Dr .Muzzamil Ahamed.

S; Nehal Ahmad; Younus Pasha

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 18ME753

MODULE-4: ELECTRICAL SEFETY

Syllabus: Introduction to electrical safety, Electric hazards, effect of electric
current on human body, causes of electrical accidents, prevention of electric
accidents, PPE used. Electric shock. Primary and secondary electric shocks, AC
and DC current shocks. Safety precautions against shocks. Safety precautions in
small and residential building installations. Safety procedures in electric plant.
Case studies: To visit electrical substations, local distribution systems, observe
and share the experience and report.

DEPT.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, HKBKCE, BANGLORE

Dr .Muzzamil Ahamed.S; Nehal Ahmad; Younus Pasha
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 18ME753

4.1 Introduction to electrical safety:

[Define electrical safety. List out the basic factors to be consider ensuring
electrical safety in general work place.]
The state of being safe and protected from danger or harm caused by
unanticipated electric hazards in surrounding environment is called electrical
safety.
Example: – Protection against Fire caused by failure in an electrical circuit,
when electricity travels along the wrong route because of damaged wires or
a fault in the connections between the wires.
– Protection against the shock and electrocution.
– Protection against the explosion caused due short circuits, electric
hazards.
Electricity is widely recognized as a serious workplace hazard, exposing
employees to electric shock, burns, fires, and explosions. According to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 250 employees were killed by contact with electric
current in 2006. Other employees have been killed or injured in fires and
explosions caused by electricity.
It is well known that the human body will conduct electricity. If direct body
contact is made with an electrically energized part while a similar contact is made
simultaneously with another conductive surface that is maintained at a different
electrical potential, a current will flow, entering the body at one contact point,
traversing the body, and then exiting at the other contact point, usually the
ground. Each year many employees suffer pain, injuries, and death from such
electric shocks.
Electric Safety at general work place.

• Electric Circuit Components:

CORDS

 Cords are in good condition.

 Arrange cords so they are placed out of traffic areas.

 Never nail or staple cords to the wall.

 DO NOT place cords under carpets.

PLUGS
 Never force a plug into an outlet if it doesn't fit. Plugs should fit securely
into outlets.

 Never remove the ground pin (the third prong) this could lead to an
electrical shock.
EXTENSION CORDS
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INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 18ME753

 DO NOT overload cords.

 Use extension cords on a temporary basis.

OUTLETS

 Check for outlets that have loose-fitting plugs, which can overheat and
lead to fire.
 Replace any missing or broken wall plates.

 Make sure there are safetycovers on all unused outlets.

 Avoid overloading outlets with too many appliances.

GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS

 Use GFCIs in any area where water and electricity may come into contact.
WATER SOURCES

 DO NOT leave plugged in appliances where they might fall in contact

with water.

 If a plugged-in appliance falls into water, NEVER reach in to pull it out.

 If you have an appliance that has gotten wet, don't use it until it has been
checked by a qualified repair person.
LIGHT BULBS

 Make sure all bulbs in light fixtures are the correct wattage for the size
of the fixture.

 Make sure bulbs are screwed in securely; loose bulbs may overheat.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND FUSES

 Make sure circuit breakers and fuses are the correct size current rating for
their circuit.
Label the size to be used.

 Always replace a fuse with the same size fuse.

APPLIANCES

 If an appliance repeatly blows a fuse, trips a circuit breaker or if it has

given you a shock, unplug it and have it repaired or replaced.

– OUTDOOR SAFETY

 Always use an extension cord marked for outdoor use.

 Remember to unplug all portable power tools.

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INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 18ME753

 Since metal ladders conduct electricity, watch out for overhead wires and
power lines.

– STORMY WEATHER
During an electrical storm:

 DO NOT use appliances (i.e., hairdryers, radios) or telephones (except in

an emergency).

 DO NOT take a bath or shower.

 Keep batteries on hand.

– SPACE HEATERS

 Keep space heaters at least 3 ft. away from any combustible materials .
 DO NOT use space heaters in rooms where children are unsupervised.

 Remember! Turn off and unplug heaters when not in use.

Electricity Safety
1. Electrocution is mainly due to serious injury of the heart.
2. Before using an electrical appliance, one should check if the tool is
functioning properly. A portable electrical tool should be earthed unless it is
of double-insulated construction. Earthling of an electrical tool can reduce the
risk of electric shock. The marking of “回” on a portable electrical tool means
it is of double-insulated construction. Double-insulation of electrical tools can
avoid current leakage.
3. An electrical appliance should be repaired after the power supply has been
completely isolated. A failed electrical appliance should be repaired by a
competent electrician. Improper repairing of an electrical appliance may
cause explosion, burnt or electric shock.
4. Practices/situations leading to electrical accidents:
• Repair electrical tools by an unqualified person.
• Unauthorized modification of electrical tools.
• Allow live parts of electric wires to expose.
• Directly connect wires to power supply without using an electric plug.
• Conduct arc welding in a humid environment.
5. Practices/situations to avoid electrical accidents:
• Repair electrical tools by a competent electrician.
• Regularly inspect electrical tools.
• Adopt “permit-to-work” for repairing electrical appliances.
• Use an appropriate plug to connect power supply.
• Stand on an insulated mat.

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Dr .Muzzamil Ahamed.S; Nehal Ahmad; Younus Pasha
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 18ME753

4.2 Electric Hazards:

[Write a note on electric hazards / List and explain the various hazards
associated with electricity.]
Electricity has long been recognized as a serious workplace hazard, exposing
employees to electric shock, electrocution, burns, fires, and explosions.
When electrical tools are working properly a complete circuit is maintained
between the tool and the energy source. However, if the tool is damaged the
person may come in contact with the electricity and can become a path for the
current. The person will be shocked!
The following is a list of common electrical hazards found on construction sites:
1. Improper grounding
2. Exposed electrical parts
3. Inadequate wiring
4. Damaged insulation
5. Overloaded circuits
6. Wet conditions
7. Damaged tools and equipment.
8. Overhead power lines

1. Improper grounding
Grounding is the process used to eliminate unwanted voltage. A ground is a
physical electrical connection to the earth.Electrical equipment must be properly
grounded. Grounding reduces the risk of being shocked or electrocuted.The
ground pin safely returns leakage current to ground. Never remove the ground
pin.Removing the ground pin removes an important safety feature. You can get
shocked!

Fig. 4.1: Improper grounding

2. Exposed electrical parts

Exposed wires or terminals are hazardous. Report these conditions to your
supervisor.
This electrical panel has missing circuit breakers. Never use a panel that has
exposed wires.All openings must be closed.Outer insulation on electrical cords
must be intact.On construction sites, temporary lighting must be properly
guarded and protected to avoid contact with broken bulbs and avoid potential
shocks.
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INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 18ME753

Fig. 4.2: Exposed electrical parts

3. Inadequate wiring
Use properly rated extension cords. Make sure your power tools are being used
with a properly rated extension cord.
Different types of wires with their electrical current rating.

Fig. 4.3: Types of wires with their electrical current rating

4. Damaged insulation
Defective or inadequate insulation is a hazard. Insulation prevents conductors
from contacting each other or you.Never attempt to repair a damaged cord with
tape.Never use tools or extension cords with damaged insulation.Never hang
extension cords from nails or sharp objects.Do not run extension cords through
doors or windows.

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Dr .Muzzamil Ahamed.S; Nehal Ahmad; Younus Pasha
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 18ME753

Fig. 4.4: Damaged insulation

Overloaded circuits
Overloaded circuits can cause fires. Use proper circuit breakers.Never overload
an outlet. Do not use power strips or surge protectors on construction sites. Use
a 3-way extension with a GFCI instead.

