Batangas State University I

College of Industrial Technology

MANGO TREE SPRAYING DRONE USING INFRARED FREQUENCY

A Research Development Project

Presented to

The Faculty of College

In partial fulfillment of

The Requirements for the Degree of

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

Major in Electronics Technology

By:

Angelica P. Boa

Lorence Joshua C. De Claro

Sebastian P. Valdez
 Batangas State University II
College of Industrial Technology

APPROVAL SHEET
The project development study entitled “Mango Tree Spraying Drone using Infrared
Frequency” prepared and submitted by Boa, Angelica P., De Claro, Lorence Joshua C. and
Valdez, Sebastian P. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Industrial Technology major in Electronics Technology has been examined and is recommended
for acceptance of approval for Oral Examination.

JOEL N. CAÑADA
Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with the grade of ____________

Chairman

Member Member

Accepted and approved to partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Industrial Technology major in Electronics Technology.

___________________

Date

BatStateU-Lemery
 Batangas State University III
College of Industrial Technology

ABSTRACT

The researchers created the project entitled “Mango Tree Spraying Drone using

Infrared Frequency” as means of eliminating the pests that currently resides within the mango

trees and serve as an alternative for manual spraying and previous spraying techniques. The

device is controlled via infrared frequency in order to instruct the device’s movements, targets

and flight pattern.

The researchers decided to conduct the project because of its benefits for the agriculture

and educational advancements. The study’s main goal was to give beneficial support most

notably for the farmers. The device can spray to prevent the pests from spreading to the crops.

The device is essential for agricultural purposes and will also serve as a stepping stone

for technological movement. The device lessens the capacity load that farmers carry during their

working hours that tends to give issues on their health. The device will serve as an introduction

to society in terms of innovation in agricultural purposes.

In today’s world, modern devices were introduced to help the people adapt in an easier,

fancier, and comfortable way of living. As time passes by, UAV or drones whom were always

used as equipment for military and nationwide security purposes were now applied to various

commercial use. In this study, the researchers applied the drone’s details to a more complex

performance that will sustain the health of the crops and nurture its importance to society.
 Batangas State University IV
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their deepest gratitude and regards to the people

who exerted effort for their project. For analyzing the study and giving insights to improve the

context and quality of the document and for supporting them in overcoming multiple obstacles in

facing the dilemmas encountered during the progress of the study.

To the Almighty God for the strengths, perseverance and efforts which served as

empowerment of the researchers in completing the study.

To Mr. Normelito T. De Villa, for giving his insights in applying the knowledge learned

by the researchers to a suitable design for the study.

To Mr. Joel N. Cañada, for supporting the researchers in finishing the study and

learning from the advices he conducted during the period of creating the possible outcomes of

the device.

To Dr. Jennifer M. Cueto, for her utmost support and wisdom in guiding the researchers

in finishing there documents and for the evaluation of its content.

Also, the researchers were very grateful and would like to thank their friends whom truly

believed that they would finish the study throughout the academic year. The researchers would

also wanted to give their gratitude to their families and peers for supporting their study

financially, mentally and spiritually. The research study would not be possible without the

support of these people.

The Researchers
 Batangas State University V
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DEDICATION

This pieces of work is respectfully dedicated to our beloved parents

Mr. Ronaldo M. Boa and Mrs. Valentina P. Boa

Mr. Romeo C. De Claro and Mrs. Bernadeth S. De Claro

Mrs. Sharon Gay F. Panaligan

To our relatives, friends and classmates,

And above all else

To our Almighty God

Angelica P. Boa

Lorence Joshua C. De Claro

Sebastian P. Valdez
 Batangas State University VI
College of Industrial Technology

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE I

APPROVAL SHEET II

ABSTRACT III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

DEDICATION V

TABLE OF CONTENTS VI

LIST OF TABLES X

LIST OF FIGURES XI

CHAPTER I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUNDS

Introduction

Background of the study

Objectives of the study

Significance of the study

Scope and Delimitation

Conceptual Framework
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Conceptual Paradigm

Definition of Terms

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature

Research Literature

Synthesis of the Study

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Development Stage

Pre-Design Stage

Design Stage

Fabrication and Assembly

Simulation Stage

Testing and Evaluating Stage

CHAPTER IV. DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPE, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Schematic Diagram
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System Components and Functions

System Tools and Equipment

Testing Preparation

Preliminary Testing Before Modification

Modification set-up of prototype

Final Performance Testing Results

Final set-up of Prototype

Materials

Isometric Views of the Prototype

Explosion View of the Prototype

Raw Sketch of the Prototype

Operational Illustration of the Prototype

Safety Measures

Operational Manual

Construction Procedure

Designing Phase
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Assembly Phase

CHAPTER V. SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

Findings

Conclusions

Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

CURRICULUM VITAE
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LIST OF TABLES

Page

TABLE 1. Gantt chart for the Project Development Progress

TABLE 2. Tools, Equipment and their Functions

TABLE 3. Evaluation of Major Components used for Mango Tree Drone

Sprayer powered by Infrared Frequency

TABLE 4. Operation Time Testing and Intervals

TABLE 5. Errors Encountered During Frequency Testing with their Solutions

TABLE 6. Final Testing of Major Components used for Mango Tree Drone

Sprayer powered by Infrared Frequency

TABLE 7. Data Result of Battery Lifespan

TABLE 8. Projected Cost-Benefit Analysis

TABLE 9. Total Cost of the Project

 Batangas State University XI
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LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Figure 2. Project Design Stage

Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of Proposed Layout of Mango Tree

Spraying Drone using Infrared Frequency

Figure 4. Block Diagram of Mango Tree Spraying Drone

Figure 5. Drone Frame

Figure 6. Brushless DC Motors

Figure 7. Drone Propellers

Figure 8. Electronic Speed Controllers

Figure 9. Batteries

Figure 10. Transmitter & Receiver

Figure 11. Drone Antenna

Figure 12. Flight Controller

Figure 13. Microcontroller

Figure 14. Jumper Wires

Figure 15. Water Tank (Container)

 Batangas State University XII
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Figure 16. Spraying Nozzle

Figure 17. Water Pump

Figure 18. Drone Camera

Figure 19. Final Output of the Prototype

Figure 20. Isometric View of the Prototype

Figure.

Figure. Explosion View of the Prototype

Figure. Raw Sketch of the Prototype

Figure. Operational Illustration of the Prototype

Figure. Researchers sketching the Schematic Diagram and Framework

of the Prototype

Figure. Planning to create an essential Prototype

 Batangas State University 1
College of Industrial Technology

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUNDS

This chapter discusses the introduction of the project, background of the study, objectives

of the study, significance of the study, scope and delimitation of the study, conceptual

framework of the study and definition of terms. This chapter includes the history of the study and

other important details of this project. The overall view of the entire project will be discussed in

this chapter.

Introduction

Modern Technology in today’s world has seemingly progressed and it is visible to

everybody’s sight. It helped addressed the issues of humanity in a lot of ways. It has helped in

developing ideas and concept that would be beneficial and at the same time, convenient.

