ARC 082: TOA REVIEWER

Famous Architects of Philippines  ARANETA, LUIS

Full Name: Luis Maria Zaragosa Araneta
 ANTONIO, PABLOANTONIO, PABLO Born: 1916
Full Name: Pablo Sebero Antonio Place of Birth: Manila, Philippines
Born: January 25, 1901 Died: 1984 (aged 68)
Place of Birth: Binondo, Manila Occupation: Filipino architect
Died: June 14, 1975 (aged 74)
Occupation: Filipino architect  Times Theatre Quezon Boulevard, Quiapo

Awards: • Art Deco Style – Art Moderne

• National Artist of the Philippines (1976) • Construction – 1939
• Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards (2003) • Accommodation: 800 people

• Modernism - The pioneer of modern Philippine  ARELLANO, OTILIO

Architecture Full Name: Otilio Arellano
Born: February 9, 1916
 Ideal Theater (1933) Avenida Rizal, Manila Place of Birth: San Juan, Manila, Philippines
• Demolished – 1970’s Died: May 31, 1981 (aged 52)
• First major work Occupation: Filipino architect
 Far Eastern University Campus Modern- first postwar architect in his homeland who was
West Sampaloc, Manila inspired by Filipino symbols
Philippine Pavilion New York World Exhibition (1964)
• Art Deco style – 1938 to 1950
• The campus is considered as the largest • Roof form- “Salakot “, a traditional Filipino hat with
collaborative of surviving Art Deco architecture wide brim
in Manila
 Palacio del Governador Intramuros, Manila
 ARELLANO, JUAN
Full Name: Juan Marcos Arellano • 12 storey-building
Born: April 25, 1888 • Houses the Commission of Elections
Place of Birth: Tondo, Manila, Philippines • Historical Landmark
Died: December 5, 1960 (aged 72)
Occupation:  ARGUELLES, CARLOS
• Filipino architect Full Name: Carlos D. Corcuera Arguelles
• Painter Born: September 15, 1917
Place of Birth: Manila, Philippines
 Legislative Building (Congress Building) Died: August 19, 2008 (aged 91)
Padre Burgos Avenue in Ermita, Manila Occupation: Filipino architect

• Neoclassical Style • International Style (1960’s)

• Home to various legislative bodies of the
Philippine government (1987 to 1997)  Philamlife Building Ermita, Manila

 It houses the National Art Gallery of the • Completed: 1962

National Museum of the Philippines • 20,000 sqm office space
Manila Central Post Office Liwasang • It was one of the first structures built in the international
Bonifacio, Manila style of architecture Development Bank of the Philippines
Makati City
 Neoclassical Style • Headquarters
 Construction: 1926 • Founded: 1935
 Designed with Tomas Mapua • Finance and insurance industry
 Renovation: 1946

 CONCIO, CESAR
Full Name: Cesar Homero Concio, Sr.  DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO
Born: November 30, 1907 Full Name: Cresenciano de Castro
Died: April 27, 2003 (age 96) Career: He graduated in University of Santo Tomas in
Occupation: Filipino architect 1950 and passed the Architect’s Licensure Exam on the
Firm: Concio Cesar H & Associates same year – Third highest rating

