Daryl D.

Arevalo
EE-1301

ACTIVITY 1

As a student, did you encounter some dilemmas in your school? What did you do? Cite examples
of the dilemmas encountered.
As a student it is common to have dilemmas encounter while studying. Those dilemmas
can cause problem in the decision making of the student and can be a hindrance in their studies. I
encountered many dilemmas while studying, the things I did in my decision making id selecting
the best solution/choices for me and the people around me. I always thinking the result of my
decisions cannot harm or disrespect the people in my surrounding and also not totally odds to my
self-interest.
One of the dilemmas I encountered is if I will continue studying to college or I will stop
because of financial difficulties and find job after senior high school to help my family. In this
situation I think carefully what choice I will select, I talked my parent about it to know their
opinion and to help me in my decision making. Also, I find ways to support my studies in case I
continue to go in college, I apply in different scholarships program and luckily I passed one.
Because of this I decided to continue my studies in college.
The other dilemma I encountered is the course I will take up in college. I search in the
internet for the high paid salary engineering course, but the course in the top list is not I’m good
at. I think carefully if I will go in the course with high salary or the course I’m good at. It takes
me many days in my making my decision, and finally choose the course I’m good at, the course
related with electricity and engineering. I choose this because I know that I will enjoy studying
this course.
In my online class experience I face a situation that the deadline of one of my activity and
I have examination on that day. The answer on the activity is not yet done but I need to study for
the test next day. So I decided that I will just study for the test, because I think that it is more
okay to have minus in my activity for passing late than fail the exam.
ACTIVITY 2

Research a case study in any of the three levels of moral dilemmas: organizational, individual
and structural. Find out on how the moral dilemma was solved and if you are on that situation,
will you do the same? Explain.

The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study

Lin Jie

The case description

The patient Mr. Green is a 57 year old gentleman with aggressive prostate cancer who is
took care of by the nursing team in the oncology department of a general hospital in Brisbane,
QLD, Australia. Mr. Green was diagnosed with prostate cancer seven years ago but refused
medical and surgical treatment at the time. He chose to seek alternative treatment and did not
follow up with the urologist over that seven year period. Mr. Green has now presented with
anemia and hypoproteinemia. After several diagnostic tests over a period it was discovered that
the cancer had metastasized to his bones, it had spread locally to his lymph nodes and the
primary tumor was invading the bladder and partially obstructing the left kidney. Mr. Green had
several admissions over a two month period for various reasons. On the last admission Mr.
Green was told that he may only have 4–6 weeks (previously it was 6–12 months) to live after
a cystoscopy showed further extensive growth of the tumor, it was determined that any further
surgical/medical intervention would not be appropriate in this case and that a palliative
care regimen was the next step. At this point the patient reported to the health care team that he
had resigned himself to the fact that he was going to die. Mr. Green pulled one of the author's
colleagues aside and confided to the nurse that he planned to kill himself and that is was a secret
that the nurse was not to tell anyone.

Ethical Dilemma
The ethical dilemma is “whether the nursing staff should inform other members of the
health care team about the patient's suicide attempt without the patient's consent.”

Analysis an Ethical Decision Making

Before making a choice, the ethical theory, ethical principles, and the Australian nurses'
code of ethics values statement, as well as the related literature, are analyzed to help better solve
this situation and make the best moral judgment. After considering all of the aforementioned
reasons, the best ethical decision for the patient in this circumstance is for the nurse to
communicate information about Mr. Green's attempted suicide with other health care providers.
If I’m the nurse in the situation, first I will review nurses' code of ethics of the hospital,
and laws and regulations in related to the case. Like in the decision made in the case, to share the
information about suicide attempts of a patient to the other health care staff even without the
consent of the patient because it is on their hospital code of ethics and the best ethical decisions
for the safety and health of the patient. Also, to prevent another suicide attempt of the patient if
ever it is happen again. For me the decision is ethical because it share common good for the
patient and hospital staffs.
ESSAY

1. In your opinion, what is your definition of moral dilemma?

An ethical dilemma is a problem that develops during the decision-making process when
two options exist, neither of which is totally ethical. As a result, regardless of the decision, the
individual will violate at least one significant moral issue. Despite the fact that we face numerous
ethical and moral difficulties in our daily lives, the bulk of them have straightforward solutions.

