1.

COMPLEX NUMBER
1.1 Definition of Complex Number
A number of the form 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 where x & y are real and 𝑖𝑖 = √−1 is called a complex
number, x is called the real part and y is called the imaginary part. A Complex number is
generally denoted by z . The form 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is called as standard form of complex
number. 𝑧𝑧 is purely imaginary if its real part is zero and purely real if its imaginary part is
zero, i.e. 𝑧𝑧 is purely imaginary if 𝑥𝑥 = 0, & 𝑧𝑧 is purely real if 𝑦𝑦 = 0
Two complex numbers z1 and z2 are equal if and only if their corresponding real and
imaginary parts are equal.
If 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is a complex number then its complex conjugate is defined as 𝑧𝑧̅ = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
1.2 Geometrical Representation of Complex Number
Any complex number 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 can be represented as the point 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 plane
known as the Argand’s diagram. Here 𝑥𝑥 axis is real axis, 𝑦𝑦 axis is imaginary axis and
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 plane is called complex plane.
𝑦𝑦

. 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)

𝑥𝑥′ 𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦′

1.3 Algebra of Complex Numbers

Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z 2 = x2 + iy 2 be 2 complex numbers,

Addition: z1 + z 2 = ( x1 + iy1 ) + ( x2 + iy 2 )

= (x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y 2 )

Subtraction: z1 − z 2 = ( x1 + iy1 ) − ( x2 + iy 2 )

= ( x1 − x2 ) + i ( y1 − y 2 )

Multiplication: z1 z 2 = ( x1 + iy1 )( x2 + iy 2 )

= (x1 x2 ) − ( y1 y 2 ) + i ( x1 y 2 + x2 y1 ) (∵ 𝑖𝑖 2 = −1)
 2

Division:
z1 x + iy1
= 1
(x + iy1 )(x2 − iy2 )
= 1
z 2 x2 + iy 2 ( x2 + iy 2 )( x2 − iy 2 )

x1 x2 + y1 y 2 i.( x2 y1 − x1 y 2 )
= +
x22 + y 22 x22 + y 22

1.4 Different forms of Complex Number

(a) Cartesian or Rectangular Form

𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is called Cartesian form of the complex number 𝑧𝑧, where 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 are
real numbers.
(b) Polar Forms
Polar form of 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖), Polar coordinates of the point P are (𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃)
Here, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝑌𝑌

𝑃𝑃(𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃)
𝑟𝑟
𝑦𝑦

𝑂𝑂 𝑥𝑥 𝑋𝑋
(c) Exponential Form
Exponential form of 𝑧𝑧 is 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
Where 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 → Euler’s formula
1.5 Modulus and Argument (or Amplitude) of Complex Numbers

Let the complex number 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 be represented on Argand diagram by a point

𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦). Let 𝑟𝑟 be the distance of point 𝑃𝑃 from origin and 𝜃𝜃 is the angle made by 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
with the 𝑋𝑋 −axis.
Then
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑟𝑟 sin 𝜃𝜃
∴ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑟𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑟𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑟𝑟 2
∴ 𝑟𝑟 = ±�𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
Since 𝑟𝑟 is the distance of 𝑃𝑃 from the origin, we take +ve sign
 3

∴ 𝑟𝑟 = �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
is called modulus of the complex number and is represented by
|𝑧𝑧| = 𝑟𝑟 = �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 and
𝑦𝑦
arg(𝑧𝑧) = 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 � �
𝑥𝑥

is called argument of 𝑍𝑍.

The value of 𝜃𝜃 lieing between – 𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜋𝜋 is called the principal value of argument.
1.6 Properties of Complex Number

Let 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦 and 𝑧𝑧̅ = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

1
(a) Re (𝑧𝑧) = 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑧𝑧 + 𝑧𝑧̅ )
2

1
(b) Im (𝑧𝑧) = 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑧𝑧 − 𝑧𝑧̅)
2𝑖𝑖

����������
(c) 𝑍𝑍 ��� ���
1 + 𝑍𝑍2 = 𝑍𝑍1 + 𝑍𝑍2

������
(d) 𝑍𝑍 ��� ���
1 𝑍𝑍2 = 𝑍𝑍1 𝑍𝑍2

𝑧𝑧
���������� ���
𝑍𝑍
(e) � 1�𝑧𝑧2 � = ���1
𝑍𝑍2

(f) 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧̅ = |𝑧𝑧|2 = |𝑧𝑧̅|2

(g) |𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 | = |𝑧𝑧1 | |𝑧𝑧2 | and, arg 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 = arg 𝑧𝑧1 + arg 𝑧𝑧2
𝑧𝑧 |𝑧𝑧1 | 𝑧𝑧
(h) � 1 � = |𝑧𝑧2 |
and, arg � 1 � = arg 𝑧𝑧1 - arg 𝑧𝑧2
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧1

Solved Examples
𝟏𝟏 √𝟑𝟑
1. Find the modulus and argument of − + 𝒊𝒊
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

1 √3
Solution: Let 𝑧𝑧 = − + 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟(cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜃𝜃)
2 2

Equating real and imaginary parts:

1
𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜃𝜃 = −
2
√3
𝑟𝑟 sin 𝜃𝜃 =
2
Squaring and adding,
1 3
𝑟𝑟 2 = + =1
4 4
∴ 𝑟𝑟 = 1
 4

1 √3
cos 𝜃𝜃 = − , sin 𝜃𝜃 =
2 2

Since cos 𝜃𝜃 is negative and sin 𝜃𝜃 is Positive, Hence 𝜃𝜃 is in the second quadrant.
𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
∴ 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜋𝜋 − =
3 3
2𝜋𝜋
∴ Principal value of 𝜃𝜃 =
3

𝑟𝑟 = Mod |𝑧𝑧| = 1
2𝜋𝜋
𝜃𝜃 = Arg(𝑧𝑧) = ,
3
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
Polar form is 1 �cos + 𝑖𝑖 sin �
3 3

2. If 𝜶𝜶 − 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 =
𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒂−𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
(
Prove That α 2 + β 2 a 2 + b 2 = 1 )( )
1
Solution: Given α − iβ =
a − ib
a + ib
=
a2 + b2
Equating real and imaginary parts
a b
α= , −β =
a + b2
2
a + b2
2

a2 b2
α = 2
β = 2

(a ) (a )
2
, 2
2
+ b2 2
+ b2

a2 + b2 1
α +β =
2 2
=
(a + b )
2 2 2 a + b2
2

(α 2
+β2 )(a + b ) = 1
2 2

𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅
3. Find 𝒛𝒛 if arg (𝒛𝒛 + 𝟏𝟏) = and (𝒛𝒛 − 𝟏𝟏) =
𝟔𝟔 𝟑𝟑

Solution: Let z = x + iy

π
arg ( z + 1) =
6
π
arg ( x + 1 + iy ) =
6
y π
tan −1 =
x +1 6
 5

y π
= tan = 3
x +1 6
∴ x + 1 = 3. y … … … … … … … … … … … . . (1)
2π
Also arg( z − 1) =
3
2π
arg(x + iy − 1) =
3
2π
arg(x − 1 + iy ) =
3
y 2π
tan −1 =
x −1 3
y 2π
= tan =− 3
x −1 3
∴ x 3 + y = 3 … … … … … … … … … … . . (2)
1 3
Solving (1) and (2) x = , y=
2 2
1 i 3
Hence z = +
2 2
4. If the sum and product of two complex numbers are real , show that two
number must be either real or conjugate.

Solution: Let z1 = x1 + iy1 , and z 2 = x2 + iy 2 be two complex number

Let z1 + z 2 = u , where u is real

(x1 + iy1 ) + (x2 + iy2 ) = u + i.0

(x1 + x2 ) + i.( y1 + y2 ) = u + i.0
Comparing real and imaginary part on both side, we have ,
x1 + x2 = a …………………………………….(1)
y1 + y2 = 0 …………………………..……….(2)
Let z1 z 2 = v where v is real

(x1 + iy1 )(x2 + iy2 ) = v + i.0

(x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i.(x2 y1 + x1 y2 ) = v + i.0
 6

Comparing real and imaginary part on both sides

x1 x2 − y1 y 2 = v ………………………………(3)
x2 y1 + x1 y 2 = 0 ……………………………..(4)
Substitute y 2 = − y1 from (2) in (4)

x2 y1 − x1 y1 = 0
y1 ( x2 − x1 ) = 0
y1 = 0 or x1 = x2
If y1 = 0 , then y 2 = 0 , z1 = x1 and z 2 = x2

If x1 = x2 then z1 = x1 + iy1 and z 2 = x1 − iy1

5. x + iy = 3
a + ib Prove that
a b
+ = 4 x2 − y2
x y
( )
Solution: Given x + iy = 3 a + ib

(a + ib )3
1
= x + iy

a + ib = ( x + iy ) = x 3 + i 3 y 3 + 3 x 2iy + 3 xi 2 y 2
3

= x 3 − iy 3 + 3 x 2 iy − 3 xy 2 (i 3
= −i )
Comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides
a = x 3 − 3xy 2

b = 3x 2 y − y 3

Hence
a b
+ = 4x2 − 4 y 2 = 4 x2 − y 2
x y
( )
−a
2 a i cot −1 b  bi − 1 
6. Prove That e   =1
 bi + 1 
bi − 1 bi + i 2 ( b + i ) i b + i
Solution: consider = = =
bi + 1 bi − i 2 ( b − i ) i b − i

Let b + i = re iθ
1
∴ r = b 2 + 1 and tan θ =
b
 7

i.e. cot θ = b and θ = cot −1 b

then b − i = re −iθ

bi − 1 reiθ −1
∴ = − iθ = e 2iθ = e 2i cot b
bi + 1 re
−a
2 ai cot −1 b  −1 
L.H.S. = e . =  e 2i cot b 
 
−1 b − 2 ai cot −1 b
= e 2ai cot .e = e0 = 1

i i∞  πA  B
7. If i = A + iB Prove That A2 + B 2 = eiπ B & tan  =
 2  A
A + iB
Solution: we have by data i = A + iB
A + iB
 π π
∴ cos + i sin  = A + iB
 2 2

∴e (iπ / 2 )( A + iB ) = A + iB

∴e −(π B / 2 )ei (π A / 2 ) = A + iB

 πA πA 
∴ e −πB / 2  cos + i sin  = A + iB
 2 2 

πA πA
∴ e −πB / 2 cos = A & e −πB / 2 sin =B
2 2

 πA  B
∴ A2 + B 2 = e −πB & tan  =
 2  A
 8

EXERCISE
z+i π
1. If z + i = z and arg = find z
z 4

x− y θ −φ 
2. If x = cosθ + i sin θ , y = cos φ + i sin φ Prove that = i tan 
x+ y  2 

1 1 1
3. If z1 + z 2 + z3 = 0 and z1 = z 2 = z 3 = k , Show that + + =0
z1 z 2 z3