Technology is visible everywhere. From hotels to offices to schools and even in medical

facilities, it is hard to find areas where there’s no sight of technology advancement. Not unless a

person is in a non-globalized country or area. There are areas where technology needs improving

or in other words, needs an update. Agriculture is one of the most common areas where

technology is needed. Although agriculture has improved and developed consistently, it has yet

to adapt to hi-tech innovations. However, the latest developments such as mechanical machines

and unmanned vehicles have been proposed recently which is convenient to manpower in

farming advantages. Researchers have conceptualized an idea of a spraying technique using

UAV. It is a concept that is designed to be used for spraying trees. Specifically, researchers

wanted to test the device in a mango tree. Mango trees have been a vital part of human needs.
 Batangas State University 2
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Mangoes were one of the sweetest fruits in the world and were already famous here in the

Philippines. And to keep the flowers and fruits healthy, spraying liquids were used in treating

these kinds of plants. It is used to protect the tree against the drying heat of the sun, while some

liquids and soft chemicals were used to spray away pests and fungi that reside within the trees. It

can also be significant in driving away unnecessary objects to clean the fruits away from harmful

germs. Spraying techniques has been the best solution in sanitizing these trees. However, trees of

these kinds grow over 30ft tall. And some of the sprayer’s liquid won’t reach the summit of the

tree, making it vulnerable in heat and pests. This is where the drone will serve its function.

Devices with aerial motion also known as UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) where

designed to view the landscape from a high distance. These machines are commonly used for

military, surveillance, and special occasions. Moreover, the drones in today’s time are expanding

in terms of their use. It is used for science, geography, commercial purposes and as of now, in

agriculture. The device is controlled by infrared frequency wherein the device can travel from a

far but it has limited bandwidth away from the controller.

The purpose of the drone is to spray the fruits within its vicinity, as well as the leaves of

the tree. Then it will emit the solution of the sprayer. Drone application to agriculture has been

one of the most helpful things in easing the farmer’s hard work during harvest seasons. Although

slow in progress, technology has been applied in agriculture and plantations step by step. This

study will help develop an application for the significance of the environment and educational

purposes.
 Batangas State University 3
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Background of the Study

In recent years, and most common to everyone, people cleanse their plants by just

watering it with a sprinkler or by using a hose. This action is essential in keeping the plants

healthy and away from dangerous pests. However, if modern technology was applied to these

tasks, then it will be more convenient for users to handle these kinds of work and lessen the

exerted effort they apply.

As a consequence of population aging and shrinkage in Asian countries, the trend of

labor shortage for agricultural production has grown and will continue into the future (He et al.,

2017). Meanwhile, the new circumstances of modern agricultural construction are those making

agriculture realize the goal of high yield, high quality, high efficiency, ecology and safety,

realizing green consumption and sustainable development and building resource-saving and

environmental-friendly agriculture. Therefore, drone technology has been applicable for

agricultural purposes by means of optimization of crops and monitoring its development and

management (Garcia et. al, 2020).

This project of UAV in agriculture purposes helped the researchers in conceptualizing a

device that will support in spraying through trees, specifically the mango ones. The following

are some of the ways in with the UAV’s are likely used in crop data collection: The extent of

pest and fungal infestation; maps relating to plant anomalies, leaf coverage, flowering, and the

impact of insecticide application and monitoring crop condition. Researchers have hypothesize a

visual of a drone mechanism that will not just collect data’s from the mango tree’s condition but

also apply the work of spraying liquid in the trees.

 Batangas State University 4
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Shilpa Kedari et. al. (2019) proposed the Quadcopter (QC) system which is low cost, and

lightweight. These devices are small, and this can be used for indoor crops as well as outdoor

crops. Quadcopter is an autonomous aerial device that can spray pesticides and fertilizers using

infrared frequency. Between the quadcopter and sensing is done by infrared frequency in real

time operation. This system is used to reduce agriculture field related problems, and also

increases the yield of agriculture.

Spraying manually can easily lead to muscle spasms. Too much exerted effort in spraying

the trees can easily hurt the person’s back, shoulder muscles and such. It’s not that damaging but

the uneasy feeling of the body is wary to the latter. It is both troublesome and worrisome.

Another common problem was the limited range of spraying distance. The sprayer won’t reach

the summit or peak of the tree if its 30ft high. These issues are somehow needed to be address.

Mango trees can be sprayed by using H20 (commonly known as water). It is used to

sprinkle the dried areas of the tree and pollinate the flowers that will bear fruits in the future. In

1970, Dr. Ramon Barba, figured out how to force mango trees to flower by applying potassium

nitrate to the tree’s trunk and foliage. This system of chemical forcing is still in use today,

including among backyard mango growers. However, potassium nitrate can only be sprayed on

cloudy days and somehow it is not beneficial for the tree to be sprayed with this type of chemical

during sunny or rainy days. If the tree got sprayed during sunny days, the chemical will scorch

the tree, and the mango tree should be dry when getting sprayed so it is very clear to avoid

spraying it during rainy days. Therefore, farmers will speculate and choose a day where there is

cloud cover.
 Batangas State University 5
College of Industrial Technology

Along with the concerns of spraying application for mango trees, the researchers wanted

to aid the farmers in assisting the farmers in producing more flowers in the mango tree as well as

sprinkling it and cleansing the tree. The researchers were determined to create a device that is

usable in farming and agriculture use which can also apply the knowledge they have learned

through their course.

So the researchers came up with the design of a Mango Tree Spraying Drone. This study

aims to assist farmers in spraying selected solutions in their mango trees and benefit them more

comfortably with the help of this study, the researchers gives conformance to the farmers and

would make a big impact on Agriculture Innovation.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to develop a “Mango Tree Spraying Drone Using

Infrared Frequency”. Furthermore, the research attempted to answer the following objectives:

1. Develop a device that would be beneficial for agricultural and educational studies.

2. Prepare the materials for the project.

3. Test and evaluate the following:

3.1 Functionality

3.2 Efficiency

3.3 Durability

4. Create a manual for the study.

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Significance of the Study

The research project entitled “Mango Tree Spraying Drone Using Infrared Frequency”

would have significant impact to benefit the targeted recipients:

To the Farmers. This project would help them in maintaining their trees fresh before and during

harvest seasons. This may also serve as a machine that they would consider helpful for the

future.

To the Researchers. This would help them learn new advancements and applying it to their

research..

To the Future Researchers. This study would help them enhanced the machine for future

purposes. If they make a study related to this idea, then this will serve as a reference for them.

To Batangas State University. This study would build an aspiration for the student also come

up with a project that is beneficial to the society and the environment.

Scope and Delimitation

The scope of the study is to create a design that would benefit the farmers in keeping

their mango trees clean. The research aims to develop new technology that would benefit

agricultural studies. The research aims to develop a drone powered project that carries spraying

liquid to help instigate the problem of the scope.

The limitation of the project is it can hover around the tree giving it a quick glance and an

overview before spraying as long as it has a stabilized connection with the controller. This is also
 Batangas State University 7
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useful in sunny days as heat doesn’t penetrate or damage the machine. The drone will be able to

maneuver from different directions because of its control system. The drone has a fixed distance

which depends upon the range it receives from the control signal. The drone will carry a

container that would be a suitable load for the device.

