SAS #16

Activity 1. Pretest
Arrange the following events in order.

1. Filipino—American defense 3
2. MacArthur’s retreat to Australia 4
3. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 2
4. Establishment of the “puppet regime“ 5
5. Japan’s rise to power 1

Activity 2. Hook Activity

Every 9th of April, Philippines observes “Araw ng Kagitingan“ (Day of Valor). Do you know the reason why we commemorate this holiday?

This is to commemorate the start of the Bataan Death March.

Activity 4. Practice Exercise
Answer the following questions. Explain in three to five sentences.

1. Why was there a need for Japan to invade other territories?

During the mid-20th century, Japan was a rising imperial power. They wanted to compete with Western imperialism, which was already
dominant even before the 20th century.In order to fully compete and tosustain the growth of their empire, they needed resources. Since Japan lacked
the raw materials needed, they had to expand inorder togetitfrom other territories.The Philippines was oneoftheir targets tobea source oftheir
raw materials.
2. Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
In order to successfully invade the country, Japan had first to dismantle United States’ military power. They bombardedthePearlHarbor,which
wasanAmerican militarybaseinthePacific, onDecember 7,1941.

1. What happened to the Philippine Commonwealth during the war?

ThePhilippineCommonwealth initiallyoperatedinCorregidor duringtheinvasion.WhentheFilipino-American forces were slowly overwhelmed, the
United States president ordered to have the government and its key officials escape the Philippines. Quezon and his top officials left
Corregidor. On February 1942, they left Corregidor by submarine for Australia and proceed to the United States. While in United States,and the
Commonwealth Government continued to work as a government-in-exile.

2. How did the Japanese organize the government?

The first task to create a government controlled by the Japanese was to invite the participation of former Commonwealth political leaders.
Japan continued toallowFilipinos torunthegovernment,although they were more closely supervised than under the Commonwealth. Japan later
tasked the KALIBAPI to draft a new constitution for the Philippines, which was ratified by KALIBAPI members themselves on September 7, 1943.
By October, the Japanese installed a “Second Republic,“ which was commonly referred as theJapanese “puppet regime.“This “republic“was headed
by the KALIBAPI. Jose P. Laurel was elected as president and both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon Avancena as vice-presidents.

Activity S. Guided Practice.

Connect the concepts in the box below to create a coherent chart or diagram. Explain briefly in five to ten sentences.

The flow of events should follow this order:

1. Establishment of the Commonwealth
2. Reelection of Quezon and Osmena
3. Attack on Pearl Harbor
4. Japanese invasion of the Philippines
5. Defense of Bataan
6. Fall of Bataan
7. Death March
8. Philippine Executive Commission
9. Second Republic

Act No. 6

_______________________1. Japaninvadedotherterritoriesinordertogettherawmaterialstheyneeded.
TRUE
2. Japan had first to dismantle China’s military power in order to invade Philippines.
FALSE
3. GeneralDouglasMacArthur escapedtoMindanao whereheorganizedthe liberation of the
Philippines. FALSE
4. JoseP.RevillawaselectedasthePresident ofthe“puppet regime.“FALSE
5. Comfort women were helpers employed by the Japanese army to help them in their household
chores. FALSE
 SAS#17

Activity 1. Pretest
Before wecontinue with the lesson today,let’s have a quick review.Why did theJapanese invade the Philippines in the first place?
Answer in less than 5 sentences.
During the mid-20th century, Japan was a rising imperial power. They wanted to compete with Western imperialism, which was already
dominant even before the 20th century.In order to fully compete and to sustain the growth of their empire, they needed resources. Since Japan
lacked the raw materials needed, they had to expand in order to get it from other territories. The Philippines was one of their targets to be a
source oftheir raw materials.

Activity 2. Hook Activity

Write TRUE if the statement is true, FALSE if not.
1. All oftheFilipino-American forces who weredefeated bytheJapanese surrendered
and stopped fighting FALSE
2. Filipinos used guerrilla warfare against the Japanese TRUE
3. Similar during theearly years ofthe American period,Filipinos continued to fight against
the Japanese TRUE
4. General MacArthur never returned tothePhilippines since hediedinAustralia FALSE
5. HUKBALAHAP was a group composed of American soldiers FALSE

Activity 4. Practice Exercise

Answer the following questions. Explain in just one paragraph, with minimum of five sentences.

