National Textile University
National Textile University
ASSIGNMENT
Submitted By
Jabran Butt
10-NTU-1329
Submitted To
Introduction
Drawing Instruments
Pencils
Good quality pencils are necessary. For hand sketching, lettering etc, by young
students. For geometry and machine drawing the best method of sharpening he pencils
is to be CHISEL-POINT. The pencils we normally use in engineering drawing are H1,
H2, HB, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, H3 to 9H
Triangle
Two medium sized, 6 to 12 inches long, one of 45 degrees, the other of 30/60 degrees
.
Tee-square
The Tee-square is as important as the drawing board and should be well chosen and
well-cared for. The best are of mahogany having ebony on both blades and stock.
Celluloid edges are only recommended for private use. English tee-squares have
blades which are broader at the stock then at the free end. Cheap tee-square are often
of pear tree or Beachwood. They should have beveled edges and be polished.
Compass
A compass is used for drawing circles with a diameter not on the templates. It can also
be used as a divider. The compass consists of needle-points, knee-joints and
adjustment devices.
The pivot joint at the head of modern compasses is a great improvement .in the
pivot joint the wear is taken in a conical ends of the screw pins.
Drawing board
A drawing board is made up of wood, such as yellow pine, soft enough to permit the
easy insertion and ready withdrawal of the drawing pins and hard enough to stand the
wear and tear of daily use. Its material should be such as to resist the warping effects of
changing climatic conditions as to remain square.
Spring Bows
These comprise bow points or dividers, bow pencil and bow pen. They are use for small
radii and should be kept clean and serviceable. Some spring bows have outside screws
but double-threaded Centre screws are preferred
Type A lines show the outline of the feature of an object. They are the
thickest lines on a drawing and done with a pencil softer than HB.
Type B lines are dimension lines and are used for dimensioning,
projecting, extending, or leaders. A harder pencil should be used, such as a
2H.
Type C lines are used for breaks when the whole object is not shown.
They are freehand drawn and only for short breaks. 2H pencil
Type D lines are similar to Type C, except they are zigzagged and only for
longer breaks. 2H pencil
Type E lines indicate hidden outlines of internal features of an object. They
are dotted lines. 2H pencil
Type F lines are Type F[typo] lines, except they are used for drawings in
electro technology. 2H pencil
Type G lines are used for Centre lines. They are dotted lines, but a long
line of 10–20 mm, then a gap, then a small line of 2 mm. 2H pencil
Type H lines are the same as Type G, except that every second long line
is thicker. They indicate the cutting plane of an object. 2H pencil
Type K lines indicate the alternate positions of an object and the line taken
by that object. They are drawn with a long line of 10–20 mm, then a small
gap, then a small line of 2 mm, then a gap, then another small line. 2H pencil.
Lettering
Lettering is the process of forming letters, numerals, and other characters in
technical drawing. It is used to describe, or provide detailed specifications for, an
object. With the goals of legibility and uniformity, styles are standardized and
lettering ability has little relationship to normal writing ability. Engineering
drawings use a Gothic sans-serif script, formed by a series of short strokes.
Lower case letters are rare in most drawings of machines.
Modern Roman
ABCDEF
123456
Commercial Gothic
ABCDEF
123456
Orthographic projection
The orthographic projection shows the object as it looks from the front, right, left,
top, bottom, or back, and are typically positioned relative to each other according
to the rules of either first-angle or third-angle projection.
Not all views are necessarily used, and determination of what surface constitutes
the front, back, top and bottom varies depending on the projection used.
Isometric projection
The isometric projection show the object from angles in which the scales along
each axis of the object are equal. Isometric projection corresponds to rotation of
the object by ± 45° about the vertical axis, followed by rotation of approximately ±
35.264° [= arcsine(tan(30°))] about the horizontal axis starting from an
orthographic projection view. "Isometric" comes from the Greek for "same
measure". One of the things that makes isometric drawings so attractive is the
ease with which 60 degree angles can be constructed with only a compass and
straightedge.
Scale
Plans are usually "scale drawings", meaning that the plans are drawn at
specific ratio relative to the actual size of the place or object. Various scales may
be used for different drawings in a set. For example, a floor plan may be drawn at
1:50 (1:48 or 1/4"=1'-0") whereas a detailed view may be drawn at 1:25 (1:24 or
1/2"=1'-0"). Site plans are often drawn at 1:200 or 1:100.
Showing dimensions
The required sizes of features are conveyed through use
of dimensions. Distances may be indicated with either of two standardized forms
of dimension: linear and ordinate.
With linear dimensions, two parallel lines, called "extension lines," spaced
at the distance between two features, are shown at each of the features. A
line perpendicular to the extension lines, called a "dimension line," with arrows
at its endpoints, is shown between, and terminating at, the extension lines.
The distance is indicated numerically at the midpoint of the dimension line,
either adjacent to it, or in a gap provided for it.
With ordinate dimensions, one horizontal and one vertical extension line
establish an origin for the entire view. The origin is identified with zeroes
placed at the ends of these extension lines. Distances along the x- and y-axes
to other features are specified using other extension lines, with the distances
indicated numerically at their ends.
Parallel Dimensioning
Superimposed running
dimensioning simplifies
parallel dimensions in order to
reduce the space used on a
drawing. The common origin
for the dimension lines is
indicated by a small circle at
the intersection of the first
dimension and the projection
line. In general all other
dimension lines are broken.
Dimensioning by Co-
ordinates
All dimensions of circles are proceeded by this symbol; . There are several
conventions used for dimensioning circles:
(b) is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be easily read if it
was placed inside the circle. A leader line is used to display the dimension.
(c) the final method is to dimension the circle from outside the circle using an
arrow which points directly towards the centre of the circle.
The first method using projection lines is the least used method. But the choice is
up to you as to which you use.
Dimensioning Holes
When dimensioning holes the method of manufacture is not specified unless they
necessary for the function of the product. The word hole doesn't have to be
added unless it is considered necessary. The depth of the hole is usually
indicated if it is isn't indicated on another view. The depth of the hole refers to the
depth of the cylindrical portion of the hole and not the bit of the hole caused by
the tip of the drip.
Dimensioning Radii
(b) shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centres locating.
Spherical dimensions
The radius of a spherical surface (i.e. the top of a drawing pin) when
dimensioned should have an SR before the size to indicate the type of surface.
Tolerancing
Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value. This can appear
either as:
Note the larger size limit is placed above the lower limit.
All tolerances should be expressed to the appropriate number to the decimal
points for the degree of accuracy intended from manufacturing, even if the value
is limit is a zero for example.
44.80 44.8
Sectioning
Many times when the interior details of an object cannot be seen from the outside
We can get around this by pretending to cut the object on a plane and showing
the "sectional view". The sectional view is applicable to objects like engine
blocks, where the interior details are intricate and would be very difficult to
understand through the use of "hidden" lines (hidden lines are, by convention,
dotted) on an orthographic or isometric drawing.
Imagine slicing the object in the middle
"Sectioning" an object
Working Drawing
A working drawing is a type of technical drawing, which is part of the
documentation needed to build an engineering product or architecture. Typically
in architecture these could include civil drawings, architectural
drawings, structural drawings, mechanical drawings, electrical drawings,
and plumbing drawings