Microscopy

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 What is Microscopy?

The examination of minute objects by 
means of a microscope, an instrument 
which provides an enlarged image of an 
object not visible with the naked eye.
 What are the Parameters in
Microscopy?

v Magnification - is a measure of how much larger a 
microscope (or set of lenses within a microscope) causes an 
object to appear. 
v Resolution - is the smallest distance by 
which two points can be separated and still be
 distinguished as separate objects.
What are the Parts of a
Microscope?
Two 
Categories:
A.Optical Parts
B.Mechanical 
Parts
 What are the Parts of a
Microscope?
Mechanical Parts:
v Base or Metal Stand
v Pillars
v Inclination Joint
Optical Parts: v Curved Arm
v Eye piece lens v Body Tube
v Objective lens v Draw Tube
v Mirror/Light Source v Coarse Adjustment
v Diaphragm v Fine Adjustment
v Condenser/Sub Stage  v Stage
Condenser v Revolving Nosepiece
What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Optical Parts

Eye piece 
lens
It is a lens fitted at the top of the body tube. It is always
marked with a number (5X, 10X, 15X) on its rim. This
number shows its magnification power. Magnified
image of the object is seen with the eyepiece.
What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Optical Parts

Objective 
lens
Three objective lenses are attached to the revolving
nose piece at the bottom of the body tube. These are
low power objective (10X), high power objective (45X)
and oil immersion objective (100X).
What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Optical Parts

Mirror/Light 
Source
It is either attached to the lower end of the arm or to
the pillar. It contains a plane mirror on one side and a
concave mirror on the other side. Mirror is used to
reflect light rays into the microscope.
What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Optical Parts

Diaphragm
It is attached beneath the stage. It regulates the
intensity or amount of light entering into the
microscope. It may be of two types viz., iris diaphragm
and disc diaphragm.
What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Optical Parts

Condenser
It focuses the light which passes through the
stage of the microscope where the specimen is
mounted, providing illumination, contrast,
and clarity.
What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Mechanical Parts

Base/Metal 
Stand
It is the basal, horse shoe-shaped
structure. It provides support to all the
remaining parts of the microscope.
 What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Mechanical Parts

Pillars
A small, strong vertical projection developing
from the foot or base is called pillar.
 What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Mechanical Parts

Inclination Joint
A joint at which the arm is attached to the
pillar of the microscope is called inclination
joint. It is used for tilting the microscope.
 What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Mechanical Parts

Arm
It is a curved and strong structure used for
handling the entire instrument.
 What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Mechanical Parts

Body Tube
It is the tubular, hollow part attached to the upper part
of the arm of microscope. It can be moved up and
down with the help of adjustment knobs.
 What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Mechanical Parts

Draw Tube
 is one of two tubes that is in a
monocular microscope. It is the tube that
carries the eyepiece.
 What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Mechanical Parts

Coarse Adjustment 
It is a large-sized knob used to move Knob
the body
tube up and down for bringing the object into
focus.
 What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Mechanical Parts

Fine Adjustment 
It is a small-sized knob. It is used forKnob
fine and
sharp focusing of the object. Exact focusing is
done by this knob.
 What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Mechanical Parts

Stage
It is a flat rectangular plate attached to the lower
end of the arm. Slide or object is placed on the
stage and studied. A hole is present in the canter
of the stage. Light rays pass through this hole.
 What are the Parts of a
Microscope?

