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National Textile University

Engineering drawings use standardized graphical languages and conventions to convey design information. They include features like different line types to represent visible, hidden, and cut-away edges. Drawings also include dimensions, notes, and section views. The goal is to accurately and unambiguously capture a product's geometric features to allow its manufacture. Common drawing tools include pencils, triangles, T-squares, compasses, and drawing boards. Drawings use conventions like orthographic projections, isometric projections, perspective, and scale to depict objects.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
61 views20 pages

National Textile University

Engineering drawings use standardized graphical languages and conventions to convey design information. They include features like different line types to represent visible, hidden, and cut-away edges. Drawings also include dimensions, notes, and section views. The goal is to accurately and unambiguously capture a product's geometric features to allow its manufacture. Common drawing tools include pencils, triangles, T-squares, compasses, and drawing boards. Drawings use conventions like orthographic projections, isometric projections, perspective, and scale to depict objects.

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NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY

ASSIGNMENT

Submitted By
Jabran Butt
10-NTU-1329

Submitted To
Introduction

Engineering drawing is a graphical language, a universal language, a language of use and


ever increasing value. Like every other systematized language it has its rules of grammar.
To express ourselves in a literate fashion we must master as it were laws of syntax and of
concord. Each word in a well-constructed sentence has its function; each line on a well-
executed drawing has its function also. Drawings, then to those initiated into the
language, become articulate vehicles of expression between the drawing office and the
workshop, between the textbook and the students.
The purpose of such a drawing is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the
geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing
is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that
component.
A graphical language used by engineers and other technical personnel associated with the
engineering profession. The purpose of engineering drawing is to convey graphically the
ideas and information necessary for the construction or analysis of machines, structures,
or systems.
Engineering drawings often include such features as various types of lines, dimensions,
lettered notes, sectional views, and symbols. They may be in the form of carefully
planned and checked mechanical drawings, or they may be freehand sketches. Usually a
sketch precedes the mechanical drawing.
In addition to describing the shape of objects, many drawings must show dimensions, so
that workers can build the structure or fabricate parts that will fit together. This is
accomplished by placing the required values (measurements) along dimension lines
(usually outside the outlines of the object) and by giving additional information in the
form of notes which are referenced to the parts in question by angled lines called
leaders.
Layout drawings of different types are used in different manufacturing fields for various
purposes. One is the plant layout drawing, in which the outline of the building, work
areas, aisles, and individual items of equipment are all drawn to scale. Another type of
layout, or preliminary assembly, drawing is the design layout, which establishes the
position and clearance of parts of an assembly.

Drawing Instruments

Pencils
Good quality pencils are necessary. For hand sketching, lettering etc, by young
students. For geometry and machine drawing the best method of sharpening he pencils
is to be CHISEL-POINT. The pencils we normally use in engineering drawing are H1,
H2, HB, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, H3 to 9H

Triangle
Two medium sized, 6 to 12 inches long, one of 45 degrees, the other of 30/60 degrees
.
Tee-square
The Tee-square is as important as the drawing board and should be well chosen and
well-cared for. The best are of mahogany having ebony on both blades and stock.
Celluloid edges are only recommended for private use. English tee-squares have
blades which are broader at the stock then at the free end. Cheap tee-square are often
of pear tree or Beachwood. They should have beveled edges and be polished.

Compass
A compass is used for drawing circles with a diameter not on the templates. It can also
be used as a divider. The compass consists of needle-points, knee-joints and
adjustment devices.
The pivot joint at the head of modern compasses is a great improvement .in the
pivot joint the wear is taken in a conical ends of the screw pins.

Drawing board
A drawing board is made up of wood, such as yellow pine, soft enough to permit the
easy insertion and ready withdrawal of the drawing pins and hard enough to stand the
wear and tear of daily use. Its material should be such as to resist the warping effects of
changing climatic conditions as to remain square.

Spring Bows
These comprise bow points or dividers, bow pencil and bow pen. They are use for small
radii and should be kept clean and serviceable. Some spring bows have outside screws
but double-threaded Centre screws are preferred

Line Styles And Types

Standard engineering drawing line types

A variety of line styles graphically represent physical objects. Types


of lines include the following:

 Visible lines: These are continuous lines used to depict edges directly


visible from a particular angle.
 Hidden lines: These are short-dashed lines that may be used to
represent edges that are not directly visible.
 Center lines: These are alternately long- and short-dashed lines that may
be used to represent the axes of circular features.
 Cutting plane lines: Theses are thin, medium-dashed lines, or thick
alternately long- and double short-dashed that may be used to define sections
for section views.
 Section lines: These are thin lines in a pattern (pattern determined by the
material being "cut" or "sectioned") used to indicate surfaces in section views
resulting from "cutting." Section lines are commonly referred to as "cross-
hatching."
 Phantom: Theses are alternately long- and double short-dashed thin lines
used to represent a feature or component that is not part of the specified part
or assembly. E.g. billet ends that may be used for testing, or the machined
product that is the focus of a tooling drawing.
Lines can also be classified by a letter classification in which each line is given a
letter.