Fig. 4.5: Overloaded circuits

5. Wet conditions
Wet conditions are hazardous. Damaged insulation increases the hazard.Always
avoid using tools in wet locations. Water increases the risk of electric shock.

Fig. 4.6: Wet conditions

6. Damaged tools and equipment.

Do not use electric tools that are damaged. You may receive a shock or be
electrocuted. Double insulated tools are labeled. It will be marked “Double
Insulated”. It will have the following symbol:
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INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 18ME753

Fig. 4.7: Double insulation indication

7. Overhead power lines

Survey the site for overhead power lines. Never store materials or equipment
under overhead power lines.Maintain a distance of at least 10’ between tools and
equipment and overhead power lines. Shocks and electrocutions occur where
physical barriers are not in place to prevent contact with the wires.Maintain safe
distances between scaffolding and overhead power lines.Overhead power lines
are very dangerous. Never attempt to contact an overhead power line.

Fig. 4.8: Overhead power lines

8. Electrical Arc Blast

Another hazard to employees is the blast effect that can result from arcing. High
energy arcs can damage equipment causing fragmented metal to fly in all
directions. Low energy arc can cause violent explosions. Inhaling the hot
vaporized metal from the arc blast will cause damage to respiratory system.

DEPT.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, HKBKCE, BANGLORE

Dr .Muzzamil Ahamed.S; Nehal Ahmad; Younus Pasha
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 18ME753

Fig. 4.9: Electrical Arc Blast

4.3 Effect of electric current on human body:

[Explain the effect of electric current on human body]

An electric shock can result in anything from a slight tingling sensation to

immediate cardiac arrest. The severity depends on the following:
• The amount of current flowing through the body,
• The current’s path through the body,
• The length of time the body remains in the circuit, and
• The current’s frequency.
Current through the body, even at levels as low as 3 milli amperes, can also cause
injuries of an indirect or secondary injuries in which involuntary muscular
reaction from the electric shock can cause bruises, bone fractures and even death
resulting from collisions or falls.
Shock Current, Not Voltage causes Electric Shock
Hand to Hand Resistance = 1000W
• Common voltage is 120 Volts
• Ohm’s Law: I = E/R
• 120/1000 = .12 Amps • (480/1000= .48 Amps)
• Voltage=AmpsXOhms
(resistance)
• Converting voltage to amps • Typical Industrial Voltages
– 110/120Volts=60 milli-amps (mA)
– 220/240 Volts = 120 mA
– 440/480 Volts = 240 mA
This table shows the general relationship between the amount of current received
and the reaction when current flows from the hand to the foot for just 1 second.

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Dr .Muzzamil Ahamed.S; Nehal Ahmad; Younus Pasha
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY 18ME753

 Effects of Electric current on Human Body

Current level (milliamperes) Probable Effect on Human Body

1 mA Perception level. Slight tingling sensation.

5 mA Slight shock felt; not painful but disturbing. Average
individual can let go.
6 – 16 mA Painful shock. Loss of muscular control. Commonly
referred to as the freezing current or "let-go" range.
17 – 99 mA Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular
contractions. Individual cannot let go the source in contact
with. Can cause ventricular fibrillation.
100 – 2000 mA Ventricular fibrillation (uneven pumping of the heart.)
Muscular contraction and nerve damage begins to occur.
Death likely.
> 2,000 mA Cardiac arrest, internal organ damage, and severe burns.
Death probable.

Table 4.1: Effects of Electric current on Human Body

The severity of the injury depends on:
– Amount of current flowing through the body.
– Path of the current through the body.
– Length of time the body is in the circuit.
– The voltage of the current.
Burns suffered in electrical accidents can be very serious. These burns may be of
three basic types: electrical burns, arc burns, and thermal contact burns.
Electrical burns are the result of the electric current flowing in the tissues, and
may be either skin deep or may affect deeper layers (such as muscles and bones)
or both. The heat generated from the current flow; if the energy delivered by the
electric shock is high, the body cannot dissipate the heat, and the tissue is burned
causes tissue damage. Typically, such electrical burns are slow to heal. Arc burns
are the result of high temperatures produced by electric arcs or by explosions
close to the body. Finally, thermal contact burns are those normally experienced
from the skin contacting hot surfaces of overheated electric conductors, conduits,
or other energized equipment. In some circumstances, all three types of burns
may be produced simultaneously.
If the current involved is great enough, electric arcs can start a fire. Fires can
also be created by overheating equipment or by conductors carrying too much
current. Extremely high-energy arcs can damage equipment, causing fragmented
metal to fly in all directions. In atmospheres that contain explosive gases or
vapours or combustible dusts, even low-energy arcs can cause violent
explosions.

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The number of electrons we are willing to let across the circuit at one time is
called "current".
We measure current using amperes, or "Amps". One AMP is defined
as 625,000,000,000,000,000,000 (6.25 x 1018) electrons moving across your circuit every
second! Since no one, wants to remember such a big number, that big number is called a
"coulomb," after the scientist Charles A Coulomb who helped discover what a current of
electricity is. The amount of charge between the sides of the circuit is called "voltage."
We measure Voltage in Volts. The word volt is named after another scientist, Alexader
Volta, who built the world's first battery.
Current through the body, even at levels as low as 3 mill amperes, can also cause injuries of an
indirect or secondary injuries in which involuntary muscular reaction from the electric shock can
cause bruises, bone fractures and even death resulting from collisions or falls. Each year many
employees suffer electric shocks while using portable electric tools and equipment. The nature of
the injuries ranges from minor burns to electrocution. Electric shocks produced by alternating
currents (ac) at power line frequency passing through the body of an average adult from hand to
foot for 1 second can cause various effects, starting from a condition of being barely perceptible at
1 milliampere to loss of voluntary muscular control for currents from 9 to 25 milliamperes. The
passage of still higher currents, from 75 milliamperes to 4 amperes, can produce ventricular
fibrillation of the heart; and, finally, immediate cardiac arrest at over 4 amperes. These injuries occur
when employees contact electrically energized parts. Typically, the frame of a tool becomes
accidentally energized because of an electrical fault (known as a ground fault) that provides a
conductive path to the tool casing. For instance, with a grounded electric supply system, when the
employee contacts the tool casing, the fault current takes a path through the employee to an
electrically grounded object. The amount of current that flows through an employee depends,
primarily, upon the resistance of the fault path within the tool, the resistance of the path through the
employee's body, and the resistance of the paths, both line side and ground side, from the employee
back to the electric power supply. Moisture in the atmosphere can contribute to the electrical fault
by enhancing both the conductive path within the tool and the external ground path back to the
electric power supply. Dry skin can have a resistance range of anywhere from about 500 to 500,000
ohms and wet skin can have a resistance range of about 200 to 20,000, depending on several factors,
such as the physical characteristics and mass of the employee. More current will flow if the
employee is perspiring or becomes wet because of environmental conditions. If the current is high
enough, the employee will suffer a ground-fault electrocution.
One method of protection against injuries from electric shock is the ground-
fault circuit interrupter (GFCI). This device continually monitors the current
flow to and from electric equipment. If the current going out to the protected
equipment differs by approximately 0.005 amperes (5-milliamperes) from the
current returning, then the GFCI will de-energize the equipment within as little
as 25 milliseconds, quickly enough to prevent electrocution.

