How FACTS Controllers Benefit

AC Transmission Systems
John J. Paserba, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract-This paper pmvides a summary 01one of the three Traditional solutions to upgrading the electrical
planned presentations on the topic of “FACTS Fundamentals,” transmission system infrastructure have been primarily in the
for a session sponsored by the DC and FACTS Edmcatiom form of new trans’mission lines, substations, and associated
Working Gmnp, under the DC and FACTS Smbeommittee of the equipment. However, as experiences have proven over the
T&D Committee This paper is 00 Part.1 of the session and
focuses on a summary oi the issues and benefits of applying past decade or more, the process to permit, site, and construct
FACTS contmllers to AC power systems. The overall pmcess for new transmission lines has become extremely difficult,
system studies and analysis d a t e d with FACTS installation expensive, time-consuming, and conrroversiul. FACTS
projects and the need lor FACTS contmller modeb is also technologies provide advanced solutions as cost-effective
discussed. Finally, an introduction to the basic circmits of several altematives to new transmission line construction.
FACTS controllers is pmvided with a locus on their system
performance characteristics. This paper is designed to be The potential benefits of FACTS equipment are now
accompanied by the presentation material. widely recognized by the power systems engineering and
Index Terms-Flexible AC Transmission Systems, FACTS, T&D communities. With respect to FACTS equipment,
Power Eiectmnic Equipment, Power System Stability, Power voltage sourced converter (VSC) technology, which utilizes
System Cnntml self-commutated thyristordtransistors such as GTOs, W s ,
I. INTRODUCITON IGCTs, and IGBTs, has been successfully applied in a number
With the ongoing expansion and growth of the electric of installations world-wide for Static Synchronous
utility industry, including deregulation in many countries, Compensators (STATCOM) [1-51. Unified Power. Flow
numerous changes are continuously being introduced to a Controllers (UPFC) [6, 71, Convertible Series Compensators
once predictable business. Although electricity is a highly (CSC) [ 8 ] , back-to-back dc ties (VSC-BTB) [9, IO] and VSC
engineered product, it is increasingly being considered and transmission [l 11. In addition to these referenced and other
handled as a commodity. Thus, transmission systems are applications, there are several recently completed
being pushed closer to their stability and thermal limits while STATCOMs in the US.,in the states of Vermont [12, 131,
the focus on the quality of power delivered is greater than California [141, and Texas [no references available]. In
ever. addition, there are new1y:planned STATCOMs in Connecticut
In the evolving utility environment, fmancial and market [15] and Texas, as well as a small STATCOM (D-VAR)
forces are, and will continue to, demand a more optimal and planned for BC Hydro [16] and several other locations. Other
profitable operation of the power system with respect to installations of power electronic equipment includes
generation, transmission, and distribution. Now, more than Distributed Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage units
ever, advanced technologies are paramount for the reliable (D-SMES) [17]. These aforementioned transmission system
and secure operation of power’systems. To achieve both installations are in addition to the earlier generation of power
operational reliability and fmancial profitability, it has electronics systems that utilize line-commutated thylistor
become clear that more efficient utilization and control of the technology for Static Var Compensators (SVC) [IS] and
existing transmission system infrastructure is required. Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC) [ 19-22].
Improved utilization of the existing power system is
11. CONTROL OF POWER SYSlEMS
provided through the application of advanced control
technologies. Power electronics based equipment, or Flexible A . Generation, Transmission, Distribution
AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), provide proven technical When discussing the creation, movement, and utilization of
solutions to address these new operating challenges being electrical power, it can be separated into three areas, which
presented today. FACTS technologies allow for improved traditionally determined the way in which electric utility
transmission system operation with minimal infrastructure companies had been organized. These are illustrated in
investment, environmental impact, and implementation time Figure 1 and are:
compared to the construction of new transmission lines. Generation
Transmission
John J. Paserba is with Misubishi Elechic Power Raducu. Inc., Dismbution
Warrendale, Pennsylvania,USA (*mail: [email protected]).