 Type A lines show the outline of the feature of an object. They are the
thickest lines on a drawing and done with a pencil softer than HB.
 Type B lines are dimension lines and are used for dimensioning,
projecting, extending, or leaders. A harder pencil should be used, such as a
2H.
 Type C lines are used for breaks when the whole object is not shown.
They are freehand drawn and only for short breaks. 2H pencil
 Type D lines are similar to Type C, except they are zigzagged and only for
longer breaks. 2H pencil
 Type E lines indicate hidden outlines of internal features of an object. They
are dotted lines. 2H pencil
 Type F lines are Type F[typo] lines, except they are used for drawings in
electro technology. 2H pencil
 Type G lines are used for Centre lines. They are dotted lines, but a long
line of 10–20 mm, then a gap, then a small line of 2 mm. 2H pencil
 Type H lines are the same as Type G, except that every second long line
is thicker. They indicate the cutting plane of an object. 2H pencil
 Type K lines indicate the alternate positions of an object and the line taken
by that object. They are drawn with a long line of 10–20 mm, then a small
gap, then a small line of 2 mm, then a gap, then another small line. 2H pencil.
Lettering
Lettering is the process of forming letters, numerals, and other characters in
technical drawing. It is used to describe, or provide detailed specifications for, an
object. With the goals of legibility and uniformity, styles are standardized and
lettering ability has little relationship to normal writing ability. Engineering
drawings use a Gothic sans-serif script, formed by a series of short strokes.
Lower case letters are rare in most drawings of machines.

Modern Roman

Students should note that an airy grace id its principal characteristics,


and that excessively thick line ruin any Roman lettering.

ABCDEF
123456
Commercial Gothic

It appealed to many practice men before modern pen stencil


became so widely used and in days when drawing office work proceeded at a
more leisurely tempo then it does to-day.

ABCDEF
123456
Orthographic projection
The orthographic projection shows the object as it looks from the front, right, left,
top, bottom, or back, and are typically positioned relative to each other according
to the rules of either first-angle or third-angle projection.

 First angle projection is the ISO standard and is primarily used in


Europe. The 3D object is projected into 2D "paper" space as if you were
looking at an X-ray of the object: the top view is under the front view, the right
view is at the left of the front view.
 Third angle projection is primarily used in the United States and Canada,
where it is the default projection system according to BS 8888:2006, the left
view is placed on the left and the top view on the top.

Not all views are necessarily used, and determination of what surface constitutes
the front, back, top and bottom varies depending on the projection used.
Isometric projection
The isometric projection show the object from angles in which the scales along
each axis of the object are equal. Isometric projection corresponds to rotation of
the object by ± 45° about the vertical axis, followed by rotation of approximately ±
35.264° [= arcsine(tan(30°))] about the horizontal axis starting from an
orthographic projection view. "Isometric" comes from the Greek for "same
measure". One of the things that makes isometric drawings so attractive is the
ease with which 60 degree angles can be constructed with only a compass and
straightedge.

The Isomeric view of the object


Perspective
Perspective is an approximate representation on a flat surface, of an image as it
is perceived by the eye. The two most characteristic features of perspective are
that objects are drawn:

 Smaller as their distance from the observer increases


 Foreshortened: the size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight
are relatively shorter than dimensions across the line of sight.

Scale
Plans are usually "scale drawings", meaning that the plans are drawn at
specific ratio relative to the actual size of the place or object. Various scales may
be used for different drawings in a set. For example, a floor plan may be drawn at
1:50 (1:48 or 1/4"=1'-0") whereas a detailed view may be drawn at 1:25 (1:24 or
1/2"=1'-0"). Site plans are often drawn at 1:200 or 1:100.

Showing dimensions
The required sizes of features are conveyed through use
of dimensions. Distances may be indicated with either of two standardized forms
of dimension: linear and ordinate.
 With linear dimensions, two parallel lines, called "extension lines," spaced
at the distance between two features, are shown at each of the features. A
line perpendicular to the extension lines, called a "dimension line," with arrows
at its endpoints, is shown between, and terminating at, the extension lines.
The distance is indicated numerically at the midpoint of the dimension line,
either adjacent to it, or in a gap provided for it.
 With ordinate dimensions, one horizontal and one vertical extension line
establish an origin for the entire view. The origin is identified with zeroes
placed at the ends of these extension lines. Distances along the x- and y-axes
to other features are specified using other extension lines, with the distances
indicated numerically at their ends.