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 Path of current Through Body

The path the current takes through the body affects the degree of injury. A small
current that passes from one extremity through the heart to the other extremity is
capable of causing severe injury or electrocution. There have been many cases
where an arm or leg was almost burned off when the extremity came in contact
with electrical current and the current only flowed through a portion of the limb
before it went out into the other conductor withoutgoing through the trunk of the
body. Had the current gone through the trunk of the body, the person would
almost surely have been electrocuted.
A large number of serious electrical accidents in industry involve current flow
from hands to feet. Since such a path involves both the heart and the lungs,
results can be fatal.

Fig. 4.10: Effects of current passing through various parts

of the body  Duration of Shock

The duration of the shock has a great bearing on the final outcome. If the shock
is of short duration, it may only be a painful experience for the person.
If the level of current flow reaches the approximate ventricular fibrillation
threshold of 100 mA, a shock duration of a few seconds could be fatal. This is
not much current when you consider that a small light duty portable electric drill
draws about 30 times as much.
At relatively high currents, death is inevitable if the shock is of appreciable
duration; however, if the shock is of short duration, and if the heart has not been
damaged, interruption of the current may be followed by a spontaneous
resumption of its normal rhythmic contractions.
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Fig. 4.11: Path of electric current through body

 Rules of Electricity

• Electricity travels in a completed circuit

• Electricity always travels in the path of least resistance

• Electricity tries to travel to Ground

V=IxR
The above formula applies to the human body during an electric shock, provided
that the voltage remains constant and there is Resistance (R) in the human body.
A reduction in resistance in the human body will lead to higher electrical currents
passing through it, and any injury will be more serious.

Fig. 12: Indication of resistance offered by human body

 Effects of Electricity on Human Body

Burns
The most common shock-related injury is a burn. Burns suffered in electrical
incidents may be one or more of the following three types:

– Electrical Burns cause tissue damage, and are the result of heat
generated by the flow of electric current through the body.

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Electrical burns are one of the most serious injuries you can
receive and need to receive immediate medical attention.
– High temperatures near the body produced by an electric arc or
explosion cause Arc or Flash Burns (also need prompt medical
attention)
– Thermal Contact Burns occur when skin comes in contact with
overheated electric equipment, or when clothing is ignited in an
electrical incident.
Internal Injuries
 Our bodies use small electrical currents to transmit signals through the
nervous system and contract muscles,Extra electrical current flowing
through the body can cause serious damage.
 Medical problems can include internal bleeding, tissue destruction, and
nerve or muscle damage.
 Internal injuries may not be immediately apparent to the victim or
observers; however, left untreated, they can result in death
Electric shock occurs when a body becomes a part of electric circuit.
• A person may come in contact with both the conductors
• A person may provide a path between an ungrounded conductor and the
ground.
• A person may provide a path between the ground and a conducting
material that in contact with an ungrounded conductor.
The extent of accompanying electric shocks depends on three factors:
1. The amount of current conducted through the body.
2. The path of the current through the body.
3. The length of the time a person is subjected to the current.
The amount of current depends on the potential difference and the resistance.
The effect of low current on human body range from a temporary mild tingling
sensation to the death. An electric shock can injure you in either or both the
following.
A sever shock can stop the heart or breathing the muscle, or both.
The heating effects of current can cause severe burns, especially at points where
the electricity enters and leaves the body.
Other effects include severe bleeding, breathing difficulty and ventricular
fibrillation.
An electric shock may injure the human body in several ways:
• Contraction of chest muscles causing interference with breathing, leading to
asphyxiation.
• Temporary paralysis of the nerve center leading to breathing failure.
• Ventricular fibrillation which is an irregular movement of heart muscles
leading to failure of blood circulation. The heart cannot spontaneously recover,
causing death.
• Hemorrhage and destruction of nerves, tissues and muscles, caused mainly by
heat.
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• When electricity passes through the body, it can interfere with the normal
electrical signals between the brain and other body systems.
• Arc flashes result in intense heat causing burns or ignition of other materials.
• Contact with high voltage can cause burns in internal tissues.
Precautions to be taken while working with electricity
• Check for damage on power plugs, wire and other electrical fittings. If found
damaged, repair or replace damaged equipment immediately.
• Keep electrical wires of equipment away from hot surfaces to prevent damage
of the insulation.
• Do not lay electric wires along passage. It can be a trip hazard. Further contact
with sharp edges can cause damage to insulation leading to short circuit.
• Know the location of switches/circuit breaker boxes for use in case of an
emergency.
• All circuit breakers in the switch board must be clearly labelled for easy
identification.
• Access to circuit breakers must not be blocked.
Extension cords must be used only to supply power temporarily.
• Do not handle electrical equipment when hands, feet or body are wet or
perspiring, or when standing on a wet floor.
• Consider all floors as conductive unless covered with insulating matting of
suitable type for electrical work.
• Whenever possible, use only one hand when working on circuits or control
devices.
• Do not wear rings, metallic watchbands, chains etc. when working with
electrical equipment.
Precautions to be taken while using power tools
• Before connecting the tool to the power supply, switch the tool OFF.
• Disconnect power supply before making adjustments.
• The tool must be properly grounded with a 3-wire cord with a 3-prong plug.
Use double insulated tools wherever possible.
• Do not use electrical tools in wet conditions or damp locations unless the tool
is connected to an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker.
4.4 Causes of electrical accidents:
[List and explain the various causes of electrical accidents.]
Electricity travels in closed circuits, normally through a conductor. Sometimes a
person’s body - an efficient conductor of electricity - mistakenly becomes part
of theelectric circuit. This can cause an electrical shock. Shocks occur when a
person’s body completes the current path with:
• Both wires of an electric circuit;
• One wire of an energized circuit and the ground;
• A metal part that accidentally becomes energized due, for example, to a break
in its insulation; or
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• Another “conductor” that is carrying a current.

When a person receives a shock, electricity flows between parts of the body or
through the body to a ground or the earth.
Common Causes of Electrical Accidents are as follows:
1. Defective Equipment: types of equipment frequently involved in electrical
accidents include motor driven equipment, control devices, portable electric
tools, switches, panels, cutouts, conductors, plugs and fuses, and electric
extension cords. A variety of unsafe conditions involving the different types of
equipment creates many electrical hazards. Some of the common defects of tools
and equipment are listed as follows:
a. Improperly grounded equipment (ground wires missing, broken or improperly
connected);
b. Open conduits, switch boxes, damaged or worn connections, and exposed live
wires;
c. Insulation, which is defective, inadequate, worn, frayed, wet, oily or
deteriorated, creating short circuit possibilities and energizing equipment,
frames;
d. Defective switches, receptacles, extension cords, and lamp sockets;
e. Dirty motor windings, improperly adjusted brushes, and worn commutators;
f. Improperly connected power tools and defective insulation in portable tools;
g. Broken housings, loose or vibrating machine parts which might contact and
energize tool or machine frames and expose “live” surfaces to operator.
2. Unsafe Practices: Unsafe practices and work procedures result in electrical
accidents and fires. Some of the common unsafe acts committed in the shop are:
a. Using ungrounded equipment and portable tools (except double insulated
tools) or removing ground connections;
b. Using defective tools or equipment in need of repair;
c. Using equipment which does not meet the approval of the Underwriters
Laboratories for the intended use;
d. Unsafe cleaning of electrical panels, switch boxes, motors, and other
electrical equipment with water or dangerous solvents;
e. Overloading of circuits or overfusing circuits by the use of wrong size or type
of fuse;
f. Failure to use explosion-proof or other special wiring methods in hazardous
locations.
g. Failure to positively lock out or otherwise de-energize and tag equipment or
circuits to be worked on. Do not rely on gloves, rubber mats, etc., for
electrical installation and repair.
h. Installation or extension of electrical facilities in a manner not meeting the
National
Electrical Code;
i. Repetitive closing of switches or circuit breakers when there is a fault on the
circuit.
j. Using light duty, ungrounded extension cords for industrial service;
k. Failure to maintain clear access to electrical panels. The Federal Code
requires clearance of 30 inches.
l. Use of extension cords in place of permanent wiring extensions;
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m. Work practices which overload motors, insulation, wires or electrical