The delimitations of this research is its inability to carry a load capacity exceeding 1

gallon. The drone won’t be suitable to carry a large load because the designed device won’t

function well because of its capacity and will lose balance. The drone relies in its remote control

to operate its functions while flying. The device is battery-reliant and it won’t rely on other types

of stored power.
 Batangas State University 8
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Conceptual Framework

The foundation of this study is based on the ideas, information and insights gathered from

readings and literature. The three major parts are Input, Process and Output which serve as the

basis of the conceptual paradigm of the study as shown in Figure 1.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Materials to be used Conceptualizing

Information Visualizing
Knowledge and Skills Budgeting Mango Tree Spraying
Sprayer & Container Monitoring Drone using Infrared
UAV Constructing Frequency
Tools and Equipment Testing
Modifying
Final Testing

Figure 1
Research Paradigm

Conceptual Paradigm

The conceptual paradigm guided the researchers in conducting the study as presented in

Figure 1. It follows the input, process, and output.

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The input of this study includes the materials used like controllers, DC Motor, Propellers,

pliers, and etc. that are essential needed to make this project.

The foundation of this study is based on the ideas, information and insight gathered from

related readings and literature. It also includes the skills and knowledge requirement like how to

improve the existing system on how to control the spraying drone’s background information,

principles and theories gained from books and electronics reference that are essential to bring

understanding to the design, constructing, installation and evaluation of whiteboard eraser.

On the other hand, the process is the development stage of the study. The process

includes different methods such as conceptualizing, visualizing, budgeting, monitoring,

constructing, testing, modifying and final testing to make the project well developed.

Finally, the expected output of the project will be the device which is designated as the

“Mango Tree Spraying Drone”.

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Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally for better understanding

of the study.

Brushless DC Motors. A brushless direct current (BLDC) motor is a type of electric machine

that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy (Renesas.com, 2020). In this study, the

BLDC served as the engine of the blades to function.

Drone. It is an unmanned aerial vehicle which is an aircraft piloted by remote control or onboard

computers (Britannica.com, 2020). In this study, the drone would serve as the carrier of the

sprayer in order for the prototype to carry its functions.

Drone Battery. It is the foundational component of a quadcopter and must be considerately

selected to achieve an ideal balance between performance and flight time (getpv.com,2018). In

this study, the drone battery would serve as the power source of the drone in order to fly and

serve its function.

H20. It is the chemical formula of water, meaning that each of its molecules contains one oxygen

and two hydrogen atoms. In this study, it is used as a solution which is essential to the drone in

spraying.

Infrared Frequency. It is the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum; electromagnetic

wave frequencies below the visible range; they could sense radiation. In this study, the infrared

frequency was used to control the movements and flight of the drone.
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Potassium Nitrate. It is a chemical compound with the chemical formula KNO. It is an ionic

salt of potassium ions K+ and nitrate ions NO3-, and is therefore an alkali metal nitrate

(Pubchem.com, 2019).The chemical of this classification as a spray to the mango trees was more

reliable than Ethrel in inducing offseason flowering (Actahort.org). In this study, the Potassium

Nitrate would be an alternative solution for the sprayer.

Propellers. Are devices that transform rotary motion into linear thrust

(unmannedsystemtechnology.com, 2017). In this study, the propellers were used to lift the drone

from the ground and control its flight and balance while moving.

Quadcopter (QC). A quadcopter or quadrotor is a type of helicopter with four rotors

(Cambridge.org, 2020). In this study, the quadcopter functions as the skeleton or body of the

drone.

Rotor. It is a moving component of an electromagnetic system in the electric motor, electric

generator, or an alternator. Its rotation is due to the interaction between the windings magnetic

fields which produces a torque around the rotor’s axis (autozone.com, 2020). In this study, the

rotors serve as the guide for the drone to ascend and fly.
 Batangas State University 12
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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes conceptual literature, research literature and synthesis. The following

literature and studies were gathered from different sources including books, published theses,

journals and articles from the internet.

Conceptual Literature

The following conceptual literature was found to be significant to the present study in

which it gave substance in conceptualizing the study.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts piloted by remote control or embedded

programs without human onboard. During the 1930s, the US Navy began to experiment with

radio controlled UAVs. From the 1990s, micro UAVs started to be wildly used in public and

civilian applications. Recently, due to the ease of deployment, low acquisition and maintenance

cost, high maneuverability, and ability to hover, UAVs have been wildly used in civil and

commercial applications (Gupta et. al, 2016). With their high mobility and low cost, UAVs have

found a wide range of applications during the past few decades (Zeng et. al, 2016).

Quad copters or Quad rotor is a type of helicopter with four rotors. Although quad rotor

helicopters have long been flown experimentally, the configuration remained a curiosity until the

arrival of the modern UAV or drone. The term “quad copter” is more specific. It is used to refer

to a drone that is controlled by four rotors. Drones and quad copters are closely related. The main

difference is to remember is that quad copters are a specific type of drone that is typically used
 Batangas State University 13
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for recreation. The use of drones could be implemented as part of the production technology in

the e-mobility production under the concept of smart logistics. This concept, contrary to the

classical sequential approach, requires flexibility based on dynamic and continuous resequencing

of the assembly objects. Therefore, the use of drones in industrial applications could be

beneficial to develop (Kampker, 2016). Quad copters (QC) is also defined as a low weight and

low cost autonomous flight capable for delivering parcel ordered by online devices such as

mobile phones or multiple programs as its on board processing unit (Waykule, 2020).

Infrared (IR), sometimes called infrared light, is electromagnetic radiation (EMP) with

wavelengths longer than those of visible light. Infrared was discovered by Sir William Herschel

in 1800. Most thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared. In

electronics, the word infrared is commonly used in remote control devices. The remote control is

a wireless device that is commonly used in devices such as televisions, stereo systems, DVD

players and other consumer electronic devices. The controllers for electronic appliances usually

emit infrared signals that reach the appliance, but some controllers emit radio frequency signals.

The remote control device is introduced by Nikola Tesla in 1893. In the present day, Infrared

signals are commonly used in various program units such as pythons and raspberry pi. The

Python GPIO Zero is a program that detects people entering a room, detecting light, and sending

or receiving infrared signals (Watkiss, 2020).

Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) are the most used type of motor in the quad copter. BLDC

is motor with permanent magnet, which is driven by direct current (DC) electricity.

Commutation is controlled electronically, instead of a mechanical commutation system, by

permanent magnet rotor and stator with a sequence of coils. There is a wide variety of physical
 Batangas State University 14
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configuration, which depends on the stator windings. The windings can be configured as single –

phase, two – phase, three – phase motors. On the other hand, the most used BLDC motors are

three – phase (Omega, 2018).

