EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA Page|1

Lesson 1

ALGEBRA

Content: Objectives:
Systems of Numbers and Conversion At the end of this lesson, the student must be able
to:
• Types of Numbers
• Significant Figures and Digits • Distinguish the types of numbers
• Forms of Approximation • Understand the concept of significant
figures and approximation
Fundamentals of Algebra
• Understand the fundamentals of Algebra
• Integers, Exponent, Radicals • Apply the concepts of Algebra
• Remainder Theorem
• Factor Theorem
• Quadratic Equation
• Polynomials
• Logarithms

Applications od Algebra

• Age Problems
• Work Problems
• Mixture Problems
• Digit Problems
• Motion Problems
• Coin Problems
• Variation Problems
• Diophantine Equations
• Sequence
• Series
• Progression

Pre-Test:
Instruction: Encircle the letter of the appropriate answer for each question below.

1. Round off 34. 2814 to four significant

figures.
a. 34.281
b. 34.28
c. 34.0
d. 34. 2814

2. Write 0.000000035560 in scientific notation with three significant

figures.
a. 3.5560 x 108
b. 3.56 x 108
c. 3.6 x 108
d. 3.556 x 108
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3. Express decimally: Two Hundred-Thousandths.

a. 200,000
b. 0.002
c. 0.000002
d. 0.00002

4. The number 0.123123123123……is

a. Transcendental
b. Surd
c. Rational
d. Irrational

5. MCMXCIV is equivalent to what number?

a. 1974
b. 1994
c. 1984
d. 1964

6. How many degrees Celsius is 80 degrees Fahrenheit?

a. 2.667
b. 1.334
c. 26.67
d . 13.34

7. A room is 14 ft by 20 ft. How many square yards are in the room?

a. 85.98 square yards
b. 110.32 square yards
c. 93.33 square yards
d. 79.69 square yards

8. What is the absolute value temperature of the freezing point of water in degree Rankine?
a. 0
b. 460
c. 492
d. 273

9. The ratio of the height of two buildings is 7 to 5. The first building is 210 feet tall. How tall is the second building?
a. 145 feet
b. 160 feet
c. 140 feet
d. 150 feet

10. The ratio of three numbers is 2:5:7. If 7 is subtracted from the second, the resulting numbers form an arithmetic
progression. Determine the smallest of the three numbers.
a. 70
b. 28
c. 21
d. 15
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11. If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1, then 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 − 1 is equal to

a. 1
b. 2x
c. x
d. 0

12. Solve for the value of x and y.

4x + 2y = 5
13x – 3y = 2

a. y = 1/2, x = 3/2
b. y = 3, x = 1
c. y = 2, x = 1
d. y = 3/2, x = ½

𝑥+1 2𝑥
13. Find the value of x in 3
+ 4
= 47 − 2𝑥.
a. 16.47
b. 19.02
c. 18.72
d. 16.74

14. Solve for the w from the following equations:

3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑤 = 11
𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 2𝑤 = −9
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑤 = −6

a. 4
b. 3
c. -3
d. -4
−3
𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 −2 (𝑥 −3 𝑦𝑧 3 )−1/2
15. Simplify: (𝑥𝑦𝑧 −3 )−5/2
1
a. 5 7 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1
b. 𝑥 2 𝑦7𝑧5
1
c. 𝑥 2𝑦7 𝑧3
1
d. 𝑥 2 𝑦5𝑧7

16. Find the value of k so that 4x2+ 6x + k is a perfect square.

a. 2.5
b. 9
c. 36
d. 2.25
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17. When 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 4 + 4 is divided by x-k, the remainder is k. Find the value of k.

a. 4 or 2
b. -4 or -2
c. 4 or -2
d. -4 or 2

18. Simplify: 3𝑐𝑑6 3 (𝑐𝑑)4

a. 27𝑐 7 𝑑22
b. 27𝑐 12 𝑑72
c. 27𝑐 7 𝑑13
d. 27𝑐 13 𝑑17

19. Determine the value of a if (an)(am) is equal to 100,000 anm =1,000,000

𝑎𝑛
= 10
𝑎𝑚
a. 20
b. 10
c. 5
d. 8

20. Factor the expression 3x3 – 3x2 – 18 x

a. 3x (x - 3) (x + 2)
b. 3x (x + 3) (x + 2)
c. 3x (x + 3) (x - 2)
d. 3x (x - 3) (x - 2)

21. The polynomial 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8 is divided by x-5, then the remainder is

a. 200
b. 175
c. 140
d. 218

22. In the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 0, one root is x equal to

a. ¼
b. 1
c. 5
d. none of these

23. What is the discriminant of the equation 4𝑥 2 = 8𝑥 − 5?

a. 16
b. -8
c. 8
d. -16

24. Find the term involving 𝑦 5 in the expansion of (2𝑥 2 + 𝑦)10 .

a. 4680𝑥 5 𝑦 5
b. 8046𝑥 5 𝑦 5
c. 8064𝑥 10 𝑦 5
d. 8064𝑥 5 𝑦 5
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25. Evaluate the log 6 845 = 𝑥.

a. 5.84
b. 3.76
c. 2.98
d. 4.48

26. Given: log 𝑥 = 2 − log(𝑥 − 21) .Find x.

a. 27
b. -4
c. -3
d. 25

27. What is the value of log to base 10 of 10003.3?

a. 9.5
b. 99.9
c. 10.9
d. 9.9

28. The sum of Kim’s and Kevin’s ages is 18. In 3 years, Kim will be twice as old as Kevin. What are their ages now?
a. 6, 12
b. 4, 14
c. 7, 11
d. 5, 13

29. Joe’s current age is five times Mary’s age ten years ago. If Mary is currently m years old, what is Joe’s current age in
terms of m?
a. 5𝑚 + (𝑚 − 10)
b. 5𝑚
c. 5𝑚 − 10
d. 5𝑚 − 50

30. A pump can pump out water from a tank in 11 hours. Another pump can pump out water from the same tank in 20
hours. How long will it take both pumps to pump put the water in the tank?
a. 6 hours
b. 7 ½ hours
c. 7 hours
d. 6 ½ hours

31. Suppose Maria can paint the entire house in twelve hours, and Juan takes eight hours to paint a similarly-sized
housed. How long would Maria and Juan paint the house together?
a. 5 hours and 8 minutes
b . 4 hours and 6 minutes
c. 4 hours and 8 minutes
d. 5 hours and 6 minutes

32. Two thousand (2000) kg of steel containing 8% nickel is to be made by mixing a steel containing 14% nickel with
another containing 6% nickel. How much of each is needed?
a. 750 kg of steel with 14% nickel, 1250 kg of steel with 6% nickel
b. 1500 kg of steel with 14% nickel, 500 kg of Steel with 6% nickel
c. 1250 kg of steel with 14% nickel, 750 kg of steel with 6% nickel
d. 500 kg of steel with 14% nickel, 1500 kg of steel with 6% nickel
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33. A tank has a capacity of 10 gallons. When it is full, it contains 15% alcohol. How many gallons must be replaced by an
80% alcohol solution to give 10% gallons of 70% solution?
a. 10.87 gallons
b. 9.63 gallons
c. 8.46 gallons
d. 7.05 gallons

34. The product of ¼ and 1/5 of a number is 500. What is the number?
a. 125
b. 50
c. 100
d. 75

35. The digit at the ten’s place of a two-digit number is twice the digit at the unit’s place. If the sum of this number and
the number formed by reversing the digits is 66. What is the number?
a. 29
b. 64
c. 42
d. 52

36. On a certain trip, Edgar drives 231 km in exactly the same time as Erwin drive 308 km. If Erwin’s rate exceeded that of
Edgar by 13 kph, determine the rate of Erwin.
a. 39 kph
b. 52 kph
c. 44 kph
d. 48 kph

37. A boy on his bicycle intends to arrive at a certain time to a town that is 30 km away from his home. After riding 10
km, he rested for half an hour, and as a result he was obligated to ride the rest of the trip 2 km/hr faster. What was
his original speed?
a. 7 kph
b. 9 kph
c. 8 kph
d. 10 kph

38. Mrs. Smith leaves her house at 9 in the morning and drives west on the Twill Freeway at an average speed of 50
miles per hour. Mrs. Jackson leaves her house at 9:30 am and drives west on the Twill Freeway at an average speed
of 60 miles per hour. At how many hours will Mrs. Jackson overtake Mrs. Smith?
a. 4.5 hours
b. 2.5 hours
c. 1.5 hours
d. 3.5 hours

39. Tamar has four more quarters than dimes. If he has a total of $1.70, how many quarters and dimes does he have?
a. 3 dimes and 5 quarters
b. 2 dimes and 6 quarters
c. 4 dimes and 5 quarters
d. 5 dimes and 6 quarters
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40. If a boy has nickels, dimes, and quarters amounting to $1.85. If he has twice as many dimes as quarters, and the
number of nickels is two less than twice the number of dimes, how many nickels does he have?
a. 6 nickels
b. 3 nickels
c. 10 nickels
d. 7 nickels

41. Leticia has 35 coins in nickels and quarters. In all, she has $4.15. How many of each kind of coin does she have?
a. 26 nickels and 14 quarters
b. 23 nickels and 12 quarters
c. 18 nickels 23 quarters
d. 12 nickels and 26 quarters

42. What time after 3 o’clock will the hands of the clock be together for the first time?
a. 3: 16: 36
b. 3: 02: 30
c. 3: 17: 37
d. 3: 14: 32
43. At what time between 7 and 8 o’clock will the hands of a clock be in the same straight line but, not together?
2
a. 5 min. past 7
11
5
b. 5 min. past 7
11
4
c. 5 min. past 7
11
6
d. 5 min. past 7
11

44. The time required for an elevator to lift a weight varies directly with the weight and the distance through which it
is to be lifted and inversely as the power of the motor. If it takes 30 second for a 10 hp motor to lift 100 lbs
through 50 feet, what size of motor is required to lift 800 lbs in 40 seconds through 40 feet?
a. 44
b. 48
c. 42
d. 46

45. The time (t) it takes to travel from Hope to Vancouver varies inversely as the speed (v) at which one travels. If it
takes 1.5 hours to travel this distance at an average speed of 120 km/hr, find the amount of time it would take to
drive back if you were only able to travel at 60 km/hr due to an engine problem.
a. 6 hours
b. 4 hours
c. 8 hours
d. 3 hours

46. Once a month, a man puts some money into the cookie jar. Each month, he puts 50 centavos more into the jar
than the month before. After 12 years, he counted his money, he had P 5,436. How much money did he put in the
jar in the last month?
a. 72.50
b. 73.50
c. 75.50
d. 74.50
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47. In a certain A.P. the first, fourth and eight terms are themselves in geometric progression. What is the common
ration of the G.P.?
a. 5/3
b. 4/3
c. 3/4
d. 2/3

48. A product has a current selling of P 325. 00. If its selling price is expected to decline at the rate of 10 % per annum
because of obsolescence, what will be its selling price four years hence?
a. 202. 75
b. 213. 23
c. 156. 00
d. 302. 75

40 20
49. In an Harmonic Progression, the 2nd term is and its 5th term is . Determine the maximum possible number of
9 3
terms in the H.P.
a. 12
b. 9
c. 10
d. 6

50. A rubber ball is made to fall from a height of 50 feet and is observed to rebound 2/3 of the distance it falls. How
far will the ball travel before coming to rest if the ball continuous to fall in this manner?
a. 225 ft
b. 200 ft
c. 275 ft
d. 250 ft
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Chapter 1 What are the types of numbers?

