12

8
General Physics2
Quarter 3 – Module 1
Week 1
MELCs: GP12EM-IIIa-1, GP12EM-IIIa-2, GP12EM-IIIa-3,
GP12EM-IIIa-6, GP12EM-IIIa-7, GP12EM-IIIa-10,

Electric Charge & Coulomb's Law

12 – STEM

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Part I.
A. Introduction
In General Physics 1, your journey explored the various
fundamental forces found in nature. Gravity, one of the forces you
studied, was examined in a detailed manner and how it influences
the movement of physical bodies.
This time, we will be exploring the electromagnetic force, one of
nature’s fundamental forces, which possesses both electric and
magnetic force. However, we need to know how this interaction
involves particles with electric charge in understanding this force.
This could also be fundamentally represented by mass. When an
object with mass is accelerated by an applied force, objects with
electric charges are also accelerated by the presence of electric
forces.
In this module, you will describe using a diagram charging
by rubbing and charging by induction, explain the role of electron
transfer in electrostatic charging by rubbing, describe experiments
to show electrostatic charging by induction, calculate the net
electric force on a point charge exerted by a system of point,
describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge
experiences a force and calculate the electric field due to a system
of point charges using Coulomb’s law and the superposition
principle.

B. Pre-Test
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Two unlike charges_________
A. attract each othe C. neutralize each other
B. repel each other D. have no effect on each
other
2. Which of the following is not a process of charging?
A. Induction B. Friction C. Conduction D. Convection
3. Material A is positively charged. When brought near to material
B, they attract. Which of the following is true?
A. Material B is negatively charged
B. Material B is positively charged
C. Material B is uncharged
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 D. Both are uncharged
4. Material B has become positively charged after rubbing it with
Material. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Material B loses protons C. Material A loses proton
B. Material B gains electrons D. Material A gains
electron
5. What will happen when two unlike charges are brought
together? They will _____
A. repel each other C. attract each other
B. neutralize each other D. no effect on each other

A. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION

MELC 1: Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing and
charging by induction. (STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-1)
MELC 2: Explain the role of electron transfer in electrostatic
charging by rubbing. (STEM_GP12EMIIIa-2)

Electric Charges
The main building block of matter is composed of
atoms and molecules. Its properties are primarily influenced
by the electrically charged particles – proton, electron, and
neutron. The table below shows the properties of the
charged particles in terms of mass, charge, and location.

Charge
Mass
(in terms of Location
Particle (in terms of
Coulomb in atom
kg)
(C))
proton 9.1093897 x +1.60217733 x nucleus
10-31 kg 10-19 C
electron 1.6726231 x -1.60217733 x outside
10-27 kg 10-19 C nucleus
neutron 1.6749286 x none nucleus
10-27 kg

Materials contain a huge amount of positively

charged particles called protons and negatively charged
particles called electrons. When there is an equal number of
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protons and neutrons in a matter, the body is electrically
neutral. In making a body negatively charged, electrons are
added to a body. On the other hand, a positively charged
body removes electrons.

Number of Number of
negatively positively
protons = electrons
charged charged

The transfer of electrons from one body to another

proves the law of conservation of charges. These charges are
neither created nor destroyed. According to the principle of
conservation of charges, the sum of electric charges of a
body within a closed system is always constant.
In understanding electrostatic interactions, we have to keep
in mind the following conventions:

1. Any charged object can attract a neutral object.

2. Unlike charges attract

3. Like charges repel.

Charging Objects
Materials that allow the movement of electrons from one
region to another are called conductors of electricity, while
materials that do not allow the flow of electrons are called
insulators. The majority of the metals are conductors, while
nonmetals are insulators. The electrons can move while protons
and neutrons are bound to remain fixed in the positive nuclei.
Charging objects could happen through induction and
conduction. These charging processes can be demonstrated
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through an electroscope. The electroscope is composed of a metal
knob, metal rod, glass container, and foil (leaf). The small metal
foils are hung at the end of the metal rod. This should freely move
since they open after being charged.
When a charged object is placed near the metal knob, this
causes the foil to open up since they are being repelled by the
presence of excess charges. The foils drop down when the charged
object is placed away from the electroscope.

Metal knob

Glass
Leaves (
foil )

Charging by Conduction

When a negatively When a positively charged rod

charged rod touches the touches the neutrally charged
neutrally charged metal knob, metal knob, the rof attracts the
the knob attracts the electrons making the leaves of
electrons making the leaves positively charged.
negatively charged.