4. If z − 1 = z + 1 , then Prove that Real z = 0

a + ib 1 + iz
5. If a + b + c = 1 , and b + ic = (1 + a )z Prove That =
2 2 2

1 + c 1 − iz

6. If z1 and z 2 are two complex numbers such that z1 + z 2 = z1 − z 2 Prove that , the
π
difference of their amplitudes is
2
1.7 De – Moivre’s Theorem

Statement: for any rational number ′𝑛𝑛′, the value or one of the values of (cos θ + i sin θ )
n

= cos nθ + i sin nθ here n can be a positive integer, a negative integer or a proper

𝑝𝑝
fraction of the form
𝑞𝑞
1.8 Application of De-Moivre’s theorem
1
(a) If r = cosθ + i sin θ then = cosθ − i sin θ
z
= z −1 = (cosθ + i sin θ ) = cos(− θ ) + i sin (− θ ) = cosθ − i sin θ
1 −1
Proof:
z
(b) (cosθ − i sin θ )n = cos nθ − i sin nθ
Proof: (cosθ − i sin θ ) = [cos(− θ ) + i sin (− θ )]
n n

cos(− nθ ) + i sin (− nθ ) = cos nθ − i sin nθ

= cos(θ − φ ) + i sin (θ − φ )
(c) If z1 = cosθ + i sin θ , z 2 = cos φ + i sin φ , then
z1
z2

= (cosθ + i sin θ )
Proof:
z1 ,
z2 cos φ + i sin φ
 9

= (cosθ + i sin θ )[cos(− φ ) + i sin (− φ )]

= cos(θ − φ ) + i sin (θ − φ )
π  π 
(d) If (sin θ + i cosθ ) = cos n − θ  + i sin n − θ 
n

2  2 
π  π 
Proof: sin θ + i cosθ = cos − θ  + i sin  − θ 
2  2 
n
 π  π 
(sin θ + i cosθ ) n
= cos − θ  + i sin  − θ 
 2  2 
π  π 
= cos n − θ  + i sin n − θ 
2  2 
Solved Problems

 1 + sin α + i cos α   nπ  nπ
n
 
1. Prove that   = cos − nα  + i sin  − nα 
 1 + sin α − i cos α   2   2 
n
 π  π 
1 + cos − α  + i sin  − α  
 1 + sin α + i cos α  
n
2  2 
Solution:   =
 1 + sin α − i cos α  1 + cos π − α  − i sin  π − α  
    
 2  2 
n
 2π α π α  π α 
 2 cos  4 − 2  + 2i sin  4 − 2  cos 4 − 2  
=      
π α π α
 2 cos 2  −  − 2i sin  −  cos −  π α
      
 4 2  4 2   4 2  
n
 π α  π α 
 cos 4 − 2  + i sin  4 − 2  
=    
 cos π − α  − i sin  π − α  
    
 4 2  
 4 2
n
 i π −α  
 e 4 2 
=  π α  
 −i 4 − 2  
e 
 10

n
 2i  π4 −α2  
= e  

 
 nπ 
i . − nα 
 nπ   nπ 
=e  2 
= cos − nα  + i sin  − nα 
 2   2 
1 1 1
2. If x + = 2 cosθ , y + = 2 cos φ , z + = 2 cosψ , then prove that
x y z

= 2 cos(θ + φ +ψ )
1
(a) xyz +
xyz

xm yn
(b) + = 2 cos(mθ − nφ )
yn xm

= 2 cos(mθ + nφ )
1
(c) x m y n +
x yn
m

1
Solution: If x + = 2 cosθ , then x 2 + 1 = 2 x cos θ
x
x 2 − 2 x cos θ + 1 = 0 ,

2 cosθ ± 4 cos 2 θ − 4
x=
2

2 cos θ ± − sin 2 θ
x=
2
=x cos θ ± i sin θ ,
=
Let x cos θ + i sin θ , similarly
y = cos φ + i sin φ ,
z = cosψ + i sinψ

= (cosθ + i sin θ )(cos φ + i sin φ )(cosψ + i sinψ )

1
(a). xyz +
xyz
1
+
(cosθ + i sin θ )(cosφ + i sin φ )(cosψ + i sinψ )
= cos(θ + φ +ψ ) + i sin (θ + φ +ψ ) +
1
cos(θ + φ +ψ ) + i sin (θ + φ +ψ )
 11

= cos(θ + φ + ψ ) + i sin (θ + φ + ψ ) + cos(θ + φ + ψ ) − i sin (θ + φ + ψ )

= 2 cos(θ + φ +ψ )

x m y n (cosθ + i sin θ ) (cosφ + i sin φ )

m n
(b). + m = +
y n
x (cosφ + i sin φ ) (cosθ + i sin θ )m
n

cos mθ + i sin mθ cos nφ + i sin nφ

= +
cos nφ + i sin nφ cos mθ + i sin mθ
= cos(mθ − nφ ) + i sin (mθ − nφ ) + cos(nφ − mθ ) + i sin (nφ − mθ )

= cos(mθ − nφ ) + i sin (mθ − nφ ) + cos(mθ − nφ ) − i sin (mθ − nφ )

= 2 cos(mθ − nφ )

= (cos θ + i sin θ ) (cos φ + i sin φ )

1
(c). x m y n +
m n
m n
x y
1
+
(cosθ + i sin θ ) (cosφ + i sin φ )n
m

= (cos mθ + i sin mθ )(cos nφ + i sin nφ ) +

1
(cos mθ + i sin mθ )(cos nφ + i sin nφ )
= cos(mθ + nφ ) + i sin (mθ + nφ ) +
1
cos(mθ + nφ ) + i sin (mθ − nφ )
= cos(mθ + nφ ) + i sin (mθ + nφ ) + cos(mθ + nφ ) − i sin (mθ − nφ )
= 2 cos(mθ + nφ )

3. If sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0 , and cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0 , Prove That –

(a) cos(α + β ) + cos(β + γ ) + cos(γ + α ) = 0

(b) cos 2α + cos 2 β + cos 2γ = 0

3
(c) cos α + cos β + cos γ =
2 2 2

2
(d) sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin(α + β + γ )

Solution: (a). Given sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0 = cos α + cos β + cos γ

(cosα + cos β + cos γ ) + i(sin α + sin β + sin γ ) = 0 + i.0

 12

cos α + i sin α + cos β + i sin β + cos γ + i sin γ = 0

e iα + e iβ + e iγ = 0 ,
x = e iα , y = e iβ , z = e iγ
Then x + y + z = 0 … … … … … … … … … … . (1)
Also (cosα + cos β + cos γ ) − i(sin α + sin β + sin γ ) = 0 − i.0
(cosα − i sin α ) + (cos β − i sin β ) + (cos γ − i sin γ ) = 0
e − iα + e − iβ + e − iγ = 0
1 1 1
iα
+ iβ + iγ = 0
e e e
1 1 1
+ + =0
x y z
yz + zx + xy
=0
xyz
yz + zx + xy = 0 … … … … … … … … . (2)

From (2)
e iα .e iβ + e iβ .e iγ + e iα e iγ = 0
e i (α + β ) + e i ( β +γ ) + e i (α +γ ) = 0
cos(α + β ) + i sin (α + β ) + cos(β + γ ) + i sin (β + γ ) + cos(α + γ ) + i sin (α + γ ) = 0
Comparing real parts on both sides,
cos(α + β ) + cos(β + γ ) + cos(α + γ ) = 0

(b). Since x + y + z = 0 , ( x + y + z ) = 0
2

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 xz = 0

∴ x2 + y2 + z 2 = 0

From (2)

(e ) + (e ) + (e )
iα 2 iβ 2 iγ 2
=0

e 2iα + e 2iβ + e 2iγ = 0

 13

(cos 2α + i sin 2α ) + (cos 2β + i sin 2β ) + (cos 2γ + i sin 2γ ) = 0

cos 2α + cos 2 β + cos 2γ = 0 … … … … … … … … … (3)

(c) 2 cos 2 α − 1 + 2 cos 2 β − 1 + 2 cos 2 γ − 1 = 0

(
∴ 2 cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 3 )
3
∴ cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ =
2
(d) Since x + y + z =0, x + y =−z

(x + y )3 = (− z )3
x 3 + y 3 + 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 = − z 3

x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = −3 xy ( x + y )

x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = −3 xy (− z ) = 3 xyz

(e ) + (e ) + (e )
iα 3 iβ 3 iγ 3
= 3e iα .e iβ .e iγ

e 3iα + e 3iβ + e 3iγ = 3e i (α + β +γ )

= ( cos 3α + i sin 3α ) + ( cos 3β + i sin 3β ) + ( cos 3γ + i sin 3γ )

= 3[cos(α + β + γ ) + i sin(α + β + γ )]
Comparing imaginary parts on both side
sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin(α + β + γ )

4. If α and β are the roots of the equation z sin θ − z sin 2θ + 1 = 0 , prove That
2 2

α n + β n = 2 cos nθ 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒏𝒏 𝜽𝜽, where n is a +ve integer.

Solution: z sin θ − z sin 2θ + 1 = 0

2 2

sin 2θ ± sin 2 2θ − 4 sin 2 θ

z=
2 sin 2 θ

2 sin θ cosθ ± 4 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − 4 sin 2 θ

=
2 sin 2 θ

2 sin θ cosθ ± 2 sin θ cos 2 θ − 1

=
2 sin 2 θ
 14

cosθ ± i sin θ
=
sin θ
= e ± iθ cos ecθ
iθ
Let α = e cos ecθ , β = e − iθ cos ecθ

α n + β n = (e iθ cos ecθ ) + (e −iθ cos ecθ )

n n

(
= cos ec nθ e inθ + e − inθ )
= cos ec nθ (2 cos nθ )

= 2 cos nθ cos ec nθ
1 + 7i
5. Prove That (4n ) power of is equal to (− 4 ) where n is a +ve integer.
th n

(2 − i ) 2

1 + 7i 1 + 7i 1 + 7i
Solution: = =
(2 − i ) 4 + i − 4i 3 − 4i
2 2

=
(1 + 7i ) (3 + 4i ) = 3 + 4i + 21i − 28 = 3 + 25i − 28
(3 − 4i ) (3 + 4i ) 9 + 16 25
− 25 + 25i
= = −1 + i
25
Let − 1 + i = r (cosθ + i sin θ )

r= (− 1)2 + (1)2 = 2

 1  3π
θ = tan −1  −1
 = tan (−1) = ( θ lies in 2nd quad.)
 −1  4

 3π 3π 
− 1 + i = 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4 
4n
 1 + 7i 
4n
  3π 3π 
= (− 1 + i ) =  2  cos + i sin
4n
 2 
 (2 − i )    4 4 

= ( 2) 4n 
 cos 4n
3π 3π 
+ i sin 4n 
 4 4 
= 2 2 n (cos 3nπ + i sin 3nπ )