 University of the Philippines, Palma Hall  Philippine Science High School Diliman, Quezon
Diliman, Quezon City City
• Operated: 1964
• Asymmetrical structure inspired by • 75,000 square meter lot Philippine Nuclear Research
international style and Filipino design expression Institute Commonwealth Avenue
• One of the first buildings in UP • An arc-shaped nuclear laboratory building
• Named after Rafael Palma - president of the • The first nuclear research laboratory in the Philippines 
university (1923 -1933)
• The heart of UP Diliman Insular Life Building  FORMOSO, GABRIEL
Makati City Career:
• Completed: 1962 • 1950’s to 1960’s – Most popular architect of the
• Curving façade entirely covered by narrow residence in Makati villages
vertical aluminum • Planning and working committee – Pamantasan ng
• Renovated: 2005 by Japanese firm Lungsod ng Maynila Firm: GF and Partners Awards:
• Public Cultural Heritage Awards (1973)
 COSCOLLUELA, WILLIAM • Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan (1977)
Full Name: William Vargas Coscolluela • PRC Outstanding Architect of the Year (1979)
Occupation: Filipino architect • UAP Likha Awards (1990)
Firm: W.V Coscolluela & Associates
(established 1957)  Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Manila,
Awards: Philippines
• Recipient of the President’s Gold • Established: July 3, 1993
• Medal for Architecture 1956-1957
• Recipient of the Gold Medal of Merit Award  Headquarters Asian Institute of Management
from Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA) – Makati City, Metro Manila
1997 • Founded: 1968
• Awardee for Architecture Diwa ng Lahi at • The campus consists of fully air conditioned buildings
Patnubay ng mga Sining at Kalinangan Araw ng that house the academic, administrative, and dormitory
Maynila – 1997 facilities.
• Gawad Gintong Likha from the Architectural
Archives Philippines 2005  ILUSTRE, FEDERICO
• Vertical Transportation in Architecture Award Born: 1912 Died: 1989 (age 77)
2005 Occupation: Filipino architect – Bureau of Public Works
• International Patron’s Award – BCI Asia Top 10
Award – March 2007  Quezon Memorial Shrine Quezon City
• BCI Asia Top 10 2009 Award • Constructed: 1978
• 66-meter trylon monument
 Ayala Twin Towers Ayala Avenue, Makati • The monument’s three columns and angels bowed in
City grief, holding sampaguita wreaths, represent Luzon,
• 26 Storey – apartment Visayas, and Mindanao.
• Construction: 2000 • Dedicated to Manuel L. Quezon.

 SM City North Edsa Quezon City  Quirino Grandstand Rizal Park, Manila
• Opened: 1985 • Opened: 1949
• 120,000 square meters • Independence Grandstand – former name
• Largest shopping mall in the Philippines • Capacity: 10, 000
• Third largest mall in the world • Originally, it was neoclassical designed by Juan
Arellano
• Currently, renovated simpler with some Art Deco
influence
 LOCSIN, LEANDRO  MAÑOSA, FRANCISCO
Born: August 15, 1928 Born: February 4, 1931
Place of Birth: Silay, Negros Occidental, Place of Birth: Manila, Philippines
Philippine Islands Occupation:
Died: November 15, 1994(age 66) Occupation: • • Retired but decorated architect
Filipino architect • Pianist – The Executive Band
• Artist - Noted for his Filipino inspired architectural designs
• Interior designer
Awards:  The Coconut Palace (1978) Ang Tahanang
• National Artist of the Philippines for Pilipino
Architecture in 1990 • It is made of several types of Philippine hardwood,
- for his use of concrete, floating volume and coconut shells, and a specially engineered coconut
simplistic design lumber known as Imelda Madera.
• The palace is shaped like an octagon
 Cultural Center of the Philippines Manila, • The roof is shaped like a traditional Filipino salakot or
Philippines hat.
• Founded: September 1966 • The palace celebrates the coconut as the ultimate “Tree
• The façade is dominated by a two-storey of Life”.
travertine block suspended 12 meters (39 ft)
high by deep concave cantilevers on three sides  Bahay Kubo Mansion (2008)
• The rest of the structure is clad in concrete, • 3 posts or "haligi“
textured by crushed seashells originally found • 5 one-inch coconut shell doors
on the reclamation site • 2 storey • A "silong“
• Muslim room
 Philippine International Convention
Center Pasay, Metro Manila  MAPUA, TOMAS
• Construction: 1974 Full Name: Tomás Bautista Mapúa
• Completed: 1976 Born: December 21, 1888
• Inaugurated: September 5, 1976 Place of Birth: Binondo, Manila
• Renovated: 1996 Died: December 22, 1965 (aged 77)
• Floor Area: More than 70,000 sqm Firm: MYT Construction Works, Inc.
• Arch’l style: Brutalism Occupation:
• Filipino architect
 LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES • Educator
Born: September 9, • Businessman
1887 Place of Birth: Paris, France - the first registered architect in the Philippines
Died: 1952 (age of 64)
Occupation: Filipino architect  St. La Salle Hall De La Salle University, 2401 Taft
Awards: Avenue Malate, Manila, Philippines
• Gold Medal of Merit as the first architect of the • Classroom, office, chapel and convent space
Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA) in 1949 • H-shaped 4 storey structure built in Neoclassical style
 Modern • Completed: 1924
 Revival • Renovated: 1948

