Contributory Factors

on Traffic Accidents in Daang Hari Road

City of Bacoor

A Thesis

Presented to the

Faculty of College of Criminology

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM – DALTA

Las Piñas City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

 By:

(Name of Researchers)

June 2022

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

in order to provide quality information in contributory factor on traffic accident we

need to be always aware when it comes to the road. for whatever reason be always

guided by the traffic rules and mostly traffic signs in road. worst come to worst the real

senario will appear from out of nowhere.

this research is important to provide kwnoledge to the drivers and riders that

usually using the roads,

 Road traffic accidents are an important public health concern which needs to be

tackled. A multidisciplinary approach is required to understand what causes them and to

provide the evidence for policy support. In Spain, one of the roads with the highest

fatality rate is the crosstown road, a particular type of rural road in which urban and

interurban traffic meet, producing conflicts and interference with the population. This

paper contributes to the previous existing research on the Spanish crosstown roads,

providing a new vision that had not been analyzed so far: the driver’s perspective. The

main purpose of the investigation is to identify the contributing factors that increment the

likelihood of a fatal outcome

Theoretical Framework

According to the Morelli Law Firm; A traffic accident involving one or more

automobiles is referred to as collision. Other "moving things," such as a pedestrian or

bike, can also be involved. Fixed objects, such as trees, walls, or parked automobiles,

are commonly involved in traffic accidents.

The study is firmly anchored from the support of the Five Domino Model Theory in

accident causation of Herbert W. Heinrich (1931) that explained that accident caused
from series of factors that result in causal sequence where based on a mechanical view

of causality and simple linear, where accidents are usually produced by a large of

unified and unanticipated factors.

In 1950 edition of Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach, Heinrich (1931)

in causal chain of events in series of accidents stated that “the fall of the first domino

leads to the fall of the second, followed by the third, etc..” The occurrence of series of

accidents formed a sequence of circumstances similar to the domino where when the

first domino falls, the second one follows. Therefore, if any one of the numerous

variables that make up this series is removed, the damage and accident will not occur.

Conceptual Framework

In the current study, the researchers determine the contributory factors of on

the Traffic Accidents in Daang Hari Road, City of Bacoor. The study will aim to define

the collecting data and analyzing the gathered information focus on the following areas:

road condition, traffic signage, knowledge of traffic laws, rules and regulations and

driver's attitude.

Road condition, focuses on the geographical, current features of roadways and the

condition of the entire road surface of Daang Hari Road, Bacoor City.
Traffic Signage, it focuses on the role and important of traffic signs in anticipating of

guide and warning to drivers to synchronize the flow of traffic.

Knowledge of Traffic Laws, focuses on the comprehension of drivers and motorist

about the traffic implementation.

Rules and Regulations, rules and laws that regulate vehicles.

Driver's Attitude , focuses on character, behavior and emotions of the driver.

Figure (No. 1): Conceptual Framework of the Study

 Input Process Output

Road condition Conducting Interview Raise awareness and

provide a effective and

Survey Questionaire
Traffic Signage efficient solution
Data Gathering

Knowledge of Traffic Laws

Rules and Regulations

Driver's Attitude

Statement of the Problem

The aim of the study is to determine the contributory factors on the Traffic Accidents in

Daang Hari Road, City of Bacoor. The study seeks to answer the following:

1. What are the profile of respondents . in terms of:

1.1. Age

1.2. Gender

1.3. Educational Attainment

1.4. Type of vehicle being operated

2. What are the contributory factors on the traffic accidents in Daang Hari Road, City of

Bacoor, in terms of:

 2.1. Road condition

2.2. Traffic Signages

2.3. Knowledge of Traffic Laws, Rules and Regulations

2.4. Driver's Attitude

3. Is there a significant difference on the perception of of respondents on the

contyributory factors on the traffic accidents in Daang Hari Road, City of Bacoor?

4. What measures may be proposed to mitigate the traffic accidents in Daang Hari

Road, City of Bacoor?

Hypothesis of the Study

There is no significant relationship on evaluating the two (2) group of

respondents on contributory factor in traffic accident along Daang Hari Road City of

Bacoor in relation to above mentioned variables.

Scope and Delimitation

The Setting

The study will be conduct in Daang Hari Road, City of Bacoor.

The City of Bacoor (Filipino: Lungsod ng Bacoor) is the focal point of the city of

Cavite. it is limited in Alabang Muntinlupa between Alabang Las Pinas City. In entire

Cavite the Bacoor City is the biggest among the other close to City in Cavite. there is
additionally parcel of business foundation around Bacoor City and encompassed by a

great deal of Barangay's.