[
= 4 n (−1) 3n = 4(−1) 3 ]
n
= (−4) n
 15

6. If α =1+ i , β =1− i and cot θ = x + 1 Prove That

(x + α )n + (x + β )n = (α + β )cos nθ cos ec nθ
Solution: x = cot θ − 1
cosθ + i sin θ
∴ x + α = cot θ − 1 + 1 + i = cot θ + i =
sin θ
cosθ − i sin θ
x + β = cot θ − 1 + 1 − i = cot θ − i =
sin θ
α +β =2
cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos nθ − i sin nθ
∴ ( x + α )n + ( x + β )n =
sin n θ
2 cos nθ
= = 2 cos nθ cos ec nθ
sin θ
n

= (α + β )cos nθ cos ec nθ

EXERCISE
π π
8

 1 + sin + i cos
1. Simplify :  8 8

1 + sin π − i cos π 
 8 8 

(
2. Prove That if n is a +ve Integer , 1 + i 3 ) + (1 − i 3 )
n n
= 2 n+1 cos
nπ
3
3. If α and β are the roots of the equation x 2 − 2 3 x + 4 = 0 , Prove That

α3 +β3 = 0
4. If α = 1 + i , β = 1 − i and cot θ = x + 1 Prove That

(x + α )n − (x + β )n = (α − β )sin nθ cos ec nθ
5. If a = cos 2α + i sin 2α , b = cos 2 β + i sin 2 β , c = cos 2γ + i sin 2γ Prove That

= 2 cos(α + β − γ )
ab c
+
c ab
6. If a = cos α + i sin α , b = cos β + i sin β , c = cos γ + i sin γ Prove That
(b + c )(c + a )(a + b ) = 8 cos α − β  cos β − γ  cos γ − α 
     
abc  2   2   2 
 16

1.9 Expansion of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 , 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 in powers of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽 , 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝜽𝜽

De-Moivre’s theorem can be used to find the expansion of sin nθ , cos nθ in terms of
power of sin θ and cosθ ,
By De- Moivre’s theorem,

(cos θ + i sin θ )n = cos nθ + i sin nθ … … … … … … … … (1)

Using Binomial expansion
(cos θ + i sin θ )n = nc0 cos n θ (i sin θ ) 0 + nc1 cos n −1 θ (i sin θ )1

+ nc2 cos n − 2 θ (i sin θ ) 2 + .... + ncn cos 0 θ (i sin θ ) n … … … (2)

Equating real and imaginary parts from (1) and (2)
cos nθ = nc0 cos n θ − nc2 cos n−2 θ sin 2 θ + ...............

sin nθ = nc1 cos n−1 θ sin θ − nc3 cos n−3 θ sin 3 θ + .........................
Solved Examples
1. Show That (a). sin 5θ = 5 sin θ − 20 sin θ + 16 sin θ
3 5

(b). cos 5θ = 5 cosθ − 20 cos θ + 16 cos θ

3 5

Solution: (cosθ + i sin θ ) = cos 5 θ + 5c1 cos 4 θ (i sin θ ) + 5c2 cos 3 θ (i sin θ ) 2
5

+ 5c3 cos 2 θ (i sin θ ) 3 + 5c4 cosθ (i sin θ ) 4 + 5c5 (i sin θ ) 5

= cos 5 θ + 5 cos 4 θ .i sin θ − 10 cos 3 θ .sin 2 θ − 10 cos 2 θ .i sin 3 θ

+ 5 cosθ .sin 4 θ + i sin 5 θ … … … … … … … … … … . . (1)

By De – Moivre’s Theorem

(cosθ + i sin θ )5 = cos 5θ + i sin 5θ … … … … … … … … … … … . (2)

Comparing real and imaginary parts of (1) and (2)

cos 5θ = cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ .sin 2 θ + 5 cosθ .sin 4 θ … … … … … … (3)

sin 5θ = 5 cos 4 θ .sin θ − 10 cos 2 θ .sin 3 θ + sin 5 θ … … … … … … . . (4)

From (3)
cos 5θ = cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ (1 − cos 2 θ ) + 5 cosθ .(1 − cos 2 θ ) 2

= cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ + 10 cos 5 θ + 5 cosθ .(1 + cos 4 θ − 2 cos 2 θ )

= cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ + 10 cos 5 θ + 5 cosθ + 5 cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ

 17

= 5 cosθ − 20 cos 3 θ + 16 cos 5 θ

From (4)
( ) ( )
sin 5θ = 5 1 − sin 2 θ .sin θ − 10 1 − sin 2 θ .sin 3 θ + sin 5 θ
2

= 5(1 + sin θ − 2 sin θ ).sin θ − 10(sin

4 2 3
θ − sin 5 θ ) + sin 5 θ

= 5 sin θ + 5 sin 5 θ − 10 sin 3 θ . − 10 sin 3 θ + 10 sin 5 θ + sin 5 θ

= 5 sin θ − 20 sin 3 θ + 16 sin 5 θ

7 tan θ − 35 tan 3 θ + 21 tan 5 θ − tan 7 θ

2. Show that tan 7θ =
1 − 21 tan 2 θ + 35 tan 4 θ − 7 tan 6 θ
Solution: By De – Moivre’s theorem,

(cosθ + i sin θ )7 = cos 7θ + i sin 7θ …………………………………(1)

Using Binomial expansion

(cosθ + i sin θ )7 = cos 7 θ + 7 cos 6 θ .i sin θ + 21cos 5 θ (i sin θ ) 2 + 35 cos 4 θ (i sin θ ) 3

+ 35 cos 3 θ (i sin θ ) 4 + 21 cos 2 θ (i sin θ ) 5 + 7 cos θ (i sin θ ) 6 + (i sin θ ) 7

= cos 7 θ + 7i cos 6 θ .sin θ − 21cos 5 θ sin 2 θ − 35i cos 4 θ sin 3 θ

+ 35 cos 3 θ sin 4 θ + 21.i. cos 2 θ sin 5 θ − 7 cosθ sin 6 θ − i sin 7 θ … … (2)

Equating real and imaginary parts from (1) and (2)

cos 7θ = cos 7 θ − 21cos 5 θ sin 2 θ + 35 cos 3 θ sin 4 θ − 7 cosθ sin 6 θ … … … (3)

sin 7θ = 7 cos 6 θ sin θ − 35 cos 4 θ sin 3 θ + 21 cos 2 θ sin 5 θ − sin 7 θ … … … (4)

Dividing (4) & (3)

7 cos 6 θ .sin θ − 35 cos 4 θ sin 3 θ + 21cos 2 θ sin 5 θ − sin 7 θ

tan 7θ =
cos 7 θ − 21cos 5 θ sin 2 θ + 35 cos 3 θ sin 4 θ − 7 cosθ sin 6 θ

Dividing both numerator & denominator of R.H.S. by cos θ , we get the required result.
7

sin 6θ
3. Using De-Moivre’s theorem, prove that = 16 cos 4 θ − 16 cos 2 θ + 3
sin 2θ
Solution: We have sin 6θ = 6 cos θ sin θ − 20 cos θ sin θ + 6 cosθ sin θ
5 3 3 5
 18

sin 6θ 6 cos 5 θ sin θ 20 cos 3 θ sin 3 θ 6 cosθ sin 5 θ

∴ = − +
sin 2θ 2 sin θ cosθ 2 sin θ cosθ 2 sin θ cosθ

= 3 cos 4 θ − 10 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ + 3 sin 4 θ

( ) (
= 3 cos 4 θ − 10 cos 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ + 3 1 − cos 2 θ )2
= 3 cos 4 θ − 10 cos 2 θ + 10 cos 4 θ + 3 (1 − 2 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ )

= 3 cos 4 θ − 10 cos 2 θ + 10 cos 4 θ + 3 − 6 cos 2 θ + 3 cos 4 θ

= 16 cos 4 θ − 16 cos 2 θ + 3

sin 7θ
4. Using De-Moivre’s theorem, express in powers of sin θ only.
sin θ
Solution: We have

sin 7θ = 7 cos 6 θ sin θ − 35 cos 4 θ sin 3 θ + 21cos 2 θ sin 5 θ − sin 7 θ

sin 7θ 7 cos 6 θ sin θ 35 cos 4 θ sin 3 θ 21 cos 2 θ sin 5 θ sin 7 θ

∴ = − + −
sin θ sin θ sin θ sin θ sin θ

sin 7θ
∴ = 7 cos 6 θ − 35 cos 4 θ sin 2 θ + 21cos 2 θ sin 4 θ − sin 6 θ
sin θ

( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
=7 1 − sin 2 θ − 35 1 − sin 2 θ sin 2 θ + 21 1 − sin 2 θ sin 4 θ − sin 6 θ

( ) (
=7 1 − 3sin 2 θ + 3sin 4 θ − sin 6 θ − 35 1 − 2sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ sin 2 θ )
( )
+ 21 1 − sin 2 θ sin 4 θ − sin 6 θ

7 − 21sin 2 θ + 21sin 4 θ − 7 sin 6 θ − 35sin 2 θ + 70 sin 4 θ − 35sin 6 θ

=
+ 21sin 4 θ − 21sin 6 θ − sin 6 θ

= 7 − 56 sin 2 θ + 112 sin 4 θ − 64 sin 6 θ

 19

1.10 Expansion of 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏 𝜽𝜽 . 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐧𝐧 𝜽𝜽 in terms of sines or cosines of multiples of 𝜽𝜽

1
If x cos θ + i sin θ then
= = cos θ − i sin θ
x
1 1
x+ = 2 cosθ x− = 2i sin θ
x x
1
∴ x n = cos nθ .i sin nθ = cos nθ . − i sin nθ
xn
1 1
∴ xn + = 2 cos nθ xn − = 2i sin nθ
xn xn
Solved Problems
1
1. Show That sin θ = (sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ )
5

16
1
Solution: Let=x cos θ + i sin θ then
= cos θ − i sin θ
x
5
 1
∴ (2i sin θ ) =x− 
5

 x
1 1 1 1 1
= x 5 − 5x 4 + 10 x 3 2 − 10 x 2 3 + 5 x 4 − 5
x x x x x
 1   1   1
32i 5 sin 5 θ =  x 5 − 5  − 5 x 3 − 3  + 10 x − 
 x   x   x
32i sin 5 θ = 2i sin 5θ − 5(2i sin 3θ ) + 10(2i sin θ )

∴ sin θ =
5 1
(sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ )
16

2. Expand sin 7 θ in a series of sines of multiples of θ

1
Solution: Let x = cos θ + i sin θ then = cos θ − i sin θ
x
7
 1
∴ (2i sin θ ) 7
=x− 
 x
1 1 1 1
= x 7 − 7 x 5 + 21x 3 − 35 x − 7
+7 5
− 21 3
+ 35
x x x x
 20

 1   1   1   1
2 7 i 7 sin 7θ =  x 7 − 7  − 7 x 5 − 5  + 21 x 3 − 3  − 35 x − 
 x   x   x   x

− i 2 7 sin 7 θ = (2i sin 7θ ) − 7(2i sin 5θ ) + 21(2i sin 3θ ) − 35(2i sin θ )