SYSTEMS OF NUMBERS AND CONVERSION Numbers are classified into types, namely cardinal
numbers and ordinal numbers.
What is Algebra? Cardinal numbers are the numbers which allow us to
It comes from the Arabic word “al-jabr,” which means count the objects or ideas in a given collection. Example:
‘reunion of broken parts’ 1,2,3, …, 1000, 100000 while Ordinal numbers state the
position of individual objects in a sequence. Example:
It is a branch of mathematics that deals with symbols First, second, third …
and the arithmetic operations across these symbols;
these symbols do not have any fixed values and are What are numerals?
called variables. Numerals are symbols or combination of symbols which
describe a number.
Algebraic Expressions
The most widely used numerals are the Arabic numerals
and the Roman numerals.
Arabic numerals were simply the modification of the
Hindu-Arabic number signs and are written in Arabic
digits. Taken singly, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and in
combination 20, 21, 22, … 1999, …

Variables are often represented with symbols such as The Roman numerals are numbers which are written in
x,y,z, p or q; these symbols are manipulated through Latin alphabet. Example: MCMXCI.
various arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, The following are Roman numerals and their equivalent
multiplication, and division. Arabic numbers:

I = 1 C = 100
V = 5 D = 500
X = 10 M = 1,000
L = 50

The Romans used the following to indicate large

numbers:
1. Bracket – to multiply it by 100 times
|A|=500
2. Vinculum (bar above the number) – to multiply
the number 1,000 times
Muhammad ibn musa Al-Khwarizmi Ā =5,000
3. Doorframe – to multiply the number by
According to Al-Khwarizmi, the word algebra is 1,000,000 times
described as ‘reduction’ and ‘balancing’ of subtracted |A|=5,000,000
terms that is a transposition to the other sides of the
equation (cancellation of like terms). What is a digit?

What is a number? A digit is a specific symbol or symbols used alone or in

combination to denote a number.
A number is an item that describes a magnitude or
apposition.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 10

The name “digit” comes from the fact that the digits What is an Imaginary number?
(ancient Latin digita meaning fingers) of the hands An Imaginary number is denoted as “𝑖” which is equal to
corresponds to the 10 symbols of the common base 10 the square root of negative one.
number system, i.e. the decimal (ancient Latin adjective
dec. meaning ten digits. In some other areas in mathematical computation,
For example, the number 21 has two digits, namely 2 especially in electronics and electrical engineering it is
and 1. denoted as “𝑗”.
In Roman numerals, the number 9 is denoted as IX. So, Imaginary number and its equivalent:
the digits I and X were used together to denote one 𝑖 = −1
number and that is the number 9. In mathematical 𝑖2 = −1
computations, or in some engineering applications, a 𝑖3 = −1 =− −1
system of numbers using cardinal numbers was
𝑖4 = 1
established and widely used.
What is a Complex number?
What are real numbers?
The number system is divided into two categories Complex number is an expression of both real and
namely, real numbers and imaginary number. imaginary number combined. It takes the form of 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖,
where "𝑎" and "𝑏" are real numbers.
Real numbers are classified as follows:
If 𝑎 = 0, then pure imaginary number is produced while
1. Natural numbers - numbers which are considered real number is obtained when 𝑏 = 0.
as the “counting numbers”
What is a system of numbers?
Example: 1, 2,3 …
A system of numbers is a diagram or chart which shows
2. Integers - are all the natural number, the negative the two sub-classifications of the two basic
of the natural numbers and the number zero classifications of numbers, namely real numbers and
Examples: -4, -1, 0, 3, 8 imaginary umbers.
All Numbers
3. Rational numbers - are numbers which can be
expressed as a quotient (ratio) of two integers ; the
term “rational” comes from the word “ratio”

Examples:
2
0.5, 3, -3, 0.333… Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers

1
In the above example, 0.5 can be expressed as 2, -3 can Irrational Rational
−6 1
be expressed as 2
,
0.333… can also be expressed as 3
and therefore a rational number. Fraction Integer
The number 0.333… is a repeating and non-terminating
decimal. As a rule, a non-terminating but repeating (or
Proper Improper Positive Negative
periodic) decimal is always a rational number. Also, all
integers are rational numbers.
Zero Natural
4. Irrational numbers - are numbers which cannot be
expressed as a quotient of two integers
What is an absolute value?
Examples: 2, 𝜋, 𝑒
The absolute value of a real number is the numeral
The numbers in the examples above can never be value of the number neglecting the sign.
expressed exactly as a quotient of two integers. They
For example: The absolute value of -5 is 5 while of –x is
are in fact, a non-terminating number with non-
x. the absolute value |a| is either positive or zero but
terminating decimal.
can never be negative.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 11

What are fractions? 12. Indeterminate fraction - a fraction which has no

𝑎 quantitative meaning
Fractions are numbers which are in the form of , where 𝑎 is
𝑏 0
called the numerator which may be any integer while 𝑏 is called Examples: 0
the denominator which may be any integer greater than zero. 13. Mixed number - a number that is a combination of
Fraction is also defined as a part of a whole. an integer and a proper fraction
1 8
Examples: 5 2 , 9 11
What are the types of fractions?
1. Simple fraction - a fraction in which the numerator and What is a composite number?
denominator are both integers. This is also known as a Composite numbers are positive integers that have
common fraction
2 6 more than two positive whole number factors. It can be
Examples: 3
,−7 written as product of two or more integers, each greater
2. Proper fraction - is one where the numerator is smaller than 1. It is observed that most integers are composite
than the denominator numbers. The number 6 is a composite number because
5 2
Examples: , its factors are 1, 2, 3 and 6. The number 1 is the only
7 3
3. Improper fraction - is one where the numerator is greater natural number that is neither composite nor prime.
than the dominator
5 12 What is a prime number?
Examples: ,
2 7 A prime number is an integer greater than 1 that is
4. Unit fraction - is a fraction with unity for its numerator
divisible only by 1 and itself.
and positive integer for its denominator
1 1
Examples: , According to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic,
4 25
5. Simplified fraction - a fraction whose numerator and “Every positive integer greater than 1 is a prime or can
denominator are integers and their greatest common factor be expressed as a unique product of primes and powers
is 1 of primes”. The following is a list of the prime numbers
1 8 less than 1,000.
Examples: ,−
2 11
6. An Integer Represented as fraction - a fraction in which 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23

the denominator is 1 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67
2 3 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109
Examples: 1
,− 1 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167
7. Reciprocal - a fraction that results from interchanging the 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227
numerator and denominator 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277
1 281 283 293 241 251 257 263 269 271 277
Examples: 4 is the reciprocal of 4
281 283 293 307 311 313 317 331 337 347
8. Complex fraction - a fraction in which the numerator or 349 353 359 367 373 379 383 389 397 401
denominator or both are fractions 409 419 421 431 433 439 443 449 457 461
3 5
4 8 13 463 467 479 487 491 499 503 509 521 523
Examples: 7 ,− 1 ,
2 541 547 557 563 569 571 577 587 593 599
8 4
9. Similar fractions - two or more simple fraction that have 601 607 613 617 619 631 641 643 647 653
the same denominator 659 661 673 677 683 691 701 709 719 727
1 4 7 733 739 743 751 757 761 769 773 787 797
Examples: , ,
9 9 9 809 811 821 823 827 829 839 853 857 859
10. Zero fraction - a fraction in which the numerator is zero. 863 877 881 883 887 907 911 919 929 937
A zero fraction is equal to zero 941 947 953 967 971 977 983 991 997
0 0
Examples: , − 11
2 What are the types of prime numbers?
11. Undefined fraction - a fraction with a denominator of Natural prime numbers are those that have only two
zero. The example below means that 8 is divided by 0, which factors; 1 and the number. Twin primes are a set of
is an impossibility because nothing can be divided by zero. two consecutive odd primes, which differ by two.
8
Examples: 0 The following are twin primes less than 100.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 12

3,5 29,31 Example of unique product of power of primes:

5,7 41,43 360 = 23 ∙ 32 ∙ 51
11,13 59,61
What is a perfect number?
17,19 71,73
Symmetric primes are a pair of prime numbers that are A perfect number is an integer that is equal to the sum
the same distance from a given number in a number of all its possible divisors, except the number itself.
line. Symmetric primes are also called Euler primes. The
Example: 6, 28, 496 …
following are symmetric primes for the number 1
through 25. In the case of 6, the factors or divisors are 1, 2 and 3.
Number Symmetric prime When the factors are added the sum is equal to the
1 None number itself and shown in the following equation.
2 None 1+2+3=6
3 None
4 3,5 What are an abundant numbers and deficient
5 3,7 numbers?
6 5,7 If the sum of the possible divisors is greater than the
7 3,11 number, it is referred to as abundant number.
8 5,11; 3,13
9 7,11; 5,13 A defective number is an integer with the sum of all its
10 7,13; 3,17 possible divisor is less than the number itself. It is also
11 5,17; 3,19 called deficient number.
12 11,13; 7,15; 5,19 Factors Excluding
13 7,19; 3,23 Number Sum Type
Itself
14 11,17; 5,23 1 0 D
15 13,17; 11,19; 7,23 2 1 1 D
16 15,17; 13,19; 3,29 3 1 1 D
17 11,23; 5,29; 3,31 4 1,2 3 D
18 17,19; 13,23; 7,29; 5,31 5 1 1 D
19 9,29; 7,31 6 1,2,8 6 Perfect
20 17,23; 11,29; 3,37 7 1 1 D
21 19,23; 13,29; 11,31; 5,37 8 1,2,4 7 D
22 13,31; 7,37; 3,41 9 1,3 4 D
23 17,29; 13,33; 5,41; 3,43 10 1,2,5 8 D
11 1 1 D
24 19,29; 17,31; 11,37; 7,41; 5,43
12 1,2,3,4,6 16 A
25 19,31; 13,37; 7,43; 3,47
13 1 1 D
14 1,2,7 10 D
Emirp (prime spelled backwards) is a prime number that 15 1,3,5 9 D
remains a prime when its digits are reversed. The 16 1,2,4,8 15 D
following are emirp less than 500. 17 1 1 D
11, 13, 17, 31, 71, 73, 79, 97, 101, 18 1,2,3,6,9 21 A
107, 19 1 1 D
113, 131, 149, 151, 157, 167, 179, 20 1,2,4,5,10 22 A
181,
191, 199, 311, 313, 337, 347, 353, 21 1,3,7 11 D
359, 22 1,2,11 14 D
373, 383, 389 23 1 1 D
24 1,2,3,4,6,8,12 36 A
Relatively prime numbers are numbers whose greatest
25 1,5 6 D
common factor is 1.
What is a perfect number?
Unique product of power of primes is a number whose
Perfect number is a number that is equal to the sum of
factors are prime numbers raised to a certain power.
its factors excluding itself. They are mathematical
rarities
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 13

that have no practical use. The formula to find a perfect (0!)(1) = (1)!
number is a follows: 0! = 1
2𝑝−1 (2𝑝 − 1)
The factorial symbol (!) was introduced by Christian
where: Kramp in 1808.

𝑝 and 2𝑝 − 1 are prime numbers What are significant figures or digits?