 Malacañang Palace San Miguel, Manila  Manila Central Post Office Liwasang Bonifacio,
• The official residence and principal workplace Manila
of the President of the Philippines • Neoclassical Style
• Spanish colonial and Neo-classical style • Construction: 1926
• Designed with Juan Arellano
 St. Vincent de Paul Parish San Marcelino, • Renovation: 1946
Manila
• 1833 – originally built as a chapel
• 1912 – built a concrete church
• 2010 – renovation
 • National Artist of the Philippines for Architecture in 1973
- the Dean of Filipino Architects
 MENDOZA, FELIPE  Rizal Shrine Calamba, Laguna
Occupation: • 2 storey mansion with a separate building with museum
• Filipino architect and an audio-visual room
• Physical planner • Spanish-Colonial style house – Bahay na Bato
Full Name: Felipe Marcelino Mendoza • Material: Stones, Bricks, and Wood
Awards: • Renovated: 1949
• Patnubay at Sining ng Kalinangan (1976)
• UAP Likha Award (1982)  University of the Philippines, Administration
• PRC Outstanding Architect of the Year (1982) Building, Quezon Hall
• Neoclassical Style
 Batasang Pambansa Complex Quezon • The home of the Oblation
City • It is the front-most building of the university from the
• Completed: 1978 University Avenue.
• Headquarters of the House of Representatives • It houses many of the administrative offices for the
of the Philippines entire university.