∴ sin 7 θ = −
1
[sin 7θ − 7 sin 5θ + 21sin 3θ − 35 sin θ ]
26
3. Expand cos 7 θ in a series of cosines of multiples of θ
1
Solution: Let x = cos θ + i sin θ then = cos θ − i sin θ
x
7
 1
∴ ( 2 cos θ ) =
7
x+ 
 x
1 1 1 1
= x 7 + 7 x 5 + 21x 3 + 35 x + +7 + 21 + 35
x7 x5 x3 x
 1   1   1   1
2 7 cos 7θ =  x 7 + 7  + 7 x 5 + 5  + 21 x 3 + 3  + 35 x + 
 x   x   x   x
= (2 cos 7θ ) + 7(2 cos 5θ ) + 21(2 cos 3θ ) + 35(2 cosθ )

=
1
[cos 7θ + 7 cos 5θ + 21cos 3θ + 35 cosθ ]
26
4. If sin 4 θ cos3 θ =a cos θ + b cos 3θ + c cos 5θ + d cos 7θ then find a, b, c, d.
1
Solution: Let x = cosθ + i sin θ ∴ = cosθ − i sin θ
x
1
x n = cos nθ + i sin nθ = cos nθ . − i sin nθ
xn
1 1
xn + = 2 cos nθ xn − = 2i sin nθ
xn xn
4 3 3 3
 1  1  1  1  1
Consider (2i sin θ ) (2 cosθ ) =  x −   x +  =  x −  x −   x + 
4 3
 x  x  x  x  x
3
 1  1   1  3 1 
=  x −  x 2 − 2  =  x −  x 6 − 3 x 2 + 2 − 6 
 x  x   x  x x 
 21

3 1 3 1
= x 7 − 3x 3 + − 5 − x 5 + 3x − 3 + 7
x x x x

 1   1   1   1
=  x 7 + 7  −  x 5 + 5  − 3 x 3 + 3  + 3 x + 
 x   x   x   x

∴ (2i sin θ ) (2 cosθ ) = 2 cos 7θ − 2 cos 5θ − 6 cos 3θ + 6 cosθ

4 3

cos 7θ cos 5θ 3 cos 3θ 3 cosθ

∴ sin 4 θ cos 3 θ = − − +
26 26 26 26
Comparing this with the given equality
3 3 1 1
a= 6
,b=−
6
,c=−
6
, d =
2 2 2 26
1
5. Prove that cos θ − sin θ = (cos 6θ + 15 sin 2θ )
6 6

16
1
Solution: Let x = cos θ + i sin θ then = cos θ − i sin θ
x
6

∴ (2 cosθ )6 =  x + 1 
 x
1 1 1 1 1 1
= x6 + 6x5 + 15 x 4 2 + 20 x 3 3 + 15 x 2 4 + 6 x 5 + 6
x x x x x x
1 1 1
= x 6 + 6 x 4 + 15 x 2 + 20 + 15 2
+ 6 4 + 6 … … … … … … … … (1)
x x x
6
 1
(2i sin θ )
6
= x − 
 x
1 1 1
= x 6 − 6 x 4 + 15 x 2 − 20 + 15 2
−6 4 + 6
x x x

(2 sin θ )6 = − x 6 + 6 x 4 − 15 x 2 + 20 − 15 1
2
1 1
+ 6 4 − 6 …………(2)
x x x
Subtracting (1) & (2)
1 2
2 6 (cos 6 θ − sin 6 θ ) = 2 x 6 + 30 x 2 + 30 2
+ 6
x x
 22

 1   1 
= 2 x 6 + 6  + 30 x 2 + 2 
 x   x 

=2 × 2cos 6θ + 30 × 2cos 2θ

2 4 (cos 6 θ − sin 6 θ ) = cos 6θ + 15 cos 2θ

1
∴ cos θ − sin θ = (cos 6θ + 15 sin 2θ )
6 6

16

1.11 Roots of a Complex Number

De – Moivre’s theorem can be used to find the root of an algebraic equation.

Let the equation be z = cos θ + i sin θ

n

z = (cosθ + i sin θ ) n
1

1
= cos ( 2kπ + θ ) + i sin ( 2kπ + θ )  n

=
[ cos(2 kπ + θ ) cos θ & sin(2
= kπ + θ ) sin θ ]

 2kπ + θ   2kπ + θ 
= cos  + i sin  
 n   n 

Putting k = 0,1,2,3............n − 1 , all roots of the equation are obtained.

Solved Problems

1. Solve the equation x + 1 = 0

6

Solution: x = −1 = cos π + i sin π

6

= cos(2kπ + π ) + i sin (2kπ + π )

= cos(2k + 1)π + i sin (2k + 1)π

x = [cos(2k + 1)π + i sin (2k + 1)π ]1 / 6

π π
= cos(2k + 1) + i sin (2k + 1) (using De – Moivre’s theorem)
6 6
 23

Putting k = 0,        5
1, 2, 3,  4,  , we get all 6 roots of the given equation.

π  π  3 1
k = 0 , x0 = cos  + i sin   = +i
6 6 2 2

π  π 
k =1, x1 = cos  + i sin   = i
2 2

 5π   5π  3 1
k = 2 , x2 = cos  + i sin   = − +i
 6   6  2 2

 7π   7π   π  π
k = 3 , x3 = cos  + i sin   = cos π +  + i sin  π + 
 6   6   6  6

π  π  3 1
= − cos  − i sin   = − −i
6 6 2 2

 9π   9π   3π   3π 
k = 4 , x4 = cos  + i sin   = cos π +  + i sin  π + 
 6   6   6   6 

π  π 
= − cos  − i sin   = −i
2 2

 11π   11π   5π   5π 
k = 5 , x5 = cos  + i sin   = cos π +  + i sin  π + 
 6   6   6   6 

 5π   5π  3 1
= − cos  − i sin   = −i
 6   6  2 2

2. Solve the equation x − i = 0

6

π π
Solution: x = i = cos + i sin
6
2 2
 π  π
= cos 2kπ +  + i sin  2kπ + 
 2  2

 4kπ + π   4kπ + π 
= cos  + i sin  
 2   2 
 24

1
  4kπ + π   4kπ + π  6
x = cos  + i sin  
  2   2 
 4k π + π   4k π + π 
= cos   + i sin   (using De-Moivre’s theorem)
 12   12 
Putting k = 0,1,2,3............n − 1 , we get all 6 roots of the given equation.
π  π 
k = 0, x1 = cos  + i sin  
 12   12 
 5π   5π 
k =1, x2 = cos  + i sin  
 12   12 
 9π   9π 
k = 2, x3 = cos  + i sin  
 12   12 
 13π   13π   π   π 
k = 3, x4 = cos  + i sin   = cos π +  + i sin  π + 
 12   12   12   12 
π  π 
= − cos  − i sin  
 12   12 
 17π   17π   5π   5π 
k = 4, x5 = cos  + i sin   = cos π +  + i sin  π + 
 12   12   12   12 
 5π   5π 
= − cos  − i sin  
 12   12 
 21π   21π   9π   9π 
k = 5, x6 = cos  + i sin   = cos π +  + i sin  π + 
 12   12   12   12 
 9π   9π 
= − cos  − i sin  
 12   12 

3. Solve the Equation z = ( z + 1) , then show that z =−

1 i
cot (θ / 2 ) where
3 3
+
2 2
π
θ = 2n
3
3
 z 
Solution: we have   = 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = cos 2nπ + i sin 2nπ
 z +1
 25

= (cos 2nπ + i sin 2nπ )1 / 3

z
z +1
2 nπ 2nπ
= cos + i sin
3 3
π
= cosθ + i sin θ where θ = 2n
3
Subtracting numerator from denominator on both sides, we get

z cosθ + i sin θ
=
z + 1 − z 1 − cosθ − i sin θ
cosθ + i sin θ
∴z =
2 sin (θ / 2 ) − 2i sin (θ / 2 )cos(θ / 2 )
2

∴z =
cosθ + i sin θ
⋅
[sin (θ / 2) + i cos(θ / 2)]
2 sin (θ / 2 )[sin (θ / 2 ) − i cos(θ / 2 )] [sin (θ / 2 ) + i cos(θ / 2 )]

(cosθ + i sin θ ) [sin (θ / 2) + i cos(θ / 2)]

2 sin (θ / 2)[sin 2 (θ / 2 ) + cos 2 (θ / 2 )]
∴z =

cosθ sin (θ / 2 ) + i cosθ cos(θ / 2 ) + i sin θ sin (θ / 2 ) − sin θ cos(θ / 2 )

∴z =
2 sin (θ / 2 )

− [sin θ cos(θ / 2) − cosθ sin (θ / 2)] + i[cosθ cos(θ / 2 ) + sin θ sin (θ / 2 )]

=
2 sin (θ / 2 )

− sin (θ / 2 ) + i cos (θ / 2 ) 1 i π
= =− + cot (θ / 2 ) where θ = 2 n
2sin (θ / 2 ) 2 2 3

4. Solve the Equation x + x + i x + 1 = 0

7 4
(3 )
Solution: x 4 ( x 3 + 1) + i ( x 3 + 1) = 0

( x 4 + i )( x 3 + 1) = 0

The Roots of given equation are root of ( x + i ) = 0 and ( x + 1) = 0

4 3
 26

π π
Considering ( x + i ) = 0  x
4 4
= −i = cos − i sin
2 2
 π  π
x 4 = cos 2kπ +  − i sin  2kπ + 
 2  2
1/ 4
  π  π 
x = cos 2kπ +  − i sin  2kπ + 
  2  2 

= cos
(4k + 1)π − i sin (4k + 1)π 
 8 8 

Putting k = 0,1,2,3 , we get all 4 roots of the equation ( x 4 + i ) = 0 .

π  π 
k = 0, x1 = cos  − i sin  
8 8
 5π   5π 
k =1, x2 = cos  − i sin  
 8   8 
 9π   9π 
k = 2, x3 = cos  − i sin  
 8   8 
 13π   13π 
k = 3, x4 = cos  − i sin  
 8   8 
Consider ( x + 1) = 0  x
3 3
= −1 = cos π + i sin π
x 3 = cos(2kπ + π ) + i sin (2kπ + π )
x = [cos(2kπ + π ) + i sin (2kπ + π )]1 / 3

= cos
(2k + 1)π + i sin (2k + 1)π 
 3 3 
Putting k = 0,1,2, we get all 3 roots of the equation ( x 3 + 1) = 0 .
π  π  1 3
k = 0 , x5 = cos  + i sin   = + i
3 3 2 2
k = 1 , x6 = cos(π ) + i sin (π ) = −1

 5π   5π  1 3
k = 2 , x7 = cos  + i sin   = − i
 3   3  2 2
 27

5. Show that all the roots of ( x + 1) 6 + ( x − 1) 6 = 0 are given by − i cot

(2k + 1)π ,
12
k = 0,1,2,3,4,5.

