U1-CHAPTER 1

TECHNICAL DRAWING

Interpretation and use of technical drawings

Technical drawing format
An engineering drawing has 5 parts
1. Title block. Cajetín.
2. Grid system. Sistema de cuadrícula.
3. Revision block. Cajetín de revisión.
4. Notes and legend. Anotaciones y leyendas
5. Technical drawing. Dibujo técnico (parte gráfica)

Title Block

The tittle block is a table with a number of cells containing information related
with the drawing, mainly that identifying the drawing.

In the example figure it is especially important the title or name of the drawing
and its codification. It is also important to know the date and revision number,
to know its validity. Other data may be references to contents or details,
scales, authors, authorizations, owners and many others depending on the
quality procedures.

Grid system

Drawings can be lengthy and complex; locate a particular element is

sometimes difficult. A grid system that allows positioning the element with a
letter-number coordinate system is very useful.
Revision block

In these cells, modifications made to the plan, reasons for the change, revision
numbers and other data identifying the new drawing are recorded. This section
of the plan is valid only if all modifications of all levels are recorded in a single
list to help us know the validity and updating of each document. This list will be
kept in an accessible place and can only be altered by a responsible.
Notes and legend

Texts should be skimpy, located next to the part of the drawing that needs
clarification. These texts can be enclosed within a cloud or box.

Changes notes

When the texts require certain extention or are too long, the format of legend
must be used, where a number or symbol is followed by a line of text. The
number or symbol are placed both in the legend, which is a list, as with the
portion of the referenced drawing.
 Legends

Engineering drawing

Lines and shapes representing objects, components, parts and systems,

assemblies or machines are the most universal ways to convey information.
The expression "a picture is worth a thousand words" falls short. It is difficult to
explain in words how an engine connecting rod, and virtually impossible to
understand someone with only a verbal explanation how to adjust an injection
pump. Even the sloppiest sketch allows a Polish engineer to indicate a Filipino
mechanic how to remove the compressor #1 valves, overhaul them, change the
plates and reassemble.
There are a number of technical drawing types:

-Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&IDs

-Electrical Single Lines and Schematics
-Electronic Diagrams and Schematics
-Logic Diagrams and Prints
-Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings
-Views and Perspectives

The different types of drawings match their application. For example, consider
different graphical representations of the diesel engine installation propulsion
plant in the ORTZE.

Fuel system ORTZE. +@ [B1a_EsquemaCombustibleOrtze.pdf]

This is a scheme of fuel piping. It informs us of the elements of the system and
its operation. It guides us on the arrangement, but not the actual situation of
each item.
 Dimensioned views +@ [B1a_MotorGuascorVistas.pdf]

The views furnished with dimensional data can be used during assembly or when
we want to fit some new elements.

Assembly view +@[B1a_MotorGuascorPlanoConjuntoORTZE.pdf]

The assembly drawing shows the arrangement of individual element that share the
same volume. This type of planes is useful for the design and assembly of the
engine room.
Manufacturing, assembly and mechanical operation requires mastery of different
systems of graphic representation. The different types are listed and explained
briefly below.

Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&IDs)

Hydraulic scheme of a 1000 Ton press +@[B1a_Prensa1000T_EsquemaHidraulico]

A schematic piping and instruments represents all the installation elements in

symbolic format, but complete. They help us to understand the operation of the
installation operation and are essential in search of malfunctions.
 Electrical Single Lines and Schematics

Page of electrical diagram +@[B1a_EsquemaElectrico.pdf]

The single-line electrical diagrams show all wiring, switchgear and instruments
that make up the installation. They are the electrical equivalent to schemes
piping and instruments.

Such schemes are virtually the only ones an electrician needs for both operation
and repair. Sometimes he misses a plan of arrangement, but it is not so difficult to
identify the different elements or distribution boxes with only the single line
diagram
Electronic Diagrams and Schematics

Pressure control electronic board diagram +@[B1a_EsquemaElectronico_CartaPresion.pdf]

Electronic schemes are usually not too specific, unless we speak of design
schemes in electronics factories. Normally they are used to set up or check, so
normally they show and identify potentiometers, terminal numbers, fuse position
and everything that allows its operation and testing, but little else. It is not
usually beyond fuse replacement or terminal cleaning.
 Logic Diagrams and Prints

Logic diagram +@[B1a_SiemensFUP.pdf]

Virtually nothing is mounted today with physical logic gates. Logic circuits are
programmed in a PLC. So the logical scheme of the figure is one of the three
possible displays on the programming screen of a PLC: Contacts, Logical
Functions or Mnemonic Language.

Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings

Drawing for a steel piece machining +@[B1a_PlanoMecanizado.pdf]

Plans for machining are represented in classic 2D system, views, sections are
completely dimensioned. These plans are used in machine shops on a lathe,
milling machine, drill, shaper or any other machine tool. The fundamental rule
when developing them is that they must be clear, precise and unambiguous.

Press foundation drawing +@[B1a_Prensa1000T_VistasCimentacion.pdf]

This plan for a proper foundation of a large machine is shown in 2D classical form
to facilitate a correct interpretation of the mounting specifications.
 Views and Perspectives

The concept of technical drawing is to be useful for the intended purpose, or

what is the same, understandable to the technician who has been appointed
with a specific task.

Let`s take the case of a pipeline that is to be manufactured accurately as

required today.

Front, side and upper views +@[B1a_RepresentacionTuberia.dwg]

The three views are necessary, but can be improved in terms of understanding. The
spatial vision needed to manufacture tubes must be provided.
 Front, side and upper views +@[B1a_RepresentacionTuberia.dwg]
Solid vision

This type of display improves the message, but is not the definitive nor used
in professional workshops..

Solid isometric perspective of tube +@[B1a_RepresentacionTuberia.dwg]

-
Isometric perspective: perfect though exaggerated representation. The view is
unbeatable, but something simpler would fulfill its purpose equally and more
economically.
Lineal isometric perpective +@[B1a_RepresentacionTuberia.dwg]

This is the format used in pipe manufacturing workshops, a trained professional

is able to obtain the developed length and make the necessary curves without
mistakes..
 Industrial isometric perspectives +@[B1a_Isometricas_S600.pdf]

Example of isometric used in the workshops of Zamakona Shipyards. Complete

with materials, developed lengths, direction angles and curves, calculations and
addes details.
Overall drawing perspective +@[B1a_PerspectivaConjunto.jpg]

The plans set in 3D solid perspective solid allow a virtual "assembly" of the various
elements that make up the final set. It is a indispensable tool of the technical office,
allowing engineers and designers fit together the whole set, saving a lot of time of actual
mounting.
Computer aids

Computers have turned the technical drawing, which was useful and necessary,
into irreplaceable and accurate.

CAD replaces the manual drawing in an advantageous way. It is no longer

necessary that infinite patience and ability to execute plans in DIN A2; by pencil,
pen or rotring. Everything explained in terms of interpretation of plans is still
valid when drawn in CAD, but now everything is archived on a disk or a pen
drive as a normal digital file.

But it is noteworthy that the greatest contribution of CAD is the representation of

3D solids to scale. It is this type the starting point in most of the drawings; make
an exception with piping and electrical schemes, where the 2D maintains its
usefulness. But in mechanics, solid 3D is advisable to get from them, 2D views,
sections, perspectives or any other flat representation we need.

CAD allows create 3D solids and surfaces from scratch or from existing objects.
Then these solids and surfaces can be combined to create solid models. 3D
objects may also be represented by simulated surfaces (3D height) as a
wireframe or mesh.

After creating a solid model, you can change its appearance by manipulating
solids and surfaces in various ways, such as by clicking and dragging grips
using clamping tools or changing object properties using the properties palette.
You can create a cross-section through a 3D solid using the intersection of a
plane and solids to create a region object. You can also use a cutting plane,
called a section object, which provides real time cross sections of a 3D model.
The views of sections can be taken as flat representations.
It can be said that a technician must master two ways of drawing: CAD and
freehand. Interestingly, the most automatic and the most manual. A freehand
drawing will always be useful for schemes or simple views that are to be
machined quickly.

Example of freehand

When the piece is simple, and there´s a hurry. The freehand drawing is still a
valid resource.

But generally, CAD applications are irreplaceable as some difficulty the drawing
has or an assembly is tobe drawn.
Pumping set +@ [B1f_GrupoBombeo.dwg]

This drawing was done in Autocad 3D. It helps engineers to make a design very
close to reality. This type of drawing is the basis for any other drawing then
developed according to the needs of operation, manufacturing or design.
 U1-CHAPTER 2
INTERPRETATION OF MANUALS OF INSTALLATION AND MACHINERY
OPERATING

Throughout our professional careers and depending on the specific work we are
developing we find situations where we should be responsible for the assembly,
installation and commissioning of machinery.

To face this task we must have our technical preparation, comprehending the
following aspects: interpretation of plans, knowledge of materials, techniques of
machining and welding, knowledge of fluid mechanics, knowledge of electricity
knowledge of heat engines, propulsion, industrial refrigeration and automation.
Apart from this we must master the techniques of measuring (metrology).

