ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

National University of Singapore

Bachelor of Technology Programme

ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II

Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

Solutions

Problem 1

Part (a)

u  3y
v2

 u  3y
y
3
   y 2  f1  x  (1a.1)
2

 v2
x
   2x  f 2  y  (1a.2)
Comparing (1a.1) and (1a.2),
f1  x   2 x  C1
3 2
f2  y   y  C2
2
Hence,
3 2
 y  2x  C
2
Without loss of generality, put C  0 :
3
  y2  2x
2
  0:
3 2
y  2x  0
2
4
y2  x
3
  1:
3 2
y  2x  1
2
2
y 2  1  2 x 
3
  2:
3 2
y  2x  2
2
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ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

4
y2  1  x 
3

Vorticity:
v u
  
x y
  0  3  3  0
Hence, flow is rotational and  does not exist.

Part (b)

u  2y
vx

 u  2y
y
   y 2  f1  x  (1b.1)

 v x
x
x2
     f2  y  (1a.2)
2
Comparing (1b.1) and (1b.2),
x2
f1  x     C1
2
f 2  y   y 2  C2
Hence,
x2
   y2  C
2
Without loss of generality, put C  0 :
x2
    y2
2
  0:

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ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

x2
  y2  0
2
x
y
2
  1:
x2
  y2  1
2
x2
y   1
2
  1 :
x2
  y 2  1
2
x2
 y2  1
2
(equation of hyperbola intersecting x   2 )

Vorticity:
v u
  
x y
  1  2  1  0
Hence, flow is rotational and  does not exist.

Part (c)

u'C r
v'  0
1  C
u' 
r  r
  C  f1  r  (1c.1)

v'   0
r
  f 2   (1c.2)

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ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

Comparing (1c.1) and (1c.2),

f1  r   C1
f 2    C  C2
Hence,
  C  C3
Without loss of generality, put C3  0 :
  C
Equation of streamline corresponds to C = constant:

Flow corresponds to radial flow from a source or a sink.

Vorticity:
1    rv ' u ' 
    
r  r  
 0
Hence, flow is irrotational.

 C
u' 
r r
  C ln r  g1   (1c.3)
1 
v'  0
r 
  g2  r  (1c.4)

Comparing (1c.3) and (1c.4),

g1    D1
g2  r   C ln r  D2
Hence,
  C ln r  D

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ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

Without loss of generality, put D  0 :

  C ln r

Part (d)

u'  0
v'  C r
1 
u' 0
r 
  f1  r  (1d.1)
 C
v'   
r r
  C ln r  f 2   (1d.2)
Comparing (1d.1) and (1d.2),
f1  r   C ln r  C1
f 2    C2
Hence,
  C ln r  C3
Without loss of generality, put C3  0 :
  C ln r
Equation of streamline corresponds to C ln r = constant, i.e. concentric circles. For C > 0:

Flow corresponds to a free vortex.

Vorticity:
1    rv ' u ' 
    
r  r  
1  C 
   
r  r 
  0  r  0
Hence, flow is irrotational everywhere except at origin r = 0.
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
u' 0
r
  g1   (1d.3)
1  C
v'  
r  r
  C  g 2  r  (1d.4)

Comparing (1d.3) and (1d.4),

g1    C  D1
g 2  r   D2
Hence,
  C  D
Without loss of generality, put D  0 :
  C

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ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

Problem 2

Part (a)

  3x 2 y  y3

u  3x  3 y 2
2
y

v  6 xy
x
u
 6 y
y
v
 6 y
x
Vorticity:
v u
    6 y   6 y   0
x y
Hence, flow is irrotational

Part (b)

Magnitude of velocity at any point:

 
12
V  u 2  v2
12
 2
  2
2
V   3x  3 y 2
  6 xy  
 
12
V  9 x 4  18 x 2 y 2  9 y 4  36 x 2 y 2 
 
2 12
 2

V   3x  3 y

2 




V  3 x2  y 2 
V  3r 2 ,
where r is the radial distance from the origin.

Hence, the magnitude of the velocity at any point in the flow depends only on its distance from
the origin.

Part (c)

To plot the streamlines, let   3x 2 y  y3  C .

For C  0 , i.e.   0 :
  3x2 y  y3  C

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ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

3x 2 y  y 3  0
y  0 or 3x 2  y 2  0
y2
x2 
3
y
x
3
For C  1 , i.e.   1 :
3x 2 y  y3  1
1 y2
x2  
3y 3
As y  0 , x  
y
As y   , x  
3
Hence, y  0 and y  3x are the asymptotes.
In the first quadrant, i.e. x  0 and y  0 :

Part (d)


u  3x 2  3 y 2
x
  x3  3 xy 2  f1  y  (2.1)

v  6 xy
y
  3xy 2  f 2  x  (2.2)
Comparing (2.1) and (2.2):
f1  y   D1

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f 2  x   x3  D2
Hence,
  x3  3xy 2  D
Without loss of generality, put D  0 :
  x3  3xy 2

Lines of constant  are:

3x 2 y  y3  E1
Differentiating with respect to x,
dy dy
6 xy  3x 2  3 y2 0
dx dx
 dy  2 xy
  
 dx constant  y 2  x 2

Lines of constant  are:

x3  3 xy 2  E2
Differentiating with respect to x,
dy
3x 2  3 y 2  6 xy 0
dx
 dy  x2  y 2
  
 dx constant  2 xy
Hence,
 dy   dy   2 xy   x 2  y 2 
         1
 dx constant   dx constant   y 2  x 2   2 xy 

Hence, lines of constant  are orthogonal to lines of constant .