Solution: ( x + 1) = −( x − 1)
6 6

6
 x + 1
  = −1 = cos π + i sin π
 x −1
= cos(2k + 1)π + i sin (2k + 1)π
x + 1 (2k +1)π / 6
=e , k = 0,1,2,3,4,5
x −1

Let
(2k + 1)π = θ
6
x +1
∴ = cosθ + i sin θ
x −1
By componendo-dividend

x − 1 + x + 1 cosθ + i sin θ + 1
=
x − 1 − x + 1 1 − cosθ − i sin θ
θ  θ  θ 
2 cos 2   + i 2sin   cos  
x cos θ + i sin θ + 1 2 2 2
= =
−1 1 − cos θ − i sin θ θ  θ  θ 
2sin 2   − i 2sin   cos  
2 2 2

 θ  θ  
 cos   + i sin   
x θ  2  2
= cot   
−1  2   sin  θ  − i cos  θ  
 2  
   2

 θ   θ    θ  θ  
 cos   + i sin    sin   + i cos   
θ  2  2    2   2
x = − cot   
 2   sin  θ  − i cos  θ   sin  θ  + i cos  θ  
 2       
    2    2   2
 28

 θ  θ  θ  θ  θ  θ  
 cos   sin   + i sin 2   + i cos 2   − cos   sin   
θ  2 2 2 2  2  2
x = − cot   
 2  θ  θ  
 sin 2   + cos 2   
 2 2 

θ   ( 2k + 1) π 
x=
−i cot   =−i cot   k = 0,1,2,3,4,5
2  12 

6. Solve the Equation x 9 + x 5 − x 4 − 1 = 0

Solution: x 5 ( x 4 + 1) − 1( x 4 + 1) = 0

( x 5 − 1)( x 4 + 1) = 0

The Roots of given equation are root of ( x 4 + 1) = 0 and ( x 5 − 1) = 0

Considering ( x 4 + 1) = 0  x = −1 = cos π + i sin π

4

= cos(2kπ + π ) + i sin (2kπ + π )

x = [cos(2kπ + π ) + i sin (2kπ + π )]4

1


= cos
(2kπ + π ) + i sin (2kπ + π )
 4 4 

Putting k = 0,1,2,3 , we get all 4 roots of the equation ( x 4 + 1) = 0 .

π  π 
k = 0, x1 = cos  + i sin  
4 4

 3π   3π 
k =1, x2 = cos  + i sin  
 4   4 

 5π   5π 
k = 2, x3 = cos  + i sin  
 4   4 

 7π   7π 
k = 3, x4 = cos  + i sin  
 4   4 

Consider ( x 5 − 1) = 0  x = 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0

5

= cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ

 29

x = (cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ )5

1

 2kπ   2kπ 
= cos  + i sin  
 5   5 
Putting k = 0,1,2,3,4 , we get all 5 roots of the equation ( x 5 − 1) = 0 .

k = 0, x5 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1

 2π   2π 
k =1, x6 = cos  + i sin  
 5   5 
 4π   4π 
k = 2 , x7 = cos  + i sin  
 5   5 
 6π   6π 
k = 3 , x8 = cos  + i sin  
 5   5 
 8π   8π 
k = 4 , x9 = cos  + i sin  
 5   5 
7. Solve the equation x10 + 11x 5 + 10 = 0

Solution: Let y = x 5

∴ y 2 + 11 y + 10 = 0

∴ ( y + 10)( y + 1) = 0

∴ y = −10 or y = −1

Consider x 5 = −10 = 10(cos π + i sin π )

1 1
x = 10 5 (cos π + i sin π ) 5
1
x = 10 5 [cos(2kπ + π ) + i sin (2kπ + π )]5
1

π π
1

= 10 cos(2k + 1) + i sin (2k + 1) 
5

 5 5
Putting k = 0,1,2,3,4 , we get the other 5 roots of equation

Now consider x = −1 = cos π + i sin π

5

= cos(2kπ + π ) + i sin (2kπ + π )

 30

x = [cos(2kπ + π ) + i sin (2kπ + π )]5

1

 π π
= cos(2k + 1) + i sin (2k + 1) 
 5 5
Putting k = 0,1,2,3,4 , we get the other 5 roots of equation.

kπ
8. Show that all the roots of ( x + 1) 7 = ( x − 1) 7 are given by ± i cot , k = 1,2,3 .
7
Solution: ( x + 1) 7 = ( x − 1) 7

 x +1
7

  = 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0
 x −1 
= cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ
x +1
= (cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ )7
1

x −1
2 kπ
2kπ 2kπ i
= cos + i sin =e 7
7 7
k = 0,1,2,3,4
x +1
For k = 0 , = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1
x −1
 x + 1 = x − 1 or 1 = −1 (not Possible )
∴ 𝑘𝑘 ≠ 0
∴ 𝑘𝑘 takes value 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2 kπ
x +1 i e iθ
=e 7
=
x −1 1
2 x e iθ + 1
Then = apply componendo & dividendo
2 e iθ − 1
− iθ

x=
(e iθ
)
+1 e 2

− iθ
(e iθ
− 1)e 2

iθ iθ
−
e2 +e 2
= iθ iθ
−
e2 −e 2
 31

θ
2 cos
= 2
θ
2i sin
2
θ 1 i 
= −i cot  i = i 2 = −i 
2  
kπ
= −i cot
7
Putting 𝑘𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the roots of ( x + 1) 7 = ( x − 1) 7 are
π 2π 3π
x1 = −i cot , x2 = −i cot , x3 = −i cot ,
7 7 7
4π 3π 3π
x4 = −i cot = −i cot(π − ) = i cot = x3
7 7 7
5π 2π 2π
x5 = −i cot = −i cot(π − ) = i cot = x2
7 7 7
6π π π
x6 = −i cot = −i cot(π − ) = i cot = x1
7 7 7
kπ
Hence all the roots of ( x + 1) 7 = ( x − 1) 7 are given by ± i cot where k = 1,2,3 …..
7
3
1 3 4
9. Find all the values of  + i  and show that their continued product is 1.
2 2 
 
1 3
Solution: Let = r cos θ and = r sin θ
2 2
π
∴ r =1, θ=
3
3 1
1 3  π π 4
3
 =  cos + i sin  
4
 +i
2 2 
  3 3  

= (cos π + i sin π ) 4
1

= [cos(2kπ + π ) + i sin (2kπ + π )]4

1

π π
= cos(2k + 1) + i sin (2k + 1)
4 4
 32

Putting k = 0,1,2,3 we get the 4 roots as

π π 3π 3π
For k = 0 , cos + i sin , For k = 1 , cos + i sin
4 4 4 4
5π 5π 7π 7π
For k = 2 , cos + i sin , For k = 3 , cos + i sin
4 4 4 4
Their continued product is

 π 3π 5π 7π   π 3π 5π 7π 
cos + + +  + i sin  + + + 
4 4 4 4  4 4 4 4 
=cos 4π + i sin 4π =1
10. If α , α 2 , α 3 , α 4 are roots of x 5 − 1 =0 then show that
(1 − α )(1 − α 2 )(1 − α 3 )(1 − α 4 ) = 5

Soultion: Consider the equation x − 1 = 0

5

x 5 = 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0
= cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ

x = (cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ )5

1

2kπ 2kπ
= cos + i sin
5 5
Putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 we get the 5 roots

k = 0 , x1 = 1

2π 2π
k = 1 , x2 = cos + i sin =α
5 5
4π 4π
k = 2 , x3 = cos + i sin =α2
5 5
6π 6π
k = 3 , x4 = cos + i sin =α3
5 5
8π 8π
k = 4 , x5 = cos + i sin =α4
5 5
x 5 − 1 = ( x − 1)( x − α )( x − α 2 )( x − α 3 )( x − α 4 )
 33

( x − 1)( x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1) = ( x − 1)( x − α )( x − α 2 )( x − α 3 )( x − α 4 )

∴ x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = ( x − α )( x − α 2 )( x − α 3 )( x − α 4 )

Substitute x = 1 on both sides, we have

1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = (1 − α )(1 − α 2 )(1 − α 3 )(1 − α 4 )

∴ (1 − α )(1 − α 2 )(1 − α 3 )(1 − α 4 ) = 5

11. If w is 7th root of unity Prove That S = 1+ w + w + w + w4 n + w5 n + w6 n =7

n 2n 3n

If n is a multiple of 7 and is equal to zero otherwise.

1 1
Solution: we have x = 17 = (cos θ + i sin θ ) 7

1
= (cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ ) 7

2kπ 2kπ
= cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
7 7
2π 2π
Let w = cos + i sin
7 7

1 − w7 n
Consider S = 1 + w n + w 2 n + w3n + w 4 n + w5 n + w 6 n =
1 − wn
Since nth roots of unity form a G.P.
n
 2π 2π  
7

w 7n
( )
= w 7 n
=  cos + i sin   =1
 7 7  

∴ 1− w =0
7n

But 1 − w ≠ 0 as n is not a multiple of 7 and hence w is not a root.

n n

∴ The sum S = 0, if n is not a multiple of 7

If n is a multiple of 7 say n = 7k

Then S = 1 + w 7 ( ) + (w )
k 7 2k
( )
+ ........... + w7
6k
= 1+1+1+1+1+1+1 = 7
 34

EXERCISE
1. Find the roots common to 𝑥𝑥 4 + 1 = 0 & 𝑥𝑥 6 − 𝑖𝑖 = 0
3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
�Ans: ± �cos + 𝑖𝑖 sin ��
4 4
2. If 𝑤𝑤 is the cube root of unity, Prove that (1 − 𝑤𝑤)6 = −27

3. If one root of 𝑥𝑥 4 − 6𝑥𝑥 3 + 15𝑥𝑥 2 − 18𝑥𝑥 + 10 = 0 is 1 + 𝑖𝑖. Find all other roots.
[Ans: 1 − 𝑖𝑖, 2 ± 𝑖𝑖 ]
4. Solve 𝑥𝑥 5 = 1 + 𝑖𝑖 & find the continued product of the roots
[Ans: 1 + 𝑖𝑖 ]

1.12 Circular function

iθ
From Euler’s formula, e = cosθ + i sin θ , e − iθ = cosθ − i sin θ

e iθ + e − iθ e iθ − e − iθ
cos θ = , sin θ =
2 2i
Let z = x + iy a complex number then

e iz + e − iz e iz − e − iz
cos z = , sin z =
2 2i
These functions are circular functions of complex numbers.

1.13 Hyperbolic function

𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
If 𝑥𝑥 is real or complex number then is called hyperbolic cosine of 𝑥𝑥 & 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
2
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
denoted by cosh 𝑥𝑥 & is called hyperbolic. Sine of 𝑥𝑥 is denoted by sinh 𝑥𝑥.
2
Note that cosh 𝑥𝑥 & sinh 𝑥𝑥 are periodic function of period 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 i.e. period of hyperbolic
function is imaginary.