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MELC 3: Describe experiments to show electrostatic
charging by induction. (STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-3)

Charging by Induction

Electrons When a When you

are positively touch the
When a repelled to charged knob with a
negatively the Earth rod is finger or
charged when you placed attach it
rod is touch the near the with
placed knob or knob, the ground
near the when the charges wire, the
knob, the ground undergo electrons
charges wire is polarizatio from Earth
undergo connected. n. move
polarization This makes Negative towards
. Positive the charges the knob
charges are electroscop are near making it
near the e the knob negatively
knob while positively while charged.
negative charged. positive
charges charges
stay away stay away
from the from the
knob.This knob. This
makes the makes the
foil open foil open
up. up.

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MELC 4: Calculate the net electric force on a point charge exerted
by a system of point charges. (STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-6)
Electric Force
Charles Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806) used a torsion
balance in studying gravitational interaction. He studied the
attractive and repulsive forces between charges. He found out that
the magnitude of force decreases when the distance of separation
between the charges increases. This is shown by Coulomb’s law as
expressed in the equation below:
[𝑄 𝑄 ]
F= k 𝑟1 2 2
𝑁𝑚2
where k is proportionality constant 9 x 109 , Q1 and Q2 and
𝐶2
point charges expressed in Coulomb (C), r is the distance of
separation of two charges expressed in meter (m), and F is the
electrostatic force between the two charges expressed in Newton (N).
In SI units, k is not usually written but as where
𝐶2 .
∈0 = 8.854 x 10 9 This actually complicates the
𝑁𝑚2
formula but could somehow help when you encounter other
formulas. If test charges are placed at some angle with respect to
other charges, this involves computing the x and y components of
forces. Recall your previous lessons on vector resolution and
trigonometric identities.
Refer to the diagram below:

F
F
Fy

Ɵ Fx

Solving for x component Solving for y component

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 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑛𝑥 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑛𝑦
Solving for magnitude of Solving for the direction of
resultant force resultant force
∑ 𝐹𝑌
𝜃= (∑ )
𝐹𝑋
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 √(∑ 𝐹𝑋 )2 + (∑ 𝐹𝑌 )2

The next examples will help you understand the application

of Coulomb’s Law. Please prepare your scientific calculator and
notebook.

Example
Two charges lie on positive x-axis. Charge A (2.0 x 10-9 C) is
2.0 cm from the origin and Charge B is 4.0 cm from the origin. (-
3.0 x 10-9 C). What is the total force exerted by these two
charges on Charge C (5.0 x 10-9 C) located at the origin?

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 QC F Bon
QB

∑ 𝐹 = 𝐹𝐴𝐶 + 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = (−2.25 𝑥 10−4 𝑁) + (8.44 𝑥 10−5 𝑁) = −1.41 𝑥 10−4𝑁

G What is the Therefore, the magnitude of total force experienced by Q C from QA and
conclusion? QB is 1.406 x 10-4 N directed to the left.

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MELC 5: Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric
charge experiences a force. (STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-7)
MELC 6: Calculate the electric field due to a system of point
charges using Coulomb’s law and the superposition principle.
(STEM_GP12EM-IIIa-10)
Electric Fields
You were introduced to the behavior of electric charges and
how these charges produce attractive and repulsive forces. Aside
from these forces, it also creates an electric field E. The electric
field of charge Q is the space surrounding the charge. It also exerts
a force F on any test charge q placed within that region.

The electric field is represented by the equation below:

𝐹
𝑬=
𝑞
𝑁
where E is the electric field expressed in , F is the electric force
𝐶
expressed in newton (N), and q is the charge expressed in coulombs
(C). If q is positive, the direction of E is the direction of F. On the
other hand, the force on a negative charge is opposite to the
direction of the E.
F

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 We can also calculate E given the magnitude and position of all
[𝑄1 𝑄2 ]
charges involved. Since 𝐹 = 𝑘 , we substitute this
𝑟2
𝐹
formula in 𝐸 = . Thus,
𝑞
𝐹
𝑬=𝒌
𝑞2
Like dealing with charge situated at some angles, you can
similarly perform the same using the trigonometric and vector
resolutions concepts. Refer to the diagram below. Suppose we
have a negative charge at xy plane. We want to calculate the
electric field at point P:

E
E
Ey
P

Ɵ Ex

Solving for x component Solving for y component

𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑛𝑥 𝐸𝑦 𝐸𝑛𝑦
Solving for magnitude Of Solving for the direction of
the resultant force the resultant force

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛t= √(∑ 𝐹𝑋 )2 + (∑ 𝐹𝑌 )2 ∑𝐹
𝜃= (∑ 𝐹𝑌 )
𝑋

Example:
A point charge 𝑞1 = +6.00 𝑥 10−9𝐶 is at the point 𝑥 = 0.800 𝑚,
𝑦 = 0.600 𝑚 and a second point charge 𝑞2 = −2.00 𝑥 10−9𝐶 is at the
point 𝑥 = 0.800 𝑚, 𝑦 = 0 𝑚. Calculate the magnitude and direction
of the resultant electric field at the origin due to these charges.