1. In your own words, describe guerrilla warfare.

Itisan unconventionalmilitary strategy wherein small groups ofarmed individuals use surprise sneakattacks against a larger enemy force and
then retreats when the larger enemy force isalready on theattack.In a way, one could say that it is an “atras-abante“ strategy.
2. Why did Filipinos such as the HUKBALAHAP and Hunters ROTC use guerrilla warfare in their fight against the Japanese?

Since Filipino forces cannot fight the Japanese head on, they had to overcome them through strategy.The best strategy they could use to
fight was through the use of guerrilla warfare. It is an unconventional military strategy wherein small groups ofarmed individuals use surprise
sneakattacks against a larger enemy force and then retreats when the larger enemy force is already on the attack.
3. What wastheimportance ofthe guerrilla groups totheliberation ofthePhilippines from theJapanese?
They conducted ambushes to frustrate Japanese war efforts, freed prisoners, assisted towns devastated by Japanese forces, and stole
weapons. Perhaps the most important contribution of the guerrilla groups was intelligence gathering. They collected intelligence reports
regarding the movement, number, and location of Japanese troops. Some guerrillas acted as spies to collect this information from the enemy.
The reports were then sent toMacArthur’s headquarters’ in Australia to assist the American return tothe Philippines.
Activity 6. Windshield Check
Create a chart or diagram using the concepts in the box below. Explain your work briefly in five to ten sentences only.

This should be the order of the events in the students’ diagram:

1. Fall of Bataan
2. Second Republic/emergence of guerrilla groups
3. Leyte Landings
4. Battle of Manila
5. Japan’s surrender
 SAS #18
LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
Activity 1. Pretest
Write TRUE if the statement is true and FALSE if not.

1. RamonMagsaysay defeated Roxas intheelections for thepresidency.FALSE

2. The HUKBALAHAP became active in helping the government under Roxas and Quirino. FALSE
3. TheJones Law in1916 gave thePhilippines a ten-year transition period to prepare for
independence. FALSE
4. Roxas allowed the Americans to have the right to utilize the country’s natural resources after
independence. TRUE
5. Sergio Osmena wasthefirstpresident oftheThird Republic after Manuel Quezon FALSE
Activity 6. Windshield Check
Answer the following questions. Maximum of five sentences per answer.

1. Why was it called the "Third Republic?" What was the first and second?
Aguinaldo’s government was supposed to be the "first’ and the Commonwealth was the "second."
2. WhatwasthemainchallengefacedbyRoxas’administration?Howdidhisadministrationaddressit?
No exact answer. Let students base their answer from the passages above.

3. What was the main challenge faced by Quirino’ administration? How did his administration address it?
No exact answer. Let students base their answer from the passages above.
 SAS #19
LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
Activity 1. Pretest
Write TRUE if the statement is true and FALSE if not.

1. Macapagal was known to be the president who brought the government closer to the
masses.FALSE
2. It was during Garcia’s administration that Hukbalahap leader Luis Taruc surrendered
FALSE
3. Garcia administration promoted the “Filipino First” policy TRUE
4. President Magsaysay perished in a plane crash TRUE
5. Macapagal was considered as the "Poor boy from Lubao" TRUE

Activity 6. Windshield Check

Write MAG if the initiatives/policies listed below happened during the Magsaysay administration, GAR if during the Garcia administration, and MAC for Macapagal
administration.

1. Land Reform Act of 1955 MAG

2. Agricultural Tenancy Act MAG
3. "Filipino First" policy GAR
4. Maphilindo MAC
5. Philippine National Railways MAC
6. Bohlen—Serrano Agreement of 1959 GAR
7. Southeast Asian Treaty Organization MAG
8. Agricultural Land Reform Code MAC
9. "Austerity Program" GAR
10. Presidential Complaint and Action Commission MAG
 SAS # 21
Activity 1:
Aguinaldo - Quezon - Laurel - Osmeña - Roxas - Quirino - Magsaysay - Garcia - Macapagal -
Marcos

Activity 4. Practice Exercise.