accessories;
n. Disconnecting of electric cords by pulling on the cords rather than on the plug;
o. Use of metal ladders while working on electrical equipment; p. Failure to
label switch panels and boxes.
3. Lack of knowledge: teaching a basic understanding of electrical safety is part
of a Technology/ Engineering Educational Program. Ground Fault Protection –
a recent development that can save lives. Devices are now readily available
which give sure protection against electrocution or serious shock from defective
portable tools or cords. Their use should be encouraged in all areas, but
particularly where there is a serious shock hazard from wet conditions or other
conditions causing massive grounding of the student.

4.5 Prevention of electrical accidents:

[List and explain the corrective and preventive measures for electrical
accidents. /What work practices help protect you against electrical
accidents?]
Electrical accidents are largely preventable through safe work practices.
Examples of these practices include the following:
• De-energizing electric equipment before inspection or repair,
• keeping electric tools properly maintained,
• exercising caution when working near energized lines, and
• using appropriate protective equipment.
 How can you protect yourself against metal parts that become energized?
A break in an electric tool’s or machine’s insulation can cause its metal parts to
become “hot” or energized, meaning that they conduct electricity. Touching
these energized parts can result in an electrical shock, burn, or electrocution. The
best way to protect yourself when using electrical tools or machines is to
establish a low-resistance path from the device’s metallic case to the ground.
This requires an equipment grounding conductor, a low-resistance wire that
directs unwanted current directly to the ground. A properly installed grounding
conductor has a low resistance to ground and greatly reduces the amount of
current that passes through your body. Cord and plug equipment with a three-
prong plug is a common example of equipment incorporating this ground
conductor.
Another form of protection is to use listed or labeled portable tools and
appliances protected by an approved system of double insulation or its
equivalent. Where such a system is employed, it must be marked distinctively to
indicate that the tool or appliance uses an approved double insulation system.
 How can you prevent an accidental or unexpected equipment startup?
Proper lockout/tagout procedures protect you from the dangers of the accidental
or unexpected startup of electrical equipment and are required for general
industry by OSHA Standard 1910.333, Selection and Use of Work Practices .
Requirements for construction applications are in 29 CFR 1926.417, Lockout
and Tagging of Circuits . These procedures ensure that electrical equipment is

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deenergized before it is repaired or inspected and protects you against

electrocution or shock.
The first step before beginning any inspection or repair job is to turn the current
off at the switch box and padlock the switch in the OFF position. This applies
even on so-called lowvoltage circuits. Securely tagging the switch or controls of
the machine or equipment being locked out of service clarifies to everyone in the
area which equipment or circuits are being inspected or repaired.
Only qualified electricians who have been trained in safe lockout procedures
should maintain electrical equipment. No two of the locks used should match,
and each key should fit just one lock. In addition, one individual lock and key
should be issued to each maintenance worker authorized to lock out and tag the
equipment. All employees who repair a given piece of equipment should lock
out its switch with an individual lock. Only authorized workers should be
permitted to remove it.
 How can you protect yourself from overhead power lines?
Before working under or near overhead power lines, ensure that you maintain a
safe distance to the lines and, for very high-voltage lines, ground any equipment
such as cranes that can become energized. If working on power lines, ensure that
the lines have been deenergized and grounded by the owner or operator of the
lines. Other protective measures like guarding or insulating the lines help prevent
accidental contact.
Employees unqualified to work with electricity, as well as mechanical
equipment, should remain at least 10 feet (3.05 meters) away from overhead
power lines. If the voltage is more than 50,000 volts, the clearance increases by
4 inches (10 centimeters) for each additional 10,000 volts.
When mechanical equipment is operated near overhead lines, employees
standing on the ground should avoid contact with the equipment unless it is
located outside the danger zone. When factoring the safe standoff distance, be
sure to consider the equipment’s maximum reach.
 What protection does personal equipment offer?
Employees who work directly with electricity should use the personal protective
equipment required for the jobs they perform. This equipment may include
rubber insulating gloves, hoods, sleeves, matting, blankets, line hose, and
industrial protective helmets designed to reduce electric shock hazard. All help
reduce the risk of electrical accidents.

4.6 PPE used in electrical safety:

[List and explain the various PPE used in electrical safety. / What protection
does personal equipment offers against electric accidents?]
Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA] defines Personal
Protective Equipment [PPE] as equipment for the eye, face, head and extremities,
protective clothing, respiratory devices, protective shields and barriers. Many
OSHA regulations state that PPEmust meet criteria set by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) OSHA requires that head protection be worn if there
is a risk of head injury from electrical burns or falling/flying objects. OSHA
requires that you be provided with personal protective equipment. This
equipment must meet OSHA requirement and be appropriate for the parts of the
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body that need protection and the work-performed.PPE is the last line of defence
after engineering controls, work practices and administrative controls have been
exhausted. OSHA estimates that more than 20,000 workplace injuries could be
avoided each year with proper use of PPE. When we can’t eliminate a hazard
any other way, it is our duty under the law to provide PPE to protect the worker
from that hazard. Always consider these safety precautions: Personal protective
equipment (PPE),
• Inspect tools,
• Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs),
• Lock-out/tag-out.

Fig. 4.13: PPE used in electrical safety

Fig. 4.14: PPE used in electrical safety

PPE for electrical hazards include:

• hardhats
• rubber or insulating gloves
• insulating clothing
NEVER use damaged PPE!
Use appropriate rubber insulating gloves.
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– Make sure the gloves fit properly.

– Make sure the glove rating matches with the work to be
performed. – Not all gloves can be used to prevent electric
shock.

Fig. 4.15: Rubber insulating gloves

Rubber gloves protect you when working around
electricity.

Fig. 4.16: Safety foot wears

Types of Foot PPE
• Safety Shoes and Boots
• Steel toe footwear
• protects your toes from falling objects and from being crushed
• Metatarsal footwear
• Special guards that run from your ankle to your toes and protect your
entire foot
• Reinforced sole footwear
• metal reinforcement that protects your foot from punctures
• Latex/Rubber footwear
• Resists chemicals and provides extra traction on slippery surfaces

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Fig. 4.17: Safety gloves for electrical operations

• Hard hats offer protection.