0-7803-81 10-6/03/$17.00 02003 IEEE 949

 pn
Fiyrc I . nlusuation of the creation,m e m e N .
and ulililltlion of electrical paver

Although power electronic based equipment is prevalent in I I

each of these three areas, such as with static excitation
systems for generators and Custom Power equipment in
distribution systems [231, the .focus of this paper and
accompanying presentation is on mansmission, that is, moving
the power from where it is generated to where it is utilized.
B. Power System Constraints
As noted in the introduction, transmission systems are I
0 90 180
being pushed closer to their stabdity and thermal limits while 8
the focus on the quality of power delivered is Beater than
ever. The limitations of the transmission system can take Figure 2. Itlustralion ofconfmllnbility of pxver sy~tcms
many forms and may involve power transfer between areas
(referred to here as transmission bottlenecks) or within a With the establishment of “what” variables can be
single area or region (refemed to here as a regional constraint) controlled in a power system the next question is “bow” these
and may include one or more of the following characteristics: variables can be controlled. The answer is presented in two
parts: namely conventional equipment and FACTS
e Steady-State Power Transfer Limit controllers.
Voltage Stability Limit
&
0

0 Dynamic Voltage Limit

Transient Stability Limit Power Svstem Control
Series Capacitor
Power System Oscillation Damping Limit ’ ’ -Controls impedance
0 Inadvertent Loop Flow Limit
Switched Shunt-Capacitor and Reactor
Thermal Limit
-Controls voltage
ShortCircuit Current Limit
Transformer LTC
Others
-Controls voltage
Each transmission bottleneck or regional constraint may Phase Shifting Transformer
have one or more of these system-level problems. The key to -Controls angle
solving these problems in the most cost-effective and Synchronous Condenser
coordinated manner is by thorough systems engineering -Controls voltage
analysis, as described later in this paper. Special Stability Controls
-Typically focuses on voltage control hut can often
C. Controllubility ofpower System
include direct control of power
To illustrate that the power system only has certain Others (When Thermal Limits are Involved)
variables that can be impacted by control, consider the hasic -Can included reconductoring, raising conductors.
and well-known power-&le curve, shown in Figure 2. dynamic line monitoring, adding new lines, etc.
Although this is a steady-state curve and the
implementation of FACTS is primarily for. dynamic issues, Examde of FACTS Controllers for Enhancing Power
this illustration demonstrates the point that there are primarily Svstem Control
three main variables that can be directly controlled in the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCpM)
power system to impact its performance. These are: -Controls voltage
Static Var Compensator (SVC)
Voltage
-Controls voltage
Angle Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Impedance Couvenible Series Compensator (CSC)
One could also make the point that direct control of power Inter-phase Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
is a fourth variable of controllability in power systems. Static Synchronous Series Controller (SSSC)