Write in the table below three common notions or information that you see in social media about
Marcos and the Martial Law period. Conduct your research and fact-check these notions. Use
credible websites in doing your research online.

NOTIONS FACT-CHECK
Tallano Gold There are various answers the student can submit. Just make
sure they are properly fact-checked
Prosperous life during
Martial Law
Unprecedented
Achievements

Activity 6:
1. There was widespread discontent towards Marcos during his second term.
TRUE
2. The 1935 Constitution stated that a president can occupy the office for one 4-
year term only. FALSE
3. The First Quarter Storm was a series of public demonstrations that proved the
public’s affection towards the Marcos administration. FALSE
4. Marcos was an accomplished war hero who fought during the Second World
War. FALSE
5. Marcos was not guilty for killing Nalundasan. FALSE
 SAS #22
1. Ambush on the convoy of Secretary of Defense Juan Ponce Enrile 4
2. First term of the Marcos administration 1
3. First Quarter Storm 2
4. Proclamation No. 10815
5. Plaza Miranda bombing 3

REASON 1 REASON 2 REASON 3

Communist rebellion of the Muslim violence in Widespread crimes and lack of
CPP-NPA Mindanao discipline

Activity 4. Practice Exercise

From the reading above, debunk the following justifications for the declaration of Martial Law.

While it is true that there was social unrest in the Philippines during the
rampant 2nd term of Marcos, there was little to no evidence of “widespread
lawlessness and lawlessness and The country during that time was not in the brink of
anarchy in society collapse as claimed by Marcos, which means that there was no need
for Martial Law.
Even if the NPA was fighting against the Marcos government, it did not
rebellion of CPP-
constitute a real threat to the country. There was no need for Martial
NPA
Law to defeat the NPA.
The conflicts in Mindanao did not constitute a secessionist rebellion to
violence in Muslim
warrant a declaration of Martial Law.
Mindanao
Enrile’s ambush Enrile's ambush was faked

Activity 5. Guided Practice

Answer the following questions in five to ten sentences only.

1. What was the purpose of Martial Law as intended by the 1935 Constitution?
As stated in the 1935 Constitution, the president “... may call out (the) armed forces to prevent or
suppress lawless violence , invasion, insurrection, or rebellion, or imminent danger thereof, when
the public safety requires it, he may suspend the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus, or place
the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law.” This provision meant that the Martial Law
should serve as an emergency measure only if there is (1) lawless violence, (2) invasion, (3)
insurrection, and (4) rebellion. Originally, it aimed to provide the president swift powers to address
the urgent emergency faced by the country.
2. Was Marcos justified in declaring Martial Law?
NO. All justifications of Marcos to declare Martial Law were exaggerated and faked.
3. What was the real intent of the declaration? Explain.

The main reason for the declaration of Martial Law was for Marcos to ensure that he would stay
in power beyond the end of his term. The Martial Law was not a product of the chaos or threats
of violence that were supposedly engulfing the country as Marcos claimed. It was a plan carefully
designed by Marcos himself to stay in power. Marcos exaggerated the problems of the Philippines
to justify Martial Law.
 SAS #23
Activity 1. Pretest
What was the intent of Marcos in declaring Martial Law? Explain in five to ten sentences.

The main reason for the declaration of Martial Law was for Marcos to ensure that he would stay
in power beyond the end of his term. The Martial Law was not a product of the chaos or threats
of violence that were supposedly engulfing the country as Marcos claimed. It was a plan carefully
designed by Marcos himself to stay in power. Marcos exaggerated the problems of the Philippines
to justify Martial Law.

Activity 4. Practice Exercise

Using the reading above, debunk/fact-check three false notions about the Martial Law period you
can see in social media. Explain each in five to ten sentences. Use credible sources if you intend
to do more online research.

