11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

STATISTICS
and PROBABILITY
Quarter 4 – Module 6
Illustrating Bivariate Data and
Constructing a Scatterplot
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 6: Illustrating Bivariate Data and Constructing a Scatterplot
First Edition, 2020

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Statistics
and Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 6
Illustrating Bivariate and
Constructing a Scatterplot
 What I Need to Know

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
▪ Illustrates the nature of bivariate data
(M11/12SP-IVg-2)
▪ Constructs a scatter plot (M11/12SP-IVg-3)
▪ Describes shape (form), trend (direction), and variation
(strength) based on a scatterplot (M11/12SP-IVg-4)

OBJECTIVES:
K: Illustrates the nature of bivariate data;
S: Constructs a scatter plot and describe shape (form), trend
(direction), andIvariation (strength) based on a scatterplot;
A: Appreciates the importance of the relationship of variables to
real life situations.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
IDENTIFICATION. Identify which among the following statements shows bivariate data.
Write B if it shows bivariate data, and NB otherwise. Answer in your activity sheet/notebook.

1. Study a group of college students to find out their average standardized admission test
(SAT) scores

2. Study a group of diabetic patients to find their weights

3. Study a group of college students to find out their average SAT score and their age

4. Study a group of college students to find out their height and their weight

5. Study on ice cream sales compared to the temperature that day.

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Lesson 1 Nature of Bivariate Data

’s In

Review
While the terms ‘data’ and ‘statistics’ are often used interchangeably, in scholarly research
there is an important distinction between them.
Data are individual pieces of factual information recorded and used for the purpose of
analysis. It is the raw information from which statistics are created.
Statistics are the results of data analysis - its interpretation and presentation. In other
word some computation has taken place that provides some understanding of what the data
means. Statistics are often, though they don’t have to be, presented in the form of a table, chart,
or graph.

’s New

Activity 1
Refer to the picture below. What does it show?

When we say “healthy students are better students,” are we saying that the academic
performance of a student depends on his health?

For instance, how does your daily allowance as a student affect your grades? How does
the weight of a student compare with his/her height? How does poverty affect the number of
crimes in a particular region?

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 is It

Discussion
Data in statistics is sometimes classified according to how many variables are in a
particular study. For example, “height” might be one variable and “weight” might be another
variable. Depending on the number of variables being looked at, the data might be univariate,
or it might be bivariate.
Bivariate data consists of two numerical or quantitative variables. Thus, Bivariate
analysis means the analysis of bivariate data; it seeks to find the relationship between two sets
of values.
Illustrative examples:
1. How does the daily allowance of students affect their grades?
2. How does the weight of students compare with their height?
3. How does poverty level affect the number of crimes in a particular region?

Types of Bivariate Data Analysis:

1. Scatter Plot
It is a chart that shows several different types of relationships between two
variables.
2. Correlation Coeffficient
It is statistical method used to determine whether there exists a relationship or
association between two variables.
3. Regression Analysis
It is statistical method used to describe the nature of the relationship between
two variables – that is, a positive or negative, linear, or non linear relationship.
For example, if a researcher wishes to see whether there is a relationship between the
number of hours students studied their lessons and their test scores in an exam. Then the
researcher selects a random sample of students, determine the hours studied, and obtain their
grades in the exam.
Hours in
Student Grade % (y)
Studying (x)
A 6 82
B 2 63
C 1 57
D 5 88
E 2 68
F 3 75

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 The two variables for this study are called the independent variable and the dependent
variable. The independent variable is the variable in regression that can be controlled or
manipulated. It is sometimes referred to as explanatory variable or predictor variable. In this
case, the variable “number of hours studied” is the independent variable and is designated as
x. The dependent variable is the variable in regression that is assumed to be affected by the
independent variable. The dependent variable is sometimes termed as the response variable.
The grade of the student received in an exam is the dependent variable, designated as y.
The reason for this distinction among the variables is the assumption that the grade a
student earned depends on the number of hours the student studied. Also, one assumes that, to
some extent, the student can regulate or control the number of hours to study for the exam.
(Dela Cruz, Aguilar, et.al., 2016)

Activity 2

’s More

Determine the independent and dependent variable.

A researcher studies the effect of age on a person’s blood pressure.

Lesson 2 Scatter Plot

One way to analyze bivariate data is through a scatter plot. A scatter

plot (scatterplot, scatter graph, scatter chart, scattergram, or scatter diagram) is a type
of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for two
variables in a set of data.

’s In

Activity 3
Plot the following points in a Cartesian coordinate plane.
1. (2,5)
2. (-1,3)
3. (1,4)

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 ’s New

Activity 4
What relationship can be associated in the following illustrations presented below?

a b c

is It

Discussion

Scatter plots are similar to line graphs. A line graph uses a line on an X-Y axis to plot
a continuous function, while a scatter plot uses dots to represent individual pieces of data. In
statistics, these plots are useful to see if two variables are related to each other; it gives a visual
idea of what is happening with the data.

Example 1. Construct a scatter plot for the data obtained by the manager of ABC System in a
study of age and systolic blood pressure of a randomly selected sales representatives. The
data are shown in the following chart.
Sales Representative Age (x) Pressure (y)
A 43 128
B 48 120
C 56 135
D 61 143
E 37 141
F 70 152

*What is systolic blood pressure?