950
 -Each of the aforementioned (and similar) controllers Increased Loading and More Effective Use of
impact voltage, impedance, andor angle (and power) Transmission Comdors
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) Added Power Flow Control
-Controls impedance Improved Power System Stability
Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer Increased System Security
(TCPST) Increased System Reliability
-Controls angle Added Flexibility in Siting New Generation
Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Elimination or Deferral of the Need for New
-Controls voltage and power Transmission Lines
As mentioned earlier, the key to solving transmission The advantages in this list are important to achieve in the
system problems in the most cost-effective and coordinated overall planning and operation of power systems. However,
manner is by thorough systems analysis. This includes for justifying the costs of implementing added power system
comparing the system benefits available by conventional control and for comparing conventional solutions to FACTS
equipment and from FACTS controllers. There is an controllers, more specific metrics of the benefits to the power
important distinction to make when considering the system are often required. Such benefits can usualIy be tied
differences in these two solution options. Figure 3 is an back to an area or region for a specific season and year at a
illustration of a few cycles of voltage at power system defined dispatch (usually given by an IS0 or equivalent) while
frequency. This figure shows that the speed of mechanical meeting the following criteria, for example:
switches (primarily circuit breakers) for conventional
equipment solutions can be as fast as a couple of cycles of 60 Voltage Stability Criteria
(or 50) Hz. This speed of switching in and of itself may be -e.g., P-V voltage or power criteria with minimum margins
fast enough to solve many power system constraints. -e.g., Q-V reactive power criteria with minimum margins
Although there is a vast improvement in switching time from Dynamic Voltage Criteria
mechanical to power electronic based solutions (Figure 3 -e.g., Avoiding voltage collapse
illustrates that the speed of power electronics switches is a -e.g., Minimum transient voltage diplsag criteria
fraction of a cycle), the main benefit that FACTS controller (magnitude and duration)
solutions provide is the “cycling/repeatahility” and “smooth e Transient Stability Criteria
control” that accompanies the power electronic based 0 Power System Oscillation Damping
switching. In other words, a mechanically switched based -e.g., Minimum damping ratio
(conventional) solution is usually a “one and done” or “on or Others
off’ impact to the power system in the time frame needed for
power system stability, whereas the power electronic based Each of the above-listed items can usually be measured in
solution can provide a smooth, continuous, andlor repeatable terms of a physical quantity such as power transfer through a
option for power system control. Thus by applying power critical transmission interface, power plant output, andor area
electronic based solutions to alleviate power system or region load level. This allows for a direct quantification of
constraints, it is not just “speed” but “cycling” and “smooth the benefits of adding power system control and provides a
control” that is gained. means to compare such benefits by the various solution
options considered, whether they be conventional or FACTS
based.
III. PHASESOF POWERSYSTEMSTUDIESFOR FACTS
INSTALLATION PROJECTS
Figure 4 shows the author’s view of the overall process for
system studies associated with FACTS installation projects.
The presentation that accompanies this paper goes into details

-1 I I
,I
YachaniCal Breaker M i o n
I-Thyristor Swhch Actlon
of the various phases of power system studies and what items
must be focused on for each phase including the modeling
requirements. The presentation will start with initial
feasibility studies to determine system constraints and
Figun 3. lllusaatian of the speed of pawer system control reinforcement needs, typically undertaken by the
utility/transmission owners, all the way through to the system
D. Benefits of Control of Power Systems
studies and modeling issues associated with the everyday
Once power system constraints are identified and through operation of an installed FACTS controller in a specific power
system studies viable solutions options are identified, the system. The following subsections provide the basic
benefits of the added power system control must ‘be objectives and selected details for each study phase in a bullet
determined. The following offers a list of such benefits: list format of the presentation material.

951
 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5

L-----y----J~+--v--
Typically By Owner or Typically By Typically By Typically By
OwnerKonsultant Owner or Vendor Owner
Consultant
Figure 4. Phases of power system rrudies for FACTS installation project5

A. Phase 1: Initial Feasibility Studies to Determine System Identification of which Constraints can be Examined
Constraints and Reinforcement Nee& Independently and which Require Coordination
The key objectives for Phase 1 type studies to be discussed Identification of the Most Effective “Type” of System
in the presentation that will accompany this paper are: Reinforcements (Shunt vs. Series and Fast vs. Slow)
Identify Chakcteristics of the Power System E . Phase 2: Studies to Determine Type of Equipment,
e Identify System Performance Problems Location, and Ratings
-Transient instability The key objectives for Phase 2 type studies to be discussed
-Oscillatory instability in the presentation that will accompany this paper are:
-Dynamic voltage instability
-Voltage collapse Identify Solution Options, both Conventional and FACTS

- -Thermal ratings (power flow)