FALSE
DEBUNKING
NOTION
Let students do their own research online. Make sure they are using
credible sources.
 SAS #24
Activity 1. Pretest
What was the state of human rights during the Martial Law period? Explain in five to ten
sentences.

Human rights situation during the Martial Law period was at its lowest point in contemporary
Philippine history. It was a period when critics were arrested, tortured, and killed. Due process
was not followed properly. Various communities were ravaged by the military in the guise of
eradicating rebellion.

Activity 4. Practice Exercise

Watch the video from GMA entitled "Martial Law, golden age nga ba ng Pilipinas?" (link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABHjin5Q62k). Using this video and the reading above,
answer the following questions in not less than five sentences.

1. Was Martial Law really the golden age of the Philippines? Why or why not?

No. Philippine economy was controlled by cronies, who were close allies by Marcoses. They
used the economy to gain economic advantages in order to enrich themselves. Poverty and
unemployment were widespread. Even though there were infrastructure projects, they were paid
by debt which resulted to economic hardships.

2. How did the Martial Law economy affected the current economy of the Philippines?

Until today, the country still pays for the debt incurred during the Marcos period. Due to debt
payment, the government cannot fund more social projects for the Filipino people since the
yearly total budget has to deducted for the debt payment.

Activity 5. Guided Practice

Using the reading above, debunk/fact-check three false notions you identified in Activity 2. Explain
each in five to ten sentences. Use credible sources if you intend to do more online research.

FALSE
DEBUNKING
NOTION
No right or wrong answers since students can provide multiple and varied
submissions. Make sure their submission used credible sources.
 SAS #25
Activity 1. Pretest
What was the state of the Philippine economy during the Martial Law period? Explain in five to
ten sentences.

The Philippine economy was controlled by cronies, who were close allies of the Marcoses. They
used the economy to gain economic advantages in order to enrich themselves. Poverty and
unemployment were widespread. Even though there were infrastructure projects, they were paid
by debt which resulted in economic hardships.

Activity 4. Practice Exercise

From the reading above, identify three main methods used by the Marcoses to plunder the
country’s wealth. How did they do it? Explain each in three to five sentences. Use credible sources
if you intend to do more online research.

METHODS HOW
No exact answers suggested. Let students use the reading above. If needed, let
them use online materials. Make sure they are using credible sources.
 SAS #26
Activity 1. Pretest

Let’s assume you are now living in 1972. In one paragraph (5-10 sentences) describe the changes you can
see in your society right after Marcos declared Martial Law.

This portion is highly opinionated. Let the students voice out their perspective.

Activity 2. Hook Activity

Several individuals opposed the imposition of Martial Law in the Philippines since it took away the
fundamental freedoms people enjoyed. Based on our previous discussions, what were the freedoms that
the Martial Law suppressed? List down below.

No exact answer. Answers should be based from the previous discussions.

Activity 4. Practice Exercise

Answer the following questions in not less than five sentences.

1. Why was the health of President Marcos a factor to his downfall?

It led Marcos to poorly manage the economy. Since he cannot anymore administer properly, he assigned
his "cronies" to manage the economy on his behalf. Its result was devastating to the economy since most
of the cronies prioritized their self-interests rather than the economy.

2. How did the collapse of the Philippine economy bolster the revolutionary opposition?

The impoverishment of the economy led to the loss of support of the middle class and the small-time
landowners and farmers in the regions on the Marcos administration. Poverty, aside from human rights
violations by the military, also became a means for rebel groups to recruit citizens to their cause. In 1978,
the strength of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) grew from 6,900 to over 20,000 regulars. In 1980,
the New People’s Army formed 26 guerrilla fronts with over 16,000 regulars, and the Communist Party of
the Philippines have attracted 40,000 mass activists.

3. How did the assassination of Ninoy Aquino affect Marcos?

When the news of Ninoy’s death spread, approximately seven million came to his funeral procession on
August 31, the biggest and longest in Philippine history. This singular event further eroded the people’s
support of the Marcos regime.

Activity 5. Windshield Check

Write TRUE if the statement is true and FALSE if not.

