulation of PV System with MPPT and Boost Converter

Conference Paper · March 2014

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 IEEE Sponsored National Conference on Energy, Power and Intelligent Control Systems, 28th-29th March 2014

SIMULATION OF PV SYSTEM WITH MPPT

AND BOOST CONVERTER
Dilip Yadav#1, Nidhi singh #2
#
Electrical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Gautam Buddha University
Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
1
[email protected]
2
[email protected]

Abstract— Photovoltaic (PV) energy is the most important method. Modification is done in order to take into account the
energy resource since it is clean, pollution free, and power oscillations on the PV side and it controls the phase of
inexhaustible. Photovoltaic (PV) is a technical name in which the PV inverter voltage[4]. This instantaneous conductance
radiant means photon energy from the sun is converted to direct equals the conductance of the solar then MPP is reached[5].
current (dc) Electrical Energy. PV power output is still low, The power-electronic technology plays an important role in
continuous efforts are taken to develop the PV converter and distributed generation and in integration of renewable energy
controller for maximum power extracting efficiency and reduced sources into the electrical grid, and it is widely used and
cost factor. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a
rapidly expanding as these applications become more
process which tracks one maximum power point from array
input, varying the ratio between the voltage and current integrated with the grid-based[6]. Thus, the MPPT makes the
delivered to get the most power it can. The output of solar arrays PV system providing its maximum power and that energy
varies due to change of solar irradiation and weather conditions. storage element is necessary to help get stable and reliable
Therefore, the maximum power point tracking algorithm is power from PV system for both loads and utility grid, and thus
implemented in DC/DC converter to enable PV arrays to operate improve both steady and dynamic behaviors of the whole
at maximum power point. The incremental conductance generation system.[7]
algorithm is employed to control the boost converter. This paper In this paper we have studied a grid-connected photovoltaic
details the study of incremental conductance MPPT algorithm. generation system which is composed of PV array, power
And it can be experimentally verified by modeling the PV system
electronic converters, filter, controllers, local loads and utility
with MPPT algorithm in MATLAB/Simulink Software.
grid as shown in figure 1 [8]. .

I. INTRODUCTION
Now a days the demand of Electrical power in increasing day
by day but the presence of coal and fossils fuels are towards
the end. So it is the time to find another way to generate the
power[1]. Sometimes it is also difficult to transmit power to
the remote and hilly places which are far away for the main
generating station. Solar Energy is the ultimate source of
energy, which is naturally replenished in a short time period
of time, for this reason it is called “Renewable Energy” or
“Sustainable Energy”. Due to the severity of the global energy
crisis and environmental pollution, the photovoltaic (PV)
system has become one kind of important renewable energy Fig.1: Configuration Of The Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation
source. Solar energy has the advantages of maximum reserve, System
inexhaustibleness, and is free from geographical restrictions,
thus making PV technology a popular research topic. In order The grid-connected PV systems generally shape the grid
to improve energy efficiency and power quality issues.[2] current to follow a predetermined sinusoidal reference using
As known from a Power-Voltage curve of a solar hysteresis-band current controller, which has the advantages
panel, there is an optimum operating point such that the PV of inherent peak current limiting and fast dynamic
delivers the maximum possible power to the load. The performance. Fig 2 shows the schematic diagram of a grid
optimum operating point changes with solar irradiation and connected PV system.
cell temperature. This paper deals with Incremental
conductance MPPT algorithm method due to its simple It typically consists of two main parts: the PV array and the
approach [3]. Among the most recent MPPT algorithm it has power conditioning unit (PCU). The PCU typically includes:
been chosen an algorithm based on incremental conductance
 IEEE Sponsored National Conference on Energy, Power and Intelligent Control Systems, 28th-29th March
2014