Formula Perfect number Significant figures or digits are digits that define the
2 (22 − 1)
1
6 numerical value of a number.
22 (23 − 1) 28
A digit considered significant unless it is used to place a
24 (25 − 1) 496
decimal point.
26 (27 − 1) 8128
The significant digit of a number begins with the first
What are amicable numbers? non-zero digit and ends with the final digit, whether
zero or non-zero.
Amicable numbers or friendly numbers refer to two
integers where each is the sum of all the possible Examples:
divisors of the other.
16.71 4 significant figures
The smallest known amicable numbers are 220 and 284. 1.671 x 103 2 significant figures
0.0016 2 significant figures
The number 220 has the following factors/divisors: 1, 2, Example 2 is expressed in scientific notation and figures
4, 5, 10, 20, 22, 44, 55, & 100 which when added sums considered significant are 1, 6, 7 and 2 excluding 103 .
up to 284, while the number 284 has the following
divisors 1, 2, 4, 71, and 142 which adds up to 220. Example 3 has 2 significant figures only because the 3
zeros are used only to place a decimal.
There are more than 1,000 pairs of amicable numbers
have been found. The number of significant digit is considered the place of
accuracy. Hence, a number with 3 significant digits is
The following are the ten smallest pairs of amicable said to have three place accuracy and a number with 4
numbers. significant figures is said to have four place accuracy.
220 and 284 RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:
1,184 and 1,210
2,620 and 2,924 1. All non-zero numbers ARE significant. The number
5,020 and 5,564 14.3 has THREE significant figures because all of the
6,232 and 6,368 digits present are non-zero.
10,744 and 10,856
12,285 and 14,595 2. Zeros between two non-zero digits ARE significant.
17,296 and 18,416 2041 has FOUR significant figures. The zero is between
63,020 and 76,084 a 2 and a 4.
66,928 and 66,992
3. Leading zeros are NOT significant. They're nothing
What is a factorial? more than "place holders." The number 0.69 has only
TWO significant figures. 0.0057 also has TWO significant
A factorial denoted as 𝑛! , represents the product of all figures. All of the zeros are leading.
positive integers from 1 to n, inclusive.
4. Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal ARE
Example: 𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) … 3,2,1 significant. There are FOUR significant figures in 92.00.
5. Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal
If 𝑛 = 0, by definition: shown ARE significant. Placing a decimal at the end of a
number is usually not done. By convention, however,
(𝑛!)(𝑛 + 1) = (𝑛 + 1)! → Recursion Formula this decimal indicates a significant zero.
(0!)(0 + 1) = (0 + 1)!
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 14

For example, "150." indicates that the trailing zero IS How to convert temperature in degree Celsius to
significant; there are THREE significant figures in this degree Fahrenheit and vice versa?
value.
The unit “Celsius” was named after the Swedish
astronomer, Anders Celsius (1701 – 1744). In this unit of
6. Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal
temperature, the boiling point and freezing point are
shown are NOT significant. Writing just "150" indicates
100 degrees and 0 degree, respectively
that the zero is NOT significant, and there are only TWO
significant figures in this value. The unit “Fahrenheit” was named after the German
physicist, Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit (1686 – 1736). In
7. For a number in scientific notation: N x 10x, all digits this unit of temperature, the boiling point and freezing
comprising N ARE significant by the first 6 rules; "10" point are 212 degrees and 32 degrees, respectively.
and "x" are NOT significant. 5.02 x 104 has THREE
significant figures: "5.02." "10 and "4" are not
significant.

What are the forms of approximation?

There are two forms of approximations, namely

rounding and truncation.

Rounding of a number means replacing the number

with another number having fewer significant decimal
digits, or for integer number, fewer value-carrying (non-
zero) digits.

Examples:
3.14159 shall be rounded up to 3.1416
Rojas, Romeo, et.al. (2010). 1001 SOLVED PROBLEM IN ENGINEERING
3.12354 shall be rounded down to 3.1235 MATHEMATICS. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, India: S. Chand & Co.

Truncation refers to the dropping of the next digits in By ratio and proportion:
order to obtain the degree of accuracy beyond the need 𝐶−0 𝐹 − 32
of practical calculations. This is just the same as =
100 − 0 212 − 32
rounding down and truncated values will always have 𝐶 𝐹 − 32
=
values lower than the exact values. 100 180
100
𝐶= 𝐹 − 32
Example: 3.1415 is truncated to 3 decimal 3.141 180
𝟓
𝑪 = 𝑭 − 𝟑𝟐 or
𝟗
𝟗
What is a conversion? 𝑭 = 𝑪 + 𝟑𝟐
𝟓
Sample Problems:
Conversion is the process of getting the equivalent
value in another unit of measure of a certain value with 1. Convert 45°C to °F.
a different given unit of measure.
Solution:
9
Most conversions can be done conveniently by using a 𝐹 = 𝐶 + 32
5
prepared conversion table while other conversion can 9
be done through mathematical computations using 𝐹 = 45°𝐶 + 32
5
formulas. F = 45°C
2. At what temperature will the Centigrade
scale and the Fahrenheit scale will have the
same reading?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 15

Solution: For same reading, F = C The radian is an angle subtended by an arc equal to the
9 length
The of the
radian radius
is an ofsubtended
angle the circle. by an arc equal to the
𝐹 = 𝐶 + 32
5 length of the radius
9 The following is aoftabulation
the circle. of the unit of angle
𝐹 = F + 32 measurement
The following and
is a the corresponding
tabulation of the value
unit ofin angle
one
5
0.8F = -32 revolution:
measurement and the corresponding value in one
F = -40°C revolution:
Unit 1Revolution
Degree
Unit 1360
Revolution
How to convert temperature in degree Celsius or
Radian
Degree 2𝜋
360
degree Fahrenheit to absolute temperature?
Grad
Radian 40
2𝜋
Mil
Grad 6400
40
Absolute temperature may be expressed in Kelvin or in
Rankine. Mil 6400
Sample Problems:
Kelvin was named after British physicist, William
Sample Problems:
1. How many mils are there in 90 degrees?
Thompson (1824 – 1902) the First Baron, Kelvin.
Solution:
1. How many mils are there in 90 degrees?
𝑥 90°
Rankine was named after Scottish engineer and Solution: =
physicist, William John Macquom Rankin (1820 – 6400𝑥mils 360°
90°
x = 1,600 =mils
1872). 6400 mils 360°
The formulas for conversion to absolute temperature 2. How many radians xis=equivalent
1,600 milsto 320 grads?
are as follows: Solution:
2. How many radians is equivalent to 320 grads?
𝑥 320 grads
Solution: =
°𝑲 = °𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑 °𝑹 = °𝑭 + 𝟒𝟗𝟎 2𝜋 radians
𝑥 400
320 grads
grads
x = 5.03 =radians
2𝜋 radians 400 grads
3. 145 degrees is equivalent to how many grads?
x = 5.03 radians
Sample Problems:
Solution:
3. 145 degrees is equivalent to how many grads?
𝑥 145°
1. Express the temperature of 60°C to absolute Solution: =
temperature. 400 grads
𝑥 360°
145°
=
x = 161.11 grads
Solution: 400 grads 360°
4. There are how many grads in 1200 mils?
°𝐾 = °𝐶 + 273 x = 161.11 grads
4. Solution:
There are how many grads in 1200 mils?
°𝐾 = 60°𝐶 + 273 𝑥 1200 mils
°𝑲 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑°𝑪 Solution: =
400 grads
𝑥 6400
1200 mils
mils
2. Express the temperature of 150 ° F to absolute x = 75 =grads
400 grads 6400 mils
temperature. x = 75 grads
Solution:
°𝑅 = °𝐹 + 490
°𝑅 = 150°𝐹 + 490
°𝑹 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎°𝑪

How to convert one unit of an angle to another unit?

There are four units commonly used to measure an
angle. They are degrees, radians, grads and mils.

The degree is the most commonly used measure of

an angle.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a ge | 16

Units Conversion Tables

Table 1: Math Notations and Prefixes (S.I. Units)
Prefix Symbol Factor Decimal
Yocto Septillionth Y 10-24 0.00000000000000000000001
Zepto Sextillionth Z 10-21 0.000000000000000000001
Atto Quintillionth A 10-18 0.000000000000000001
Femto Quadrillionth f 10-15 0.000000000000001
Pico Trillionth p 10-12 0.000000000001
Nano Billionth n 10-9 0.000000001
Micro Millionth µ 10-6 0.000001
Milli Thousandth m 10-3 0.001
Centi Hundredth C 10-2 0.01
Deci Tenth d 10-1 0.1
One 100 1
Deca Ten da 101 10
Hecto Hundred h 102 100
Kilo Thousand k 103 1000
Mega Million M 106 1000000
Giga Billion G 109 1000000000
Tera Trillion T 1012 1000000000000
Peta Quadrillion P 1015 100000000000000
Exa Quintillion E 1018 1000000000000000000
Zetta Sextillion Z 1021 1000000000000000000000
Yotta Septillion Y 1024 1000000000000000000000000

Table 2: Length Units

Millimeters Centimeters Meters Kilometers Inches Feet Yards Miles
mm cm m km in ft yd mi
1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.03937 0.003281 0.001094 6.21e-07
10 1 0.01 0.00001 0.393701 0.032808 0.010936 0.000006
1000 100 1 0.001 39.37008 3.28084 1.093613 0.000621
1000000 100000 1000 1 39370.08 3280.84 1093.613 0.621371
25.4 2.54 0.0254 0.000025 1 0.083333 0.027778 0.000016
304.8 30.48 0.3048 0.000305 12 1 0.333333 0.000189
914.4 91.44 0.9144 0.000914 36 3 1 0.000568
1609344 160934.4 1609.344 1.609344 63360 5280 1760 1

Table 3: Area Units

Millimeter Centimeter Meter Inch Foot Yard
square square square square square square
mm2 cm2 m2 in2 ft2 yd2
1 0.01 0.000001 0.00155 0.000011 0.000001
100 1 0.0001 0.155 0.001076 0.00012
1000000 10000 1 1550.003 10.76391 1.19599
645.16 6.4516 0.000645 1 0.006944 0.000772
92903 929.0304 0.092903 144 1 0.111111
836127 8361.274 0.836127 1296 9 1
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a ge | 17

Table 4: Volume Units

Centimeter Meter Liter Inch cube Foot cube US gallons Imperial US barrel
cube cube Gallons (oil)
cm3 m3 ltr in3 ft3 US gal Imp. gal US brl
1 0.000001 0.001 0.61024 0.000035 0.000264 0.00022 0.000006
1000000 1 1000 61024 35 264 220 6.29
1000 0.001 1 61 0.035 0.264201 0.22 0.00629
16.4 0.000016 0.016387 1 0.000579 0.004329 0.003605 0.000103
28317 0.028317 28.31685 1728 1 7.481333 6.229712 0.178127
3785 0.003785 3.79 231 0.13 1 0.832701 0.02381
4545 0.004545 4.55 277 0.16 1.20 1 0.028593
158970 0.15897 159 9701 6 42 35 1

Table 5: Mass Units

Grams Kilograms Metric Tonnes Short ton Long ton Pounds Ounces
g kg tonne shton Lton lb oz
1 0.001 0.000001 0.000001 9.84e-07 0.002205 0.035273
1000 1 0.001 0.001102 0.000984 2.204586 35.27337
1000000 1000 1 1.102293 0.984252 2204.586 35273.37
907200 907.2 0.9072 1 0.892913 2000 32000
1016000 1016 1.016 1.119929 1 2239.859 35837.74
453.6 0.4536 0.000454 0.0005 0.000446 1 16
28 0.02835 0.000028 0.000031 0.000028 0.0625 1