Camera sensors, also known as image sensors are a solid state device that captures light

and converts what a person see through a viewfinder or LCD monitor into an image. Smaller

sensors apply a crop factor to lenses, capturing less of the scene than full – frame sensors do. The

two main types of electronic image sensors are the charge coupled device (CCD) and the active

pixel sensor (CMOS sensor). Both CCD and CMOS sensors are based on metal-oxide-

semiconductor (MOS) technology, with CCDs based on MOS capacitors and CMOS sensors

based on MOSFET (MOS field effect transistor) amplifiers. Analog sensors for invisible

radiation tend to involve vacuum tubes of various kinds. Digital sensors include flat-panel

detectors. The CCD was invented by William S. Boyle and George E. Smith at Bell Labs in

1969. While researching, they realized that an electric charge could be stored on a tiny MOS

capacitor. The CCD is a semiconductor circuit that was later used in the first digital video

cameras for television broadcasting. Early CCD sensors suffered from shutter lag. Drone camera

was also applied in tracking of goats based on the research of JA Vayssade et. al (2019). The aim

of the project is to develop a method to monitor the locations of farmed animals as well as their

activities simultaneously with one passive sensor, a camera mounted on a regular commercial

drone (Vayssade et. al, 2019).

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Research Literature

This part of the study provides the review of previous studies related to the Mango Tree

Spraying Drone using Infrared Frequency. There have been reliable sources or researches done

before which gives detail to this project. The following researches are essential to provide

justification for the feasibility of this project.

The study “Design and Development of a Drone for Spraying Pesticides, Fertilizers and

Disinfectants” which is developed by Shaw et. al (2020). The objective of the study is to create a

drone powered device that would spray pesticides, fertilizers and disinfectants to the crops in the

field. The project aimed to develop an octocopter that would for overcoming manpower

problems and spray large amounts of pesticides within a small interval of time.

“Plant Protection Drones” carries a three quarter gallon of liquid. It has a 10 minute flight

time and it is easy to fly and was constructed from the multiple components such as motors,

brush motor, speed controllers, mAh batteries, channel radios etc. This device helps lessen

spraying operations which is done mostly by an individual (diydrones, 2015).

The research of Devi et. al. (2020) entitled “Review on Application of Drones for Crop

Health Monitoring and Spraying Pesticides and Fertilizers” focuses on helping the agriculture

industry in keeping the crops healthy against pests and monitors its health when hovering the

field. The device is used in agricultural sectors which will reduce time and the hazardous effects

that cause due to the spraying of pesticides and fertilizers.

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The study of Berner and Chojnacki (2017) entitled “Use of Drones in Crop Protection”

surveys the usefulness of drone application in protecting crops from lurking pests. The tests

conducted in this research made a large impact in spraying away pests by changing its spray

distribution to the plants.

The research of Thanuj et al. (2015) entitled “Multi Nozzle, Dual Pump, Wheel Driven,

Pull Type Agricultural Sprayer” performs spraying at a maximum rate in minimum time. The

equipment is wheeled operated in turn operating the pump and spraying of the liquid at the back

of the worker hence avoids contact with the liquid and reduces health hazards (Thanuj et al

2015).

“Spray Deposition inside Multiple-Row Nursery Trees with a Laser Guided Sprayer” by

H. Zhu et al. (2017) is a five port air assisted sprayer with both automatic and manual control

modes was developed to discharge adequate spray deposition inside multiple-row trees. The

sprayer resulted from integration of a high speed laser scanning sensor with a sophisticated

nozzle flow control system, an embedded computer with a touch screen, a Doppler speed sensor,

a specially designed algorithm and an air assisted sprayer base.

The study of Vergouw et. al (2016) entitled “Drone Technology: Types, Payloads,

Applications, Frequency Spectrum Issues and Future Developments” surveys the improvement

of Drone Technology and its application in many assignments which involves agricultural

benefits.

“Design and Fabrication of Arecanut Tree Climbing and Spraying Machine” by M. Tony

et al. (2016) is a device where it consist of a triangular base frame which supports all the
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components. The device has DC Motors, nylon tires with rubber grippers, a specially designed

remote controlled spraying unit and a DPDT switch in controlling the machine’s climbing

movement. The study aims to assist the farmers in spraying the arecanut trees.

The study of Sakthivel et al (2019) entitled “Design and Development of Fertilizer

Spraying Machine” aims to assist the farmers in using a pesticide sprayer so that the farmers

don’t have to carry the pesticide sprayer. Precision made nozzle tip is used for adjustable stream

capable of throwing foggy spray depending on the equipment. The machine used a slider crank

mechanism to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion to operate the pump. A special

arrangement adjusts the pressure from low to high. The device also has a weed cutting equipment

in which it cuts unwanted weeds in the machine’s way.

The study of Balaji et. al (2018) entitled “Design of UAV Drone for Crop, Weather

Monitoring and for Spraying Fertilizers and Pesticides” is a device that is functional for multiple

areas. The device can monitor the crops while flying the field as well as spraying pesticides and

fertilizers at the same time.

The study of Nyemba et al (2020) entitled “Conceptualization, Development and Design

of a Mortar Spraying Machine” aims at conceptualizing various options, leading to the

development , design and fabrication of a semi – automated machine to reduce the amount of

time taken in plastering. The mortar spraying machine had a maximum volume flow rate of

10L/min.

“Development of pre and postharvest tools for mango production in Region IX” was

developed to improve the poor uniformity of distribution and spray deposition of existing
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sprayer, reduce the volume of spray solution losses due to run-off and drift, and increase

spraying capacity (Montepio et al., 2015).

The study of Berner and Chojnacki (2017) entitled “Use of Drones in Crop Protection” is

related to the study in terms of both studies’ objectives. The differences of the two will be the

classification of the tree used for the present study which is different compared to the study of

Berner and Chojnacki (2017) where they use the drone for plants.

Synthesis of the Study

This part explains the differences, similarities, and uniqueness of the present study to the

past studies.

In the study of Shaw et.al (2020) “Design and Development of a Drone for Spraying

Pesticides, Fertilizers and Disinfectants”, is closely similar to the present study as both used a

drone device or UAV. The main differences were that the study of Shaw et. al (2020) used an

octocopter to spray different solutions in crops and plants while the present study used a

quadcopter to spray solutions in mango trees.

Secondly, the device entitled “Plant Protection Drones” has similarities with the

objectives of the present study which aims to protect agricultural growth. Their differences were

the present study is used for trees while the latter is for crops.

In the study of Balaji et al. (2018) entitled “Design of UAV Drone for Crop, Weather

Monitoring and for Spraying Fertilizers and Pesticides” is related in the present study because

the two studies focuses on developing UAV drones for agricultural science. The differences of
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the two studies were the application on the classification of plants, whereas the present study will

attempt to create a drone which will be beneficial for the mango trees.

The research of Thanuj et al. (2015) entitled “Multi Nozzle, Dual Pump, Wheel Driven,

Pull Type Agricultural Sprayer” is related to the present study because it is beneficial to

agricultural purposes and plantation. Their differences were the present study doesn’t have a

multi nozzle hose and it isn’t wheel driven.