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Problem 3

Velocity due to line source at A:

q 12
V1  1   0.3820 m/s
2 r1 2  32  42
Velocity due to line sink at A:
q 9
V2  2   0.2865 m/s
2 r2 2  32  42
Velocity due to vortex at A:
 3
V3    0.1194 m/s
2 r3 2  4

Let the resultant velocity vector induced at A be VA  uiˆ  vjˆ .

u  U cos30  V1 cos 1  V2 cos 2

4 4
u  6cos 30  0.3820   0.2865 
5 5
u  5.273 m/s

v  U sin 30  V1 sin 1  V2 sin 2  V3

3 3
v  6sin 30  0.3820   0.2865   0.1194
5 5
v  2.480 m/s

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ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

Problem 4

w '  0  There is negligible flow in the axial z-direction in a large part of the flow field

For each value of z, flow can be treated as 2-dimensional, with u '  0 and v '    2 r  .

Vorticity:
1    rv ' u ' 
    
r  r  
1      2   u ' 
    
r  r  
 0
Hence, flow is irrotational


p1  p2  0 (gage) , z1  H , z2  h , V1  v1 '  0 (at r   ), V2  v2 ' 
2 r
Applying Bernoulli equation between (1) and (2):
p1 V2 p V2
 z1  1  2  z2  2
g 2g  g 2g
2
H  h
2
2 g  2 r 
2
hH
8 g 2 r 2

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Problem 5

Uniform Flow + Sink  Half-Rankine Body:

Strength of sink:
q  0.2 m2 s

Point P is a stagnation point, where the velocity at P is zero  velocity due to pump (line sink)
must be equal and opposite to that of uniform flow or free stream:
q
U  uS 
2 r
0.2
U  5.305 103 m/s
2  6 

At Point A, combined velocity due to uniform flow and line sink:

u  U  uS 
q
u U 
2 r
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ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

0.2
u  5.305 103 
2 15 
u  7.427 103 m s

Far upstream of pipe, volume flow rate due to uniform flow must be equal to volume flow rate
of water pumped away:
q  U  H 1
q
H
U
0.2
H
5.305 103
H  37.7 m

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ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

Problem 6

When the walls are present:

Actual vortex is located at 1. Image vortices are located at 2, 3 and 4. Image vortices 2 and 4
have clockwise circulations, whereas image vortex 3 has anticlockwise circulation.

Magnitude of velocity induced at Point B due to vortex i (i = 1, 2, 3, 4):

K
v 'i 
2 ri
Magnitude of horizontal component of velocity induced at Point B due to vortex i (i = 1, 2, 3,
4):
K
ui  v 'i sin i  sin i
2 ri
K yi
ui  ,
2 ri2
where
yi
sin i 
ri
xi  xB  xi
yi  y B  yi
2 2
ri2   xi    yi 
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Similarly, magnitude of vertical component of velocity induced at Point B due to vortex i (i =

1, 2, 3, 4):
K
vi  v 'i cos i  cos i
2 ri
K xi
vi 
2 ri2

Hence, horizontal component of velocity at Point B:

u B  u1  u2  u3  u4
K y1 K y2 K y3 K y4
uB    
2 r12 2 r22 2 r32 2 r42
K y1 y2 y3 y4 
uB   2  2  2  2 
 r
2 r2 r3 r4 
 1
K  a a 3a 3a 
uB   2   
2  2a 10a 2 18a 2 10a 2 
4K
uB 
15 a

Vertical component of velocity at Point B:

vB  v1  v2  v3  v4
K x1 K x2 K x3 K x4
vB    
2 r12 2 r22 2 r32 2 r42
K x1 x2 x3 x4 
vB   2  2  2  2 
 r
2 r2 r3 r4 
 1
K  a 3a 3a a 
vB   2   
2  2a 10a 2 18a 2 10a 2 
2K
vB 
15 a

Magnitude of velocity at Point B in the presence of the wall:

VB  uB2  vB2
2 2
 4K   2K 
VB     
 15 a   15 a 
2 5K
VB 
15 a

In the absence of the walls:

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ME2135E/TME2135 Fluid Mechanics II Tutorial 2: Potential Flow

Velocity induced by vortex at Point B:

K K
VB  

2 r 2 2a 
K 2K
VB  
2 2 a 4 a

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