The main establishment on the said road are the Evia Malls Lifestyle, Landers.

The primary justification why researchers decide to concentrate on this part of

the road is on the grounds that there is a tons of accident who have been there about in

rush hour gridlock and parcel of terrible things happen each time they pass by here.

The Subject

The study will be focused on riders and drivers who frequently travel along daang

hari road City of Bacoor.

The Respondents

The Respondents of this study compose of three groups: The Riders, The

Drivers and The Traffic Enforcers of Daang Hari Road City of Bacoor.

The Time Frame

The study conducted in Month of September SY 2021 - 2022

Significance of the Study

This researcher believes that this study can be a beneficial in other year level of

university students, more so to the following groups of people:

To Local Government Unit, in certain, a government could implement a support for a

valuable management plan and comprehensive pathway in preparation for future project

development of road infrastructure in public sector.

To Traffic Enforcers, this findings of this study will urge people to become more

mindful of the potential causes of traffic collisions.

To Criminology Students, this findings of this study will assist them gain a better

understanding of the elements that contribute to traffic accidents on Daang Hari Road in

Bacoor.

To Drivers, this study will offer broaden their knowledge in terms of safety precaution

measures, attitudes and capabilities that are vital for safe traffic participation. Hence, it

will lead them to ensure their own safety in road and their personal responsibility to

obey rules to safely participate in traffic occurrence.

Community- This study will benefit in terms of giving awareness in safety road

education as they will improve their knowledge and understand the traffic laws

implementation. Thus, it can lead them to be safe and be responsible individual.

Future Researchers- This study will be able to serve as pathway to researchers for

future concerns and investigation in road safety and traffic education.

Definitions of Terms

Causation – the relationship between cause and effect.

Collision – one moving person or object crash violently against another.

Contributory – refer to relation or contribution in something toward the result.

Occurrence – something happens; event or incident.

Implementation – the process of making something active or effective.

Traffic – Refers to the number of people passing through a particular area or route and

the number of activity in the communication system over a period of time.

Traffic Enforcer – it refers to people who enforcing a traffic rules and law in road ways.

Traffic Law – it refers to law regarding in a road ways or about traffic.

Acronyms

WHO - World Health Organization

DOH - Department of Health

RTI - Road Traffic Injury

RTC - Regional Trial Court

Review of Related Literature and Studies

The following presents related literature and studies from foreign and local

sources which provide insights on the contributory factors in traffic accidents.

Foreign Literature

(Road Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020) According to the WHO Report on Road

Traffic Injury (RTI) Prevention from 2020, the number of road crash fatalities will rise by

60% globally by 2020. Although statistics in high-income countries will continue to

decline by 20%, road traffic crashes (RTC) are expected to increase by 80% in low- and

middle-income countries unless immediate mitigation measures are done

According to (Gupta, 2015) In India, road accident fatalities have been on the rise

over the past decade or so. As a result, traffic safety management has become a hot

issue among academics around the world. As a result, accident modeling on many

aspects that cause them must be carried out. Accident modeling assists us in

determining the true causal agents that cause an accident to occur. One cause may

have a greater impact than another.

According to (Intini, Exploring the relationships between drivers’ familiarity and

two-lane rural road accidents. A multi-level study, 2018) Past examination has

recommended that drivers' course commonality/newness (utilizing various meanings of

commonality), and the collaborations among recognizable and new drivers, may

influence both the driving exhibitions and the probability of street crashes. The

motivation behind this study is to give a commitment in the quest for connections among

commonality and accidents by: 1) presenting a proportion of commonality in view of the

separation from home; 2) examining a traffic and mishap dataset alluded to country two-
path areas of the Norwegian parkways E6 and E39; 3) utilizing a staggered approach, in

light of alternate points of view, from a large scale investigation to more itemized levels.

According to (Intini, 2019) Hypothetical structures upheld by trial results have

uncovered that driving conduct can be impacted by course commonality. The last option

might prompt interruption and self-assurance; and thus to more perilous practices after

rehashed ventures. According to a financial viewpoint, the conceivable deteriorating of

driving wellbeing execution might be clarified by profession offs with versatility benefits.