 Development Academy of the Philippines  OCAMPO, FERNANDO

Pasig City, Metro Manila Full Name: Fernando Hizon Ocampo
• generate pioneering, value-adding, synergistic Born: August 7, 1897
ideas, concepts, principles, techniques and Place of Birth: San Fernando, Pampanga Died: 1984
technologies addressing development problems (aged 87)
of local, national and international significance; Occupation:
• Filipino architect
 NAKPIL, ANGEL • Civil Engineer
Full Name: Angel E. Sancho Nakpil
Born: February 20, 1914  Manila Cathedral Manila, Philippines
Place of Birth: Binondo, Manila Died: • Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the
November 2, 1980 (aged 66) Immaculate Conception
Occupation: • Neo-Romanesque Style
• Filipino architect • Completed: 1958
• City planning commissioner of Manila (1947- • Renovation: 2014
1949)
 National Press Club Building Magallanes  Regina Building Binondo, Manila
Drive, Manila • Neoclassical Beaux-arts
• Headquarters • Completed: 1915
• Offices and facilities is in a 5,184.7 sqm • Previously known as Roxas Building
property • Currently 4 storey building
 Lopez Museum and Library Pasay City
• Founded: 1960 by Eugenio Lopez Sr.  ROXAS, FELIX
• Designed by Nakpil – 1985 before moving in Full Name: Felix Roxas y Arroyo, Sr.
Benpress Building
 Sto. Domingo Church Quezon City
 NAKPIL, JUAN • Spanish-Modern Style
Full Name: Juan Felipe de Jesus Nakpil • Renovated by Ocampo: 1863
Born: May 26, 1899 • Completed: 1954
Place of Birth: Quiapo, Manila, Philippine • Height: 25 m (82 ft)
Islands • Floor area: 3,300 m2 (36,000 sq ft)
Died: May 7, 1986 (aged 86) • Materials: Concrete
Occupation:
• Filipino architect  San Ignacio Church Intramuros, Manila
• Teacher • Completed: 1899 • former Parish church • Currently
• Community leader reconstructed from ruins to serve as museum
Firm: L. V. Locsin and Partners
Awards:
  Villa Savoye, Poissy, France,1928-1931
 SANTOS-VIOLA, CARLOS  The building design incorporates the five tenets of his
Full Name: Carlos Antonio Santos-Viola architecture: the piloti (freestanding structural
Born: April 8, 1912 column), the independence of the structural frame
Place of Birth: San Miguel, Bulacan from the external skin( free façade) , the free plan
Died: July 31, 1994 (aged 82) of the interior accommodation, the free elevation,
Occupation: Filipino architect and the roof garden. -
Firm: Arch. Carlos A. Santos-Viola, FPIA  He declared that a house would be a "machine for
living," which means not reducing man to the level of
 Iglesia ni Cristo Cubao, Quezon City an automaton but uplifting him by as precise an
• Completed: 1954 environment in totality as the precision of an
• Neo-Gothic and Art-Deco style automobile brake. Ventilation, sound insulation, sun-
• It was made from Galvanized Iron for Roofing traps in winter, and sun shields (brises-soleil) in
and Wood for the Entire Structure summer were all a part of this precision and of Le
• Capacity: 1, 000 people Corbusier's ideals for a total environment.
 His later works include the Unit d'Habitation and the
 Iglesia ni Cristo Central Temple lyrical chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut at Ronchamp,
Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, Quezon France
City  Unité d'Habitation, Marseilles, France, 1946-1952 -
• Completed: 1984 A modernist residential housing design principle
• It is the biggest place of worship in the country
• Capacity: 7,000 people  Antonio Gaudí (1852-1926)
- A Barcelona-based Spanish architect whose free-
MASTER ARCHITECTS flowing works were greatly influenced by nature.
 Alvar Aalto (1898-1976) Spanish architect
- A Finnish architect.   His distinctive style is characterized by freedom of
 He is known as the father of modern form, voluptuous colour and texture, and organic
Scandinavian design,and also became unity.
famous for his furniture and glassware.   Gaudí worked almost entirely in or near Barcelona.
 His works are modernist and functional, 
yet classically-inspired. Alvar Aalto received  Much of his career was occupied with the
international acclaim with the completion of construction of the Expiatory Temple of the Holy
the Paimio Tuberculosis Sanatorium,Paimio, Family (Sagrada Família),Barcelona,Spain which
Finland. was unfinished at his death in 1926
 Paimio Sanatorium is a former tuberculosis
sanatorium in Paimio, Finland  Walter Gropius. (1883-1969)
 The Sanatorium building established Aalto's - A German Architect and art educator
dominance of the International style and, - He founded the Bauhaus school of design, which
more importantly, emphasized Aalto's became a dominant force in architecture and the applied
attention to the human side of design. The arts in the 20th century.
patients' rooms, with their specially designed - He believed that all design should be functional as
heating, lighting and furniture, are models of well as aesthetically pleasing. His Bauhaus school
integrated environmental design. Alvar pioneered a functional, severely simple architectural
Aalto's Paimio chair (1932) assisted patient style, featuring the elimination of surface decoration and
breathing. extensive use of glass. The Bauhaus Dessau
architecture department from 1925, Weimar, Germany
 Le Corbusier
- The pseudonym for Charles Édouard  The Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar,
Jeanneret-Gris. (1887-1965) A Swiss- Germany in 1919,
born French architect and city planner. - redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout
 He is a pioneer of modern architecture history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate
that led him as a major proponent of the synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.
Bauhaus movement and the International
Style.  Louis Isadore Kahn
- Born Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky (1901 – 1974)
- An American architect based in Philadelphia. with his stunning competition proposal for the faceted all-
One of the most influential architects of the mid- glass Friedrichstrape skyscraper in 1921, followed by a
twentieth century taller curved version in 1922 named the Glass
- He was a visionary architect, an expert Skyscraper He designed the Seagram Building, a
manipulator of form and light, a creator of skyscraper, located at 375 Park Avenue, between 52nd
uniquely dramatic buildings, and a highly Street and 53rd Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York
complex individual City.