Other hyperbolic functions are

sinh z 1
tanh z = , cos echz =
cosh z sinh z

1 1
sec hz = , coth z =
cosh z tanh z
 35

Relation between circular and hyperbolic functions

(i) sin iz = i sinh z (ii) cos iz = cosh z
(iii) tan iz = i tanh z (iv) sinh iz = i sin z
(v) cosh iz = cosh z (vi) tanh iz = i tan z
Some identities and formulas of hyperbolic functions
1. cosh z − sinh z = 1
2 2

2. sec h z + tanh z = 1
2 2

3. coth z − cos ech z = 1

2 2

4. sinh( x ± y ) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y

5. cosh( x ± y ) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y

tanh x ± tanh y
6. tanh( x ± y ) =
1 ± tanh x tanh y
7. sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x

8. cosh 2 x = cosh x + sinh x = 2 cosh x − 1

2 2 2

2 tanh x
9. tanh 2 x =
1 + tanh 2 x
10. sinh 3 x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh x
3

11. cosh 3 x = 4 cosh x − 3 cosh x

3

3 tanh x + tanh 3 x
12. tanh 3 x =
1 + 3 tanh 2 x
x
2 tanh
13. sinh x = 2
x
1 − tanh 2
2
x
1 + tanh 2
14. cosh x = 2
x
1 − tanh 2
2
x
2 tanh
15. tanh x = 2
2 x
1 + tanh
2
 36

 x+ y  x− y
16. sinh x + sinh y = 2 sinh   cosh 
 2   2 
 x+ y  x− y
17. sinh x − sinh y = 2 cosh   sinh  
 2   2 
 x+ y  x− y
18. cosh x + cosh y = 2 cosh   cosh 
 2   2 
 x+ y  x− y
19. cosh x − cosh y = 2 sinh   sinh  
 2   2 
d
20. (sinh x) = cosh x
dx
d
21. (cosh x) = sinh x
dx
d
22. (tanh x) = sec h 2 x
dx

Solved Problems
1
1. If log(tan x) = y , Prove that sinh ny = (tan n x − cot n x) , and
2
cosh(n + 1) y + cosh(n − 1) y = 2 cosh ny. cos ec 2 x
Solution: Given y = log(tan x)
−y
∴ e = tan x & e = cot x
y

 e ny − e − ny  tan n x − cot n x
sinh ny =   =
 2  2
cosh(n + 1) y + cosh(n − 1) y = 2 cosh ny. cosh y

 e y + e− y   tan x + cot x 
= 2 cosh ny.  = 2 cosh ny. 
 2   2 

 sin x cos x 
 + 
= 2 cosh ny.  cos x sin x 
2
1
= 2 cosh ny.
2 sin x cos x
 37

2 cosh ny
=
sin 2 x
= 2 cosh ny. cos ec 2 x
 1 + tanh x 
3

2. Prove That   = cosh 6 x + sinh 6 x

 1 − tanh x 
3
 ex − e −x 
 1 + tanh x 
3 1 + 
ex + e −x
Solution:   = 
 1 − tanh x   ex − e −x 
1 − ex + e −x 
3
 e x + e−x + e x − e−x 
= x −x −x 
e + e − e + e 
x

3
 2e x  e3x
=  − x  = −3 x = e 6 x
 2e  e

 e 6 x + e −6 x   e 6 x − e −6 x 
=   +  
 2   2 
= cosh 6 x + sinh 6 x
3. Solve the equation 7 cosh x + 8 sinh x = 1 for real value of x .
Solution: Consider the equation 7 cosh x + 8 sinh x = 1

 e x + e− x   e x − e− x 
7  + 8  =1
 2   2 

15e x − e − x = 2
1
15e x − =2
ex
15e 2 x − 2e x − 1 = 0
x
This is a quadratic equation in e .

2 ± 4 + 60 2 ± 8 1 − 1
ex = = = ,
30 30 3 5
x
For real value of x, e should be positive
1 1
ex = ∴ x = log = − log 3
3 3
 38

π θ 
4. If u = log tan  +  Prove that
 4 2
(i). cosh u = sec θ (ii) sinh u = tan θ
u θ
(iii) tanh u = sin θ (iv) tanh = tan
2 2
π θ 
Solution: Given u = log tan + 
 4 2
θ
 π θ  1 + tan 2
e u = tan +  =
 4 2  1 − tan θ
2
 cosθ + sin θ  cosθ + sin θ 
= 2 2  2 2
 cosθ − sin θ  cosθ + sin θ 
 2 2  2 2
1 + 2 sin θ cosθ
= 2 2 = 1 + sin θ
2θ 2θ
cos − sin cosθ
2 2
e u = secθ + tan θ
−u 1 sec θ − tan θ
∴ e = =
sec θ + tan θ sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ
e u + e −u secθ + tan θ + secθ − tan θ
(i). cosh u = = = secθ
2 2
e u − e −u secθ + tan θ − (secθ − tan θ )
(ii) sinh u = = = tan θ
2 2
sinh u tan θ
(iii) tanh u = = = sin θ
cosh u secθ
u −u u −u u
u e 2 − e 2 e 2 − e 2 e 2 eu − 1 θ
(iv) tanh = u = u . u = u = tan
−u −u
2 e 2 + e 2 e 2 + e 2 e 2 e +1 2

x u π x 
5. If tan = tanh , then show that u = log tan + 
2 2  4 2
u x
Solution:  tanh = tan
2 2

e u / 2 − e −u / 2 tan ( x / 2 )
=
eu / 2 + e − u / 2 1
 39

By componendo & dividend

2 eu / 2 1 + tan ( x / 2 )
=
2e −u / 2 1 − tan ( x / 2 )
1 + tan ( x / 2 ) tan (π / 4 ) + tan ( x / 2 )
eu = =
1 − tan ( x / 2 ) 1 − tan (π / 4 ) ⋅ tan ( x / 2 )
π x 
e u = tan + 
 4 2
  π x 
u = log  tan + 
  4 2 
2
6. If tanh x = find the value of x and then cosh 2 x
3
e x − e− x 2
Solution:=
tanh x =
e x + e− x 3

∴3 e x − 3 e − x = 2 e x + 2 e − x
∴ e x = 5e− x , e2x = 5
1
∴x = log 5
2
1
−2x 5+
e 2x
+e 5 = 13
∴ cosh 2 x = =
2 2 5
7. If cosh x = secθ prove that x = log(secθ + tan θ )
Solution: We have x = cosh
−1
(secθ )
∴ x = log secθ + sec 2 θ − 1
 
∴ x = log[secθ + tan θ ]
8. If cos( x + iy ) ⋅ cos(u + iv ) = 1, where x, y, u, v are real , then show that
tanh 2 y cosh 2 v = sin 2 u
Solution:  cos ( x + iy ) ⋅ cos ( u + iv ) =
1,
 40

we have cos( x + iy ) = sec(u + iv )

∴ sin ( x + iy ) = 1 − cos 2 ( x + iy ) = 1 − sec 2 (u + iv ) = − tan 2 (u + iv )

= i tan (u + iv )
sin ( x + iy ) i tan (u + iv )
∴ tan ( x + iy ) = = = i sin (u + iv )
cos( x + iy ) sec(u + iv )
Similarly ∴ tan ( x − iy ) =
−i sin ( u − iv )

tan ( x + iy ) − tan ( x − iy )
∴ tan 2iy =
1 + tan ( x + iy ) ⋅ tan ( x − iy )

i sin (u + iv ) + i sin (u − iv )
=
1 − i 2 sin (u + iv ) ⋅ sin (u − iv )

i 2 sin u ⋅ cos iv
i tanh 2 y =
1 + (cos 2iv − cos 2u )
1
2
2 sin u ⋅ cosh v 2 sin u ⋅ cosh v
tanh 2 y = =
1
2
1
2
(
1 + (cosh 2v − cos 2u ) 1 + 2 cosh 2 v − 1 − 1 + 2 sin 2 u )
2 sin u ⋅ cosh v 2 sin u ⋅ cosh v
tanh 2 y =
(
1 + cosh 2 v − 1 + sin 2 u ) =
cosh 2 v + sin 2 u

2 sin u ⋅ cosh v / cosh 2 v

tanh 2 y =
(cosh 2 v + sin 2 u )/ cosh 2 v
2 tanh y 2 sin u / cosh v
1 + tanh y
2
=
(1 + sin 2 u / cosh 2 v)
1 + tanh 2 y
= k (say )
2 tanh y
=
(
2 sin u / cosh v 1 + sin 2 u / cosh 2 v )
tanh y
Let =k ,
sin u / cosh v
 41

on squaring we get,

(
tanh 2 y = k 2 sin 2 u / cosh 2 v )
tanh 2 y ⋅ cosh 2 v = k 2 sin 2 u put k=1

tanh 2 y ⋅ cosh 2 v = sin 2 u

1
9. Prove that cosh x =
2
1
1−
1
1−
1 − cosh 2 x
1
Solution: We have r.h.s. =
1
1−
1
1−
− sinh 2 x
1 1
= =
1 1
1− 1−
1 + cos ech x 2
coth 2 x
1 1
= = = cosh 2 x
1 − tanh x 2
sec h x 2

EXERCISE
1
1. If tanh x = find the value of x and sinh 2 x
2

2. Prove that (cosh x − sinh x) n = cosh nx − sinh nx

2
3. Find the value of tanh log 5 �Ans: �
3

4. Prove that 16 cosh x = cosh 5 x + 5 cosh 3 x + 10 cosh x

5

3 4
5. If 5 sinh 𝑥𝑥 − cosh 𝑥𝑥 = 5. Find tanh 𝑥𝑥 �Ans: − , �
5 5
 42

1.14 Separation of real and imaginary parts

We use the following identities of circular and hyperbolic functions to separate real and
imaginary parts of a given complex function

1. sin( x + iy ) = sin x cos iy + cos x sin iy

= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y

2. cos( x + iy ) = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y

sin( x + iy )
3. tan( x + iy ) =
cos( x + iy )

Multiply numerator & denominator by 2 cos( x − iy )

2 sin( x + iy ) cos( x − iy )
tan( x + iy ) =
cos( x + iy ) cos( x − iy )

sin 2 x + sin 2iy

=
cos 2 x + cos 2iy

sin 2 x + i sinh 2 y
=
cos 2 x + cosh 2 y

sin 2 x i sinh 2 y
= +
cos 2 x + cosh 2 y cos 2 x + cosh 2 y

Solved Problems
1  sin(θ − α ) 
1. If cos(θ + iφ ) = r (cos α + i sin α ) Prove That φ =
2  sin(θ + α ) 
log 

Solution: Given cos(θ + iφ ) = r (cos α + i sin α )

r (cosα + i sin α ) = cosθ cos iφ − sin θ sin iφ

= cosθ cosh φ − sin θ sinh φ

Comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides

r cos α = cosθ cosh φ ……………………….(1)

r sin α = − sin θ sinh φ ………………………(2)

 43

Dividing equation (2) by (1)

tan α = − tan θ tanh φ

− tan α − sin α cosθ

tanh φ = =
tan θ cos α sin θ

eφ − e −φ − sin α cosθ
=
eφ + e −φ cos α sin θ
By componendo & dividendo rule

eφ cos α sin θ − sin α cosθ

=
e −φ cos α sin θ + sin α cosθ

sin (θ − α )
∴ e 2φ =
sin (θ + α )

sin (θ − α )
2φ = log
sin (θ + α )