• Hard hats are rated for certain uses.
• Metal hard hats SHOULD NOT be used when working close to electrical
lines

Fig. 4.17: Safety gloves

Welding shields. Constructed of vulcanized fibre or fiberglass and fitted with a
filtered lens, welding shields protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or
intense radiant light; they also protect both the eyes and face from flying sparks,
metal spatter and slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering and
cutting operations. OSHA requires filter lenses to have a shade number

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appropriate to protect against the specific hazards of the work being performed
in order to protect against harmful light radiation.
Laser safety goggles. These specialty goggles protect against intense
concentrations of light produced by lasers. The type of laser safety goggles an
employer chooses will depend upon the equipment and operating conditions in
the workplace.
4.7Electric shock:
[Define electric shock. List and explain the various modes of electric shocks
experienced by workers at their working environment. / Briefly explain the
various types of electric shock and their effects in domestic and industrial
sectors.]
Electric shock refers to the electricity passing through the human body, affecting
the normal function of the heart, lungs and nervous system. Ventricular
fibrillation caused by electricity is the main reason for death from electric shocks.
Electric shocks may indirectly lead to accidents, e.g. falling from heights and
bruising due to body trauma etc.
Ventricular fibrillation involves a series of disordered contractions of the heart’s
ventricular muscle fibres, which prevents regular heartbeat. Under normal
conditions, the human heart rate is from around 60 to 100 times per minute.
During an electric shock, heartbeat may increase up to several hundred times per
minute. When the heart cannot sustain such rapid contraction and relaxation, it
may stop beating and cause death.
Electric shock occurs when the body becomes part of an electrical circuit.
Shocks can happen in three ways.
• A person may come in contact with both conductors in a circuit.
• A person may provide a path between an ungrounded conductor and the ground.
• A person may provide a path between the ground and a conducting material that
is in contact with an ungrounded conductor.
The terms high voltage and low voltage are relative terms. In transmission-line
terminology,
"low voltage" is much higher than the 600 volts. At home, you would not think
of 600 volts as being low voltage. Even when applied to 120-volt circuits, the
term low voltage is deceiving. To some people low voltage means low hazard.
Actually, low voltage does not necessarily mean low hazard, because potential
difference is only one factor making up the dangerous effects of electricity. For
purposes of this Lesson, you can think of "low voltage" as being a potential
difference of 24-600 volts. The extent of injury accompanying electric shock
depends on three factors.
• The amount of current conducted through the body.
• The path of the current through the body.
• The length of time a person is subjected to the current. The amount of the
current depends on the potential difference and the resistance.
The effects of low current on the human body range from a temporary mild
tingling sensation to death. An electric shock can injure you in either or both of
the following.
• A severe shock can stop the heart or the breathing muscles, or both.

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• The heating effects of the current can cause severe burns, especially at points
where the electricity enters and leaves the body. Other effects include severe
bleeding, breathing difficulty, and ventricular fibrillation. In addition, you may
strike something, or have some other accident as a result of your response to
the shock.
Current is the killing factor in electrical shock. Voltage is important only in that
it determines how much current will flow through a given body resistance. The
current necessary to operate a 10 watt light bulb is eight to ten times more current
than the amount that would kill a person. A pressure of 120 volts is enough to
cause a current to flow which is many times greater than that necessary to kill.
The following values are given for human resistance to electrical current.
TYPE OF RESISTANCE VALUES
RESISTANCE
Dry skin 100,000 to 600,000 Ohms

Wet skin 1,000 Ohms

Hand to Foot 400 to 600 Ohms

Ear to Ear 100 Ohms

Table 4.2: Human Resistance to electrical current

With 120 volts and a skin resistance plus internal resistance totaling 1200 Ohms,
we would have 1/10 ampere electric current, that is 100 milliamperes. If skin
contact in the circuit is maintained while the current flows through the skin, the
skin resistance gradually decreases. During this time, proper first aid can mean
the difference between life and death. Sufficient circulation can sometimes be
maintained by heart compression, which should always be supported with
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. This combination of treatments is commonly
known as CPR.
Electric shock is a peril associated with electric resistance and electric arc
welding. A shock can happen because the equipment isn't properly grounded,
direct contact (Figure 14) with energized leads or from contact with the welding
leads via moist gloves or clothing, damp floors or humid air. The environmental
conditions of the welder (such as wet or cramped spaces) may make the
likelihood of a shock greater. Even if the shock itself isn't too serious, the jolt
could throw a welder out of position causing major injuries. Falls and other
accidents can result from even a small shock; brain damage and death can result
from a large shock.
Always wear dry hole-free insulating gloves to protect against or reduce electric
shock. The welder should also wear rubber-soled shoes, and use an insulating
layer, such as a dry board or a rubber mat, for protection on surfaces that can
conduct electricity.

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Fig. 4.18:Bare Hands - Requires Dry Insulating Gloves

Fig. 4.19: Types of electrodes used for electric arc welding

Fig. 4.20: Proper insulation on Welding Electrodes

Ground the piece being welded and the frame of all electrically powered
machines. The insulation on electrode holders and electrical cables should be
kept dry and in good condition.
Do not change electrodes with bare hands, wet gloves, when standing on wet
floors or grounded surfaces.

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A minor slag burn could startle a worker just long enough to lose balance and
fall. Wear safety belts or lifelines when welding in high places or wherever a
slip or fall could be dangerous. In arc-or-stick welding, the open circuit voltage
that exists between the electrode holder and the ground during the “off arc” or
“no load” period presents a potential hazard to the worker and those around him.
The worker becomes exposed to this voltage when setting up work, changing
working position, or changing welding electrodes.
The insulation on welding electrode holders is sometimes damaged from rough
use and from moving welding equipment through/around tight spaces – see
Figure 16 Contact with skin or damp clothing by the bare metal exposed when
this occurs can result in a shock. Similarly, welding leads and cables can become
cut or nicked from rough handling and use, exposing the bare metal of the
conductor. Leads, cables and electrode holders should be inspected prior to work
and more frequently in rough use situations. When working in tight and confined
spaces, care should be taken to prevent hot sparks and slag from falling onto and
damaging welding leads.
Welders must protect themselves and OTHERS in the vicinity from electrical
shock. OSHA requires the welding machines to be turned off when it is left for
appreciable/extended periods of time.

Fig. 4.21: Damaged Electrode (Energized)

When the arc welder or cutter has occasion to leave his work or to stop work
for any appreciable length of time, or when the arc welding or cutting machine
is to be moved, the power supply switch to the equipment shall be opened. In
order to protect those in the vicinity of welding/plasma arc operations, you
must prevent the general population from coming in contact with the
ENERGIZED ELECTRODES.
Personnel assigned to work in areas where there may be electrical hazards,
should be informed of the nature of the hazard and personal protective measures
necessary. They must be familiar with protective equipment, alerting techniques
and emergency assistance methods.
Use safety signs, tags,barricades or standby attendants as needed to keep
unauthorized persons out of a work area where electrical hazards might exist. A
physical barrier is always the preferred method of keeping personnel away from
the dangerous electrical potential/current encountered/available during welding
evolutions.
Each welder shall be familiar with the area used for performing welding and shall
take the proper precautions to prevent fires, electrical shock, eye injury,

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inhalation of hazardous fumes, burns, excessive noise, and heat exhaustion to

themselves and others who may occupy the area.