• A Maximum Power Tracking (MPPT) circuit, which allows Cell or Photovoltaic (PV) cell is a device that is made up of
the maximum output power of the PV array. semiconductor materials such as silicon, gallium arsenide and
• A Power Factor (PF) control unit, which tracks the phase of cadmium telluride, etc. that converts sunlight directly into
the utility voltage and provides to the inverter a current electricity. Hari Prasad et al. [9] demonstrated a computer
reference synchronized with the utility voltage. simulation derived study of photovoltaic cells/modules,
utilizing MATLAB. The MATLAB is used to simulate a
circuit based model for PV cells/modules and then to conduct
a behavioral analysis under altering conditions of solar
insolation, including blending effect, temperature, diode
model variables, series and shunt resistance. J.Salazar et al.
[10] used photovoltaic panel model of moderate complexity to
examine the operation of a PV system with two stages
connected to the AC side of the stand-alone grid. The shunt
resistance Rsh is neglected, IL is approximately equal to Isc
and exp((V+RsI)/Vt) is greater than 1. Rym Marouani et al.
[11] presented a mathematical model of PV array used three-
phase grid-connected photovoltaic system The voltage of a
solar cell does not depend strongly on the solar irradiance but
depends primarily on the cell temperature. PV modules can be
designed to operate at different voltages by connecting solar
cells in series. When solar cells absorb sunlight, free electrons
Fig.2 Overall Block Diagram[2]
and holes are created at positive/negative junctions. If the
positive and negative junctions of solar cell are connected to
• A converter, which can consist of a DC/DC converter to
DC electrical equipment, current is delivered to operate the
increase the voltage, a DC/AC inverter stage, an isolation
electrical equipment. The equivalent circuit of the PV cell is
transformer to ensure that the DC is not injected into the
shown in figure 4.
network, an output filter to restrict the harmonic currents into
the network.[9]

II. SOLAR CELL

A solar cell system converts sunlight into electricity.
The basic device of a solar cell system is the solar cell cell.
Cells may be grouped to form panels or modules. Panels can
be grouped to form large solar cell arrays. The term array is
usually employed to describe a solar cell panel (with several
cells connected in series and/or parallel) or a group of panels.
Most of time one are interested in modeling solar cell panels,
which are the commercial solar cell [1].Basic of solar cell is Figure 4 PV cell Modeled as a diode circuit[3]
shown in figure 3.
For simplicity, the single-diode model of Figure 4 is used in
this paper [2]. This model offers a good compromise between
simplicity and accuracy with the basic structure consisting of
a current source and a parallel diode. In Figure 4, Iph
represents the cell photocurrent while Rsh and Rs are,
respectively, the intrinsic shunt and series resistances of the
cell. The module photocurrent Iph of the photovoltaic module
depends linearly on the solar irradiation and is also influenced
by the temperature according to the following equation:
Equation (1) describes the I-V characteristics of the PV model,
[3]

Figure 3. Solar Cell I=IL−𝐼o(e)(𝑞(𝑉+𝐼RS ) 𝐾𝑇 (𝑞(𝑉+𝐼RS ) 𝐾𝑇……………. (1)

The solar cell is the basic unit of a PV system. An individual I=IL−𝐼o(𝑒(𝑞(𝑉+𝐼Rs ) 𝐾𝑇 -1)− 𝑉+𝐼𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑠ℎ..................... (2)
solar cell produces direct current and power typically between
1 and 2 W, hardly enough to power most applications. Solar
 IEEE Sponsored National Conference on Energy, Power and Intelligent Control Systems, 28th-29th March
2014