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12
 𝑁 ∑𝐹 − 32 . 498
E since it lies along x-axis
E2y=0
𝐶 𝜃= (∑ 𝐹𝑌 ) tan-1 (
− 15 . 001 𝑁 / 𝐶
)
𝑋
x component y component
𝑁 𝑁 = 65.22°
E1 −43.126 32.498
𝐶 𝐶

E2 0
𝑁
28.125
𝐶
𝑁
Sum −15.001 𝑁
𝐶 −32.4898
𝐶

G What is the Therefore, the magnitude and direction of the resultant force
conclusion? 𝑁 is 35.79 , 65.22°.
𝐶

You can verify the magnitude and direction of the resultant

force using a graphical method for vector analysis.
MELC 7: Calculate electric flux ( STEM_GP12EMIIIb-12)
Electric Flux
The relationship between electric charge and electric field was
also formulated alternatively in Gauss’s law (Karl Friedrich Gauss
1777-1855). This is logically equivalent to Coulomb’s law, but this
was easier to use in finding electric field for symmetrical charge
distribution.
Gauss’s law general statement is expressed as
𝜙𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴cosƟ
𝑁𝑚2
where is the electric flux , E is the magnitude of electric
𝐶
𝑁
field expressed in , Ɵ is the angle between the normal line of
𝐶
the surface and electric field lines. and A is the area of a given
surface expressed in m2.
Electric flux refers to the amount of electric field lines
penetrating a given surface. The electric flux is maximum if the
electric field lines are perpendicular to the surface or parallel to
the normal line of the surface. The electric flux is zero when the
electric field line is parallel to the surface or perpendicular to the
normal line of the surface. At a given angle, the electric flux is
directly proportional to the component of the electric field lines.

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 Example:
A point charge 𝑞 = 8.00 𝑥 10−9𝐶 is at the center of the cube
with sides of length 0.200 m. What is the electric flux through
one of the six faces of the cube?

A What is/are q = +8.00 x 10-9 C ; 𝑠 = 0.200 𝑚

given?
B What is asked? 𝞍 = ? at one of the faces of the cube
C Are the units Yes, given values have units.
consistent with correct SI
the formula?
D How would you c = 0.141

draw the
problem? 0.200 m
0. 200 m
c = 0.283

0.200 m
0.200 m

Hence, the distance from the charge to the

surface of the cub is 0.141 m

E What strategy Using Gauss’s law, substitute E with

must be formula for Electric Field
employed?
𝐹
𝑬=𝒌
𝑞2

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 F Solution 𝐹 𝑁𝑚2 [(8 𝑥10−9 𝐶)]
𝑬=𝒌 2
𝑞
= 9x 109 (
(0.141𝑚)2
𝐶
)
−9
𝑁𝑚2 [(8 𝑥10 𝐶)]
=9x 10 𝐶
9
(0.0199𝑚)2
𝑁𝑚2
= 9 x 109 𝐶
(4.02 x 10-7)
E= 3,621.55 N/C
A = s2 = ( 0.200m)2 = 0.04m2
𝑁
𝜙𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴cosƟ = 3,621.55 𝐶 (0.04m2)
𝑵𝒎𝟐
= 144,862
𝑪

G What is the
conclusion? Therefore, the electric flux at any surface is
𝑁𝑚2
144,862
𝐶

PART II. ACTIVITIES

A. WATER BENDING
Directions: This activity will help you acquire real-life concepts of
static electricity.
Materials You Need: 3 Styrofoam cups (you can also use 2 paper
cups and an inflated balloon) and a toothpick. Also, this
experiment will also require water and someone with dry and
clean hair.
1. Prepare the set-up by pushing the toothpick at the bottom side
of the cups. Leave the toothpick to produce a gentle drop of water
after filling the cup. Hold the cup directly over the second cup. Fill
the cup (with a toothpick) with water and check if it is leaking
steadily.
2. Observe the flow of water from the top cup to the cup below.
What are your observations?
____________________________________________________
3. Rub the third cup on someone with dry hair several times.
(This process will help you in acquiring electrical charges).
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 4. Hold the cup (rubbed against dry hair) near the water stream
without getting the cup wet. What happened to the water flow?
_______________________________________ ________________________
Then, slowly move the cup away from the stream and observe. Did
you observe changes? ___________ If yes, describe the change.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Try other objects (such as balloon, paper cup or any material)
aside from the Styrofoam cup and rub it on a dry and clear hair.
What objects have you tried? ____________________Which of the
objects have changed the flow of water?
______________________________________________________________________________________

B. Calculate Me!
Directions: Analyze the given problems. Show your solution and
encircle your final answer.
Three charged spheres are at the positions shown in the
figure.
(a) Find the net electrostatic force at sphere B.
(b) Find the net electric field at (4,-3)