Table 6: Density Units

Gram/milliliter Kilogram/meter cube Pound/foot cube Pound/inch cube
g/ml kg/m3 lb/ft3 lb/in3
1 1000 62.42197 0.036127
0.001 1 0.062422 0.000036
0.01602 16.02 1 0.000579
27.68 27680 1727.84 1

Table 7: Volumetric Liquid Flow Units

Liter/second Liter/minute Meter Foot Foot US US barrels
cube/hour cube/minute cube/hour gallons/minute (oil)/day
l/sec l/min m3/hr ft3/min ft3/hr gal/min US brl/d
1 60 3.6 2.119093 127.1197 15.85037 543.4783
0.01666 1 0.06 0.035317 2.118577 0.264162 9.057609
0.277778 16.667 1 0.588637 35.31102 4.40288 150.9661
0.4719 28.31513 1.69884 1 60 7.479791 256.4674
0.007867 0.472015 0.02832 0.01667 1 0.124689 4.275326
0.06309 3.78551 0.227124 0.133694 8.013383 1 34.28804
0.00184 0.110404 0.006624 0.003899 0.2339 0.029165 1
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a ge | 18

Table 8: Volumetric Gas Flow Unit

Normal meter cube/hour Standard cubic feet/hour Standard cubic feet/minute
nm3/hr scfh scfm
1 35.31073 0.588582
0.02832 1 0.016669
1.699 59.99294 1

Table 9: Mass Flow Unit

Kilogram/hour Pound/hour Kilogram/second Ton/hour
kg/hr lb/hour kg/s t/h
1 2.2044586 0.000278 0.001
0.4536 1 0.000126 0.000454
3600 7936.508 1 3.6
1000 2204.586 0.27778 1

Table 10: High Pressure Units

Kilogram
Bar Pound/ Kilopascal Megapascal force/ Millimeter Atmosphere
Square inch Centimeter of mercury
square
Bar Psi kPa Mpa Kgf/cm2 Mm Hg atm
1 14. 50326 100 0.1 1.01968 750. 0188 0.987167
0.06895 1 6. 895 0.006895 0.070307 51. 71379 0.068065
0.01 0.1450 1 0.001 0.01020 7.5002 0.00987
10 145. 03 1000 1 10.197 7500.2 9.8717
0.9807 14.22335 98. 07 0.09807 1 735.5434 0.968115
0.001333 0.019337 0.13333 0.000133 0.00136 1 0.001316
1.013 14. 69181 101.3 0.1013 1. 032936 759.769 1

Table 11: Low Pressure Units

Meter of water Foot of water Centimeter of Inches of Inches of water Pascal
mercury mercury
mH2O ftH2o cmHg inHg inH2O Pa
1 3.280696 7. 356339 2.896043 39. 36572 9806
0.304813 1 2.242311 0.882753 11.9992 2989
0.135937 0.445969 1 0.39368 5.351265 1333
0.345299 1.13282 2.540135 1 13.59293 3386
0.025403 0.083339 0.186872 0.073568 1 249.1
0.000102 0.000335 0.00075 0.000295 0.004014 1
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a ge | 19

Table 12: Speed Units

Meter/second Meter/minute Kilometer/hour Foot/second Foot/minute Miles/hour
m/s m/min Km/h ft/s ft/min mi/h
1 59.988 3.599712 3.28084 196.8504 2.237136
0.01667 1 0.060007 0.054692 3.281496 0.037293
0.2778 16.66467 1 0.911417 54.68504 0.621477
0.3048 18.28434 1.097192 1 60 0.681879
0.00508 0.304739 0.018287 0.016667 1 0.011365
0.447 26.81464 1.609071 1.466535 87.99213 1

Table 13: Torque Units

Newton meter Kilogram force meter Foot pound Inch pound
Nm Kgfm Ftlb Inlb
1 0.101972 0.737561 8.850732
9.80665 1 7.233003 86.79603
1.35582 0.138255 1 12

Table 14: Dynamic Viscosity Units

Centipoise* Poise Pound/foot·second
cp poise lb/(ft·s)
1 0.01 0.000672
100 1 0.067197
1488.16 14.8816 1

Table 15: Kinematic Viscosity Units

Centistoke* Stoke Foot square/second meter square/second
cs St ft2/s m2/s
1 0.01 0.000011 0.000001
100 1 0.001076 0.0001
92903 929.03 1 0.092903
1000000 10000 10.76392 1
*note: centistokes x specific gravity = centipoise
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 20

WORKSHEET 1: SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Name: _____________________________________ Date:
Year & Block: _______________________________ Score:

I. Determine the number of significant figures in each of the following.

a. 0.982 x 10−9
b. 20.4 x 105
c. 2,000,000
d. 400.01
e. 96
f. 0.000000046
g. 3100.00 x 102
h. 1362.1
i. 3469.
j. 0.001900

II. Convert each into scientific notation with four significant figures.
a. 1362205.2
b. 660.913
c. 12,413
d. 0.0000912634
e. 92081.021 x 102

III. Perform the following operations. Answers must be in proper significant figures.
a. 4.53 x 105 + 2.2 x 106
b. 6.188 x 10−45 + (4.72 x 10−44 )
c. 4.25 x 10−3 − (1.6 x 10−2 )
d. 1913.0 − (4.6 x 103 )
e. 8.195 x 1076  (1.25 x 1056 )
f. 4.44 x 107  (2.25 x 105 )
g. 2.5 x 109 (6.45 x 104 )
h. 3.5 x 102 (6.45 x 1010 )

IV. Round each of the following to three significant numbers

a. 18.95 x 1021
b. 0.00023350
c. 876,493
d. 5.447
e. 120,000
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 21

WORKSHEET 2: CONVERSION
Name: _____________________________________ Date:
Year & Block: _______________________________ Score:

1. A child is prescribed a dosage of 12mg of a certain drug per day and is allowed to refill his prescription twice. If
there are 60 tablets in a prescription and each tablet has 4mg, how many doses are in the 3 prescriptions
(original+2refills)?

2. Johnny uses 40 grams of cheese in each pizza he makes. How many kilograms of cheese does Johnny need to
make 28 pizzas?

3. Trudy wants to surround her garden on all four sides with fencing. Her rectangular garden is 270 cm x 130 cm.
How many meters of fencing will she need?

4. Convert 80K to Celsius and Fahrenheit.

5. Convert -40°F to Celsius degrees.

EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 22

6. Convert 4,000 mils in degrees.

7. 90 degrees is equivalent to how many grads?

8. How many radians are there in 2,500 mils?

9. Rhea is in training, she is to drink 500 milliliters of water 4 times per day. How many liters of water will that be for
one week?

10. A student averaged 45 miles/hour on a trip. What was the student’s speed in feet per second?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 23

Chapter 2
7. Multiplication Property of Zero
FUNDAMENTALS IN ALGEBRA a (0) = 0
The properties of equality of integers: Consider a, b, and
What are the properties of integers?
c as integers or real numbers or variables of an algebraic
Integers have special properties. Computations of expression.
integers will become easier by understanding these 1. Reflexive Property
special properties. The commutative property, for
a=a
instance, allows you to change the order of adding or 2. Symmetric Property
multiplying while the associative property allows you to
If a = b, then b = a
change grouping.
3. Transitive Property
The Properties of Addition of Integers: If a = b and b = c, then a = c
4. Substitution Property
1. Closure Property If a = b, then a can be replaced by b in
a + b = integer any expression involving a.
2. Commutative Property 5. Addition/ Subtraction Property
a+b=b+a If a = b, then a + c =b + c
3. Associative Property If a = b, then a – c = b – c
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) 6. Multiplication/ Division Property
4. Identity Property If a = b, then ac = bc
a+0=a 𝑎 𝑏
If a = b, then 𝑐 = with c ≠ 0
The number 0 is called the additive identity. 𝑐

5. Inverse Property 7. Cancellation Property

a + (-a) = 0 If a + c = b + c. then a = b
The number 0 is called the additive inverse. If ac = bc and c ≠ 0, then a = b
6. Distributive Property
a (b + c) = ab + ac The Properties of Zero:
Consider a, b and c as integers or real numbers or
The Properties of Multiplication of Integers: variables of an algebraic expression.
1. Closure Property 1. a + 0 = a and a – 0 = a
ab = integer 2. a (0) = 0
2. Commutative Property 3.
0
= 0, with a ≠ 0
a
ab = ba a
4. is undefined
3. Associative Property 0
If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0. This is known as
(ab) c = a(bc)
Zero-Factor Property.
4. Indentity Property
a+1=a
The number 1 is called the multiplicative What is an exponent?
identity
Exponent is a number that gives the power to which a
5. Inverse Property
base is raised. For example, in 32, the base is 3 and the
a (1Τ𝑎) = 1 exponent is 2.
The number (1Τ𝑎) is called the multiplicative inverse.
Exponent should not be misunderstood as “power”, power
6. Distributive Property
is a word that is almost never used in its correct, original
a (b + c) = ab + ac
sense anymore. Strictly speaking, if we write 32 = 9, then 3
is the base, 2 is the exponent and 9 is the power. But
almost everyone, including most mathematician would say
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 24

𝑛 3
that 3 is the power and that “power” and “exponent” 𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 50 3 50 3
𝑛 = 𝑏
,b≠0 3 = 10
= 5
𝑏 10
mean the same thing. The misuse has probably come 3 4
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛 12
from a misunderstanding of statements such “nine” is 𝑎= 𝑎 15 = 15
5
the second power of three. ( 𝑛 𝑎)𝑛 = a ( 2𝑥)5 = 2x
𝑛 4
𝑎𝑛 = |a| (−12)4 = |-12|
The exponential notation states that if a is a real = 12
number, variable or algebraic expression and n is a (For n = even no.)
positive number, then: 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = |a|
3
(−12)3 = -12
an = a ∙ a ∙ a ∙ a ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ (For n = odd no.)

What is a surd?
n factors
Surd is a radical expression an irrational number. The
The Properties of Exponents with Corresponding surd is described after the index of the radical. For
Examples: 3
example, 3 is a quadratic surd, 3 is a cubic surd, ,
4
3 is a quartic surd and so on.
Property Example
𝑎𝑚 + 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 x2 + x3 = x2+3 = x5 What are the different types of surds?
𝑎𝑚 𝑥8
𝑎𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 𝑥3
= = x8-3 x5
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛 Pure surd, sometimes called an entire surd contains no
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 (𝑦 ) = 𝑦12
6 2
rational number and all its terms are surds.
(𝑎𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑛 (2𝑥)4 = 24 𝑥 4 = 16𝑥 4
𝑎 𝑎𝑚 𝑚 2 24 16 Example: 3 + 2
( )𝑚 = ( ) ( )4 = =
𝑏 𝑏𝑚 𝑥 𝑥4 𝑥4
𝑚 5
𝑛 3
𝑎 =𝑛 𝑎𝑚 (4𝑥) = (4𝑥)5
3 Mixed surd is a surd that contains at least one rational
1 1 5
𝑎−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 −5 = 𝑥 5 number. 3 is a mixed surd because 5 is a rational
𝑎0 = 1 (a ≠ 0) (𝑥 2 + 2)0 = 1 number while 3 is a surd.