where Iph [A] is the light-generated current at the nominal

condition (25◦C and 1000W/m2), Ki is the short-circuit
current/temperature coefficient (0.0017A/K), Tk and Tref are,
respectively, the actual and reference temperatures in K, λ is
the irradiation on the device surface (W/m2), and the nominal
irradiation is 1000W/m2.
The value of module short-circuit current is ISC taken from the
datasheet of the reference model. The detailed simulink model
of PV cell is presented in Figure 5 and the graph obtained Figure 7 Block of Photovoltaic System
between current power and voltage is shown in figure 6.
A. PV module
Large number of solar modules is connected to make arrays.
The rating of a solar module is given by the maximum output
or maximum power it can deliver. The output of a solar
module depends on the number of cells in the module, type of
cell and the total surface area. The output of a module changes
depending on the amount of solar irradiance, the angle of the
module with respect to the sun, the temperature of the module
and the voltage at which the load is drawing power from the
module [3]. The current-voltage (I-V) curve of a typical solar
cell under Standard Test Condition (STC; 1000 W/m2, 25˚C)
is shown in Fig.8

Figure 5 Simulink Model of PV cell

Fig 8 I-V Curve of PV Module Fig 9 Sub-system of PV module

Below the given block represents the PV module which is

able to provide the current and voltage from the solar
cells .The smallest unit is cell then it come module and then
array .Figure 9 represents the PV module .

Figure 6 Simulink Model of PV cell

III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The circuit diagram of Photovoltaic system [3],[4] is shown
in Fig 4. The PV system is modeled using Power System
Block set under MATLAB/ Simulink. The MPPT algorithm is
modelled using Ma lab function System.
 IEEE Sponsored National Conference on Energy, Power and Intelligent Control Systems, 28th-29th March
2014

array terminal voltage is always adjusted according to the

MPP voltage it is based on the incremental and instantaneous
conductance of the PV module

Figure 11. basic of MPPT

The basic concept of Incremental conductance on a PV curve

of a solar module is shown in figure 5. The slope of the P-V
module power curve is zero at The MPP, increasing on the left
of the MPP and decreasing on the Right hand side of the MPP.
The basic equations of this method are as follows.
dP/dV=0 at MPP
dP/dV>0 left of MPP
dP/dV<0 right of MPP
dP/dV = d(VI)/d(V)= I + V*dI/dV
Figure 10 .Subsytem of PV module

B. MPPT The dP/dV is defined as Maximum power point identifier

In order to improve the efficiency of the PV generation factor. By utilizing this factor, the IC method is proposed to
system, PV array should be controlled to generate the effectively track the MPP of PV array [15]. The following
maximum power at the particular environment conditions. definitions are considered to track the MPP.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is an essential
process of self-optimization and aims at using some control ΔI/ΔV =-I/V at MPP, ΔVn=0
algorithms to ensure the PV array to operate at the maximum ΔI/ΔV >-I/V left of MPP, ΔVn= + δ
power point [12]. A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is ΔI/ΔV <-I/V right of MPP, ΔVn= -δ
a power electronic DC-DC converter inserted between the PV
array and its load to achieve optimum matching [12].

 INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE MPPT

MPPT or Maximum Power Point Tracking is algorithm that
included in charge controllers used for extracting maximum Figure no. 12 Block of IC MPPT
available power from PV module under certain conditions.
The voltage at which PV module can produce maximum
power is called „maximum power point‟ (or peak power
voltage). Maximum power varies with solar radiation, ambient
temperature and solar cell temperature. Typical PV module
produces power with maximum power voltage of around 17 V
when measured at a cell temperature of 25°C, it can drop to
around 15 V on a very hot day and it can also rise to 18 V on a
very cold day. It can also supply power to a DC load, which is
connected directly to the battery. MPPT algorithm can be
applied to both buck and boost power converter depending on
system design. Normally, for battery system voltage is equal
or less than 48 V, buck converter is useful. On the other hand,
if battery system voltage is greater than 48 V, boost converter
should be chosen. In incremental conductance method the Figure no. 13 Incremental Conductance Algorithm in simulink Modeling
 IEEE Sponsored National Conference on Energy, Power and Intelligent Control Systems, 28th-29th March
2014