Identify which Transmission Constraints that can be
Examined Independently and which Require a
and Combinations Thereof
Evaluate Performance of Solution Options
Consider Other Issues
Coordinated Analysis -Location
e Identify the Reinforcement Needs (Shunt vs. Series and -Economics of the solution options
Fast vs. Slow) , -Losses
-Interaction with other devices
Phase 1 type studies are typically performed by the 0 Evaluate Economics of Each Option’s Costs vs. Value of
transmission owner or its consultant. The main study tools Power System Benefits
and FACTS model requirements for Phase 1 type studies are:
Phase 2 type studies are typically performed by the
a Load Flow’Programs transmission owner or its consultant. The main study tools
Stability Programs and FACTS model requirements for Phase 2 type studies are:
0 Positive Sequence Modeling Only
Full Scale Model of the Power System Load Flow Programs
0 Simple Device Models are Adequate for Study Phase 1 Stability Programs
Positive Sequence Modeling Only
The end results (deliverables) of Phase 1 type studies are: FuU Scale Model of the Power System
0 A Fundamental Understanding of the Characteristics of Device Models
the Power System -Load flow models
-Key areas and interfaces affected -Stability models
0 Identification of the System Performance Problems Control models
-Transient instability The basic modeling and study requirements for Phase 2
-0sciUatory instability type studies are similar to Phase 1 type studies, with the added
-Dynamic voltage instability requirement of more detailed device models. Electromagnetic
-Voltage collapse transients analysis is typically not required at this stage.
-Thermal ratings (power flow)

952
 If the analysis of Phase 1 indicates that the system has a system studies. These include, but are not limited to, the
problem with voltage, then in Phase 2 it is necessary to fo11owing:
identify solution options for system voltage control. These
include: Device Type, Rating, and Location (From Phase 2
Studies)
For Dynamic (fast) Voltage Instability, Consider: System Descriptions
-Shunt capacitor banks -Minimum and maximum operating voltage for steady-
-Static shunt compensators (e.g., STATCOM, SVC) state and transient conditions (MCOV, BSL, B E , etc)
Combination -Minimum, maximum, emergency, and ultimate system
For Voltage Collapse (slow), Consider: strength and corresponding X/R ratios
-Shunt capacitor banks -Minimum and maximum frequency excursions
-Series capacitors -Maximum unbalance (negative and zero sequence)
-Static shunt compensators (e.g., STATCOM, SVC) System Dynamic Performance Requirements
-Static series compensators (e.g., SSSC) -To develop strategies for system steady-state and
-Combination transient performance
If the analysis of Phase 1 indicates that the system has a Harmonic Limits and System Characteristics
problem with rotor angle stability, then in Phase 2 it is -Maximum individual harmonic distortion (Dn)
necessary to identify solution options for this type of problem. -Maximum total h&monic distortion (D)
These include: -Telephone interference limit (TE)
-Impedance envelopes for normal and contingency
For Transient Instability, Consider: conditions
-Series capacitors High-frequency Interference Issues and Limits
-Static shunt compensators (e.g., STATCOM, SVC) -To determine maximum acceptable limits on power line
-Static series compensators (e.g., SSSC) carrier (PLC) noise and radio interference (RI) noise
-Combination Other Items to Prepare
For Oscillatory Instability, Consider: -System one-line diagram and impedance map
-Power system stabilizers (PSS) -Load flow and stability data sets
-Damping controls added to static shunt or series -Equipment performance requirements
compensators --Control objectives (steady state and transient)
The end results (deliverables) of Phase 2 type studies are: --Response times
-Voltage imbalance
Identification of Viable Solution Options -Availability/Reliability criteria
Consider both conventional and FACTS and -Acceptable Failure Rate of components
combinations thereof -Loss evaluation criteria, formula, and associated
-Rank all viable solutions in terms of system benefits costtpenalty
Identification of Suitable Location to Install the Solution -List of required system studies by vendor (See Phase 4
Options type studies)
Choice may be obvious or depend on the solution to be
There are numerous other items that belong in the
implemented
Technical Specification, but are not directly related to system
-Site work and permitting etc. may be a key factor
study issues. These items will be mentioned in the
Evaluation of Economics of Each Option's Overall Costs
presentation that will accompany this paper, but not discussed
vs. Value of Power System Benefits
in detail.
-Rank all viable solutions in terms of overall economics
The end result (deliverable) of Phase 3 type studies is:
C. Phase 3: Pre- Specificution Studies f o r Defining A Technical Specification and RFP to Submit to Potential
Equipment Requirements Bidders
The key objectives for Phase 3 type studies to be discussed
in the presentation that will accompany this paper is: D. Phase 4: Pre-Manufacturing and Equipment Design and
Verification Studies
To he Able to Write a Technical Specification and RFF' to
The key objectives for Phase 4 type studies to be discussed
Submit to Potential Bidders
in the presentation that will accompany this paper are:
Phase 3 type studies are typically performed by the
To Verify to the Owner that the Device Described by the
transmission owner or its consultant.
Specification Meets all System and Equipment
There are a variety of technical items to be published in a
Performance Requirements
technical specification that must be determined apriori by