For example, 120/80 mm Hg. The top number refers to the amount of pressure in your
arteries during the contraction of your heart muscle. This is called systolic pressure. The
bottom number refers to your blood pressure when your heart muscle is between beats. This
is called diastolic pressure.

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Steps to construct a scatter plot:
Step 1. Draw and label the x and y axes as shown in figure 1.
Step 2. Plot each point on the graph as shown in figure 2.

Figure 1 Figure 2
Interpreting Scatter Diagram
“Scatter plots show the type of relation that exists between two variables. It aims to
distinguish scatter plots that imply a linear relation from those which imply a nonlinear relation
and from those which imply no relationship. It describes the association of the variables
according to:

1. FORM: Is the Association linear or nonlinear?

“Linear Relationship when the points closely resemble a straight line or when a
variable increases by approximately the same rate as the other variable changes by one
unit.”
“Curvilinear Relationship when the points has a form of a curve, rather than a straight
line or when one varible does not increase at a constant rate and may decrease at a
certain point.”

Linear Relationship Curvilinear Relationship

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2. DIRECTION: Is the association positive or negative?
“Two variables have positive association when above-average values of one tend to
accompany above-average values of the other, and when below-average valuesss tend
to occur together.”
“Two variables have negative association when above-average values of one tend to
accompany below-average values of the other.

Positive Linear Association Negative Linear Association

3. STRENGTH: Does the association appear to be strong, moderately strong, or weak?

“The slope provides information on the strength of the relationship.” The strongest
linear relationship occurs when the slope is 1 (when one variable increases by one,
the other variable also increases by the same amount). This line is at a 45 degree angle.
Strong Relationship Moderate Relationship Weak Relationship

4. OUTLIERS: Do there appear to be any data points that are unusually far away from the
general pattern?

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 ’s More

Activity 5

1. Construct a scatter plot for the data obtained in a study on the number of absences and
the final grades of seven randomly selected students from a statistics class and identify
the relationship that exists, if there is any. The data are shown as follows.

Student Number of Absences (x) Final Grade % (y)

A 6 82

B 2 86

C 15 43

D 9 74

E 12 58

F 5 90

G 8 78

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 I Have Learned
Generalization

Activity 6

Directions: Reflect the learning that you gained after taking up this lesson on “Nature of
bivariate data and scatter plots” by completing the given statements below. Do this on your
activity notebook. Do not write anything on this module.

1. What were your thoughts or ideas about the topic before taking up the lesson?
I thought that _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
2. What new or additional ideas have you had after taking up this lesson?
I learned that ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
3. How are you going to apply your learning from this lesson?

I will apply ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

I Can Do
Application (Performance Task)
Construct a scatter plot on the problems below and identify the trend of the data
as to form, direction and trend.
1. A doctor collected data on how many hours children of different ages slept in
a day. Data for 5 participants are shown below.
Age
1 2 3 5 8
(years)
Sleep
13 11 10 9 8
(hours)
(Note: Teacher may opt to use the separate performance task and rubrics crafted by the Division Math writers)

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I. IDENTIFICATION. Identify which among the following statements shows bivariate data.
Write B if it shows bivariate data, and NB otherwise. Answer in your activity sheet/notebook.
1. Study on traffic accidents along with the weather on a particular day.
2. Study on the time between eruptions of Taal Volcano vs. the duration of its eruption.
3. Study on the college admission applicant's high school grade point average and
standardized admission test scores
4. Study on the relationship between number of hours the students study their lesson and their
test scores in an exam.
5. Study on the effect of age on a person’s blood pressure.
II. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the scatterplot that best fits this description:
6. There is a strong, positive, linear association between the two variables.

A. B. C.
7. There is a moderately strong, negative, linear association between the two variables with a few potential outliers.

A. B. C.
8. There is a strong, negative, nonlinear association between the two variables.

A. B. C.

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9. George was curious about the relationship between population density (in people per square kilometer) and
average rent for 111-bedroom apartments in different cities. He took a sample of cities and made this scatterplot:

George describes this scatterplot: “There is a positive linear association between

population density and average rent. There don't seem to be any obvious outliers.”
What is missing in the description?
A. Form B. Direction C.Strength

10. Lydia wanted to know if sons of taller fathers tend to be taller. Here are the heights of the fathers and sons in
Lydia's sample:
There is a positive linear association between fathers' heights and sons' heights. There
are a few potential outliers.
What is missing in the description?

A. Form B. Direction C. Strength

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References

Malate, Jose. 2018. Statistics & Probability. Vicarish Publications and Trading, Inc. 152-153

Chua, S. et.al. 2016. Statistics & Probability. Phoenix Publishing House, 6.1. p.2
Bivariate analysis. N.d.
https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/bivariate-analysis/

Bivariate data. N.d. http://onlinestatbook.com/2/describing_bivariate_data/intro.html

Scatter plot. N.d.

https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/probability-and-
statistics/regression-analysis/scatter-plot-chart/

Scatter plot and correlation. N.d.

https://www.westga.edu/academics/research/vrc/assets/docs/scatterplots_and_correlati
on_notes.pdf

Bivariate data. N.d.

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-statistics/bivariate-data-ap/scatterplots-
correlation/a/describing-scatterplots-form-direction-strength-outliers

Aaron Albertson, Beth Hillemann, & Ron Joslin. What is research data?. Retrieved from
https://libguides.macalester.edu

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Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental

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