 Adolf Loos (1870-1933).  Carlo Scarpa (1906 – 1978)

- An Austrian and Czechoslovak architect. - An Italian architect, influenced by the materials,
- He was influential in European Modern landscape, and the history of Venetian culture, and
architecture, and in his essay Ornament and Japan. Scarpa was also a glass and furniture
Crime he abandoned the aesthetic principles of designer of note.
the Vienna Secession. In this and many other - He was a virtuoso of light, a master of detail, and a
essays he contributed to the elaboration of a connoisseur of materials. Today he is known as a
body of theory and criticism of Modernism in 20thcentury master of architecture.
architecture and design. - His first important commission was the 1935 restoration
- Ranks as one of the most important and renovation of the School of Economics at the
pioneers of the modern movement in University of Venice, in the Ca Foscari. This project was
architecture. a portrait of the future, with elegant glass, metal, and
- Adolf Loos’s buildings were rigorous examples wood details subtly integrated into the architecture of
of austere beauty, ranging from conventional medieval Venice.
country cottages to planar compositions for
storefronts and residences.  James Stirling (1926 – 1992)
- In his 1898 essay entitled "Principles of A British architect. Among critics and architects
Building," Adolf Loos wrote that the true alike he is generally acknowledged to be one of the
vocabulary of architecture lies in the materials most important and influential architects of the
themselves, and that a building should remain second half of the 20th century.
"dumb" on the outside. In his own work, Adolf - Stirling's early designs, especially for Cambridge and
Loos contrasted austere facades with lavish Oxford, often emphasized concept over aesthetic and
interiors. utilitarian needs. His later works appeared more formal
- Adolf Loos’s private residential works were due to their influence from Postmodern classicism.
characterized by unembellished white facades. Criticized for his ability to continually alter his
As a result, these buildings have routinely been fundamental architectural principles, Stirling uses an
associated with the work of Le Corbusier, J. J. experimental design approach that shows little
Oud, and others. commitment to one particular style.