_________________________ 1. The religious sector started to oppose Marcos when they saw the
effects of the Marcos dictatorship on the poor. TRUE

_________________________ 2. The revolutionary opposition was composed of members of the

upper-middle class. FALSE

_________________________ 3. The impoverishment of the economy led the people to

sympathetic to the rebel cause. TRUE

_________________________ 4. Marcos tolerated the reformist opposition TRUE

_________________________ 5. Marcos poorly managed the Philippine economy TRUE

 SAS #27
Activity 1. Pretest
Fill up the table below.

Opposition to Martial Law

Revolutionary
Reformist Opposition Religious Opposition
Opposition
Catholic Church,
Rebels from NPA and
Who were they? upper-middle class Protestant, and other
MNLF
religious sectors
To oppose the rising
They wanted political human rights violations They saw the effects of
Why did they oppose?
reforms in the country and collapse of Martial Law to the poor
economy under Marcos
protest actions and
How did they oppose? nonviolent tactics War
organizing people

Activity 2. Hook Activity

Arrange the following events in order.

______ 1. Declaration of Martial Law 1

______ 2. Death of Ninoy Aquino 3
______ 3. Ratification of the 1973 Constitution 2
______ 4. EDSA People Power 5
______ 5. Snap Elections 4
Activity 4. Practice Exercise
Answer the following questions. Explain in just one paragraph with five to ten sentences.

1. Why did Marcos call for a snap election?

Due to his rising unpopularity, Marcos had to call for a snap election to show the world that there was still
democracy in the Philippines. He wanted to show that his regime still has the legitimacy.

2. How did the snap elections fail?

Massive poll fraud and rampant cheating marred the vote on the day of the elections, February 7, 1986.
Thousands of registered voters—who had voted successfully in previous elections—found their names
suspiciously missing from the lists. Approximately 850 foreign correspondents flew in to observe, including
a delegations headed by U.S. senators and congressmen, who saw vote rigging happen. On February 9,
35 COMELEC employees and computer operators at the COMELEC Tabulation Center walked out in
protest due to the wide discrepancy between the computer tabulation and the tally board, showing blatant
manipulation of electoral results. In the countryside, precincts were hounded by the military and ballot-
rigging was rampant. NAMFREL, in turn, showed Aquino in the lead with almost 70 percent of the votes
canvassed.

3. What was the goal of the supposed coup planned by the RAM?

The goal of RAM was to arrest the Marcoses in order to put an end to their dictatorship.
4. Why was the EDSA People Power considered as a peaceful revolution?

The EDSA People Power was a peaceful revolution because it was able to change the history of the
Philippines without even a single casualty.

Activity 5. Guided Practice

Summarize in three to five sentence how each factors contributed to the downfall of Marcos.

Opposition to They articulated the popular anti-Marcos sentiments which existed during the
Martial Law in the Marcos regime
1970s

Marcos’ Health and It led to his mismanagement of the economy.

the Issue of
Succession
It attracted people to the cause of the opposition since they saw that Marcos
The Collapse of the was doing more damage to their lives
Philippine Economy

It caused the popularity of Marcos to diminish. It also made the people see the
The Assassination cruelty of the regime.
of Ninoy Aquino

The Failure of the It led different social movements and even governments to see the illegitimacy
Snap Election of of the Marcos dictatorship
1986
The failure of the coup led Enrile and Ramos to defect from the Marcos
Coup Plot by the administration. This led the military to crumble and switch sides.
RAM

Activity 6. Windshield Check

Arrange the following events in order

______ 1. Snap elections of 1986 3

______ 2. Cory Aquino announced her intention to run 2
______ 3. Jaime Cardinal Sin asked the people to protect Ramos and Enrile 7
______ 4. RAM Coup de etat 5
______ 5. Corazon C. Aquino and Salvador H. Laurel took their oaths as President and Vice
President respectively 9
______ 6. Ramos and Enrile's defection from the military 6
______ 7. Four-day EDSA People Power Revolution 8
______ 8. Marcos forced to leave the country 10
______ 9. Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Marcos and Arturo Tolentino as the winners 4
President Marcos stated his intention to ca