Fig. 4.22: Unattended Energized Electrode Holder

DANGEROUS CONDITION - Unattended Energized Electrode Holder
Specific Electrical Measures The avoidance of electrical shock is largely within
the control of the welder. Therefore, it is especially important that the welder be
thoroughly trained on safe welding procedures. Safe procedures must be
observed at all times when working with equipment having voltages necessary
for arc welding. These voltages can be dangerous to life. Even mild shocks can
cause involuntary muscular contractions. Electric shock from welding can kill!!
Any electric welder, AC or DC, has the power to cause electrocution if the
electrode touches your bare skin while you are grounded.
To avoid electric shocks and possible electrocution, personnel should take the
following precautions:
• Welders must always be concerned about the possibility of electrical shock.
Wet working conditions must be avoided because water is an excellent
conductor and electricity will always follow the path of least resistance. Even
a person’s perspiration can lower the body’s resistance to electrical shock.
Standing on a dry rubber mat, or when welding outdoors, standing on a dry
board, is always advisable.
• Poor connections and bare spots on cables further increase the possibility of
electrical shock, so equipment operators should routinely inspect for effective
ground connections. A proper ground connection is always necessary because
it provides a safety connection from a welding machine frame to the earth.
• Connections typically used for grounding an engine-driven welding machine
include a cable connected from a ground stud on the welding machine to a metal
stake driven/placed into/in the ground.
• The workpiece being welded and the frame or chassis of all electrically
powered machines must be connected to a good electrical ground. This can be
accomplished by connecting it to a properly grounded building frame or other
appropriate ground. Chains, wire ropes, cranes hoists and elevators must never
be used as grounding connectors.
• The work lead is not the grounding lead. The work lead connects the work
terminal onthe power source to the workpiece. A separate lead is required to
ground the workpiece or power source.
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• When arc welding equipment is properly grounded, a voltage may exist

between the electrode and any conducting object. Examples of conducting
objects include buildings; power tools, work benches, welding power source
cases, and work pieces.
• Never touch the electrode and any metal object unless the welding power source
is OFF.
• When installing a welding system, connect the frames of each unit such as
welding power source, control, worktable and water circulator to the building
ground. Conductors must be adequate to carry ground currents safely.
Equipment made electrically hot by stray current may deliver a powerful shock.
• Never ground to an electrical conduit or to a pipe carrying any gas or flammable
liquid such as oil or fuel.
• Use proper precautionary measures and recommended safe practices at all
times. Train personnel using welding and cutting equipment to reduce the risk
of injuries, fatalities, and electrical accidents.
• Read all instructions, labels and installation manuals before installing,
operating or servicing the equipment.
• Do not strike the arc without covering the face and eyes. Give warning to others
before striking the arc.
• All of the following are electrically energized when the power is “on”: electrode
and welding circuit, input power circuit and machine internal circuits, the wire,
reel of wire, drive rolls, and all other metal parts touching the energized
electrode.
• Have all installation, operation, maintenance, and repair work performed only
by qualified people.
• Do not work alone. • Wear dry, hole-free, insulating gloves in good condition
and protective clothing.
• Isolate/Insulate yourself from the workpiece and ground by wearing high top
rubber soled shoes or standing on a dry insulated mat or platform.
• Use fully insulated electrode holders. Never dip the holder into water to cool
it or lay it on conductive surfaces or the work surface.
• Do not touch holders connected to two welding machines at the same time.
• Do not allow the holder or electrode to come in contact with any other person.
• Do not use worn, damaged, undersized, or poorly spliced cables, welding gun
cables, or torch cables. Make sure all connections are tight, clean, and dry.

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Fig. 4.23: Damaged Cable

• Do not wrap cables carrying electric current around any part of your body.
• Ground the work piece to a good electrical earth ground. The work lead is not
a ground lead. Do not use the work lead as a ground lead. Use a separate
connection to ground the workpiece to earth.

Fig. 4.24: Ground Clamp Not Connected

• Do not touch an energized electrode while you are in contact with the work
circuit.
• When using auxiliary power from welding generators, it is recommended that
you use a circuit protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) such as
receptacles in boxes, extension cords, and the like. Use of an assured grounding
system is also acceptable and is equivalent to use of a GFCI protected circuit.
• In confined spaces or in locations that are electrically hazardous due to water
or perspiration, do not use welding equipment with AC output unless it is also
equipped with a voltage reducer and remote output control. Use equipment
with DC output and do not work alone.
• Additional safety precautions are required when welding is performed under
any of the following electrically hazardous conditions: in damp locations or
while wearing wetclothing; on metal floors, gratings, scaffolds, or other metal
structures; in cramped positions such as sitting, kneeling, or lying; or when

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there is a high risk of unavoidable or accidental contact with the workpiece or

ground.
Where these conditions are present, use one of the following types of equipment
presented in order of preference:
• Semiautomatic DC constant voltage metal electrode (wire) welder,
• DC manual covered electrode (stick) welder, or
• AC welder with reduced open-circuit voltage. In most situations, use of
a DC, constant voltage wire welder is recommended. And, do not work
alone!
• Electrodes or welding wire should never be touched with bare hands
when in the holder or welding gun. Holders or welding guns should
never be held under the armpits. Remember, hot work increases risk due
to the reduced skin resistance when sweating occurs. • Turn off all
equipment when not in use.
• Use only well maintained equipment. Repair or replace damaged parts before
further use.
• Wet working conditions should be avoided. Even a person's perspiration can
lower the body's resistance to electrical shock.
Welding can cause other hazardous conditions, such as fires. Always take extra
precaution to prevent all accidents while welding. Simple preventive actions
such as placing your welding cables and other equipment where they will not
obstruct passageways, ladders, and stairways will help prevent accidents.

4.8Primary and secondary electric shocks:

[Write a note on Primary and secondary electric shocks./ Differentiate
between Primary and secondary electric shocks.]
Primary electric shocks Secondary electric shocks
Primary shock is an electric shock of such as
Secondary shock is a shock of such a
magnitude that it may produce direct magnitude that it will not produce direct
physiological harm. physiological harm, but it is annoying and
may cause involuntary muscle reaction.
The results of primary shock are: Fibrillation
Result of secondary shock are annoyance,
(irregular heart beat), respiratory tetanus
(continuous contraction of muscle). alarm and aversion and loss of balance due to
involuntary muscle reaction.
Table 4.3: Difference between primary and secondary electric shock

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4.9 AC and DC current Shocks:

[Write a note on AC and DC current Shocks. / Differentiate between AC and
DC current Shocks.]
Time/current curves showing the effects of 15 to 100 Hz alternating current [AC]
on humans

Fig. 4.25: Time/Alternating current curves

Fig. 4.26: Physiological Effect of AC on human

Conventional time/current zones of effects of direct current [DC] on persons for

a longitudinal upward current path (hand to feet)

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Fig. 4.27: Time/Direct current curves

Fig. 4.28: Physiological Effect of Direct Current on human

4.10 Safety precautions against electric shock:

[Briefly explain the steps to be followed against electric shock. List and
explain the safety precautions against electric shock.]

Electric shock may stun and stop the victim’s breathing. Delay in rescue and
resuscitation may be fatal.
• Isolate the electricity
Low voltage (240/415): Immediately switch off the electricity. If this is not
practicable, pull or push the casualty clear of the electrical contact using dry non-
conducting material (wood, rope, clothing, plastic or rubber). Do not use metal
or anything moist.
High Voltage: Wait until the electricity is turned off.
• Rescue
After rescue, if the patient is not breathing, commence artificial respiration
immediately and continue without interruption for hours if necessary. When
assistance is available, send for a doctor and an ambulance.
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• Artificial respiration
The air we breathe out contains ample oxygen to sustain life. Lay the patient on
their back. If this is not possible, commence artificial respiration where the
patient is. Revival of children
Care must be exercised to avoid over inflation. This can damage the child’s
lungs and will lead to inflation of the stomach. Action plan
The information provided in this section is based on the action plan “DRABC”.
In an emergency, it is necessary to have an action plan, one that will work every
time, regardless of the type of incident. The action plan is called DRABC Each
letter of the DRABC plan stands for something the rescuer must do and the order
in which it must be done.
Figure 4.9 sets out the DRABC action plan. It includes: D Danger R Response A
Airway B Breathing C Circulation
Figure 4.9 shows the order of priority and the appropriate time for the control of
bleeding and the care of the unconscious casualty (the coma position). D Danger
- Check for danger to:
• Yourself
• Bystanders
• The casualty
• Do not become the next casualty
• Warn bystanders of any danger and ask them to keep a safe distance
• Action only if safe to do so
• Remove danger from the casualty or, if necessary, the casualty from danger If
unsafe, wait for the expert assistance to arrive. R Response - Check for
response:
• Gently shake and loudly shout
• If the casualty responds, check and control serious bleeding
• If no response, proceed with ABC A Airway – Firstly:
• Support head and neck and roll casualty onto side
• Clear and open airway
• Tilt and support head B Breathing - Look, listen and feel:
• Is the lower chest or abdomen rising and falling?
• Can you hear breathing sounds?
• Can you feel breathing? Then:
• If the casualty is breathing but not responding, place into coma position
• If the casualty is not breathing, start expired air resuscitation (EAR); turn the
casualty onto back, do five full breaths quickly within 10 seconds and proceed
with DRABC action plan. C Circulation - Check for pulse:
• If present, continue EAR at about one breathe every 4 seconds (15 per minute)
• If absent, start cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

