FSPC0014

Chemistry 1
Dr Khairunnisa Mohd Paad
17 August, 2021 Tuesday
Class Arrangement
 8
Feedback to
Short Revision 1 Tuesday
Questions ( 20 min)
(5 minutes) 2 pm – 4 pm
7 2
Short Tools
Questions Online Class Online Lecture :
(5 minutes) (35 min) Blackboard

Students Hands-On Activity:

Google Jamboard, Forum etc.
3 Short Questions:
Lecturer
6 Students Chat in Webex or BlackBoard
Online
Hands On
Feedbacks
Activity (5
on Activity Lecturer Online Feedback:
min)
(10 min)
Blackboard

Students
Online
Hands - On
Lecture
5 Activity (10
(30 min)
4
min)
Attendance
Revision
Limiting Reagents
Definitions
A limiting reagent is the reactant which is used up
before the other reactants in a reaction

(The limiting reagent is based on the stoichiometry of

the reaction and the amount of reagent determines
the amount of products obtained in the reaction)

eg. If a person has 5 cups of hot water and 4 tea bags, the number of tea bags is the
limiting reagent and only 4 cups of tea can be produced

Instead, if the person has only 3 cups of hot water and 4 tea bags, then the water is
the limiting reagent. Only 3 cups of tea can be produced
Percentage Yeild
Examples
The % yield is the measure of productivity of a
reaction
The ‘theoretical yield’ is the calculated mass based on an assumed
complete theoretical reaction
The ‘actual yield’ is the actual mass obtained in a real experiment
Concentration of Solution
Concentration
• The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
present in a given amount of solvent, or a given amount of
solution.

• The concentration of a solution is the ‘strength’ of a solution

Solute, solution, solvent

• The solute (a solid substance) is dissolved in the solvent (a

liquid) to form the solution (the process is called solvation)
Most solutions are aqueous (aq) which means that the solvent is
water
In some cases, the solute or solvent may also be a solid, liquid or
gas
• A solution may be prepared by dissolving a more concentrated
solution into the solvent, a process known as dilution
Example
Density
Density refers to the mass per unit volume of a
substance

Designated units used are g mL-1, g L-1 , kg L-1

Weight Percent
Weight percent (percent by weight) is the mass of
solute that makes up 100 units of mass
Volume Percent
Volume percent (percentage by volume) is the volume
of solute that makes up 100 units of volume of a
solution
Parts per million(ppm)
Parts per million (ppm) is the number of parts in one
million parts of the whole solution
Parts per billion (ppb)
Parts per billion (ppb) is the number of parts in one
billion parts of the whole solution
Molarity
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution
Preparing a solution of known
molarity.

(a) A known amount of a solid solute is

transferred into the volumetric flask;
then water is added through a funnel.

(b) The solid is slowly dissolved by

gently swirling the flask.

(c) After the solid has

completely dissolved, more water
is added to bring the level of
solution to the mark. Knowing the
volume of the solution and the
amount of solute dissolved in it,
we can calculate the molarity of
the prepared solution.
Molality
Molality is the number of moles of solute per kg of
solvent
Mol fraction (Xn)
Mol fraction (Xn) is the mole ratio of one component
per total moles of components
e.g. For a mixture (or solution) consisting of components
A + B + C
End of Revision
Dilution of Solutions
Dilution
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less
concentrated solution from a more concentrated one.

Two KMnO4 solutions of different

concentrations.
Particles, moles vs dilution

The dilution of a
more concentrated
solution
(a) To a less
concentrated one
(b) Does not change the
total number of
solute particles (18)
Preparation and dilution of solutions