In addition, the study entitled “Spray Deposition inside Multiple-Row Nursery Trees with

a Laser Guided Sprayer” by H. Zhu et al. (2017) is related to the study because it uses a sensory

relay in its spray targets. The laser guided sprayer is what makes H. Zhu et al. (2017) unique. It

is used to spray multiple rows of plants. The differences of the two studies however, were the

machines present in its application and the sensor modes used to detect targets because the

present study used a camera sensor which surveys the area of the tree..

Correlated to this, the study of M. Tony et al. (2016) entitled “Design and Fabrication of

Arecanut Tree Climbing and Spraying Machine” is related to the present study because of its

application on spraying through trees. The differences of the two studies are not just the

machines but the trees involved in spraying. The idea of tree climbing is different from the

present study which is designed to hover around trees and aim in spraying.

In addition, the study of Sakthivel et al. (2019) entitled “Design and Development of

Fertilizer Spraying Machine” is related to the study because it is a spraying machine which is

designed to be implemented in agricultural affairs. The differences of the two were that the past

study is mechanically powered while the present study is controlled by electronic equipment.
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The study of Vergouw et. al (2016) entitled “Drone Technology: Types, Payloads,

Applications, Frequency Spectrum Issues and Future Developments” is related to the present

study because it discusses the usefulness of the device used for the project. Their differences

were the application of the project.

The study of Nyemba et al. (2010) entitled “Conceptualization, Development and Design

of a Mortar Spraying Machine” is somewhat related to the present research in terms of

application. The Mortar is a wide barrage of an equipment which covers a wide area to spray

with. The present study doesn’t require a large area to spray as it focuses just on the main target

of the sprayer.

On the other hand, the study of Montepio et al. (2015) entitled “Development of pre and

postharvest tools for mango production in Region IX” aims to develop a multi-purpose project

that would benefit the pre and post harvesting techniques in mango production. The two studies

are somewhat similar with the target subject which is the mango tree, however the present

project is driven by an unmanned aerial drone and it has a vision of the tree from a far distance.

The present project is also budget friendly compared to the study of Montepio et al. (2015).

In brief, the uniqueness of the study “Mango Tree Spraying Drone using Infrared

Frequency” is that it is a programmed drone that is powered by infrared frequency which carries

a spraying container for the purpose of spraying any solutions to the mango tree. The UAV will

have an attached camera sensor that detects a tree to spray with. Unlike other previous projects,

the device carries a small container (250mL-500mL) while flying and aiming for its target. The

device will spray the target once it is in close distance. The project carries any type of solution
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(mainly pesticides) while hovering in high altitude places. The device is conceptualized to fly at

least 30-40 feet high above the ground which is capable of doing its task in spraying. This

spraying method adds more precision to its target and it is faster in terms of air maneuver and

agility.
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Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the design development method and procedures used in the study.

These stages include gathering of information, designing, and developing stage, construction

procedure, testing, and evaluation.

Research Design

This study aimed to develop a Mango Tree Spraying Drone using Infrared Frequency that

can be used for agricultural purposes. In the research design, gathered data were applied to come

up with an idea that meets the objectives and criteria for completion for the layout of the study.

The processes involved are the following: Data gathering, Design Stage, Development Stage,

and Test and Evaluation.

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Development Stage

Pre-Design Stage

Design Stage

Fabrication & Assembly Stage

Simulation Stage

Testing and Evaluation Stage

Figure 2
Project Design Stage

Figure 2 contains the different stages that would help develop the present study. The first

stage contains the gathering of information through multiple related sources such as journals,

articles, unpublished books, web and other related studies which gave validity, credibility and

essence to the development of the study. The next step was the pre - design stage whereas the

researchers seek guidance and knowledge to their adviser, as well as professionals in the field

which have a broaden knowledge in designing the project. The third step of the process was the

design stage whereas the materials for construction were selected and purchased according to the

project’s needs. It was guaranteed by the researchers that the following elements of the project

design were followed. The operation, function, validity and design would serve as the basis for

the preliminary design of the project. The final step would be the testing and evaluation stage of

the project. The researchers have conducted numerous tests and evaluation of the device in order
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to prove the project’s performance in doing the task it was assigned was well monitored together

with monitoring the errors and issues present. In other words, troubleshooting has been applied

by the researchers over time. Lastly, the researchers assessed the components used and its

workability.

Development Stage

The researchers gathered various information and concept that served as the foundation

of the study. From credible resources, researchers studied the information needed and essential to

the study. Development method is the most informative technique applied in this project.

This stage also includes the analysis which some options which were carried out.

Additionally, some distinct ideas were selected to in the development of the project. It shows the

progress and development of the study were somehow related with the past studies which is

suitable to this project. Application of the learned methods, principles, instrumentation and

simulation also helped the enhancement of the study. The improvement of the study was

emphasized and showed in the progress of the study by identifying the function.

Pre-Design Stage

In this stage, the researchers collected data by gathering from essential information from

journals, websites, and unpublished books. This determines the functions and operation of the

proposed project. Experts in the field of the study were consulted about the development and

design of the project. Also, the availability of the materials and materials estimated costs were

also consulted.
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This figure shows the drawing of the project. The researchers constructed the design of

the project. The researchers planned the preparation of tools, equipment, supplies and materials

needed in designing this project. They also made design project capable for its function

Design Stage

The design stage discusses the conceptualization of the design and development stage of

the study. The researchers came up with the conceptualization of a Mango Tree Spraying Drone

using Infrared Frequency, along with the preliminary working design and the major specification

of the project. The idea and information related with the study were used to make the project

more effective on the field and to be more efficient on its production. This stage also indicates

the foundation of the project in how it was developed by the researchers. The researchers

planned the procedures and conceptualizations of the project.

Fabrication and Assembly Stage

In this stage, proper materials resource tools and equipment were manifested to complete

the project. The researchers used good quality of materials to make the prototype efficient. After

thorough planned, the researchers studied its usage and familiarized with its function and

operation. The materials used were required for testing in order to identify the appropriate

components to be used in the project. Proper construction process was followed to ensure the

safety. Time must be budgeted and steps must be followed by the researchers in constructing and

designing the project. In the first stages of assembling the project, the researchers create and

follow a frame wherein the components are properly aligned to its measure and functions

respectively. After that, researchers assembled the following materials needed for the project
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such as rotors, dc motors, LED, camera sensor. The final step of the procedure is to connect the

remote to the device via infrared frequency.

Simulation Stage

In the stage, the researchers conducted a dry run test of the project. The researchers

observed whether the simulation of the Mango Tree Spraying Drone is working or not. The

researchers have conducted some troubleshooting in the circuit if necessary, like checking for

non-functioning components or the proper distance away from the controller or the program for

the camera sensor is incorrect. Finally, the researchers processed some corrections from the

device to enhance the project based on the details gathered through the entire simulation.

The dry run of the prototype particularly the components such as rotors, dc motors, LED,

and infrared connections were essential to classify whether the project is operational or not.

Testing and Evaluating Stage

In the stage, the researchers determined the output of the project. This includes the

evaluation and finalization of the project as well. The researchers utilized the trial and error

testing procedure to make sure that the device was functional and acceptable. The researchers

must be prepared for the implementation of some solutions to the existing problems. The

researchers have conducted several tests and evaluation in order to prove that the device is

working well.