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Fig. 4.29: The DRABC Action Plan

 Rescue Procedure
The victim suffers severe electric shock
Danger Check for your safety - Check for your own safety and the safety of the
casualty and bystanders.
Isolate the electricity Low voltage (240/415): Immediately switch off the
electricity. If this is not practicable, pull or push the casualty clear of the
electrical contact using dry nonconducting material (wood, rope, clothing, plastic
or rubber). Do not use metal or anything moist. High Voltage: Wait until the
electricity is turned off.
Response Check for response, gently shake and loudly shout, if no response,
then:

Airway
Step 1: Turn the casualty on their side as for coma position. Open the mouth and
check for any obstructions. If present, clear, and then open airway.

Fig. 4.30:Open airway

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Breathing-Ear
Step 2:Check breathing for 10 seconds. Listen for breathing, look for check
movement, feel for breathing on your hand.

Fig. 4.31:Breathing-Ear

Step 3: If no breathing-place the casualty on his/her back and give:

A Mouth to mouth resuscitation
• Tilt head back and raise chin forward
• Pinch the casualty’s nose
• Place your mouth over the casualty’s mouth

• Blow into the casualty’s mouth

Fig. 4.32:Mouth to mouth resuscitation

BMouth to nose resuscitation
• Close casualty’s mouth
• Lift and tilt chin
• Blow into the casualty’s nose

Give 5 quick breaths. Check for breathing and circulation for 5 seconds.

If pulse is present, but not breathing, give 1 breath every 4 seconds until the
casualty starts to breathe or medical help arrives.
Note: For children under 2 years of age, place your mouth over the casualty’s
nose and mouth.

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Fig. 4.33:Mouth to nose resuscitation

Circulation - CPR
Step 4: Check carotid pulse for 5 seconds.

Fig. 4.34: Check for carotid pulse

If pulse absent, Position hands on lower half of breastbone.

Fig. 4.35: Position hands on lower half of breastbone

Step 5:
Single operator
Give 15 heart compressions in 10-12 seconds followed by 2 full breaths in 2 to
3 seconds. Depress the breastbone 50mm at the rate of 60 compressions per
minute.

Fig. 4.36: heart compressions by Single operator

Two operators
Give 5 heart compressions then a quick breath without interrupting the rhythm,
at the rate of 60 compressions per minute.
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Fig. 4.37: heart compressions by Two operators

Note: Check the pulse after the first MINUTE and then every two minutes. When
the pulse returns, continue mouth-to-mouth resuscitation until breathing returns.
Step 6:
Coma position When the casualty’s pulse and natural breathing returns, cease
resuscitation and move the casualty into the COMA position. Keep a constant
watch on the casualty, to ensure they do not cease breathing again, until trained
assistance takes over.

Fig. 4.38: Coma position while natural breathing returns

4.11 Safety precautionsin small and residential building electric

circuit installations:
[List and explain the various methods and techniques used while installing
electric circuits in residential building as preventive and corrective
measures.]
1. Check that there are safety and emergency systems for illumination of
emergency routes
2. Check that the main electrical panel is installed in a separate, accessible
location, is identified and is protected against fire.
3. Circuit breaker panel and emergency shut offs unobstructed and labelled.
4. Check the emergency power system (UPS).
5. Are portable hand-held electrical tools and equipment grounded or else
are they of the double-insulated type?
6. Do extension cords have a grounding conductor?
7. Is exposed wiring and cords with frayed or deteriorated insulation
repaired or replaced promptly?
8. Are flexible cords and cables free of splices or taps?
9. Is the use of metal ladders prohibited in areas where the ladder or the
person using the ladder could come into contact with energized parts of
equipment, fixtures, or circuit conductors?

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10. Check that entrances to buildings are suitably connected to the external
access road and that there are no obstacles, bottlenecks or other
impediments for emergency and rescue vehicles.
11. Check that the building has no communicating routes with activities
entailing high fire or explosion risk.
12. Check the basement or underground areas used for work activities have
permanent natural ventilation or air exchange system.
13. Check that meeting rooms have 1.20 m exit up to 50 people Two 1.20 m
exits for more than 51 people.
14. The air treatment units and refrigeration groups are installed in separate
locations used exclusively for that purpose. The fluids used in the
refrigeration units are non toxic or inflammable. The pipes have fire
shutters at the ducts of fire-proof compartments.
The importance of maintaining a continuous supply raises the question of the use
of standbypower plant. The choice and characteristics of these alternative
sources are part of the architecture selection. For the main source of supply the
choice is generally between a connection to the MV or the LV network of the
power-supply utility. In practice, connection to a MV source may be necessary
where the load exceeds (or is planned eventually to exceed) a certain level -
generally of the order of 250 kVA, or if the quality of service required is greater
than that normally available from a LV network.Moreover, if the installation is
likely to cause disturbance to neighbouring consumers, when connected to a LV
network, the supply authorities may propose a MV service
4.12 Safety procedure in electric plant:
[What are the safety practices followed in electric plant? / With a suitable
block diagram explain the safety procedure in electric plant.]
Protection against direct contact
Direct contact means when a person directly touches an energised unprotected
part of a device, a piece of equipment or an installation (carelessness,
clumsiness, fault, etc.). Protection against this danger can be achieved in a
number of ways.

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Fig. 4.39: Direct contact between one phase and earth

Fig. 4.40: Direct contact between live conductors (phase-phase or

phase-neutral)

Protection against indirect contact

Indirect contact refers to situations when a person touches a metal conductive
part that has been accidentally energised (insulation fault on a device or an
electrical machine). It will therefore be important to detect and eliminate this
fault quickly, before anyone comes into contact with the metal conductive part.
Protection against indirect contact is based on combining measures affecting
both the characteristics of the equipment (class 0, I, II or III) and the building of
the installation (automatic disconnection, additional insulation, SELV).

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Fig. 4.41: Protection against indirect contact

Protection by double insulation or supplementary insulation

The risk is limited by redundancy of the insulation. Double insulation protection

does not depend on the electrical organisation of the installation (neutral
earthing system and protective conductors) but on the equipment alone. It
includes: - Class II devices, marked with the symbol 0, which comply with their
own standard (domestic electrical, tools, transformers, heaters, etc.) - “fully
insulated” assemblies or panels according to standard IEC EN 60439-1 which
have a continuous insulated enclosure. for domestic or terminal distribution
applications, these enclosures are marked with the symbol 0. for higher powers
or industrial applications, the marking is the responsibility of the installer -
Assemblies with supplementary insulation where class II is achieved, on all or
part of the assembly, by structural measures taken on the installation.