What is a radical? Binomial surd is an expression of two terms with at least

one term a surd.
Radical refers to the symbol that indicates a root, √. It
Example: 5 + 2
was first used in 1525 by Christoff Rudolf in his Die
Cross. Trinomial surd is an expression of three terms with at
least two of them are surds and cannot be expressed as
In the expression, 𝑛 𝑎, n is called the index, a (the a single surd, otherwise it will become a binomial surd.
expression inside the symbol) is called the radical and
while the symbol √ is called radical. Example: 5 + 2 + 3

What is a special product?

Property Example Special products are the expressions where the values
𝑛 𝑛 𝑚 3 2
𝑎𝑚 = ( 𝑎) 82 = 2 can be obtained without execution of long
3
82 = 4 multiplication.
𝑛 𝑛 3 3
𝑎∙𝑛 𝑎= 𝑎𝑏 5 ∙ 675
With x, y, and z as real numbers or variables or algebraic
= 3 (5)(675) expression, the following are the special products.
3
= 3375 = 15
1. Sum and difference of same terms or Difference
of two squares
(x + y) (x - y) = x2 – y2
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 25

𝑥=9
2. Square of binomial
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 To solve for the first number, substitute x = 9:
(x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2
3. Cube of binomial 3𝑥 → 3(9)
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2 + 3xy2 + y2
𝒙 = 𝟐𝟕 (first number)
(x – y)3 = x3 – 3x2 + 3xy2 – y2
4. Difference of two cubes To solve for the second number, substitute x = 9:
x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)
5. Sum of two cubes 4𝑥 → 4(9)
x3 + y3 = (x – y)(x2 – xy + y2)
𝒙 = 𝟑𝟔 (second number)
6. Square of Trinomial
(x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz What is a least common denominator (LCD)?
Least common denominator (LCD) refers to the product
What is a proportion? of several prime numbers occurring in the
Proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal. denominators, each taken with its greatest multiplicity.

Properties of Proportion Sample Problems:

1.
𝑎 𝑥
If 𝑦 = 𝑑 , then a : x = y : d What is the least common denominator of 8, 9, 12, and
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
15?
2. If 𝑏 = 𝑑 ,then 𝑐 = 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑 Solution:
3. If 𝑏 = 𝑑 , then 𝑐 = 𝑐
4. If
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
= , then 𝑏 = 𝑑 8 = 23
𝑏 𝑑 9 = 32
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
5. If = , then 𝑏 = 𝑑
𝑏 𝑑 12 = 3 ∙ 22
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑 15 = 3 ∙ 5
6. If = , then 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑐−𝑑
𝑏 𝑑
LCD = 23 (32) (5)
LCD = 360
In number (1), quantities a and c are called
extremes while x and y are called means. If x = y,
What is the least common multiple (LCM)?
then its value is known as mean proportional. In the
ratio x/y, the first term x is called the antecedent A common multiple is a number that two other
while the second term y is called the consequent. numbers will divide into evenly. The least common
multiple (LCM) is the lowest multiple of two numbers.
extremes antecedent

Sample Problems:
a:x=y:d 𝑎
a:x=𝑥
What is the least common multiple of 15 and 16?
means
consequent
Solution:
Sample Problem:
15 = 3 ∙ 5
Two numbers are in the ratio 3:4. If the sum of numbers 18 = 32 ∙ 2
is 63, find the numbers. LCM = 32 (5)(2)
Solution: LCM = 90

Let 3x be the first number

4x be the second the number

3𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 63
 EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 26

What is a greatest common factor (GCF)?

What is a Factor Theorem?
A factor is a number that divides into a larger number
evenly. The greatest common factor (GCF) is the largest Factor Theorem states that if a polynomial is divided
number that divides into two or more numbers evenly.
by (x – k) will result to a remainder of zero, then the
Sample Problems: value of (x – k) is a factor of the polynomial.

What is the greatest common factor of 70 and 112?

Both remainder theorem and factor theorem were
Solution: suggested by a French Mathematician, Etienne Bezout
(1730-1783).
70 = 2 ∙ 5 ∙ 7

112 = 2 ∙ 7 Sample Problem:

Common factors are 2 and 7. Find the value of k so that 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of

3𝑥 3 + 𝑘𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4 = 0.
GCF = 2 (7)

GCF= 14 Solution:
𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑟 where: 𝑥 = −2
What is a Remainder Theorem? 𝑓 −2 = 3(−2)3 + 𝑘 −2 2 + 2 −2 − 4
𝒌=𝟖
Remainder Theorem states that if a polynomial in an
unknown quantity x is divided by a first degree
expression in the same variable, (x – k), where k may be
any real number or complex number, the remainder to
be expected ill be equal to the sum obtained when the
numerical value of k is substituted for x in the
polynomial. Thus,

Remainder = f(x)
x k
Example:

What is the remainder of 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2, when it was

divided by 𝑥 − 1 ?

Solution:
According to the remainder theorem, the remainder
can be computed by substituting 𝑥 = 1 in 𝑓(𝑥).

𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2
𝑓 𝑥1 = 3(1)2 − 𝑥 + 2
𝑓 1 =4

Therefore, the remainder of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 was 4.

EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 27

WORKSHEET 3: FUNDAMENTALS IN ALGEBRA

Name: Date:
Year & Block: Score:

1. Simplify the following:

a. 4 36x 2 y 3 z 4
3 27x4
b. y
x+ y
c. x− y
3 2 0
d. (u v )
56x5 y5
e. 7xy
24x3 (4−x)
f. 18x(4−x)
2x2 −18x
g. 4x −32x2 −36x
3

2. Perform the indicated operations and reduce answers to lowest terms.

7x+4 3x−2
a. x2 +3x+2
− x2 +3x+2
x2 −1 x+1
b. x+2
÷ x2−4
4x 3 2
c. x2 −y2
+
x+y
−
x−y
2x+6 x+2
d. ( )( )
5x+10 x2 +4x+3

3. The expression 4x 2 − kx + 7 leaves a remainder of -2 when divided by x − 3. Determine the value of k.

4. If x − 1 divides the polynomial kx 3 − 2x 2 + 25x − 26 without remainder, then find the value of k.

5. Find the remainder when 8x 2 + 5x + 1 is divisible by x − 10.

EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 28

Chapter 3 What is a system of three linear equations?

QUADRATIC EQUATION AND LOGARITHMS A system of three linear equations in three variables is
solved by eliminating one unknown from any two of the
What is a Linear Equation?
equations and then eliminating the same unknown from
any other pairs of equations. Linear equations in the
A linear equation in one variable has the form
variables x, y, z are of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑, where
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants. The solution a, b, c and d are real numbers and not all three of a, b,
of this equation is given by 𝑥 = −
𝑏 and care zero.
𝑎
What is a Quadratic Equation?
Solution: 𝑥 + 8 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑥 − 6 Quadratic is an expression or an equation that contains
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 = −6 + 2 − 8 the variable squared, but not raised to any higher
power. Quadratic equation in x contains x2 but not x3
−4𝑥 = −12, divide both sides by − 4
The general quadratic equation is expressed as:
Thus, 𝑥 = 3
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
What are Systems of Linear Equations?
where, A, B, and C are real numbers and with A ± 0.
A linear equation in two variables x and y is of the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constants and 𝑎, 𝑏 are When B = 0, quadratic equation is known as a pure
not both zero. quadratic equation.

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 A quadratic equation in x is also known as second-degree

polynomial equation.
We say that we have two simultaneous linear equations
in two unknowns or a system of two linear equations in The solution to a quadratic equation is either by factoring
two unknowns. A pair of values for 𝑥 and 𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑦 , which or by the use of the quadratic formula.
satisfies both equations is called a simultaneous solution
of the given equations. The following is the quadratic formula:
−𝐵± 𝐵2 −4𝐴𝐶
Thus, the simultaneous solution of 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 and x=
2𝐴
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 is (5,2).
−𝑏 + 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 − 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
What are the methods of solving two linear equations? 𝑥1 = and 𝑥2 =
2𝑎 2𝑎
1. ELIMINATION METHOD – Solution by addition or
The quantity 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 in the above equation is known
subtraction. If necessary, multiply the given
as the discriminant. The discriminant will determine the
equations by such numbers as will make the
coefficients of one unknown in the resulting nature of the roots of the quadratic equation.
equations numerically equal. If the signs of the
equal coefficients are unlike, add the resulting The table below shows the value of the discriminant and
equations; if like, subtract them. its corresponding nature of roots.
2. SUBSTITUTION METHOD – Solution by Nature of roots
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
substitution. Find the value of one unknown in
either of the given equations and substitute this 0 Only one root
value in the other equation. (Real and equal)
3. GRAPHING METHOD – Graph both equations, >0 Real and unequal
obtaining two straight lines. The simultaneous <0 Imaginary and unequal
solution is given by the coordinates (x,y) of the (Complex Conjugates)
point of intersection of these lines.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 29

Test of factoring:
Binomial Pascals Triangle
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is factorable if,
(x + y)0
1
a. b2 − 4ac = 0 (x + y)1
1 1
b. b2 − 4ac = perfect square (x + y)2 1 2 1
(x + y)3 1 3 3 1
The sum and product of the roots of a quadratic
(x + y)4 1 4 6 4 1
equation can be solved even without using factoring or
(x + y)5 1 5 10 10 5 1
quadratic formulas as long as the general equation is
(x + y)6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
given.
The following are the properties of the roots of a
quadratic equation: Another way to determine the coefficient of any term
in the binomial expansion is to use the formula:
Let r1 and r2 be the roots of a quadratic equation:
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇
C=
Sum of the roots: 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇+1

When the two roots are multiplied, the result is: Where: C = coefficient of any term
𝐵
r1 + r2 = − 𝐴 PT = preceding term

Product of the roots: The rth term of the binomial expansion of (x + y)n may be
calculated using the following formulas:
When the two roots are multiplied, the result is:
𝐶 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 …(𝑛−𝑟+2) n-r
r1 - r2 = 𝐴 rth = x y
𝑟−1 !