1 sin (θ − α )
φ= log
2 sin (θ + α )

2. If sin(θ + iφ ) = tan α + i sec α , show that cos 2θ cosh 2φ = 3

Solution: Given sin(θ + iφ ) = tan α + i sec α

tan α + i secα = sin θ cos iφ + cosθ sin iφ

= sin θ cosh φ + i cosθ sinh φ

Comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides

tan α = sin θ cosh φ ………………………..(1)

secα = cosθ sinh φ …………...…………...(2)

Eliminating 𝛼𝛼 from (1) & (2)

sec 2 α − tan 2 α = cos 2 θ sinh 2 φ − sin 2 θ cosh 2 φ

 1 + cos 2θ  cosh 2φ − 1   1 − cos 2θ  1 + cosh 2φ 

1=   −  
 2  2   2  2 
 44

4 = cosh 2φ + cos 2θ cosh 2φ − 1 − cos 2θ − 1 + cos 2θ − cosh 2φ + cos 2θ cosh 2φ

4 = −2 + 2 cos 2θ cosh 2φ

∴ cos 2θ cosh 2φ = 3

π
3. If cos ec

+ ix  = u + iv prove that u 2 + v 2 ( )
2
= 2(u 2 + v 2 )
4 
π 
Solution: Given cos ec + ix  = u + iv
4 
π  1 u − iv
sin  + ix  = = 2
4  u + iv u + v
2

π π u − iv
sin cos ix + cos sin ix = 2 2
4 4 u +v
1
(cosh x + i sinh x ) = 2 u 2 − 2− iv 2
2 u +v u +v

Comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides

cosh x u sinh x −v
= 2 , = 2
2 u +v 2
2 u + v2

2u 2 2v 2
cosh x − sinh x =
2 2
−
(u + v ) (u
2 2 2 2
+ v2 )
2

2(u − v )
2 2
1=
(u + v )
2 2 2

(u 2
+ v2 ) = 2(u − v )
2 2 2

4. If tan(α + iβ ) = x + iy Prove that

(a) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x cot 2α = 1

(b) x 2 + y 2 − 2 y coth 2 β = −1

Solution: Given tan(α + iβ ) = x + iy ,

∴ tan(α − iβ ) = x − iy
 45

(
(a) tan 2α = tan α + iβ + α − iβ )
tan(α + iβ ) + tan(α − iβ )
=
1 − tan(α + iβ ) tan(α − iβ )

x + iy + x − iy
=
1 − ( x + iy )( x − iy )

2x
=
1 − (x2 + y2 )

∴ 1 − x 2 − y 2 = 2 x cot 2α

∴ x 2 + y 2 + 2 x cot 2α = 1

(
(b) Consider tan 2iβ = tan α + iβ − α − iβ )
tan(α + iβ ) − tan(α − iβ )
=
1 + tan(α + iβ ) tan(α − iβ )

x + iy − ( x − iy )
=
1 + ( x + iy )( x − iy )

2iy
∴ tan 2iβ =
1 + x2 + y2

2iy
∴ i tanh 2 β =
1+ x2 + y2

2y
∴ tanh 2 β =
1+ x2 + y2

∴ 1 + x 2 + y 2 = 2 y coth 2 β

∴ x 2 + y 2 − 2 y coth 2 β = −1

1−α 2 − β 2 cos 2 x
5. If tan( x + iy ) = α + iβ show that =
1+ α + β
2 2
cosh 2 y

Solution: α + iβ = tan( x + iy )

sin( x + iy ) cos( x − iy )
=
cos( x + iy ) cos( x − iy )
 46

sin 2 x + sin 2iy

=
cos 2 x + cos 2iy

sin 2 x + i sinh 2 y
=
cos 2 x + cosh 2 y

Taking modulus on both sides and square

sin 2 2 x + sinh 2 2 y
α +β =
2 2

(cos 2 x + cosh 2 y ) 2

Applying componendo & dividendo rule,

1 − α 2 − β 2 (cos 2 x + cosh 2 y ) 2 − sin 2 2 x − sinh 2 2 y

=
1 + α 2 + β 2 (cos 2 x + cosh 2 y ) 2 + sin 2 2 x + sinh 2 2 y

cos 2 2 x + cosh 2 2 y + 2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y − sin 2 2 x − sinh 2 2 y

=
cos 2 2 x + cosh 2 2 y + 2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y + sin 2 2 x + sinh 2 2 y

cos 2 2 x + 1 − sin 2 2 x + 2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y

=
1 + sinh 2 2 y + cosh 2 2 y + 2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y

2 cos 2 2 x + cos 2 .2 x + 2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y

=
cosh 2 2 y + cosh 2 2 y + 2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y

2 cos 2 2 x + 2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y

=
2 cosh 2 2 y + 2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y

2 cos 2 x(cos 2 x + cosh 2 y )

=
2 cosh 2 y (cos 2 y + cosh 2 y )

cos 2 x
=
cosh 2 y

x −y c
6. If x + iy = c cot(u + iv) Prove That = =
sin 2u sinh 2v cosh 2v − cos 2u
Solution: x + iy = c cot(u + iv)

x + iy cos(u + iv)2 sin(u − iv)

=
c sin(u + iv)2 sin(u − iv)
 47

sin 2u − sin 2iv

=
cos 2iv − cos 2u
sin 2u − i sinh 2v
=
cosh 2v − cos 2u
Comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides,

x sin 2u
=
c cosh 2v − cos 2u
y − sinh 2v
=
c cosh 2v − cos 2u
x −y c
∴ = =
sin 2u sinh 2v cosh 2v − cos 2u

x y
7. If cos α cosh β = , sin α sinh β = Prove that
2 2
4x
(a) sec(α − iβ ) + sec(α + iβ ) =
x + y2
2

− 4iy
(b) sec(α − iβ ) − sec(α + iβ ) =
x2 + y2
1
Solution: sec(α − iβ ) =
cos(α − iβ )
1
=
cos α cos iβ + sin α sin iβ
1
=
cos α cosh β + i sin α sinh β
1
=
x iy
+
2 2
2  x − iy  2( x − iy )
= +  =
x + iy  x − iy  x 2 + y 2
………………………(1)

Similarly
1
sec(α + iβ ) =
cos(α + iβ )
 48

1
=
cos α cosh β − i sin α sinh β

1
=
x iy
−
2 2

2  x + iy  2( x + iy )
= −  =
x − iy  x + iy  x 2 + y 2
……………………...(2)

Adding (1) and (2)

4x
sec(α − iβ ) + sec(α + iβ ) =
x + y2
2

Subtracting (1) and (2)

− 4iy
sec(α − iβ ) − sec(α + iβ ) =
x2 + y2

 π
8. If α + iβ = tanh x + i  Prove That α 2 + β 2 = 1 .
 4
sinh ( x + iπ / 4 )
Solution: α + iβ =
cosh ( x + iπ / 4 )
2 sinh ( x + iπ / 4 ) cosh ( x − iπ / 4 )
= ⋅
2 cosh ( x + iπ / 4 ) cosh ( x − iπ / 4 )
sinh (2 x ) + sinh (iπ / 2 ) sinh (2 x ) + i sin (π / 2 )
= =
cosh (2 x ) + cos(π / 2 ) cosh (2 x )
sinh (2 x ) + i
=
cosh (2 x )

Equating Real & Imaginary parts we get

sinh (2 x ) 1
α = , β=
cosh (2 x ) cosh (2 x )

sinh 2 (2 x ) + 1 cosh 2 (2 x )
∴α + β 2 2
= = =1
cosh 2 (2 x ) cosh 2 (2 x )
 49

π 
9. If tan  + iv  = reiθ show that
4 
(i) r = 1, (ii) tan θ = sinh 2v, (iii) tanh v = tan (θ / 2 )

π  π 
2sin  + iv  cos  − iv 
 π  4 ⋅ 4 
Solution: we have tan= + iv 
4  2 cos  π + iv  cos  π − iv 
   
4  4 
π
sin + sin ( 2iv )
 π  2= 1 + i sinh 2v
∴tan
=  + iv 
4  cos π + cos 2iv
(
cosh 2v
)
2
1 + i sinh 2v
∵ By data r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) =
cosh 2v
Equating real & imaginary parts,
1 sinh 2v
=r cos θ , r sin θ
=
cosh 2v cosh 2v
(i) Squaring and adding

1 sinh 2 2v cosh 2 2v
r2 =
2
+ 2
=2
1
cosh 2v cosh 2v cosh 2v
sinh 2v / cosh 2v
division tan θ
(ii) By= = sinh 2v
1 / cosh 2v
(iii)  sinh 2v = tan θ

= =
2v sinh −1
(
( tan θ ) log tan θ + 1 + tan 2 θ )
 [sin (θ / 2 ) + cos (θ / 2 )]2 
v log ( tan θ + sec θ=
2= ) log  2 
 cos (θ / 2 ) − sin (θ / 2 )
2


 sin (θ / 2 ) + cos (θ / 2 )   1 + tan (θ / 2 ) 
2v =
log   log  
 cos (θ / 2 ) − sin (θ / 2 )   1 − tan (θ / 2 ) 
1 1+ z 
∴ 2v =
2 tanh −1
 tan (θ / 2 )   tanh −1 z log  
2 1− z 
∴ v = tanh −1 [tan (θ / 2 )] ∴ tanh v = tan (θ / 2 )
 50

EXERCISE
1
1. If sin(θ + iφ ) = r (cos α + i sin α ) Prove That r = (cosh 2φ − cos 2θ ) and
2

2
tan α = tanh φ cot θ .

2. If sin(θ + iφ ) = cos α + i sin α Prove that cos 4 θ = sin 2 α = sinh 4 φ .

 π
3. If α + iβ = tanh  x + i  Prove That α + β = 1 .
2 2

 4
sin 2α
4. If tan(α + iβ ) = sin ( x + iy ) Prove that
tan x
=
tanh y sinh 2 β
π 
5. If tan  + iα  = x + iy Prove that x 2 + y 2 + 2 x = 1
8 
 π
6. If x + iy = 2 cosh  α + i  Prove that x − y = 2
2 2

 4
7. If tan(α + iβ ) = x + iy Prove that x 2 + y 2 + 1 = 2 x coth 2α ,

x 2 + y 2 + 2 y cot 2 β = 1

1.15 Inverse hyperbolic function

−1
If x = sinh u then u = sinh x is called sine hyperbolic inverse of x where x is real.
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1
Similarly we can define cosh x , tanh x , coth x , sec h x and cos ech x .

If x is real (i) sinh −1 x = log( x + x 2 + 1)

(ii) cosh −1 x = log( x + x 2 − 1)

1 1+ x 
(iii) tanh −1 x = log 
2 1− x 
To Prove (1) let sinh −1 x = y

x = sinh y
e y − e− y
x=
2
1
2x = e y −
ey
e 2 y − 2 xe y − 1 = 0
 51

y
This equation is quadratic in e .