The second testing is to check the progress of the drone whether it flies in an accurate

spot or not. The researchers determined the accurate distance of the device to the controller as
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well as the spraying distance before it fires the liquid. The researchers may encounter problems

in programming the camera sensor.

Time Frame Allotment

The researchers allotted more time in collecting information that helped them gain

knowledge in their chosen project.

The graph presents the program of activities in the construction of the “Mango Tree

Spraying Drone using Infrared Frequency”. The schedule of the activities covered the

construction of the device that was tabulated and expressed in the terms of the number of

weeks required.

Table 1
Gantt Chart for the Project Development Progress

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR

Conceptualizing

Designing / Lay
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outing

Purchasing

Assembling /

Construction

Testing / Checking

Modification

Final Testing

Chapter IV

DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPE, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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This chapter presents the procedures used in developing the prototype. This also includes

the method and consideration for the design and development of the project system components

and their function, operating procedures and the test results of the project.

Schematic design

Figure 8 shows the schematic diagram of the drone that was used for the research project.

It involves the assembled materials which carries the essence of the project and serve its

function.

The controller is powered by batteries (12VDC) and it has four rotors and propellers in

order to gain altitude and fly to the air in precise calculation. The controller is connected to the

drone via infrared radiation whereas it detects a relayed signal so it can control the movements of

the drone. On the other hand, the rotors were connected to the main circuit of the drone where it

is connected to the LED that indicates the signal and action of the device.
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Figure 3
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF MANGO TREE SPRAYING DRONE USING INFRARED
FREQUENCY

Remote Control Antenna Drone

(Transmitter) (Receiver) Camera
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Sensor

ROTOR 1 ROTOR 3

Drone Frame
ROTOR 2 ROTOR 4

Water Tank
Mango Trees

Spraying
Water Pump Nozzle
Spraying Process

Figure 4
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MANGO TREE SPRAYING DRONE USING INFRARED
FREQUENCY

System Components and Functions

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This section will discuss the components and equipment used for the device together with

their functions and uses. Images were also provided.

The researchers prepared a Drone Frame to support its system from flying and run its

diagnosis properly. The frame resembles the body of the drone in order to function in precise

calculation.

Figure 5
DRONE FRAME
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The researchers used Brushless DC Motors. It is used to provide the necessary thrust to

propel the drone from flying.

Figure 6
BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS

The researchers used Drone Propellers to make the drone ascend from the ground. It is

used to support the drone from flying and hovering in an aerial motion.

Figure 7
DRONE PROPELLERS
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The researchers used Drone ESC (Electronic Speed Controller). It is used to wire and

connect the DC – AC converted power source to the four brushless motors in order for the drone

to fly.

Figure 8
ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLER
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The researchers used C-Rating LiPo (Lithium Polymer) batteries for the device. It is used

as the main battery of the drone to make its function perform with precision.

Figure 9
BATTERIES

The researchers used Radio Transmitter and Receiver. It is used to connect a signal from

the drone and its user.

Figure 10
TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER
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The researchers used Drone Antenna. It is used to absorb the message it received from

the receiver and serves as the brain of the device.

Figure 11
DRONE ANTENNA

The researchers used Drone FC (Flight Controller). It is used to command the device and

serve as its pilot.

Figure 12
FLIGHT CONTROLLER (FC)
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The researchers used Drone Microcontroller and IMU (Intertial Measuring Unit). It is

used as the sensory vitals of the drone to connect a microcontroller and command its controls

from the drone and sense the velocity and orientation of the device.

Figure 13
MICROCONTROLLER

The researchers used 2.54 mm sized Jumper Wires to connect the microcontroller to the

flight controller panel. It is used to connect components that usually carries command inputs and

transfer signals to another component.

Figure 14
JUMPER WIRES
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The researchers used 250mL water tank that serves as the container of the prototype. It is

used as the capacity load for spraying solutions.

Figure 15
WATER TANK (CONTAINER)

The researchers used a spraying nozzle to trigger the drone to spray its targets. The

nozzle will guide the drone to emit the contained solutions pumped by the water pump

Figure 16
SPRAYING NOZZLE
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The researchers used DC 12V Water pump to absorb the liquid solutions from the water

tank and transfer it directly to the spraying nozzle.

Figure 17
WATER PUMP
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The researchers used Drone Camera. It is used to survey the distance of the tree before

spraying.

Figure 18
DRONE CAMERA
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System Tools and Equipment

Table 2
Tools, Equipment and their Functions

Tools Functions

Screwdrivers It is used to attach the frame of the drone, the

PCB from the frame and the dc motors from the
drone body.
Soldering Iron It is used to purposely melt soldering lead for
electronic components that is to be placed at the
PCB.
Soldering Lead It is a material used for attaching components at
the PCB.
Soldering Stand It is used to hold the soldering iron if it’s not in
use.
Pliers It is used to cut, balance, adjust and assist in
performing certain task in assembling the device.

Testing Preparation

The researchers observed the drone if troubleshooting is needed from the wirings of the

ESC if it’s in proper order and the components if they were on their respective places. In addition

to the troubleshooting process, the researchers troubleshoot the electronic components present in

the device. This troubleshooting process was made to determine whether the components were

working or not. Every component was guaranteed to work for the device to have its essence and

function to benefit the future users of the device. The Brushless DC Motors were examined one
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by one to ensure that it is working and functioning on the same pace. The propellers were

assembled to the main body of the drone and examine its stability, durability and endurance

during the operation. The researchers also examined the weight of the container if it’s compatible

for the drone to carry the load and the consistency and precision while carrying the solution

which is vital for the drone’s capability to fly and for spraying the solution to the trees and fruits.

Preliminary Testing Before its Modification

In this section, the researchers boldly discussed the initial testing of the device based on

the components used for the project’s success:

Table 3
Evaluation of Major Components used for Mango Tree Drone Sprayer powered by
Infrared Frequency

Component Test

Brushless DC motors Working

Flight Controller Working

Microcontroller Working

Transmitter & Receiver Working

Propellers Working

Camera Working
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The researchers found out that it is difficult to use the components properly and identify

the possible troubles encountered during the testing preparations.

Table 3 shows the preliminary tests of the major components present in the study. The

performed test examined the device’s safety features, operational background and functionality.

After several tests, the researchers finally found some troubles during the dry run tests

with the components. During the tests, there are some electronic parts that were not functioning

properly and needs replacement.

Table 4
Operation Time Testing and Intervals

Battery Time Remarks

Rotor 1 12 seconds Working

Rotor 2 12 seconds Working

Rotor 3 12 seconds Working

Rotor 4 12 seconds Working

Table 4 represents the operating time conducted with the rotors of the device to measure

and observe its effectiveness while carrying its tasks. The researchers came up with the result of

12 seconds per rotor during the take-off operation of the project.

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Table 5
Errors Encountered During Preliminary Testing with their Solutions

Problems Solutions

Air ( Factors of wind that affects the capability Avoid using the device in windy situations to
of the drone to fly at a fixed angle )
prevent possible malfunctions.