Mechanical Parts

Revolving Nosepiece
It is a circular and revolving metallic part attached to the
lower end of the body tube. It has three holes in which
objective lenses can be fitted.
 2. Compound 
Microscope
1. Dissecting Microscope A compound 
dissecting  microscope  consists  of  microscope consists of 
a biconvex lens which is moved up  two set of convex 
and down by an adjustment screw  lenses. A lens of short 
to bring the object in sharp focus. 
aperture and short focal 
length facing the object  What are the
The  object  is  placed  on  the 
platform  and  light  is  focused  with 
is called objective. 
Another set of lens of  Types of
the help of a concave mirror fitted 
below.
relatively moderate 
focal length and large  Microscope?
aperture facing the eye 
is called the eye piece. 
The objective and the 
eye piece are placed 
coaxially at the two end 
of a tube
 4. Scanning electron 
microscope (SEM)
3. Transmission electron  It is used to study the 
microscope (TEM)
This  is  used  to  observe  fine  surfaces of the cell and 
structure  of  cells.  Ultra  thin  organisms. In this 
sections of the object are prepared  microscope, the image 
and they are stained with a heavy 
is formed by electrons 
reflected back from the  What are the
metal (gold or palladium) to make 
certain part dense, and inserted in 
object. The image 
formed by this  Types of
the  vacuum  chamber  of  the 
microscope.  A  100,  00  volt 
microscope has a 
remarkable three  Microscope?
electron  beam  is  focused  on  the  dimensional 
section and manipulated prepared  appearance. Typically 
from  the  image  may  be  enlarged  magnification of 
scanning electron 
with enough resolution to achieve  microscope is around 
a  total  magnification  of  over  20  20,000 times.
million times.
 6.   Interference 
microscope
5. Phase-Contrast   is  used  for 
microscope quantitative  studies 
This  is  used  to  study  the 
of macromolecules of 
behavior  of  living  cells, 
the cell components, 
observe  the  nuclear  and 
cytoplasmic  changes  taking 
for example it is used 
for  determination  of 
What are the
place  during  mitosis  and  the 
effect  of  different  chemicals 
lipid,  nucleic  acids 
and  protein  contents 
Types of
inside the living cells. By using  of  the  cell.  Microscope?
the  phase-contrast  Interferometry  is  a 
microscope,  an  image  of  traditional  technique 
strong contrast of the object is  in which a pattern of 
bright and dark lines 
obtained
(fringes)  result  from 
an  optical  path 
difference between a 
reference  and  a 
sample beam.
 Working of the Compound Microscope:

1.  First  of  all,  see  through  the  eyepiece  7.  Move  the  fine  adjustment  knob  up  or 
and  adjust  the  mirror  in  such  a  way  so  down  so  that  the  image  becomes  as 
that  sufficient  light  is  seen  entering  into  much  sharp  and  clear  as  possible. 
the microscope. (Observe all details of the material under 
2. Now make sure that there is no dust on  low power and draw the diagram.)
the stage, mirror, lenses and slide. 8. Now turn the nose piece and bring the 
3. Put the slide in the center of the stage. high  power  objective  in  line  with  the 
4. Fix the clips on two corners of the slide  object.  Again  use  the  fine  adjustment 
so that it does not move. knob to make the image of the object as 
5. Now turn the nose piece and bring the  sharp and clear as possible. Observe the 
low power objective in line with the object  details  of  the  material  under  high  power 
to be seen in the slide. and draw the diagram. Do not use coarse 
6. Now move the coarse adjustment knob  adjustment  knob  while  studying  under 
up or down so that the slide comes well in  high power. It may break the slide.
focus.
 Precautions:

1. Clean the eyepiece and objective  7. All wet-mount preparations 
lenses with lens paper or clean silken  should be covered by a coverslip 
paper before use.
2. Do not tilt the microscope while 
before making any observation 
working with it. under microscope.
3. Always study the material first under  8. Avoid habit to remove the parts 
low power and then only under high  of the microscope.
power of microscope. 9. Always hold the microscope with 
4. After completing all observations, leave  both the hands while carrying it.
the low power objective in place.
5. Never allow an objective lens to strike 
10. Keep the microscope back into 
either the slide or the stage while  its box after using it.
focusing. 11. In dim light use only the 
6. While studying with high power  concave side of the mirror.
objective, use only the fine adjustment 
 Thank You
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