2x ± 4x2 + 4
ey =
2

e y = x ± x2 +1

(
y = log x ± x 2 + 1)
log(x − x + 1 ) is not defined as x −
2
x2 + 1 < 0

∴ y = log(x + x + 1)
2

∴ sinh −1 x = log(x + x + 1)
2

Similar proof for (2)

To Prove (3)

tanh −1 x = y

x = tanh y

x e y − e− y
=
1 e y + e−y
Apply componendo & dividendo,

1 + x 2e y
=
1 − x 2e − y
1+ x
= e2 y
1− x

1+ x 
2 y = log 
1− x 

1 1 + x 
y= log 
2 1− x 

1 1+ x 
tanh −1 x = log 
2 1− x 
 52

Solved Problems

π x 
1. Prove that sinh −1 (tan θ ) = log tan  + 
 4 2

(
Solution: sinh −1 (tan θ ) = log tan θ + tan 2 θ + 1 )
= log(tan θ + secθ )

 sin θ + 1 
= log 
 cos θ 
 π  
 cos 2 − θ  + 1
= log    
 sin  π − θ  
  
 2  

 π θ  
 2 cos 2  −  
= log   4 2

 2 sin  π − θ  cos π − θ  
   
  4 2   4 2  

  π θ 
= log cot − 
  4 2 
 π  π θ 
= log tan  −  − 
 2  4 2 
  π θ 
= log  tan + 
  4 2 
x
2. Prove that (i) tanh −1 x = sinh −1
1− x2

(
(ii) sinh −1 x = cosh −1 1 + x 2 )
x  x x2 
Solution: (i) sinh
−1
= log + + 1 
1− x  − 2 
 1− x 1 x
2 2

 x 1 
= log + 

 1− x 1− x2 
2
 53

 x +1 
= log 

 1− x 
2

 1+ x 1+ x 
= log 

 1 + x 1 − x 

 1+ x 
= log 

 1 − x 
1 1 + x 
= log 
2 1− x 
= tanh −1 x

( ) (
(ii) cosh −1 1 + x 2 = log 1 + x 2 + x 2
+1−1 )
= log( 1 + x + x )
2

= sinh −1 x
3. Separate into real and imaginary parts of sin −1 (e iθ )

Solution: Let sin −1 (e iθ ) = x + iy

e iθ = sin( x + iy )

cos θ + i sin θ = sin x cos iy + cos x sin iy

= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
Comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides,
cosθ = sin x cosh y …………………….(1)
sin θ = cos xsinh y ………..…………..(2)
Eliminating y from equations (1) & (2),

cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
cosh 2 y − sinh 2 y = −
sin 2 x cos 2 x

cos 2 θ cos 2 x − sin 2 θ sin 2 x

1=
sin 2 x cos 2 x
 54

sin 2 x cos 2 x = cos 2 θ cos 2 x − sin 2 θ (1 − cos 2 x)

(1 − cos 2 x) cos 2 x = cos 2 θ cos 2 x − sin 2 θ + sin 2 θ cos 2 x

cos 2 x − cos 4 x = cos 2 x(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) − sin 2 θ

cos 2 x − cos 4 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 θ

cos 4 x = sin 2 θ
cos 2 x = sin θ

cos x = ± sin θ

x = cos −1 ± ( sin θ )
From equation (2), sin 2 θ = cos 2 x sinh 2 y

Putting cos x = sin θ

2

∴ sin 2 θ = sin θ sinh 2 y

∴ sinh 2 y = sin θ

sinh y = ± sin θ

y = sinh −1 (± sin θ )

= log(± sin θ + sin θ + 1)

Hence sin −1 (e iθ ) = cos −1 (± sin θ ) + i log(± sin θ + sin θ + 1)

 3i 
4. Separate into real and imaginary parts of cos −1  
4
 3i 
Solution: Let cos −1   = x + iy
4
3i
= cos( x + iy ) = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y
4
Comparing real and imaginary parts
cos x cosh y = 0 ……………………………(1)
3
sin x sinh y = − ………………….………(2)
4
 55

From equation (1), cos x = 0 (∵ cosh y ≠ 0 )

π
x=
2
π
Put x= in equation (2) ,
2
3
sinh y = −
4
 3
y = sinh −1  − 
 4

 3 9 
= log − + + 1 
 4 16 

 3 5
= log − + 
 4 4
1
y = log
2
 3i  π 1
cos −1   = + i log
4 2 2

5. Separate into real and imaginary parts of tan −1 (e iθ ) .

Solution: Let tan −1 (e iθ ) = x + iy

tan( x + iy ) = e iθ

tan( x − iy ) = e − iθ

(
Consider tan 2 x = tan x + iy + x − iy )
tan( x + iy ) + tan( x − iy )
=
1 − tan( x + iy ) tan( x − iy )

e iθ + e − iθ
=
1 − eiθ .e − iθ
2 cos θ
= =∞
0
56

∴ tan 2 x = ∞
π
2 x = nπ +
2
nπ π
x= +
2 4
(
tan 2iy = tan x + iy − x − iy )
tan( x + iy ) − tan( x − iy )
=
1 + tan( x + iy ) tan( x − iy )

e iθ − e − iθ
=
1 + e iθ .e −iθ
cosθ + i sin θ − (cosθ − i sin θ )
=
1+1
2i sin θ
= = i sin θ
2
i tanh 2 y = i sin θ
tanh 2 y = sin θ

2 y = tanh −1 (sin θ )

1  1 + sin θ 
= log 
2  1 − sin θ 

 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ 

1
= log  2 2 2 2
2  cos 2θ
+ sin 2θ
− 2 sin θ cos θ 
 2 2 2 2

1
= log
(cosθ 2 + sin θ 2 ) 2

2 (cosθ 2 − sin θ 2 ) 2

(cos θ 2 + sin θ 2 )
= log
(cos θ 2 − sin θ 2 )
1 + tan θ 
= log  2
1 − tan θ 
 2
 57

π θ 
= log tan + 
 4 2
1 π θ 
y = log tan + 
2  4 2
nπ π i π θ 
tan −1 e iθ = + + log tan + 
2 4 2  4 2
  x − a  i a
6. Prove That tan −1 i.  = − log 
  x + a  2  x

  x − a 
Solution: Let tan −1 i.  = u + iv
x+a 
  

 x−a
tan(u + iv) = i. 
 x+a
 x−a
∴ tan(u − iv) = −i. 
 x+a

(
tan(2u ) = tan u + iv + u − iv )
tan(u + iv) + tan(u − iv)
=
1 − tan(u + iv)(tan u − iv)

 x−a  x−a
i.  − i. 
 x+a  x+a =0
 x−a  x−a 
1 + i 2 . . 
 x+a  x+a 

2u = tan −1 0 = 0
(
tan(2iv) = tan u + iv − u − iv )
tan(u + iv) − tan(u − iv)
=
1 + tan(u + iv)(tan u − iv)

 x−a  x−a
i.  + i. 
 x+a  x+a
=
 x−a  x−a 
1 − i 2 . . 
 x+a  x+a 
58

 x−a
2i. 
 x+a
=
1+
( x − a)
2

(x + a )2
x−a
2i. 
 x+a
=
(x + a )2 + (x − a )2
(x + a )2
2i.(x − a )(x + a )
=
x + a + 2ax + x 2 + a 2 − 2ax
2 2

=
(
2i. x 2 − a 2 )
(
2 x2 + a2 )
 x2 − a2 
i tanh 2v = i. 2 
2 
 x +a 

 x2 − a2 
2v = tanh  2 −1

2 
x +a 

 x2 − a2 
1 + 
1
= log x2 + a2 
2  x2 − a2 
1− 
 x2 + a2 

1 2x2
2v = log 2
2 2a
1 x
v= log
2 a
1 a
= − log
2 x

  x − a  i a
∴ tan −1 i.  = − log 
  x+a 
 2 x  
 59

−1  θ
7. Prove that sec h (sin θ ) = log cot 
 2

Solution: Let sec h

−1
(sin θ ) = x ∴ sin θ = sec hx ∴ cosh x = cos ecθ

x = cosh −1 (cos ecθ ) = log cos ecθ + cos ec 2θ − 1

 
 1 cosθ  1 + cosθ 
= log  +  = log 
 sin θ sin θ   sin θ 
 2 cos 2 (θ / 2 )   θ
= log   = log cot 
 2 sin (θ / 2 )cos(θ / 2 )  2
−1
8. Separate into real and imaginary parts of tanh ( x + iy ) .
Solution: let tanh −1 ( x + iy ) =u + iv

x + iy = tanh (u + iv ) = tan (iu − v )

1
i

∴ x − iy = tanh (u − iv ) = tan (iu + v )

1
i
Adding we get (
tan (2iu ) = tan iu + v + iu − v )
tan (iu + v ) + tan (iu − v )
=
1 − tan (iu + v ) ⋅ tan (iu − v )
ix + y + ix − y
=
1 − (ix + y ) ⋅ (ix − y )
2ix
i tanh 2u =
1 + x2 + y2

1  2x 
u= tanh −1  
2
1 + x + y 
2 2

Now by subtracting

(
tan (2v ) = tan iu + v − iu − v )
tan (iu + v ) − tan (iu − v )
=
1 + tan (iu + v ) ⋅ tan (iu − v )
60

ix + y − ix + y
=
1 + (ix + y ) ⋅ (ix − y )
2y
tan 2v =
1 − x2 − y2

1  2y 
v= tan −1  
2
1 − x − y 
2 2

EXERCISE
θ π 
1. Prove that sinh (tan θ ) = log tan 
−1
+ 
2 4
−1 3i iπ
2. Prove that cosh ( ) = log 2 + tan
4 2
−1 π
3. Prove that cos (ix) = − i log( x + x 2 + 1)
2
π θ
4. Prove that sin (cos ecθ ) =
−1
+ i log cot
2 2
π   iπ 
5. If cos + ia . cosh b +  = 1 , where a and b are real. Prove that
4   4
2b = log(2 + 3 )

6. Prove that tan −1 (sin θ ) = cosh −1 (secθ )

7. If cosh x = (secθ ) , Prove that

π x θ
(a) x log(sec θ + tan θ ) (b) θ =
= − 2 tan −1 (e − x ) (c) tanh = tan
2 2 2
π 
8. If tan  + iv  = re iθ show that
2 
θ
(a) r = 1 (b) tan θ = sinh 2v (c) tanh v = tan
2
9. If cosh 𝑥𝑥 = sec 𝜃𝜃, P. T.
𝜋𝜋 𝑥𝑥 𝜃𝜃
(a) 𝑥𝑥 log(sec 𝜃𝜃 + tan 𝜃𝜃) (b) 𝜃𝜃 = − 2 tan−1 (𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 ) (c) tanh � � = tan � �
2 2 2
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝜋𝜋 1 𝜋𝜋 𝜃𝜃
10. If tan(𝛼𝛼 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) = cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜃𝜃. P.T. 𝛼𝛼 = + , 𝛽𝛽 = log � + �
2 4 2 4 2