What is a Binomial Theorem? Sum of the coefficients of the expansion of (x + y)n:

Binomial is an expression containing two terms joined Sum = (Coeff. of x + coeff. of y)n
Sum of exponents of the expansion of (x + y)n :
by either + or –
Sum= n(n + 1)
Binomial theorem gives the result of raising a binomial
expression to a certain power. The expansion and the Sample Problem:
series it leads to are called the binomial expansion and What is the numerical coefficient of the term next to
the binomial series, respectively. 495𝑥 8 𝑦 4 ?
The binomial theorem is expressed as follows : Solution:
𝑛(𝑛−1) n-2 2
(x + y)n = xn + nxn-1y + x y + …ꓺ.. nxn-1y + yn 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇
2! C=
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑇+1
Binomial coefficient is a coefficient pf x in the expansion 495(8)
of (x + y)n . The binomial coefficient nCm gives the 𝐶= = 𝟕𝟗𝟐
number of ways of picking m outcomes (not in any 4+1
particular order) from n possible outcomes.
What is a Degree of a Polynomial or Equation?
The binomial coefficient forms the rows of Pascal’s
triangle. Degree of a polynomial or equation with only one
variable refers to the exponent of the variable. For a
In Italy, this triangular pattern is known as Tartagila’s polynomial or equation that contains two or more
triangle while in many parts of Asia, it is referred to as variables in a single term.
Yang Hul’s triangle.
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 30

Example: as the modulus of logarithm is necessary of logarithm is

necessary, such as:
1. What is the degree of the monomial 7x5.
Answer: 5 log x = 0.4343ln x lnx = 2.3026logx
2. What is the degree of the polynomial
The coefficients 0.4343lnx and 2.3026 are the referred
3x4y – 2x3z4 + 7yz5?
Answer: 7 to as the modulus of logarithm.
7 is the sum of 3 and 4 in the second term. What are the Properties of Logarithms?
What is a Logarithm? 1. log(xy) = log x + log y (Product)
𝑥
The logarithm of a number or variable x to base b, 2. log 𝑦
= log x – log y (Quotient)
logbx, is the exponent of b needed to give x. 3. xn
log = n log x (Power)
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
4. logbx =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥
5. log x = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝐵

Log2 16 = 4 may be written as 24 = 16 6. logaa = 1

Examples:

The term “logarithm” comes from Greek words, “logus” a. Write log10 𝑥 + 8 = 3 in its exponential form.
meaning “ratio” and “arithmus” meaning “number”.
Answer: 103 = (𝑥 + 8)
John Napler (1550 – 1617) invented logarithm in 1614
using e = 2.718… for its base. Logarithm with base e
b. Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite the
(log0 or ln) is called the natural logarithm or Naplerean expression as a single logarithm.
logarithm. In 1616, through the suggestion of John
Napier, Henry Briggs (1561 0 1630), a professor of 4 log 𝑏 𝑥 + 2 − 3 log 𝑏 (𝑥 − 5)
Geometry at Gresham College in London, improved the
logarithm using 10 as the base. The logarithm with base Solution:
10 is known as common logarithm or the Briggsian
logarithm. 4 log 𝑏 𝑥 + 2 − 3 log 𝑏 (𝑥 − 5)
= log 𝑏 𝑥 + 2 4 − log 𝑏 𝑥 − 5 3
The number “e” which is the base of the natural Power Property
logarithm is known as Euler’s number, named after the (𝑥+2)4
= log 𝑏 (𝑥−5)3 Quotient Property
Swiss mathematician, Leonhard Euler (1707 – 1783)
and is defined as,
1 𝑛
e = lim 1 + 𝑛
𝑛→∞

Binary logarithm (denoted as lb) is a logarithm with a

base value of 2.

Relation between natural logarithm and common

logarithm:

The natural logarithm can be converted into a common

logarithm and vice versa. To obtain this, a factor known
 EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 31

WORKSHEET 4: QUADRATIC EQUATION AND LOGARITHM

Name: Date:
Year & Block: Score: __________________________________

1. Solve the following quadratic equation by factoring. x2 − 5x − 14=0.

2. Solve the quadratic equation (2x + 7) (3x - 8) + 52 = 0, using the quadratic formula.

3. Find out the nature of roots of the equation 3x2 + 4x + 6 = 0.

4. Use the binomial theorem to expand (2x + 3)4.

5. What is the coefficient for x3 in (2x+4)8?

EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 32

6. Find the 7th term of (x + y)17.

7. What is the degree of the following polynomial 11x9+10x5+11?

8. Write 75 =16807 in logarithmic form.

9. Without using a calculator determine the exact value of log 1 16 .

4

10. Solve the logarithmic equation. log 2 𝑥 + 2 + log 2 3 = log 2 27 .

EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 33

Chapter 4

APPLICATIONS OF ALGEBRA
Age Problem 65%
Alcohol
One of the most common problems in Algebra is the age The entire
problem. This type of problems must be solved mixture
meticulously by giving more emphasis to tenses (i.e.
past, present or future) of the statement. 35 %
Gasoline
Example:
The ages of a certain person in the past, present and
future in terms of x are as follows: V = 5m3

The quantity of alcohol is (0.65)(5) = 3.25 cubic meters

6 years ago Present 5 years hence
while that of gasoline is (0.35)(5) = 1.75 cubic meters.
x–6 x x+5
Digit Problems
Work Problem
Suppose that a person can do a certain work in 5 days. Let h, t and u be the hundreds, tens, and units digit
This means that the said person can finish 1/5 of the respectively. A three-digit number must be represented
work in one day. Thus, his rate is 1/5 of the work per in the following manner.
day.
Example: Number = (h)(100) + (t)(10) + (u)
If 20 bakers can bake 40 pizzas in 8 hours, how many
bakers can bake 10 pizzas in 2 hours? A two-digit number is represented by:

Solution: Number = (t)(10) + (u)

Get the rate (in man-hour) of baking a pizza. Motion Problems

(20 𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠)(8 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠) In Algebra, the problems pertaining to motion deals only
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
40 𝑝𝑖𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑠 with a uniform velocity, i.e., no acceleration or
deceleration in the process. The following is the
(4𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟) relationship between the distance, time, and velocity.
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑝𝑖𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑠
Time = 0 Time = t
V
That means that to bake a pizza, you need either 4
bakers to work in 1 hour or 1 baker to work in 4 hours.
D
4 𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟−ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 10 𝑝𝑖𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑠
No. of bakers = ( )( )
𝑝𝑖𝑧𝑧𝑎 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
= 20 bakers
𝐷 𝐷
D = Vt V= t=𝑉
Mixture Problems 𝑡

The easiest way to solve a mixture problem is to draw a

rectangle or square which will illustrate the content of Sample Problem:
the mixture as shown in the following illustration. A motorist is traveling from town A to town B at 60 kph
Consider a 5 cubic meter mixture containing 65% and returns from town B to town A at 30 kph. What is
alcohol and 35% gasoline. his average velocity for the roundtrip?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 34

Solution: Let V1 = 60 and V2 = 30, then

Coin Problems
2 2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝒑𝒉
1 1 1 1 Problems in Algebra about coins are more focus on the
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 60 + 30 dollar denomination than local Philippe currency.

Relative velocity The following are equivalent value for each coin.
Relative velocity (VR) – is the vector sum of the objects
velocity and the other’s velocity affecting it

𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑂 ± 𝑉𝑊 𝑑 = 𝑉𝑟 𝑡

𝑑 𝑑 Penny Nickel
𝑉𝑟 = 𝑡= 1 cent 5 cents
𝑡 𝑉𝑟

where:

𝑉𝑅 = relative velocity

𝑉𝑂 = velocity of the object such as boat and airplane Quarter

Dime
+𝑉𝑊 = velocity of the water/wind that affects the 25 cents
10 cents
velocity of the object when it is going downstream or
along the direction of the wind

−𝑉𝑊 = velocity of the water/wind that affects the

velocity of the object when it is going upstream or
against the direction of the wind

Sample Problem: Half Dollar

50 Cents
A boat travels downstream 2/3 of the time as it goes https://courses.lumenlearning.com/prealgebra/chapter/solve-money-applications/
going upstream. If the velocity of the river’s current is 8
Sample Problem:
kph, determine the velocity of the boat in still water.
A coin collector had a collection of silver coins worth
Solution: $205. There were 5 times as many quarters as half-
dollars, and 200 fewer dimes than quarters. How many
Let x be the velocity of the boat in still water dimes did the collector have?
x + 8 be the velocity of the boat travelling
downstream Solution: Let q = no. of quarter dollar coins
x – 8 be the velocity of the boat travelling upstream d = no. of dimes
h = no. of half dollar coins
2 $0.25𝑞 + $0.5ℎ + $0.10𝑑 = $205 → eq. 1
𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑡
3 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑑 2 𝑑
= ( ) Since:𝑞 = 5ℎ and 𝑑 = 𝑞 − 200, ℎ = then, 𝑑+20 → eq. 2
𝑥+8 3 𝑥−8 q = d + 200 → eq. 3 0 5
3(𝑥 − 8) = 2(𝑥 + 8)
3𝑥 − 24 = 2𝑥 + 16 Substituting eq. 2 and 3 to eq. 1 so;
𝑥 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝒑𝒉 (answer) 𝑑 + 200
$0.25(d + 200) + $0.5 ( ) + $0.10𝑑 = $205
5
Thus, 𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 (answer)
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 35

WORKSHEET 5 : APPLICATIONS OF ALGEBRA

Name: Date:
Year & Block: Score: __________________________________

1. Stella is 13 years younger than Kwame. Nine years from now, the sum of their ages will be 43. Find the present
age of each.

2. Phil is Tom's father. Phil is 35 years old. Three years ago, Phil was four times as old as his son was then. How old is
Tom now?

3. Molly can clean an attic in 10.6 hours. Jasmine can clean the same attic in 15 hours. If they worked together how
long would it take them?

4. Karl can clean a room in 3 hours. If his little sister Kyra helps, they can clean it in 2.4 hours. How long would it take
Kyra to do the job alone?

5. 9 lbs. of mixed nuts containing 55% peanuts were mixed with 6 lbs. of another kind of mixed nuts that contain
40% peanuts. What percent of the new mixture is peanuts?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 36

6. 7 L of an acid solution was mixed with 3 L of a 15% acid solution to make a 29% acid solution. Find the percent
concentration of the first solution.

7. If 8 is added to a product of nine and the numerical number, the sum is seventy-one. Find the unknown number.

8. Find the fraction such that if two is subtracted from its term, it becomes ¼, but if 4 is added to its terms it
becomes ½.

9. Leticia has 35 coins in nickels and quarters. In all, she has $4.15. How many of each kind of coin does she have?

10. Tamar has four more quarters than dimes. If he has a total of $1.70, how many quarters and dimes does he
have?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 37

Chapter 5

WORD PROBLEMS IN ALGEBRA Sample Problem:

At what time (in minutes), between 3 o’clock and 4
What is a clock problem? o’clock, both the needles will coincide each other?
A clock problem is a mathematical problem which focus
Solution:
on the relationship of the movements of the hands
(hour hand, minute hand, second hand) of the clock. At 3o’clock, the minute spaces between minute hand
This type of problem is a mechanical clock only and and hour hand is 15 minutes.
never for a digital clock.
To be coincident, the minute hand must gain 15 min.
The longest hand is the second hand while the shortest spaces.
is the hour hand. By the principle, the second hand (SH)
12
always moves faster than the minute hand (MH) and the 1 minute is gained in minutes.
11
minute hand always moves faster than the hour hand 15 minutes is gained in
12
= 15 x 11 minutes
(HH). The relation between the three hands of the clock 180
are as follows: = minutes
11
where: 4
= 16 minutes
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑀𝐻⁄12 SH is in number of 11

𝐻𝐻 = 𝑀𝐻⁄720 seconds 𝟒
MH is in number of So, the hands are coincident at 3 hours 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬.
𝑀𝐻 = 𝐻𝐻⁄ 12
minutes
Most of the problems in clock problem involved only the What is Variation Problem?
minute hand and the hour hand. The diagram shows the Variation problem are problem in Algebra which show
relation between movement of the minute and hour the relationship between the variables in terms of
hands. expressions such as “directly proportional or inversely
The earliest known clock problem was posed by
Jacques Ozanam in 1694
proportional”.