4 cm
4.5 µC 8.2 µC
A B
3 cm

6.0 µC C

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PART III. SUMMATIVE EVALUATION
A. Multiple Choice
Directions: Read and answer the following problems carefully.
Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on a separate sheet
of paper.
1.The diagram below shows the behavior of the electroscope before
and after a positively charged rod is placed near the electroscope
knob. This tells us that the movement of electrons is from ______.

a. rod to leaves c. knob to leaves, then back to knob

b. leaves to knob d. leaves to knob, then back to leaves

2.A glass rod was positively charged when rubbed with a silk cloth.
The net positive charge is accumulated because the glass rod
a. loses protons c. gains electrons
b. loses electrons d. loses electrons
3.Gravitational forces and electric forces are both
a. forces with attractive and repulsive behaviors
b. indirectly proportional to the square root of separation
between bodies
c. directly proportional to the product of the masses and
charges
d. decreasing when the distance between two bodies is
decreasing
4. At which point is the electric field strength strongest?
D
A C
B

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5.Three spheres were brought together. When Spheres A and B
are brought together, they attract. When spheres B and C are
brought together, they also repel. Which of the following is true?
a. Spheres A & C have same signs
b. Spheres B & C have same signs
c. Spheres A & C have opposite signs
d. Spheres A & B have similar signs
6. The first object has a charge of +3nC, and the second object has
a charge of 6 nC. Which is true about the electric forces between
these objects?
a. F1on2= 2F2on1 c.-6F1on2=2F2on1
b. 3F1on2= 6F2on1 d. F1on2=F2on1

For Nos. 7 to 9, refer to the diagram below:

7. A positively charged rod was brought near to a metallic plate;

what is the type of charge induced along the side facing the rod?
a. positive c. neutral
b. negative d. depends on number of charges
8. If the positively charged rod was touched on the neutral metallic
plate, what is the charge of the plate?
a. same c. positive
b. negative d. depends on number of charges
9. After the positively charged rod is placed near the plate, a
grounded wire was attached. What is the charge of the plate after
the wire is removed?
a. negative c. neutral
b. positive d. depends on number of charges
10.The electric flux through the surface at the right is
____ η
a. zero c. positive
b. negative d. unknown

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11.A test charge produced an electric field, E, at point 3 m away
from the charge. The point where the field is half its original values
is located at
a.1.5 m from the charge c.4.5 m from the charge
b. 6 m from the charge d. at the point of charge
12. The electric field of a body is directly related to its
a. momentum c. potential energy
b. kinetic energy d. charge it carries
13. Charge q1 (26.0 µC) and q2 (-47.0 µC) experienced an
electrostatic force of 5.70 N between them at a distance of ____
a.1.39 m b.1.93 m c.2.14 x 10-19 d.1.464 x 10-8
14.How many electrons have been removed from a positively
charged particle if it has a net charge of 5 x 10-9 C?
a.5 x 10-9 electrons c.1 x 10-8 electrons
b.2.5 x 10-9 electrons d.incomplete information
15. A sphere of radius 0.05 m has a charge of 2.0 nC. The charge
is said to be located at the center of the sphere. The magnitude of
electric field inside the surface is
a. zero c. thrice the original value
b. twice the original value d. half the original value

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PART IV. ANSWER KEY

2. 1.52 X 107 N/C; 17.99°

1. 344.34N; -24.29°/335.7°
B. PROBLEM SOLVING

vary depending on their ability to gain or lose charges

5. answers may vary; the influence of charged objects to water bending may
changes); the stream went back to its original flow
3. the stream of water was bent towards the cup; yes (there should be
2. vertical thin, unbroken stream of water
A. Water Bending
ACTIVITIES:
5. A
4. A
3. A
2. D
1. A
Pre-test.

PART V. REFERENCES
Harmon, K. (2011). Bend water with static electricity. Scientific American.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/static-electricity-bring-science-home/
Java Lab (n.d.). Static Electricity Simulation. Retrieved last February 18, 2021 from
https://javalab.org/en/category/electricity_en/static_electricity_en/
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (n.d.) Package simulations experiments
electrostatics. Retrieved last February 20, 2021 from
http://web.mit.edu/viz/soft/visualizations/DLIC/doc/simulations/experiments/electros
tatics/package-summary.html
Mueller, J. (n.d.) Concept map rubric. Retrieved last February 22, 2021 from
https://teach.its.uiowa.edu/sites/teach.its.uiowa.edu/files/docs/docs/Concept_Map_Ru
brics_ed.pdf
PHET (2021). Charges and Fields. University of Colorado. Retrieved last February 19,
2021 from https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/charges-and-fields What I Need to
Know At the end of this module you should ....
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p7gue7ps/What-I-Need-to-Know-At-the-end-of-
thismodule-you-should-be-able-to-1-Graph/
K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL ....
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