Fig. 4.42: Insulated enclosure Xl3 400 class ii

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Protection in non-conductive locations

This protective measure is based on the impossibility of simultaneous contact
between two exposed conductive parts or between an exposed conductive part
and a conductive element. the result of this is that the floor and walls must be
insulated and that the room or the location must not contain any conductive
elements. this measure is no longer used in residential rooms with insulated
flooring (parquet, carpet) due to the uncertainty of the durability of the insulation
conditions. it is an additional measure in laboratories and electrical testing areas.

Fig. 4.43: Protection in non-conductive locations

Protection by local equipotential link not connected to earth
All the exposed conductive parts that are simultaneously accessible are linked
so that no dangerous voltage can appear between them. in practice, this measure
is used for certain workstations, small area measuring benches or in standalone
installations where connection to earth is not necessary or not required (see eMc
and neutral earthing system in the book “electrical energy supply”).

Fig. 4.44: Local equipotential link not connected to earth

Operating principle of protection in tt configuration

In the event of an insulation fault in a receiver, the fault current If (I fault) flows
in the circuit called the fault loop. This comprises the impedance of the fault on
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the exposed conductive part of the receiver, the connection of this exposed
conductive part to the protective conductor, the protective conductor itself, and
its earth connection (RA). The loop is closed by the transformer windings and
the power supply circuit. Logically, therefore, the impedance of the loop should
be calculated from all of the elements in series which make up this loop. In
practice, however, and according to what the standards allow, only the resistance
of the earth connection of the exposed conductive parts, RA, is considered. This
means the fault current is slightly overestimated, but the safety margin is
increased. The condition RA x If < 50 V must be satisfied for alternating current
installations. The sensitivity threshold IΔn of the residual current device is
chosen so that IΔn < 50 RA

Fig. 4.45: Protection in tt configuration

Operating principle of protection in tn configuration

In the event of a fault at any point in the installation affecting a phase conductor
and the protective conductor or an exposed conductive part, the power supply
must be disconnected automatically within the specified disconnection time t
and the condition Zs x Ia < U0 must be fulfilled. Zs: impedance of the fault loop
including the power supply line, the protective conductor and the source
(transformer windings). Ia: operating current of the protective device in the
specified time. U0: nominal phase/earth voltage. The maximum times should be
applied to circuits that might supply Class I mobile devices (generally, all power
outlets). In practice, these times are observed by the use of non-delayed circuit
breakers. For the fixed parts of the distribution installation, longer times (but
below 5 s) are allowed provided that RPE < 500 U0 Zs
where RPE is the resistance of the protective conductor (the largest value
between a point of this conductor and the equipotential link). This formula
verifies that the ratio of the protective conductor’s impedance to the total fault
loop impedance is such that the potential of the exposed conductive part at fault
will not exceed 50 V, but it does not verify that disconnection occurs within the
required time limit.

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Fig. 4.46: Protection in tn configuration

Protection by electrical separation
The load circuit is separated from the supply circuit by a circuit separation
transformer so that no dangerous voltage can appear between the separated
circuit and earth if there is a fault. Use of protection by separation is generally
limited to a single device. the live parts of the separated circuit must not be
connected to any other circuit and must have no point connected to earth. the
exposed conductive parts of the separate circuit must not be connected to other
exposed conductive parts or to a protective conductor. When a separate circuit
supplies a number of devices, the exposed conductive parts of these devices must
be connected to one another by equipotential bonding conductors that are not
connected to earth. if the secondary circuit covers a large area, it is
recommended that the protective measures specific to creating a isolated block
are applied, with a specific neutral earthing system.

Fig. 4.47: Protection by electrical separation

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Operating principle of protection in IT configuration

Fig. 4.48: Protection in IT configuration

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4.13 Case studies:

[With a suitable case study explain the standard measures taken by the
electrical substation. / With a suitable case study explain the standard safety
measures taken by the local distribution systems.]

Fig. 4.48: Power generation system

Thermal Power Generation involves the generation of electricity from the
burning of fossil fuel in a large industrial furnace. In very simple terms, in a coal-
fired station the coal is pulverized and blown into the furnace where it burns,
much like a gas flame, to heat water and generate steam, which moves at high
speed to a turbine.The turbine spins and drives a rotor attached to a magnet in a
generator. The rotating magnetic fields moving across coils in the generator
produce electric currents.

1) Conventional Construction Hazards

• Falls, either people falling or things falling on people

• electrical contact – see proximity requirements to work around overhead

powerlines

• working on or near live equipment – workers who are asked to work on or near
energized equipment (regardless of the energy source) must comply with plant
requirements to be applied in all work situations where systems are to be
deenergized and locked out by devices such as switches or valves
• rigging and hoisting hazards

• site-specific hazards — to be identified by the plant representative.

2) Industrial Hygiene Hazards -Chemical Hazards:

•Before work begins, crews should receive training in the hazards existing in the
work area and obtain and review the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for
any hazardous materials to which they may be exposed.

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•These should be readily available from the facility and, in fact, should be
obtained by contractors and subcontractors at the time of bidding to facilitate job
planning. Any protective equipment used should at least equal that worn by plant
personnel in the area.

Substance Characteristics and Dominant Hazard

Asbestos – Designated substance under

construction regulations
– Diseases include asbestosis and
cancer.
Lead – Designated substance under
industrial regulations
– Can cause kidney and brain damage
Fly ash – Coal ash contains oxides of silica,
aluminum, and iron, with traces of
manganese, lime, sodium, and unburnt fuel
(carbon).Also identified are trace elements
such as arsenic and selenium
– Oil ash can contain pentoxide, other
vanadium oxides, and soluble nickel
compounds
– Respiratory tract irritation,
dermatitis, and possible eczema with
extended skin contact
Carbon monoxide (CO) – Can cause silicosis– Clear,
colourless, odourless, tasteless toxic gas
– Causes drowsiness leading to death
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) – From sulphur content in oil
– Very irritating and corrosive gas,
sulphur-like odour, forms an acid on contact
with moisture.
Coal dust – In fuel supply and transport areas
Welding fumes – Hazards vary depending on type of
metal, type of welding, and coatings
– Health effects can include metal fume
fever and respiratory irritation.
Table 4.4: Substance of power plant with possible hazards

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Questions:
1. Define electrical safety. List out the basic factors to be consider ensuring
electrical safety in general work place.
2. Write a note on electric hazards / List and explain the various hazards
associated with electricity.
3. Explain the effect of electric current on human body.
4. List and explain the various causes of electrical accidents.
5. List and explain the corrective and preventive measures for electrical
accidents. /What work practices help protect you against electrical
accidents?
6. List and explain the various PPE used in electrical safety. / What
protection does personal equipment offers against electric accidents?
7. Define electric shock. List and explain the various modes of electric
shocks experienced by workers at their working environment. / Briefly
explain the various types of electric shock and their effects in domestic
and industrial sectors.
8. Write a note on Primary and secondary electric shocks. / Differentiate
between Primary and secondary electric shocks.
9. Write a note on AC and DC current Shocks. / Differentiate between AC
and DC current Shocks.
10. Briefly explain the steps to be followed against electric shock. List and
explain the safety precautions against electric shock.
11. List and explain the various methods and techniques used while installing
electric circuits in residential building as preventive and corrective
measures.
12. What are the safety practices followed in electric plant? / With a suitable
block diagram explain the safety procedure in electric plant.
13. With a suitable case study explain the standard measures taken by the
electrical substation. / With a suitable case study explain the standard
safety measures taken by the local distribution systems.

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