Direct Variation. The expression x varies directly as y is

expressed as follows

𝑥∝𝑦
The symbol varies (∝) is replaced by an equality symbol
and a constant of proportionality, K, hence:
𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦
Rojas, Romeo, et.al. (2010). 1001 SOLVED PROBLEM IN ENGINEERING
Example:
MATHEMATICS. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, India: S. Chand & Co.
The force F required to stretch a spring and its
There are three common questions in clock problems:
(1) time when the hands of the clock are together elongation, x, 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥. The constant of proportionality
(2)time when the hands of the clock are perpendicular here is also called the modulus of the spring or the
to each other spring constant.
(3) time when the hands of the clock form a straight line
The following are the distances between the hands of Inverse Variation. The expression x varies inversely as
the clock: the square of y is expressed as follows:
(1) Together = 0 1
(2) Perpendicular (90° to each other) = 15 minutes 𝑥=𝑘 2
𝑦
(3) Straight line (opposite each other) = 30 minutes
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 38

Example:
What is a Diophantine Equation?
Boyle’s Law: “When the temperature of a confined gas
is held constant, the pressure of the gas varies inversely A Diophantine Equation is an equation that has integers
as its absolute pressure. coefficients and for which integer solutions are
required. The best example of Diophantine equations
Ohm’s Law: “The current is directly proportional to the are those from Pythagorean Theorem,𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 ,
impressed emf and inversely to the resistance.” where a, b, and c all required to be whole numbers.

Despite its simple appearance, Diophantine equations

Joint Variation. The expression y varies jointly as x and
can be fantastically difficult to solve. A notorious
w is expressed as follows:
example comes from Fermat’s Last Theorem, which is a
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥𝑤 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐 𝑛 , where n > 2.

Combined Variation. Just as its name indicates, it is a Diophantine equations may refer to a system of
combination of two or more of the preceding variations. equations where the number of equations is one less
than the number of unknowns. These equations yield
Example:
whole numbers to its answers.
𝑀𝑚
Newton’s Law of Gravitation: 𝐹 = 𝐺
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑠2 Diophantine equations is named after a Greek
Coulomb’s Law: 𝐹 = 𝐺 mathematician, Diophantus of Alexandria (AD c200 -
𝑠2
𝑇𝐿 c284) who developed his own algebraic notation and is
𝜃=
𝐽𝐺 sometimes called as “Father of Algebra”
Sample Problem:
What is a sequence?
A sequence is a set or collection of numbers arranged in
If 𝑦 varies jointly with 𝑚 and 𝑛 and inversely with the
an orderly manner such that the preceding and the
square of 𝑑. If 𝑦 = 12 when 𝑚 = 3, 𝑛 = 8, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 2, find
following numbers are completely specified.
the constant 𝑘, then use 𝑘 to find 𝑦 when 𝑚 = −3, 𝑛 = 18,
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 3.
What is the difference between an infinite and a finite
sequence?
The equation that describes this variation is:
𝑦 = 12 𝑦 =? An Infinite sequence is a function whose domain is the
𝑚=3 𝑚 = −3 set of positive integers. If the domain of the function
𝑛=8 𝑛 = 18 consists of the first n positive integers only, then it is
𝑑=2 𝑑=3 said to be a finite sequence.
𝑘 =? 𝑘=2
1+3+5+7+9 finite sequence
𝑘𝑚𝑛 𝑘𝑚𝑛 1+3+5+7+9+⋯ infinite sequence
𝑦= 2 𝑦= 2
𝑑 𝑑 What is element?
𝑘(3)(8) 𝑘𝑚𝑛
12 = 𝑦= 2 Elements are the term used to describe the numbers in
22 𝑑
12 2 2 (2)(−3)(18) a given sequence. An element is sometimes called a
𝑘= 𝑦=
(3)(8) 32 term.
𝑘=2 𝑦 = 12
 EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 39

What is a series?
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
Series is the sum of the terms in a sequence. 𝑎45 = 9 45 − 1 7
𝒂𝟒𝟓 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗
What is an alternating series?
An alternating series has positive and negative terms What is Geometric Progression?
arranged alternately. A sequence is said to be a geometric progression if its
succeeding terms have common ratio.
What is the difference between a converging series
The corresponding sum of all the terms in geometric
and a divergent series?
progression is called as geometric series.
If an infinite series has finite sum, it is referred to as a
convergent series and divergent series if it has no sum
Also, there are only two formulas (i, e. last term and
at all.
sum) to remember and used in solving a problem in
geometric sequence.
What is a progression?
A progression is simply another term for a sequence.
Last term (nth term):
What are the types of progression? 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
Most common types of progression are.
Sum of all terms:
𝑛 𝑛
1. Arithmetic Progression (AP) 𝑆 = 𝑎1 (𝑟 −1)ൗ𝑟−1 or 𝑆 = 𝑎1 (1−𝑟 )ൗ1−𝑟
2. Geometric Progression (GP)
3. Harmonic Progression (HP) where: 𝑎1 = first term
𝑎𝑛 = last term (nth term)
What is an Arithmetic Progression? 𝑛 = number of terms
𝑎 𝑎
𝑟 = common ratio = 𝑎2 = 𝑎3 = ⋯
1 2
A sequence is to be in Arithmetic progression if its
succeeding terms have a common difference. Sample Problem:
In a geometric progression, 6th term is 24 and 13th term
The corresponding sum of all the terms in arithmetic
is 3/16 then find the 20th term of the sequence.
progression is called as arithmetic sequence.

Last term (nth term): Solution:

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 Let first term equal to “a” and common ratio is “r”
→ 𝑎6 = 24 and 𝑎13 = 3/16
Sum of all terms: → 𝑎6 = 𝑎𝑟 6−1 and 𝑎13 = 𝑎𝑟13−1
𝑆 = 𝑛Τ2 (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 ) or 𝑆 = 𝑛Τ2 [2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑] → 24 = 𝑎𝑟 5 and 3/16 = 𝑎𝑟12
3
→ 𝑟7 = 24
where: 𝑎1 = first term 16
𝑎𝑛 = last term (nth term) 1
→𝑟=
𝑛 = number of terms 2
𝑑 = common difference 5
1 5
24 = 𝑎𝑟 ; 24 = 𝑎( ) thus, a = 768
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 = ⋯ 2
𝑎𝟐𝟎 = (768)(1/2)19
Sample Problem: 𝟑
𝒂𝟐𝟎 =
𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖
Find the 45th term of the arithmetic sequence -9, -2, 5,
12, … What is an Infinite Geometric Progression?
Solution: 𝑎1 = −9 while the common difference is This type of progression is a geometric progression only
𝑑 = 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 45. Plug these values in the formula; that the number of terms (n) is extremely large or
infinity.
 EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 40

If r > 1, sum of all terms is infinite

If r < 1, the sum of all terms is
𝑎1
𝑆= ൗ1 − 𝑟

where: 𝑎1 = first term

𝑟 = common ratio
Sample Problem:
If the first term of an infinite geometric series is 4, and
the common ratio is 1/2, what is the sum?

Solution:
𝑎1 = 4
𝑟 =½
𝑎1
𝑆= ൗ1 − 𝑟
4
𝑆=
1
1−
2
S=8
What is Harmonic Progression?
A sequence of numbers whose reciprocals form an
arithmetic progression is known as harmonic
progression. In solving a problem, it would be wise to
convert all given terms into arithmetic sequence by
getting its reciprocal of the resulting value to obtain the
equivalent harmonic term for an answer.

Sample Problem:

Determine the 4th term of the harmonic progression

6,4,3,…

Solution:
Let us take the arithmetic progression from the given
harmonic progression.
1 1 1
Arithmetic Progression = 6 , 4 , 3
1
Common difference = 12
So, in order to find the 4th term of an Arithmetic
Progression, use the formula:
1 1
𝑎4 = 4−1 ( ቇ
6 12
𝟓
𝒂𝟒 =
𝟏𝟐
Since, H.P. is the reciprocal of an A.P.:
𝟏
Harmonic Progression =
𝟓
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 41

WORKSHEET 6 : WORD PROBLEMS ALGEBRA

Name: Date:
Year & Block: Score: __________________________________

1. What time after 1 o’clock will the hands of the clock be 100 degrees to each other for the first time?

2. What time after 7 o’clock will the hands of the clock be perpendicular to each other for the first time?

3. Determine the 7th term of given series 4,7,10.

4. The third term of a harmonic progression is 15 and the 9th term is 6. Find the 11th term.

5. A girl on a bicycle coast downhill covering 4ft the first second, 12 ft the second, and in general, 8ft more each
second than the previous second. If she reaches the bottom at the end of 14 seconds, how far did she coast?
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a ge | 42

Post-Test:
Instruction: Encircle the letter of the appropriate answer for each question below.

1. Round off 34. 2814 to four significant figures.

a. 34.281
b. 34.28
c. 34.0
d. 34. 2814

2. Write 0.000000035560 in scientific notation with three significant figures.

a. 3.5560 x 108
b. 3.56 x 108
c. 3.6 x 108
d. 3.556 x 108
3. Express decimally: Two Hundred-Thousandths.
a. 200,000
b. 0.002
c. 0.000002
d. 0.00002

4. The number 0.123123123123……is

a. Transcendental
b. Surd
c. Rational
d. Irrational

5. MCMXCIV is equivalent to what number?

a. 1974
b. 1994
c. 1984
d. 1964

6. How many degrees Celsius is 80 degrees Fahrenheit?

a. 2.667
b. 1.334
c. 26.67
d . 13.34

7. A room is 14 ft by 20 ft. How many square yards are in t the room?

a. 85.98 square yards
b. 110.32 square yards
c. 93.33 square yards
d. 79.69 square yards

8. What is the absolute value temperature of the freezing point of water in degree Rankine?
a. 0
b. 460
c. 492
d. 273
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 43

9. The ratio of the height of two buildings is 7 to 5. The first building is 210 feet tall. How tall is the second building?
a. 145 feet
b. 160 feet
c. 140 feet
d. 150 feet

10. The ratio of three numbers is 2:5:7. If 7 is subtracted from the second, the resulting numbers form an arithmetic
progression. Determine the smallest of the three numbers.
a. 70
b. 28
c. 21
d. 15

11. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1, then 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) is equal to

a. 1
b. 2x
c. x
d. 0
12. Solve for the value of x and y.
4x + 2y = 5
13x – 3y = 2

a. y = 1/2, x = 3/2
b. y = 3, x = 1
c. y = 2, x = 1
d. y = 3/2, x = ½
𝑥+1 2𝑥
13. Find the value of x in 3
+ 4 = 47 − 2𝑥.
a. 16.47
b. 19.02
c. 18.72
d. 16.74

14. Solve for the w from the following equations:

3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑤 = 11
𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 2𝑤 = −9
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑤 = −6

a. 4
b. 3
c. -3
d. -4
−3
𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 −2 (𝑥 −3 𝑦𝑧 3 )−1/2
15. Simplify: (𝑥𝑦𝑧 −3 )−5/2
1
a. 5 7 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1
b. 𝑥 2 𝑦7𝑧5
1
c. 𝑥 2𝑦7 𝑧3
1
d. 𝑥 2 𝑦5𝑧7
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 44

16. Find the value of k so that 4x2+ 6x + k is a perfect square.

a. 2.5
b. 9
c. 36
d. 2.25

17. When 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 4 + 4 is divided by x-k, the remainder is k. Find the value of k.

