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Periodic Table of The Elements: Unit 3

The periodic table organizes the chemical elements by atomic number. It has evolved over time as scientists like Dobereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev, and Moseley discovered patterns in elements' properties. The modern periodic table is a chart that arranges elements in rows and columns, allowing elements with similar properties to be grouped together. It provides information about elements like their metallic/nonmetallic classification and valence electrons.

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74 views2 pages

Periodic Table of The Elements: Unit 3

The periodic table organizes the chemical elements by atomic number. It has evolved over time as scientists like Dobereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev, and Moseley discovered patterns in elements' properties. The modern periodic table is a chart that arranges elements in rows and columns, allowing elements with similar properties to be grouped together. It provides information about elements like their metallic/nonmetallic classification and valence electrons.

Uploaded by

MARISTELA MACARANAS
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 3

Module 3 Periodic Table of the Elements

Periodic Table – a chart showing the different elements and some of their properties.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner - a German chemist who formed the triads of elements with similar properties
like the triad of calcium, barium and strontium.
Jons Jacob Berzelius – published his periodic table of atomic masses containing 54 elements in 1828.
John Newlands - an English chemist proposed the Law of Octaves.
 He based his classification of elements on the fact that similar properties could be noted for every eight
element when they are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (Father of the Modern Periodic Table) - a Russian chemist who started the
development of the periodic table in 1869, arranging chemical elements by atomic mass. He predicted
the discovery of other elements, and left spaces open in his periodic table for them.
Lothar Meyer – a German chemist who developed a periodic table of elements similar to Mendeleev.
 These two scientists did not personally know each other, yet they came up with the same conclusions.
 Both arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass while putting in groups those with
similar properties.
 Both of them also left blank spaces in their tables, believing that these spaces would be filled later with
elements yet to be discovered.

Henry Moseley - an English physicist observed that the order of the X-ray frequencies emitted by elements
follows the ordering of the elements by atomic number. This observation led to the development of the
modern periodic law.
Periodic Law - states that the properties of elements vary periodically with atomic number.

FEATURES OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

periods or series - horizontal rows of the element. There are 7 periods which is designated by
Arabic numerals on the left side of the periodic table.

groups or families – vertical columns of the elements in the periodic table.


 written in Roman Numerals (paired with A or B) IA through VIIIA and IB – VIIIB.

group number – a number written on top of every column in the periodic table.

Periodic table is divided in groups:


1. representative elements or main groups - elements from the taller columns (groups 1, 2, and 13 - 18)
2. transition elements - elements in this block are from Group 3 to Group 12 that constitutes one block.
3. inner transition elements - those that lie below the bigger portion of the periodic table. It is divided
into:
a. lanthanide series – made up of elements with atomic number 58 – 71
b. actinide series – made up of elements with atomic number 90 – 103
Groups that have special names:
1. Group 1 - alkali metals
2. Group 2 - alkaline earth metals
3. Group 17 – halogens
4. and Group 18 - noble gases.
 Groups 13 to 16 are named based on the first element found in their families. Thus Group
16 is called the Oxygen Group.

hydrogen – lightest element

helium – lightest nonmetal

The Metals in the Periodic Table


Three Types of Elements

A. METAL
 elements that lie below and to the left
of the thick staircase line except for
Hg.

Some Properties of Metals:


 They are solid (with the exception of Hg, a liquid).
 They are shiny, good conductors of electricity and heat.
 They are ductile (they can be drawn into thin wires).
 They are malleable (they can be easily hammered
into very thin sheets).
All these metals tend to lose electrons easily.

reactivity - the ease and speed with which a metal reacts with another substance.
corrosion - the gradual wearing away of a metal due to interaction with other substances.

B. NONMETAL
 lie above to the right of the thick “staircase” line
(include H)
 elements that are poor conductors of electricity and heat
and generally gases and brittle solids (Bromine is liquid

The Nonmetals in the


C. SEMIMETALS Periodic Table
 lie along the thick “staircase” line
 They have the appearance and some properties of
a metal but behave like a nonmetal in certain instances. The Semimetals in the
Periodic Table
Semiconductors - insulators at lower temperatures, but
become conductors at higher temperatures.
Ex. Silicon, Germanium, and Antimony

Activity Series of Metals - an arrangement of metals according to


decreasing order of reactivity.
Potassium – most reactive metal
Platinum – least reactive metal

 Metallic character increases from top to bottom and decreases from left to right
 Nonmetallic character decreases from top to bottom and increases from left to right
 Metallic property relates to how easy it is for an atom to lose an electron.
 Nonmetallic property relates to how easy it is for an atom to gain an electron.

electron shells or energy level - where electrons occupy regions around the nucleus
 Each electron shell corresponds to a particular energy.
 Each electron shell can hold only a certain number of electrons.
electronic configuration - the way the electrons of an atom are distributed in the various energy levels or
electron shells
valence shell - the highest energy level that an electron occupies.
valence electrons - the electrons in the valence shells

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