Parallel Dimensioning

Parallel dimensioning consists


of several dimensions
originating from one projection
line.
Superimposed Running
Dimensions

Superimposed running
dimensioning simplifies
parallel dimensions in order to
reduce the space used on a
drawing. The common origin
for the dimension lines is
indicated by a small circle at
the intersection of the first
dimension and the projection
line. In general all other
dimension lines are broken.

The dimension note can


appear above the dimension
line or in-line with the
projection line
Chain Dimensioning

Chains of dimension should


only be used if the function of
the object won't be affected by
the accumulation of the
tolerances. (A tolerance is an
indication of the accuracy the
product has to be made to.
Tolerance will be covered later
in this chapter).
Combined Dimensions

A combined dimension uses


both chain and parallel
dimensioning.

Dimensioning by Co-
ordinates

Two sets of superimposed


running dimensions running at
right angles can be used with
any features which need their
centre points defined, such as
holes.
Simplified dimensioning by
co-ordinates

It is also possible to simplify


co-ordinate dimensions by
using a table to identify
features and positions.

Dimensioning Small Features

When dimensioning small features, placing the dimension arrow between


projection lines may create a drawing which is difficult to read. In order to clarify
dimensions on small features any of the above methods can be used.
Dimensioning circles

All dimensions of circles are proceeded by this symbol;  . There are several
conventions used for dimensioning circles:

(a) shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One method


dimensions the circle between two lines projected from two diametrically opposite
points. The second method dimensions the circle internally.

(b) is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be easily read if it
was placed inside the circle. A leader line is used to display the dimension.

(c) the final method is to dimension the circle from outside the circle using an
arrow which points directly towards the centre of the circle.

The first method using projection lines is the least used method. But the choice is
up to you as to which you use.
Dimensioning Holes

When dimensioning holes the method of manufacture is not specified unless they
necessary for the function of the product. The word hole doesn't have to be
added unless it is considered necessary. The depth of the hole is usually
indicated if it is isn't indicated on another view. The depth of the hole refers to the
depth of the cylindrical portion of the hole and not the bit of the hole caused by
the tip of the drip.

Dimensioning Radii

All radial dimensions are proceeded


by the capital R. All dimension arrows
and lines should be drawn
perpendicular to the radius so that the
line passes through the centre of the
arc. All dimensions should only have
one arrowhead which should point to
the line being dimensioned. There are
two methods for dimensioning radii.
(a) shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius located on the
drawing.

(b) shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centres locating.

Spherical dimensions

The radius of a spherical surface (i.e. the top of a drawing pin) when
dimensioned should have an SR before the size to indicate the type of surface.

Tolerancing

It is not possible in practice to manufacture products to the exact figures


displayed on an engineering drawing. The accuracy depends largely on the
manufacturing process used and the care taken to manufacture a product. A
tolerance value shows the manufacturing department the maximum permissible
variation from the dimension.

Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value. This can appear
either as:

 a general tolerance value applicable to several dimensions. I.e. a note


specifying that the General Tolerance +/- 0.5 mm.
 or a tolerance specific to that dimension

The method of expressing a tolerance on a dimension as recommended by the


British standards is shown below:

Note the larger size limit is placed above the lower limit.
All tolerances should be expressed to the appropriate number to the decimal
points for the degree of accuracy intended from manufacturing, even if the value
is limit is a zero for example.

45.25 should not be expressed as 45.25

44.80 44.8

Sectioning

Many times when the interior details of an object cannot be seen from the outside

An isometric drawing that does not show all details

We can get around this by pretending to cut the object on a plane and showing
the "sectional view". The sectional view is applicable to objects like engine
blocks, where the interior details are intricate and would be very difficult to
understand through the use of "hidden" lines (hidden lines are, by convention,
dotted) on an orthographic or isometric drawing.
Imagine slicing the object in the middle

"Sectioning" an object

Sectioning the object in figure above


Take away the front half above figure and what you have is a full section view

Sectioned isometric and orthogonal views

Working Drawing 
A working drawing is a type of technical drawing, which is part of the
documentation needed to build an engineering product or architecture. Typically
in architecture these could include civil drawings, architectural
drawings, structural drawings, mechanical drawings, electrical drawings,
and plumbing drawings

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