a. 4 or 2
b. -4 or -2
c. 4 or -2
d. -4 or 2

18. Simplify: 3𝑐𝑑6 3 (𝑐𝑑)4

a. 27𝑐 7 𝑑22
b. 27𝑐12 𝑑72
c. 27𝑐 7 𝑑13
d. 27𝑐13 𝑑17

19. Determine the value of a if (an)(am) is equal to 100,000 anm =1,000,000

𝑎𝑛
= 10
𝑎𝑚
a. 20
b. 10
c. 5
d. 8

20. Factor the expression 3x3 – 3x2 – 18 x

a. 3x (x - 3) (x + 2)
b. 3x (x + 3) (x + 2)
c. 3x (x + 3) (x - 2)
d. 3x (x - 3) (x - 2)

21. The polynomial 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8 is divided by x-5, then the remainder is

a. 200
b. 175
c. 140
d. 218

22. In the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 0, one root is x equal to

a. ¼
b. 1
c. 5
d. none of these

23. What is the discriminant of the equation 4𝑥 2 = 8𝑥 − 5?

a. 16
b. -8
c. 8
d. -16
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a ge | 45

24. Find the term involving 𝑦 5 in the expansion of (2𝑥 2 + 𝑦)10 .

a. 4680𝑥 5 𝑦 5
b. 8046𝑥 5 𝑦 5
c. 8064𝑥 10 𝑦 5
d. 8064𝑥 5 𝑦 5

25. Evaluate the log 6 845 = 𝑥.

a. 5.84
b. 3.76
c. 2.98
d. 4.48

26. Given: log 𝑥 = 2 − log(𝑥 − 21) .Find x.

a. 27
b. -4
c. -3
d. 25

27. What is the value of log to base 10 of 10003.3?

a. 9.5
b. 99.9
c. 10.9
d. 9.9

28. The sum of Kim’s and Kevin’s ages is 18. In 3 years, Kim will be twice as old as Kevin. What are their ages now?
a. 6, 12
b. 4, 14
c. 7, 11
d. 5, 13

29. Joe’s current age is five times Mary’s age ten years ago. If Mary is currently m years old, what is Joe’s current age in
terms of m?
a. 5𝑚 + (𝑚 − 10)
b. 5𝑚
c. 5𝑚 − 10
d. 5𝑚 − 50

30. A pump can pump out water from a tank in 11 hours. Another pump can pump out water from the same tank in 20
hours. How long will it take both pumps to pump put the water in the tank?
a. 6 hours
b. 7 ½ hours
c. 7 hours
d. 6 ½ hours

31. Suppose Maria can paint the entire house in twelve hours, and Juan takes eight hours to paint a similarly-sized
housed. How long would Maria and Juan paint the house together?
a. 5 hours and 8 minutes
b . 4 hours and 6 minutes
c. 4 hours and 8 minutes
d. 5 hours and 6 minutes
 EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a ge | 46

32. Two thousand (2000) kg of steel containing 8% nickel is to be made by mixing a steel containing 14% nickel with
another containing 6% nickel. How much of each is needed?
a. 750 kg of steel with 14% nickel, 1250 kg of steel with 6% nickel
b. 1500 kg of steel with 14% nickel, 500 kg of Steel with 6% nickel
c. 1250 kg of steel with 14% nickel, 750 kg of steel with 6% nickel
d. 500 kg of steel with 14% nickel, 1500 kg of steel with 6% nickel

32. The product of ¼ and 1/5 of a number is 500. What is the number?
a. 125
b. 50
c.100
d. 75

35. The digit at the ten’s place of a two-digit number is twice the digit at the unit’s place. If the sum of this number and
the number formed by reversing the digits is 66. What is the number?
a. 29
b. 64
c. 42
d. 52

36. On a certain trip, Edgar drives 231 km in exactly the same time as Erwin drive 308 km. If Erwin’s rate exceeded that
of Edgar by 13 kph, determine the rate of Erwin.
a. 39 kph
b. 52 kph
c. 44 kph
d. 48 kph

37. A boy on his bicycle intends to arrive at a certain time to a town that is 30 km away from his home. After riding 10 km,
he rested for half an hour, and as a result he was obligated to ride the rest of the trip 2 km/hr faster. What was his
original speed?
a. 7 kph
b. 9 kph
c. 8 kph
d. 10 kph

38. Mrs. Smith leaves her house at 9 in the morning and drives west on the Twill Freeway at an average speed of 50 miles
per hour. Mrs. Jackson leaves her house at 9:30 am and drives west on the Twill Freeway at an average speed of 60
miles per hour. At how many hours will Mrs. Jackson overtake Mrs. Smith?
a. 4.5 hours
b. 2.5 hours
c. 1.5 hours
d. 3.5 hours

39. Tamar has four more quarters than dimes. If he has a total of $1.70, how many quarters and dimes does he have?
a. 3 dimes and 5 quarters
b. 2 dimes and 6 quarters
c. 4 dimes and 5 quarters
d. 5 dimes and 6 quarters
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 47

40. If a boy has nickels, dimes, and quarters amounting to $1.85. If he has twice as many dimes as quarters, and the
number of nickels is two less than twice the number of dimes, how many nickels does he have?
a. 6 nickels
b. 3 nickels
c. 10 nickels
d. 7 nickels

41. Leticia has 35 coins in nickels and quarters. In all, she has $4.15. How many of each kind of coin does she have?
a. 26 nickels and 14 quarters
b. 23 nickels and 12 quarters
c. 18 nickels 23 quarters
d. 12 nickels and 26 quarters

42. What time after 3 o’clock will the hands of the clock be together for the first time?
a. 3: 16: 36
b. 3: 02: 30
c. 3: 17: 37
d. 3: 14: 32
43. At what time between 7 and 8 o’clock will the hands of a clock be in the same straight line but, not together?
2
a. 5 min. past 7
11
5
b. 5 min. past 7
11
4
c. 5 min. past 7
11
6
d. 5 min. past 7
11

44. The time required for an elevator to lift a weight varies directly with the weight and the distance through which it
is to be lifted and inversely as the power of the motor. If it takes 30 second for a 10 hp motor to lift 100 lbs
through 50 feet, what size of motor is required to lift 800 lbs in 40 seconds through 40 feet?
a. 44
b. 48
c. 42
d. 46
45. The time (t) it takes to travel from Hope to Vancouver varies inversely as the speed (v) at which one travels. If it
takes 1.5 hours to travel this distance at an average speed of 120 km/hr, find the amount of time it would take to
drive back if you were only able to travel at 60 km/hr due to an engine problem.
a. 6 hours
b. 4 hours
c. 8 hours
d. 3 hours

46. Once a month, a man puts some money into the cookie jar. Each month, he puts 50 centavos more into the jar
than the month before. After 12 years, he counted his money, he had P 5,436. How much money did he put in
the jar in the last month?
a. 72.50
b. 73.50
c. 75.50
d. 74.50
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 48

47. In a certain A.P. the first, fourth and eight terms are themselves in geometric progression. What is the common ration
of the G.P.?
a. 5/3
b. 4/3
c. 3/4
d. 2/3

48. A product has a current selling of P 325. 00. If its selling price is expected to decline at the rate of 10 % per annum
because of obsolescence, what will be its selling price four years hence?
a. 202. 75
b. 213. 23
c. 156. 00
d. 302. 75

40 20
49. In an Harmonic Progression, the 2nd term is 9
and its 5th term is 3
. Determine the maximum possible number of
terms in the H.P.
a. 12
b. 9
c. 10
d. 6

50. A rubber ball is made to fall from a height of 50 feet and is observed to rebound 2/3 of the distance it falls. How
far will the ball travel before coming to rest if the ball continuous to fall in this manner?
a. 225 ft
b. 200 ft
c. 275 ft
d. 250 ft
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 49

Answer Key

Worksheet 1

I. II.
a. 3 significant figures a. 1.362 x 106 d. -2.7 x 103
b. 3 significant figures b. 6.609 x 102 e. 6.56 x 1020
c. 7 significant figures c. 1.241 x 104 f. 1.97 x 102
d. 5 significant figures d. 9.126 x 10-5 g. 1.6 x 1014
e. 2 significant figures e. 9.208 x 106 h. 2.3 x 1013
f. 2 significant figures IV.
g. 6 significant figures III.
h. 5 significant figures a. 2.7x106 a. 19.0 x 1021
i. 4 significant figures b. 5.34 x 10-44 b. 0.000234 or 2.34 x 10-4
j. 4 significant figures c. 1.2 x 10-2 c. 8.76 x 105
d. 5.45
e. 1.20 x 105

Worksheet 2

1. 60 daily dosages
2. 1.12 kg
3. 8 meters
4. -193.15 celsius &
-315.67 fahrenheit
5. -40 celsius
6. 225 degrees
7. 100 grads
8. 2.45 radians
9. 14 liters
10. 66 ft/s

Worksheet 3

2(2𝑥+3)
1. a. 24𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑦 2. a. 𝑥+1 (𝑥+2)
3
3𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑥 2
b. 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2
b. 𝑦
5
𝑥+2 𝑥𝑦+𝑦 c. 𝑥+𝑦
c. 𝑥−𝑦
2
d. 1 d.5(𝑥+1)
e. 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 2
4𝑥 2
f. 3 3. 𝑘 = 15
1
g. 2(𝑥+1) 4. 𝑘 = 3
5. 851
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 50

Worksheet 4 Worksheet 5 Worksheet 6

1. x = −2 and x = 7 1. 6 and 9 1. 23:64
4 1 2. 11
2. x = − 3 or 2 2. 21:81
3. Imaginary and unequal or not real 3. 6.21 hrs 3. 22
4. 16 x4 + 96x3 +216x2 + 216x + 81 4. 12 hrs 4. 784
5. 458752 x3 5. 49 % 5. 5 ft
6. 12376x11y6 6. 35 %
7. 9 7. 7
8. log 7 16807 = 5 8. 5/14
9. 23 Nickels and 12 quarters
9. log 1 16 = −2
4 10. 2 dimes and 6 quarters
10. x=7

Pre-Test & Post-Test

1. b 21. d 41. b
2. b 22. d 42. a
3. b 23. d 43. b
4. c 24. c 44. b
5. b 25. b 45. d
6. c 26. d 46. b
7. c 27. d 47. b
8. c 28. d 48. b
9. d 29. d 49. c
10. b 30. c 50. d
11. b 31. c
12. d 32. d
13. a 33. c
14. b 34. c
15. c 35. c
16. d 36. b
17. c 37. c
18. a 38. b
19. b 39. b
20. a 40. c
EE 414 CORRELATION | ALGEBRA P a g e | 51

References:

[1] Rojas, Romeo, et.al. (2010). 1001 SOLVED PROBLEM IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, India:
S. Chand & Co.
[2] Free math printable worksheets with answer keys and activities. Math Warehouse. (n.d.). Retrieved October 4, 2021,
from https://www.mathwarehouse.com/sheets/#algebrasheets.

[3] Uy and Ocampo, (2000). Board Primer in Mathematics. Merriam Bookstore.

[4] Algebra word problems worksheets | worksheet 3. (n.d.). Retrieved October 4, 2021, from https://wmznlejcfq.s3-ap-
southeast-1.amazonaws.com/media/worksheets/algebra-word-problems-worksheet-3.pdf.

[5] Pinoybix. (2021, January 2). MCQ in Algebra and general mathematics part 1: Math board exam. Pinoybix
Engineering. Retrieved October 4, 2021, from https://pinoybix.org/2015/06/mcqs-in-algebra-and-general-mathematics-
part1.html.