953
e To Complete the Detailed Design for Equipment C:urrent characteristics, These will be discussed in detail in

Manufacturing and Procurement for: the presentation that will accompany this paper.
Control and Protection (Hardware and Software) 'm
Vsn
-Insulation Coordination
-Inverters
-Filters
-High-voltage and low-voltage equipment
-Etc.
Phase 4 type studies are typically performed by the vendor
after an award of a contract for the FACTS installation.
The end results (deliverables)for Phase 4 type studies are: icn !
o Verification to the Owner that the Device Described by
the Specification Meets all System Requirements and
Equipment Performance Requirements Figwe 5 , Circuit for a Sraric Var CompensaUlr (SVC)
* Complete Design, Ready for Manufacturing and
Equipment Procurement
E. Phase 5: Studiesfor Post-Commissioning System
Operation
The key objectives and deliverables for Phase 5 type
studies to be discussed in the presentation that will
accompany this paper are:
To Confm the Network Load Flow Conditions are
Within Benchmark Limits mdlng Leggins
To C o n f m Installed Equipment is Effective to Enhance 'svc

Network Steady-state and Dynamic Performance

Figwe 6. V-I characteristics of a SVC
To Setup Instrumentation and Obtain Measurements
During Staged Fault Tests and Actual FaultslDynamic
Events
To Ensure There are no Adverse Interactions with Other
System Equipment
0 To Measure Reliability/Availabilityof Equipment I

0 To Establish Operational Losses Algorithm

Phase 5 type studies are typically performed by the
transmission owner.
IV. OVERVIEW OF FACTS CONTROLLERClRCIJlTS
This section provides a sample of some of the FACTS
controller circuits and system performance characteristics that Figurc 7. Circuit for n Static S y n c h o u s Compensator (STATCOM)
will be discussed during the presentation that accompanies
this paper. The focus of the presentation will not be on the "UtlllN
detail circuit topologies, but rather on the limitations and
controllability of ac systems using the FACTS controllers
along with its basic attributes and configurations. ..
A. Static Var Compensator
Rgure 5 shows the basic circuit for a Static Var
Compensator (SVC). Figure 6 shows its voltage-current
chancteristics. These will be discussed in detail in the
presentation that will accompany this paper.
E. Static Synchronous Compensator Leading Lagging
'STATCOH
Figure 7 shows the basic circuit for a Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM). Figure 8 shows its voltage- Pigun 8. V-I characteristiesof a STATCOM

954
C. Unified Power Flow Controller D. Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator
Figure 9 shows the basic circuit for a Unified Power Flow Figure 13 shows the basic circuit for aThyristor Controlled
Controller (UPFC) and Figure 10 shows a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (TCSC). Figure 14 shows its impedance-
Series Compensator (SSSC). Figure 11 shows the phasor current (X-I) characteristics for both a single-module and
diagrams depicting the UPFC operation and its impact on the multi-module controllers. These will be discussed in detail in
power system and Figure 12 illustrates the control modes of the presentation that will accompany this paper.
the series compensator (WFC or SSSC) (the characteristics
of the shunt portion of the UPFC is similar to Figure 8).
These, along with the V-6X phasor characteristics will be
discussed in details in the presentation that will accompany
this paper. ,
I