2. Differentiate the three levels of moral dilemma and cite an example to each level.
The level of moral dilemma is categorized in three levels, the organizational, individual
and structural ethical/moral dilemma. This levels are differ from each based on their
characteristics and definitions.
Organizational ethical/moral dilemma according to Lamberto et. al(2013), a circumstance
that causes an organization to react badly or positively to an ethical issue that impacts
employees, shareholders, and society, as well as corporate ethics and customers, is referred to as
an organizational ethical problem. It also involves the leaders' ethical actions in maintaining the
accuracy of financial reporting. Ethical dilemmas might occur between two workers or inside a
single individual. Because diverse people at work come from different backgrounds and cultures,
ethical dilemmas are certain to develop at work because no two people have the same thoughts.
In an enterprise, an ethical issue might emerge between a manager and an employee.
Discrimination between male and female participants in the workplace is one of the most
prominent ethical concerns at work. Because she is being harassed in a particular department,
unethical practices are propelling the female candidate to a higher position of authority.
Individual ethical/moral dilemma refers to a circumstance in which people are subjected
to a variety of influences such as peer pressure, personal financial circumstances, and economic
and social status, all of which can have an impact on their ethical standards (Smith, 2018). Moral
reasoning is based on individual rights and justice, while judgment is based on self-selected
standards. In such a situation, selecting one moral will inevitably lead to the violation of another;
or doing one thing may provide positive consequences but is morally wrong. “Stealing from the
wealthy to feed the hungry” is a common example. Another example is in the science fiction
action film Divergent, Tris has to pick which of her society's "factions" she will join. She is a
"divergent," and might fit into either of the factions, but she is divided between two. The first is
Abnegation, her family's faction, which promises a comfortable and straightforward existence.
However, Dauntless, a deadly yet thrilling faction, has always piqued her interest. This is the
most difficult decision she will ever make; once she makes a decision, she will never be able to
go back.
Finding a suitable structure of roles and connections is a continuing, universal effort,
according to the structural ethical/moral dilemma. Managers are rarely confronted with well-
defined problems with simple answers. Instead, they are confronted with long-term structural
issues, difficult trade-offs with no clear solutions. The examples of ethical/moral structural
dilemma are: 1.) Differentiation vs. Integration - A basic dilemma arises from the tension
between allocating work and coordinating various efforts. The more complicated a role structure
is, the more difficult it is to run a focused, tightly integrated business; 2.) Gap vs. Overlap -
Important tasks can fall through the cracks if critical roles aren't clearly defined. Roles and tasks
can cross-pollinate, resulting in wasted effort and unintentional redundancy. When two or more
areas intersect, a region is created where numerous regions are covered. Two or more areas fail
to meet at a boundary, resulting in a gap; 3.) Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity - Employees
who are unsure about what they are supposed to be doing tend to structure their roles around
personal preferences rather than company goals, which usually leads to issues; and 4.) Excessive
Autonomy vs. Excessive Interdependence - People often feels alone and unsupported when
individuals or groups' efforts are too autonomous.

3. Which is difficult to face among three levels of moral dilemma? Why?

The organizational, individual and structural ethical/moral dilemma are the three levels of
ethical/moral dilemma. Among these three levels, for me the most difficult to face is the
organizational ethical/moral dilemma because the organizing problem arises from the conflict
between the demands of social organization and the self-interest of members. Organizing
dilemmas can occur between personal interests and organizational well-being, or between
collective interests and organizational well-being, depending on how members define
themselves. For these reasons in solving the organizational ethical/moral dilemma we need to
make a decisions based on the member of the organization and for the good of the organization
itself. But, because of the different moral standards and values of the member of organization the
decision making and leadership become more difficult, unlike in the individual ethical/moral
dilemma that only your moral standards and values needed as a basis of decision. Moreover,
unlike in the structural ethical/moral dilemma that there are specific categories that can be used
in decision making.