 Ludwig Mies Ven Der Rohe (1886-1969)  Reyna Mae Calicdan (2003-20...) Weh di mo naman
- A German-born architect and educator, is talaga binabasa to e HAHAHAHA
widely acknowledged as one of the 20th Full Name: Song Hye Kyo
century's greatest architects. By Born: for you yieee
emphasizing open space and revealing the Place of Birth: Dagupan City
industrial materials used in construction, he
helped define modern architecture.  Louis Henry Sullivan (1856 – April 14, 1924)
- He is commonly referred to and was addressed An American architect, and has been called the
as Mies, his surname. Along with Le Corbusier "father of skyscrapers" and "father of
and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is widely regarded modernism". He is considered by many as the
as one of the pioneering masters of modern creator of the modern skyscraper, was an
architecture. influential architect and critic of the Chicago
- He called his buildings "skin and bones" School, was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and
architecture. He sought a rational approach that an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who
would guide the creative process of architectural have come to be known as the Prairie School.
design, but he was always concerned with - The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers who
expressing the spirit of the modern era. He is promoted an overriding precept to architectural design:
often associated with his quotation of the "Form follows function".
aphorisms, "less is more" and "God is in the
details". Mies made a dramatic modernist debut
 A Swiss architect and a contemporary architect
- Considered one of the century’s most fundamental
contributors to postmodern classicism, Swiss
architect Mario Botta is respected particularly for his
 Christopher Wren (1632 – 1723) sensitivity to regional vernacular and to the building’s
One of the most highly acclaimed English relationship with the land. He is the designer of the
architects in history. He was accorded Bechtler Museum of Modern Art and the San
responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches in Francisco Museum of Modern Art
the City of London after the Great Fire in – The only commissions he has accepted in the United
1666, including his masterpiece, St. Paul's States
Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed in
1710.  Daniel Burnham (1846 – 1912)
- was an American architect and urban designer.
 Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln - Burnham took a leading role in the creation of master
Wright, 1867 – 1959) An American plans for the development of a number of cities, including
architect, interior designer, writer, and Chicago, Manila and downtown Washington, D.C.
educator, who designed more than 1,000 - He also designed several famous buildings, including
structures, 532 of which were completed. the Flatiron Building of triangular shape in New York
- Wright believed in designing structures that City, Union Station in Washington D.C., the Continental
were in harmony with humanity and its Trust Company Building tower skyscraper in
environment, a philosophy he called organic Baltimore (now One South Calvert Building), and a
architecture. number of notable skyscrapers in Chicago. - Burnham
- This philosophy was best exemplified by and Root were the architects of one of the first
Falling water (1935), which has been called "the American skyscrapers: the Masonic Temple Building
best all-time work of American architecture". in Chicago. Tallest in Chicago from 1895 to 1899
[1] Wright was a leader of the Prairie School
movement of architecture and developed the  Santiago Calatrava (born 28 July 1951).
concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision - A Spanish neo-futuristic architect structural
for urban planning in the United States. engineer, sculptor and painter. As both Engineer
and Architect, his works take materials like
 Tadao Ando concrete, glass and steel beyond the normal
- Born September 13, 1941. bounds.
- A Japanese self-taught architect whose
approach to architecture and landscape was  Peter Eisenman born 1932.
categorized by architectural historian Francesco An American Architect .He first rose to prominence
Dal Co as "critical regionalism" as a member of the New York Five (also known as
- Ando's architectural style is said to create a the Whites, as opposed to the Grays of Yale: Robert
"haiku" effect, emphasizing nothingness and A.M. Stern, Charles Moore, etc.), five architects
empty space to represent the beauty of (Eisenman, Charles Gwathmey, John Hejduk,
simplicity. Richard Meier, and Michael Graves) some of whose
- He favors designing complex spatial circulation work was presented at a CASE Studies conference
while maintaining the appearance of simplicity in 1967.
- He is one of the foremost practitioners of DE
 Gottfried Böhm (born January 23, 1920) constructivism in American architecture.
- A German architect. He is currently the - Eisenman's fragmented forms are identified with an
only German architect to be honored eclectic group of architects that have been, at times
with a Pritzker Prize. unwillingly, labeled DE constructivists.
Famous buildings: - His theories on architecture pursue the emancipation
- St. Columba Church, in Cologne, Germany and autonomy of the discipline and his work represents a
(1947-1950) - Pilgrimage Church, in Neviges, continued attempt to liberate form from all meaning, a
Germany (1968-1972) struggle that most find difficult to understand. His
- Christi Auferstehung (Church of Resurrection), controversial buildings appear disconnected from