MultWOdubTCSC
Sen-
Shunt Compensator Figure 13. Circuit far a l%yristarConuoiied Series Compensator CrCsC) (191
hpewstor
Single Module Multi Module
Rmm- x (pu on XJ RUsanOX(w0nXJ

Figwe 9. Circuit for a Unified Powrr Row ConuoUer (UF’FC)

Senes
Compensator

P i p e 10. Circuit for a Static Syncbocus Scries Co-tor (SSSC)

Figwe 14. X-Icharacteristicsofa TCSC I191

-1
V. SUMMARY
This paper provided a summary of one of the three
presentations on the topic of “FACTS Fundamentals,” for a
session sponsored by the DC and FACTS Education Working
Group, under the DC and FACTS Subcommittee of the T&D
Committee. This paper was on Part I of the session and
focused on a summary of the issues and benefits of applying
FACTS controllers to AC power systems. The overall process
for system studies and analysis associated with FACTS
installation projects and the need for FACTS controller
flmmdance Control Mode I models was also discussed. Finally, an introduction to the
V,=jX,I
I=2Vsin(6/2)I(X+Xc)

Perpendiw/ar Volt8ge Conbul Mode

J basic circuits of several FACTS controllers was provided with
a focus on their system performance characteristics. This
paper was designed to be accompanied by the presentation
material.
V,=V,’jXI/III
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VII. BIOGRAPHY
Transmission System Project” Roccedings of the 2001 IEEE PES Winter John J. Wserba (Fcllow), -ed his B.E.E. (‘87) fmm Gannon University,
Power Meeting, Columbus. OH, lanuary/February 2001. Erie, PA., and his M.E. (‘88) from RPI, Troy, NY. Mr. Pa& w o r m in GE‘s
Cl31 G. R e a t J. Pawrba, T. Croasdaile, M. Takeda, N. Morishima, Y. Power System Energy Consulting Depamtmt for over 10 yean before joining
Hamasaki. L. Thornas. W. Allard, “STATCOM Application at V E E O Misubishi Electric Power produets Inc. (MEPPI) in 1998. He is the Secretary
Essex Substation,” Panel Session on FACTS Applications 10 Improve for the lEEE PES Power System Dynamic Performanss C 0 - e and was the
Power System Dynamic Performance, Rocecdings of the IEEE PES T M Chairman fa the IEEE PES Power System Stability Subcommioce and the
Conference and Exposition, Atlanta; Georgia. OaoberINovember 2001. Convenor of ClGRE Task Force 38.01.07 on Control of Power System
[I41 G. Reed J. Paserba. T. Croasdaile. R. Westover. S. lochi, N. M~ishima, Oscillations. He is also a members of W Ediwrial Board of the PES Power &
M. Takeda, T. Sugiyama, Y. Hamazaki. T. Snow, A. Abed. “SDGBIE Energy Magazine and was a mmber of the Edilorial Board for the IEEE PES
Talega STATCOM Project ~ System Analysis, Design, and Transactions on Power System. John is also active in the IEEE-USA SNdenr
Configuration,” Panel Session on FACTS Technologies: ExperienceS of Professional Awareness a m and serves as Vice-Chair of the SNdent
the Past Decade and Developments for the 21st Century in Asia and the Professional Awareness Committee (S-PAC), and is the Region 2 S-PAC
World Ronedings of the IEEE PES T&D-Asia Conference and C m r d i n a t ~ . He is also an Indusbial Representative an the E E E Regional
Expositio& Yakahama, Japan, Oetobcr 2002. AcTMties B a v d (RAB) Student Activities Committee (SAC). He is a Fellow
(‘03) “brr of IEEE.

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