According to (Adeleke, 2020) Street car accidents (RTCs) stay an issue of

worldwide concern especially in Nigeria where more than 80% of these accidents are

accounted by human and mechanical elements (HM). Numerous geographic

investigations on RTCs, casualty and injury have generally centered around the spatial

grouping and affiliated examination of hazard factors; with mostly secret with regards to

the overall commitment of HM factors inside the spatial setting. Thus, this study applied

a spatial way to deal with the impact of HM factors on RTCs, casualty and injury across

the districts of Nigeria.

Local Literature

(M. De leon, 2005) According to them, The rising number of Filipinos killed or

injured in traffic accidents each year is a major source of concern. Each accident has a

monetary cost, not to mention the social cost of the victims' families' anguish, sadness,

and suffering. It also has a negative influence on the government's resources

 (Orlean G. Dela Cruz, 2021) Any loss of life, property, or services is exacerbated

by traffic accidents. When a car collides with another vehicle or objects, it is called a

collision. Some elements will emerge, resulting in injuries and even accidents that can

be prevented or minimized by taking the proper precautions. The expenses of recovery

and diminished output resulted in these losses.

According to (Lu, 2021) Road traffic injuries are the 11th biggest cause of

premature mortality in the Philippines, according to data on road traffic injuries.

According to the World Health Organization, 1.24 million people die every year in traffic

accidents throughout the world.

According to (Jonardo R. Asor, 2018) One of the most important aspects of every

country's daily economic progress is road safety. It has a huge influence on public

health in the Philippines, in particular. Increasing a country's economic growth will be

aided by ensuring its safety. The primary goal of this study is to examine data from road

accidents in order to uncover hidden patterns that may be utilized as a preventative

approach to reduce the number of accidents that occur each year in Los Baos, Laguna,

Philippines.
 According to a news reporter, (Clavio, 2020) The majority of fatal accidents in

Metro Manila in 2019 occurred between the hours of 1 a.m. and 3 a.m. According to

Bam Alegre's report on Unang Balita on Wednesday, data from the Metropolitan Manila

Development Authority shows that between 2 a.m. and 2 a.m. (MMDA). The information

came from the Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System's hourly accident

tally. While traffic is normally minimal at this hour, the MMDA claims that drivers are

weary, drowsy, or inebriated, making them more prone to accidents.

Foreign Studies

According to (Rolison, 2020) Road crashes are a primary source of mortality and

serious injury worldwide, according to this study. Police records are an excellent source

of information about the proximal causes of traffic accidents (e.g., alcohol impairment,

failure to look correctly). However, new road safety research has raised concerns about

the quality and reliability of police-reported figures. Contributory factors, on the other

hand, are classified in the UK crash report form (e.g., car defects, driver error or

response) to help police investigators locate relevant causes.

Miller, 2020) According to him, Driver drowsiness is responsible for a significant

part of all traffic accidents. Despite the fact that much is known about driver fatigue, bus

drivers are frequently disregarded, Because bus drivers work shifts, they are more likely

to experience tiredness. The current study investigated tiredness among London bus

drivers using a large online poll. The researchers wanted to figure out how common

sleepiness was among London bus drivers, as well as what factors contributed to it.
 (Zhang, 2018) According to this Article, In China, road safety has become a key

public concern. From 1985 to 2014, a total of 396 road traffic accident cases were

collected in China, which happened in 28 provinces. Cargo vehicles (126), passenger

vehicles (253), dangerous chemicals transport vehicles (128), and autos were all

involved in the accidents (9). To determine whether systems approaches should be

used during road accident analysis efforts, a new systems approach that integrates the

causal categories framework based on the human factor analysis and classification

system (HFACS) and the contributory factor interactions model (CFIM) was used to

conduct analysis of road traffic accidents.

(Loreta Levulytė, PEDESTRIANS’ ROLE IN ROAD ACCIDENTS, 2016)

According to the authors, Every year, about 1.3 million people are killed in car

accidents, averaging 3,287 deaths each day. Pedestrians made up more than 22% of

all fatalities in road traffic collisions in the European Union in 2013. Between 2010 and

2013, the number of pedestrians killed on EU roads reduced by only 11%, compared to

an overall reduction of 18% in fatalities. Pedestrians are murdered in metropolitan areas

in 69 percent of all cases. This paper examines the literature on pedestrian-motor

vehicle collisions and road safety management in light of the increasing importance of

pedestrians in accidents.

(Marina Milenković, 2018) According to them, modeling traffic incidents on

freeways is extremely important since accidents on these highways are often and
serious, resulting in traffic congestion. With this in mind, the goal of this study was to

look at the effect of motorway geometry and traffic characteristics on the occurrence of

fatal traffic accidents on Serbian freeways. The study looked at traffic incidents that

resulted in deaths on the M-1 highway, which has a total length of 394 kilometers.