Inconsistency to carry a payload amount of Use label hose as a backup process to make the
250mL and beyond
device function in a consistent basis.

Use a payload that could carry below 250mL.

Upgrade the motor and battery to a higher

volume to support the payload of the device.

Modification Set – up of Prototype

After evaluating the prototype from numerous tests, the researchers encountered some

areas that needed improvement. The prototype encountered errors while carrying the load which

caused the drone to have a limited distance while flying. This affected the agility and potential of

the drone to fly at a higher amount of distance away from the ground. The minor error affected

the drone’s performance in gliding at a higher distance which resulted in the device’s inability to

perform its purpose on spraying the flowers at the upper parts of the mango trees. To

accommodate the inconsistency of the drone’s performance from gliding to the air, the

researchers manages to installed various materials to support the drone’s function such as a label

hose and spraying nozzle that is equipped by a much bigger load of container which is a
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contingency act if the user isn’t comfortable with the drone’s function while using the 250mL

load. The researchers also considered to use a load that is lesser than 250mL.

Final Performance Testing Results

In this phase, the researchers tested the process of the prototype together with its output

to clarify its final modifications and guarantee the consistency of the device to ensure that there

are no malfunctions present in any process of the prototype’s performance.

Table 6
Final Testing of Major Components used for Mango Tree Drone Sprayer powered by
Infrared Frequency

Component Test

Brushless DC motors Working

Flight Controller Working

Microcontroller Working

Transmitter & Receiver Working

Propellers Working

Camera Working

The researchers finalized their tests to the major components present in the device. It was

guaranteed that all components were working and significant for the future users of the project.
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Table 7
Data Result of Battery Lifespan

Minutes Used Percentage

10 100

13 90

18 65

23 45

30 20

Table 7 represents the data of the battery lifespan of the device. In 10 minutes of use, the

percentage of the battery was still in 100%. In 13 minutes of use, the battery was now at 90%. In

18 minutes of active use, the percentage of the battery runs at 65%. In 23 minutes of runtime, the

percentage of the battery runs at 45%. Lastly, the percentage of the battery was now at 20%. The

researchers have concluded that the device will perform its task appropriately in 30 minutes of

action.
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Final Set – up of Prototype

Figure 19
Final Output of the Prototype

Materials:

1. Brushless DC Motors (4 pcs.) 6. Transmitter and Receiver

2. Drone Propellers (4 pcs.) 7. Flight Controller (FC)

3. Drone Frame 8. Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)

4. Drone Camera 9. Microcontroller

5. Antenna 10. Batteries

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Isometric Views of the Prototype

Figure 20
Isometric view of the Prototype
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Explosion View of the Prototype

Figure.
Explosion view of the Prototype
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Raw Sketch of the Prototype

Figure.
Raw Sketch of the Prototype
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Operational Illustration of the Prototype

Figure.
Operational Illustration of the Prototype
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Safety Measures:

1. Have a fair distance away from the drone.

2. Wear masks or safety equipment while spraying the trees to prevent side effects from the

solutions used. (Applicable when the solutions present were chemically manufactured

materials and not H20 or Water.)

3. Recheck the components before using the device.

4. Have a dry run test of the device before using it to spray.

5. Assure the maintenance of the device and major components especially the drone, flight

control panel and batteries.

6. Maintain the container clean for future use.

7. Read and review the user manual and instructions carefully before using the device.

Operational Manual:

1. Before turning the drone on, check the batteries of both drone and flight control for leaks

or damages.

2. Check the wirings if it’s intact as well as the motors. (It is important to assess these

materials in order to prevent possible damages within the device).

3. Check the batteries if it is in full power. (Batteries must be 100% and good to go).

4. Switch the remote control on.

5. Do dry runs before applying the drone for further use (use water as an alternative during

tests from the nozzle and water pump).

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6. If problems were encountered, switch the drone and flight controller off before checking

the device. Preventing further damages to the drone as well as its surroundings. (Note: if

the device was above the ground, land it firmly before switching the devices off).

Construction Procedure

The study entitled Mango Tree Spraying Drone Powered by Infrared Frequency was

viewed via 3d design together with the assistance of its schematics and structure. The process of

the construction was made possible by the researcher’s output:

Designing Phase

First, the researchers hypothesized a concept of drone that would be beneficial for the

farmers to use as a means to lessen the force exerted during spraying seasons.

The researchers finalized a type of tree that would likely be suitable for the study to

manifest. Therefore, further consultation has been made and the researchers came up with the

idea of testing a drone spraying device to the mango trees as a means for testing.

Second, the researchers manifest the data gathered in past studies to indicate the

similarities and differences to correlate it to the present study.

Third, the researchers conceptualized the device’s schematic diagram. The researchers

sketched possible layouts for the study.

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Figure 21
Researchers sketching the Schematic Diagram and Framework of the Prototype

Fourth, the researchers conceptualized the device’s schematic diagram together with its

connections with the flight control sequence. The researchers brainstormed together to create a

skeletal prototype of the drone.

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Figure 22
Planning to create an essential Prototype

The researchers then canvassed the materials present to the study. The researchers were

cautious on keeping the materials safe and quality-wise to lessen the possible damages it may

encounter. This statement can also be used as projected cost which can be useful for future

researchers.

The researchers manifested a three-dimensional layout of the device to assert the possible

image of the project.

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Assembly Phase

In this phase, the researchers envisioned the actual procedures to assemble the prototype

based on the materials present in the study:

First, gather the materials needed for the project. The tools, equipment and electronic

components must be tested first using a multitester to check if it is working or not.

Second, prepare the drone frame/body as it would serve as the skeleton of the drone and

it would support the other materials present in the device.

Third, assemble four Brushless DC Motors at the ends of the drone frame. All four tips

should have one dc motor each. Then, screw the dc motors to place to ensure its grip from the

drone frame.

Fourth, connect the Brushless DC Motors to the Electronic Speed Controller (ESC). This

method will be done by using soldering techniques and equipment by soldering the stranded

wires of both components together.

Fifth, install the transmitter and receiver at the drone frame and solder the wires and

connect it to the ESC.

Sixth, prepare the Microcontroller and Flight Controller (FC) and assemble the two

components by aligning the proper connections through the use of jumper wires which would

serve as the brain of the device and instruct the drone in terms of its movements and flight

control while receiving the command input from the control panel. Connect the two components

from the transmitter/receiver and from the ESC panel as well.

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Seventh, prepare the Li-Poly (Lipo Polymer) Battery and assemble it under the body of

the drone.

Eighth, install the FPV Camera at the underside front area of the drone body in a

diagonal-like position. This would be important as the drone may hover over the trees and that

would give the prototype a bird’s eye view on its target.

Ninth, prepare the spraying equipment (i.e. drone water tank, water pump and spray

nozzle).

Tenth, assemble the water tank at the underside rear area of the drone body. This would

serve as the capacity load of the prototype.

Eleventh, install the water pump just underneath the water tank so that it can pump

contained solutions directly to the spraying nozzle.