The MPPT regulates the PWM control signal of the dc to dc

power converter until the condition: (dI/dV) + (I/V) = 0 is
satisfied. Consider the nth iteration of the algorithm as a
reference, and then n+1 iteration process can be determined by
using the above equations. The Flow chart of incremental
conductance MPPT is shown in figure 14. The output control
signal of the IC method is used to adjust the voltage reference
of PV array by increasing or decreasing a constant value
(ΔV=δ) to the previous reference voltage. In this method the Figure 15 Boost converter with MPPT
tracking of MPP is accomplished by a fixed step size (+ δ) D. Simulation in MATLAB and Results
regardless to the gap between the operating point of PV and
Below given figures represents the simulation model of the
MPP location. In this method the peak power of the module
PV system with MPPT and Boost converter. The PV modules
lies at above 97% of its incremental conductance
output can be seen/obtained my using a display or scope at the
.
last terminal of the PV subsystem. Its output is in the term of
the ampere that is current which is obtained by using a
temperature of 250C and the isolation level is about 1000w/m2..
The flowchart of the incremental conductance MPPT
algorithm has been implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink. The
figure 13 illustrated the modeling diagram for the above
algorithm. The simulation results of the output power of the
PV module and the MPPT pulse width modulated output is
shown in figure 16 c.
The modeling diagram of figure 15 represents the whole PV
System with MPPT along with the boost converter has been
Implemented in the MATLAB/ simulink figure no. 16

Figure 14 Flow chart of MPPT Incremental Conductance

C. Boost DC-DC converter

A boost converter is a dc to dc voltage converter with an Figure 16.a PV Module Output
output dc voltage greater than input dc voltage. Filters made
of capacitor and inductor is used to reduce the ripple in
voltage and current respectively, is used at the output stage of
the converter . The basic operating principle of the converter
consists of the two distinct states. In on state, switch is closed,
resulting in an increase in the inductor current. Other is In off
state, switch is open, resulting in decrease in the inductor
current.. Boost converter is DC-DC converter which converts
lower voltage to higher voltage. A typical boost converter is
composed of an inductor, switching device, diode, capacitor,
load and gate signal for switching device as shown in Fig. 15.
The boost converter with MPPT algorithm is used in solar PV
system to generated maximum power at different weather
condition and constant voltage across the load. By switching
MOSFET on and off, the stored current from the inductor is
transformed to load through the diode. The output voltage is
kept continuous and constant by using large capacitor [13].
 IEEE Sponsored National Conference on Energy, Power and Intelligent Control Systems, 28th-29th March
2014

Figure 16.b Voltage and current output of PV module

Figure 16.c IC MPPT result in terms of power

Figure 16. complete solar systems

Figure No. 17 Output Value Of Voltage Before And After Using Converter

By this experimental work, the simulation of the PV system

with Incremental conductance MPPT algorithm has been
successfully implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink. Max
power using MPPT is approximately 1050 watt current from
panel is about 22.38 amperes, Vin represents initial Voltage
from panel which was about 26 volt. After using the boost
converter the output voltage was increased upto 200 volts.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the effect of the boost converter and the
MPPT incremental conduction method has been utilized to get
the maximum power and the output voltage has been boosted
 IEEE Sponsored National Conference on Energy, Power and Intelligent Control Systems, 28th-29th March
2014

up with the boost converter it has increased a voltage 13. .Paras Karki MATLAB/Simulink Based Modeling And Simulation Of
Gird-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System In Distribution Power
approximately 3 times, but the value of the output of the boost
Network Fifth International Conference On Power And Energy
converter varies with the change in the value of inductor, Systems, Kathmandu, Nepal | 28 - 30 October, 2013.
resistance and capacitors . The values and the ripples in the
circuit can be minimized by changing the resistance inductor
and capacitor values. The variable step-size incremental
conductance algorithm has been presented, which is able to
automatically adjust according to dP/dV characteristics of PV
system. If the working point is far from MPP, step-size is
increased to achieve fast dynamic response

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