• Preparing and diluting solutions are essential procedures in

the chemistry laboratory
• Standard (or stock) solutions are solutions of known
concentrations
Stock solutions are usually pre-prepared in the lab and sometimes
require dilution if concentrated
• Specific laboratory glassware and techniques are necessary to
accurately prepare solutions
Preparation 2
(1) Volumetric flasks are for measuring precise (exact) final
volumes of solution
(common volumes are 25 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL up to 5 liters)
(2) Pipets are used to transfer precise (exact) amounts of
liquid
Volume of solution prepared > (Vsolvent + Vsolute) if the
molecules repel each other
Volume of solution prepared < (Vsolvent + Vsolute) if the
molecules attract each other
Procedure Diluting Solutions
The following formula for dilution is used for
determining volume and calculating the molarity of
solution when performing dilutions
M1 x V1 = M2 x V2

where M1 = concentration of the concentrated solution

V1 = volume of the concentrated solution
M2 = concentration of the dilute solution
V2 = volume of the dilute solution
Procedure Diluting Solutions
1. Calculate the volume of the concentrated solution
needed for dilution

2. Pipet the precise volume of concentrated solution

into a volumetric flask (of specific final volume)

3. Add water up to the calibration mark of the

volumetric flask and replace the stopper

4. Invert the flask over a few times to ensure mixing

Sample Problems 4
(a) State the procedure for preparing 100 mL of an aqueous
0.75 M NaOH solution
(b) State the procedure for diluting the 0.75 M solution to
obtain 150 mL of 0.10 M solution

5 minutes to try….
 Solution 4 (a)
(a) State the procedure
for preparing 100
mL of an aqueous
0.75 M NaOH 0.075
solution
 Solution 4 (a)
(b) State the procedure
for diluting the
0.75 M solution to
obtain 150 mL of
0.10 M solution
Additional questions
Describe how you would prepare 5.00 x 102 mL of a
1.75 M H2SO4 solution, starting with an 8.61 M stock
solution of H2SO4.

5 mins to try….
Strategy: Because the concentration of the final solution is less than
that of the original one, this is a dilution process. Keep in mind that in
dilution, the concentration of the solution decreases but the number of
moles of the solute remains the same.
Solutions
Thinking time
Thinking time
By your own,

1. Compile all the important EQUATIONS today.

2. Make one question and answer it (step-by-step) for each of

equations. This is to further your understanding.

10 minutes..
Gravimetric
Gravimetric Analysis
Gravimetric analysis is an analytical technique based
on the measurement of mass.
One type of gravimetric analysis experiment involves the formation,
isolation, and mass determination of a precipitate.

Generally, this procedure is applied to ionic compounds.

 Example
A reaction that is often studied in gravimetric analysis, because the
reactants can be obtained in pure form, is

The net ionic equation is

Gravimetric analysis is a highly accurate technique, because the mass of a

sample can be measured accurately. However, this procedure is applicable
only to reactions that go to completion or have nearly 100 percent yield.
Example Questions
A 0.5662-g sample of an ionic compound containing chloride ions and
an unknown metal is dissolved in water and treated with an excess of
AgNO3. If 1.0882 g of AgCl precipitate forms, what is the percent by
mass of Cl in the original compound?

5 minutes to try….
Example Questions: Solution
A 0.5662-g sample of an ionic compound containing chloride ions and
an unknown metal is dissolved in water and treated with an excess of
AgNO3. If 1.0882 g of AgCl precipitate forms, what is the percent by
mass of Cl in the original compound?
Example Questions: Solution
A 0.5662-g sample of an
ionic compound containing
chloride ions and an
unknown metal is
dissolved in water and
treated with an excess of
AgNO3. If 1.0882 g of AgCl
precipitate forms, what is
the percent by mass of Cl
in the original compound?
Acid – Base Titrations
Acid-Base Titration
Titration is the process of mixing two reactants to determine the
equivalence point of a reaction
The basic equipment for performing a titration is shown as follows:
Acid-base reaction
For a general acid-base reaction,

a HA + b MOH → c H2O + d MA
Acid Base

the mole equivalent relationship of the acid and the base is given by

where Ma and Va = molarity and volume of the acid

Mb and Vb = molarity and volume of the base
a and b = stoichiometric reaction coefficients
Recording data and calculating average in titrations
Notes
Next class

Electronic Structure of Atoms

Thompson and Rutherford models of atom.

Electromagnetic radiation and energy.

Line spectrum of hydrogen, the Bohr atomic

model.