Twelfth, install the spraying nozzle beside the water tank and connect a short hose to the

water pump.

Thirteenth, assemble the drone propellers in order to support and make the drone ascend

from the ground.

Fourteenth, prepare the remote control of the prototype so that it could input the

commands and control its flight patterns and spray targets.

Polish the final frameworks of the drone such as adding details to the drone frame to

make it a little more decent for presentation.

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Table 8
Projected Cost-Benefit Analysis

Quantity Unit Label/Description Unit Price Total Cost

(PHP) (PHP)

1 Pc F450 PCB Frame 4,056.00 4,056.00

Kit w/ CC30 EVO
Flight Controller
Board XXD A2212
1000KV Motor 30A
ESC 1045 Props for
RC

1 Pc RD 600TVL ¼ 1.8 365.00 365.00

mm CMOS FPV
170 Degree Wide
Angle Lens Camera
PAL/NTSC 3.7-5v
for RC drones FPV
Racing

1 pc Level Hose green 19.00 19.00

extra thick heavy
duty imperial 3/8
per meter royal
techno rainbow
garden

1 pc HiFi Low Latency 2,957.00 2,957.00

Video Wireless
Audio Transmitter
Receiver Kit

4 pcs SH5W Drone 68.00 68.00

Propeller UAV kit

1 pc Large Capacity 62.00 62.00

300ml/500ml
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container

4 pcs Brushless DC 227.00 908.00

Electric Motor
A2208 KV1100

1 pc LF609 Drone 367.00 367.00

Original Battery
3.7V 1800 MAH
Lipo Battery

3 pcs THHN Wire #14, 210.00 630.00

2.0mm2, 600V
Stranded, Royu, 10
Meters

1 pc PIC16F628A 8bit 180.00 180.00

PIC Microcontroller
20MHz 3.5kB
Flash, 18 Pin PDIP

1 pc Mini DC 12V High 784.00 784.00

Pressure Water
Pump

1 pc Brass Misting 111.00 111.00

Nozzle, High
Pressure 3/16
Threaded Outdoor
Anti-drip Fogging
Spray

1 set Arduino Dupont 75.00 75.00

Line 10cm – 50cm
male to female
Jumper wire cable
for DIY Kit Uno
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4 pcs Resistors 75.00 75.00

(1k, 5k, 10k Rx)

2 pcs Capacitors 60.00 60.00

(1microfarrad(25V),
100n)

Total Cost Php 10,697.00

Table 8 represents the projected cost for all the materials gathered and needed for the

prototype. This includes the quantity, unit specifications, projected cost of the materials and

components present. The projected cost can change overtime depending on the component’s

status of sales. Future researchers may arise to canvass low cost materials if they were to use this

research as a basis.

Table 9
Total Cost of the Project

ITEM Total Cost

Supplies and Materials (Projected Cost) Php 10,697.00

Labor (3D Layout) Php 3,000.00
Miscellaneous Php 3,000.00
TOTAL Php 16,697.00

Table 9 represents the overall finances of the research development. It involves the

projected materials and supplies needed for the device, the labor used by the researchers to

manifest a 3D layout, and the miscellaneous expenses.

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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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This chapter covers the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations based on

the data presented.

SUMMARY

This section serves as the concluding part of the study based on the presentation, analysis

and interpretation of data.

The general objective of the study is to develop a “Mango Tree Spraying Drone Using

Infrared Frequency” that can maneuver from aerial motions while spraying the trees in order to

generate healthy crops.

The development of the study has been designated into five different chapters. The first

chapter covers the introduction, background of the study, conceptual framework, the objective of

the study, its significance, scope and delimitation of the study, and the definition of terms. In the

second chapter, related readings and studies were also considered together with the synthesis.

The third chapter tackled the different stages of the study’s development. The fourth chapter

deals with the study’s performance, assessment and maintenance. This part answered the main

objectives of the device.

The prototype is very useful for the farmers because this lessens force and effort in

spraying the crops as well as body pressure. With the help of this technology the researchers

lessen the possible back aches and issues of the farmers in dealing with stress.

Findings

In completion of the study, the researchers had come up with the following findings:
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1. Through 3D sketching and presentation, the researchers developed a concept of a

device that would benefit both agricultural and educational studies.

2. Through multiple planning and surveying of possible assets, the researchers

canvassed respectable and affordable materials that would make the device possible.

3. The researchers have gathered data’s and tests to examine the drone capabilities to

cope the following:

3.1. The researchers guaranteed the drone’s function and it is successful to

operate its purpose by ascending to air while carrying the loaded solutions.

Through gathered data, the researchers accumulated the drone’s ascending per

time interval of 12 seconds. The researchers concluded that the device can last up

to 30 minutes before it runs out of battery power.

3.2. The researchers guaranteed the efficiency of the device in maneuver and

adaptability within the environment. With the help of its flight control panel and

the camera sensor, the drone can spray at an efficient level. (Proper training and

experience of using the device can make the activity easier and less hassle). The

researchers were critical in terms of its flight sequence as well, with the

possibility of concerns with the container and the drone’s agility. Therefore, the

researchers adjusted the container’s volume to withstand the pressure of the wind

and the weight of the drone while flying.

3.3. The researchers have tested the major electronic components present

within the device to see if its durable enough to withstand long term use. The

researchers concluded the conditioning of the drone together with materials.

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4. The researchers created a device manual to help the future users, readers and

researchers in conducting the concept for beneficial uses. This would help them avoid

possible damages and will serve as a training guide for them to have a mutual bond

with these kind of technology.

Conclusions

Throughout the development of the project, the following conclusions were drawn by the

researchers to have significance for future use:

1. The concept and design of the project were essential to future students who seek to

enhance technological knowledge and seek future researches related to this topic.

2. The diagram of the device is essential to understand the drone’s control system.

3. The infrared frequency has major delays from the prototype if the device is far from

the control panel (max. of 30 feet).

4. The manual created by the researchers will guide the possible readers of this research.

5. The Mango Tree Spraying Drone using Infrared Frequency was proven helpful and

essential for the farmers and future researchers. The device’s functions, efficiency

and durability were also proven to be working and in good condition.

Recommendations
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In collaboration with the summary, findings and conclusions, the following

recommendations were stated by the researchers based on their experiences on making the study

possible:

1. The materials present in the device must be evaluated everytime to assess its durability.

The durability of the materials present in the drone may last up to 5-7 months of

guaranteed 100% durable equipment. This may also depend on the user of the device.

2. The researchers strongly recommended a larger battery supply for the drone if the future

researchers decided to use a larger device to withstand heavier load. This may also be

applied to the drone itself.

3. The researchers strongly recommend for the future researchers to conceptualize a device

that could carry a heavier load and a much larger device compared to the present study.

4. The researchers strongly recommended in adding a color sensor for the device so that it

can be useful to define what color it could spray to trigger it.

5. The researchers recommend that the device can be used for other types of trees that needs

spraying.

6. For future studies, they can enhance the device and integrate the circuit and functions of

the present study.

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APPENDICES