in Cologne (1968-1970) surrounding structures and historical context.
- Bensburg Town Hall, Germany (1964-1969)
 Norman Foster Born 1935.
 Mario Botta (born April 1, 1943) An English architect. His company has an
international design practice. He is the United
 Kingdom's biggest builder of landmark office
buildings. VALUE, ASPIRATION AND
- His remarkable buildings and urban projects CULTURE OF ARCHITECTURE
have transformed cityscapes, renewed
transportation systems and restored city centers  Value of architecture
all over the world. Many of these aesthetically  The methods of art history emphasize formal
and technologically groundbreaking projects are analysis; by surveying the formal qualities of
based on ecology artworks, discerning their meanings and structures,
- Conscious concepts, setting new standards for and placing them in their art historical contexts, these
the interaction of buildings with their methods are meant to draw our attention to the
environment. salient features of artworks that make them worth our
- Among his recent projects are some of the care and attention.
most remarkable architectural projects of the last  The notion of design for values, or value-sensitive
years design, is founded on the idea that design principles
- Reconstruction of the Reichstag in Berlin, are related to ethical, moral, social, and political
- Design of the Great Court at the British values. In architecture, a general relation between
Museum in London, values and design is present throughout the history
- The Millennium Bridge (the first new Thames of the discipline. It departs from the supposition that
Crossing for more than 100 years) values are by necessity part of the project of
- New Hong Kong International Airport architecture and unravel aspects of these values.
- The world’s largest airport terminal. These aspects include the distinction between
implicit and explicit values, the unexpected effects of
Functional Grouping and Zoning design intentions, the distinction between general
values and their particular (historical) readings, and
 Need for adjacency perhaps most importantly the life-span of buildings,
Relative need for buildings, Departments, which often outlasts the value systems they arose
spaces or activates to e Adjacent from.
 After all, it is unclear whether we value buildings in
Adjacency needs range: the same way we do works of art; that is, whether we
• Critical value them as we do the Mona Lisa, Venus de Milo,
• Necessary the Suite bergamasque, and Hamlet. Some works of
• Neutral architecture certainly possess artistic value. The Taj
• Undesirable Mahal, the Sagrada Familia, and Fallingwater
• Necessary separation immediately come to mind as buildings that are
• Critical separation valued primarily for their formal qualities and for the
aesthetic experiences they provide. However,
 Similarity in General Role confining our judgments about all works of
 Relatedness to departments, goals and architecture within the realm of art obscures many of
systems the features that we find valuable about architecture.
 Sequence in time  The value of painting, sculpture, music, and literature
are intertwined with artistic value to an extent that the
Most buildings are a synthesis of systems that value of architecture is not. This immediately
touch at certain points. suggests that architectural value is distinctive among
the fine arts and cannot be articulated in terms of
 Required Environments artistic value alone. Perhaps the methods of art
 Types of effects produced history are ill-suited for identifying the value of
 Relative Proximity to Building architecture due to the peculiarities of architecture as
 Relatedness to core activities an art form. Unlike the other fine arts, architecture is
 Characteristics of people involved public, site-specific, constrained by functionality, and
 Volume of people involved immersed in everyday life. These features do not fit
 Extent of man or machine involvement comfortably within the norms of fine art appreciation,
 Degree of emergency or critical which require contemplative attention to the formal
situations features of individual objects. While paintings, for
 Relative speed of respective activities instance, are presented in frames that isolate them
 Frequency of activity occurrence as individual objects for observation, buildings
 Duration of activities cannot be completely disconnected from their
 Anticipated growth and change surrounding environment
 Aspiration in Architecture
If you desire to be the architect of your own life,
you will need to build a foundation! Aspirations
are a hope or ambition deeper and more broadly
purposeful than a goal or resolution. Typically,
aspirations are value-driven and encompass
how we plan for and ultimately envision
experiences for our lives

 CULTURE IN ARCHITECTURE
 A country is not only identified by its people
and government, but by its architecture.
“Through architecture it's possible to gauge
many things about a culture, such as
lifestyle, artistic sensibilities and social
structure.” For example, when one thinks of
India, we think of the Tahj Mahal. Without
their culture, would it be designed that way,
or would it look like another building. The
Egyptians are another amazing example,
their environment and culture produced the
great pyramids.
Every culture can inspire a type of architecture
that can inspire a type of architecture that can
range from landmarks to everyday homes.
Religion and family seem to be the most
common influences overall. Each culture is
unique and the more we learn about them, the
more we appreciate our surroundings and
understand why certain things appeal to us.