Local Studies

(Rodiel L. Rodriguez, 2021) According to Road accidents, they claim, are one of

the leading causes of sickness and mortality in the Philippines. The number of car

accidents has been steadily increasing, ranging from 63,072 in 2007 to 116,906 in

2018. According to the most recent WHO statistics from 2018, road traffic accidents

claimed the lives of 10,624 people in the Philippines, accounting for 1.74 percent of all

deaths. Philippines ranks #118 in the world with an age-adjusted death rate of 11.40 per

100,000 people. In terms of life expectancy, road traffic accidents are the 14th biggest

cause of death in the Philippines, but they are second only to assault in terms of non-

disease-caused mortality.

(Vicente P. Velasco, 2021) According to them, this research looked at the impact

of a variety of factors on the severity of road traffic accidents in CALABARZON,

Philippines. A statistical study that can evaluate the importance of each component on

road traffic accident criticality was generated using 5,000 data points from DOH hospital

records. One-way ANOVA was used to confirm the significance of each component.

The mean and standard deviation are used to determine the severity of traffic accidents.
The findings revealed that bigger vehicles are more likely to cause serious accidents.

The age of the driver is also a predictor of the severity of a traffic collision.

(Claire Kaplaan Peckley Lafadchan, 2021) According to her, This article

examines the variables that contribute to the incidence of road accidents along the

Halsema Highway, as well as the potential intervention programs implemented by the

relevant agencies to reduce the number of accidents. Because the Halsema Highway is

a significant route connecting Mountain Province to the rest of the world, it was

necessary to explain the reasons and comprehend the situations that effect road

accidents. The environmental, vehicular, and personal elements that contribute to road

accidents were studied using a descriptive technique. The majority of incidents occurred

on roads with straight-flat features during fair weather, according to the report.

According to (Dandy P. Abrigo, 2021) The research offered a framework for

analyzing road traffic accidents in Tagaytay from a macro to micro level. The data from

the Tagaytay Road Traffic Accident reports is then fed into a Geographical Information

System (GIS), which uses software like QGIS and ArcGIS. It employs Kernel Density

Estimation to provide a depiction of the road traffic accident that focuses on its high-

density value; it also locates the location where RTA is more concentrated. RTA

designated the identified barangay as a high-density area. The RTA for certain

barangays was likewise detected as a scattered distribution pattern rather than an

expected random distribution by the program.

 According to Street signs and markings are a vital piece of the transportation

frameworks which are consistently planned and utilized to give fundamental street data

to suburbanites' security and security. The review is an assessment of drivers and

travelers' mindfulness with respect to street signs and markings along Maharlika

Roadway in the Region of Nueva Ecija especially between the urban areas of San Jose

and Cabanatuan. While drivers comprehension and impression of street signs and

markings were exceptionally significant in the review, the view of normal travelers

wereadded, on the grounds that they are for the most part the survivors of street

mishaps.

Relevance of the Literature and Studies to the Present Study

The relevance of

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and techniques, instruments and

respondents, and data processing and statistical treatment of the study.

Research Design
 This study made use of descriptive method to show the Contributory Factors in

Traffic Accident Daang Hari Road, City of Bacoor and to show the awareness of the

Related factors in the Road Accident. If the knowledge and ideas that can share in this

Research is enough or adequate for them to study our Research regarding to the

Contributing Factors when it comes in Road Accidents.

The descriptive technique was a suitable design for this study since it used a

descriptive survey, which is the most common way for acquiring data.

To address the questions posed in the description of the problems, the

researchers employ statistical methods such as mean and standard deviation.

Research Instrument

The researcher will utilize questionnaire checklist to gather the needed data for

the respondent's profile.

Validation of Research Instruments

Population Sampling and Setting

The researcher will use the random sampling is used to select randomly from the

respondent came from Daang Hari Road City of Bacoor.

Data Gathering Techniques

The researcher will employ administer the research instrument to the respondent.

they conferred and discussed the importance of the study as well as the correct

distribution of the instrument.

The respondents were allowed a minute to complete the questionnaires in order

to deter them from responding quickly. The researchers collected completed surveys

from one part to the next.

The results of the surveys were tallied and tabulated when they were completed.

This information serves as the foundation for analysis and interpretation.

Statistical Treatment of Data