It should be emphasized that of all the technical aspects, there is one not being
the most important, but the most costly in economic terms; We are talking about
the MECHANICS.

Then, it is clear that when we have to find the location and fix a machine, we
must focus on the mechanical aspects. We'll see what color we paint it later.

How heavy? How big? How we will move to its final place? Where do we put it?
When? And many other questions that depend on each situation. To answer
everything and arrange the installation, we must make a planning that starts
with the machine in the place of delivery and ends up at its final location. Step
by step we will plan the machine movement, noting for each step the
equipment, personnel and time we think we´ll need. It is obvious that something
unexpected may occur and we may have to improvise, but the more this work is
previously organized, we will find less difficulty.
Let´s consider, as an example, the longitudinal plan of the propulsion engine in
the ORTZE in position.

Main engine in position ORTZE +@[B1b_DisposicionMaquinasORTZE.pdf]

This plan shows the final position in which the drive motor should be on its
foundation

Now we must follow the assembly instructions provided by the engine

manufacturer in order to get a proper installation.
We will read the specifications of the elements supporting the motor. After
situating in place the set engine-gear box, we proceed whith the alignment
following the manufacturer's instructions.

Engine supports +@[B1b_MontajeMotorGuascor.pdf]

Gearbox shat alignment +@[B1b_MontajeMotorGuascor.pdf]

Description of the phases of the process of removal and
installation of a machine

When it comes to dismantling and reassembling a machine we must proceed as

follows.

Phases of a repairing: Disassembly and reassembly

Documents and control
We should work with OT (work order) so to keep the number of hours used,
specific instructions, used equipment and safety protocols used all recorded
It is very advisable to document the work done by preparing a short report with
photographs and job description. All this comes in handy when periodic
inspections, in case of accident, in case of failure and especially to improve
future instructions.

Safety
The machine on which we will work must be disconnected and there must be no
way of accidentally set it up

Where we will work must be safe, ventilated and free of obstacles.

Our PPE should be appropriate for the work we do.

The procedures that we will use during the repair must be safe for us and the
envioronment equipment.

Briefing prior any job is recommended both for safety and efficiency of the
rapairing.

Disassembly
To describe disassembly and assembly operations we will make use of a book
of instructions of the ALFA-LAVAL brand that provides a very complete
guidance +@ [B1c_Alfa-Laval_Instructions.pdf].
Before starting with the disassembly we will look in the instruction book those
tools we will need.

Common use tools +@ [B1c_Alfa-Laval_Instructions.pdf]

Gathering these tools before starting will be very time saving.

Special tools +@ [B1c_Alfa-Laval_Instructions.pdf]

The Alfa Laval purifiers are supplied

with a set of tools, indispensable for
their overhaul.

One we get the tools we can start

with the work.
Bowl diasassembly +@ [B1c_Alfa-Laval_Instructions.pdf]

The exploded view of the assembly is very

useful to understand the correct removal of
every part

This view is also valid at the time of putting

altogether.

Before the assembly we will check the tightenings. It is

also mandatory that the pieces shall be perfectly clean
and properly lubricated or covered with paste for
protection or fixation.

The assembly instructions differ a little from those of

disassembly, as now it is necessary to take in account
tightening torques and adjustments so that the machine
run perfectly.
Bowl nut assembly +@ [B1c_Alfa-Laval_Instructions.pdf]
Making of views, sections and more important details of a
set of machines
To disassemble, assemble, repair or simply to get a knowledge of the functions
of a machine, you need to know how to read its views and sections.

Engine cooling system +@ [B1d_MotorGuascorSecciones.pdf]

The views of a machine assembly, in this case, a Guascor engine, allow us to

understand how the cooling system works. Sections are made on a plane
parallel to the main views and virtually cutting parts affected by the section.

This section shows how the cooling water pump starts collecting the falling
water from the cooler, first passes through the oil cooler, then goes into the
cylinders, cylinder heads, exhaust manifold and then the thermostatic valves
that directs the water into the cooler or by-passing it completing the circuit.
Without the help of this section it would not be easy to understand the system
and the weaknesses: pollution in the oil cooler, water losses in cylinder head
joints and fittings, thermostatic malfunctions, cooler dirt, etc ...

Anyway, drawing sections is one of the most difficult tasks for a techncian,
though, once achieved, provide a deep knowledge of the device or machine.
 U1-CHAPTER 3

IDENTIFICATION OF PARTS OR ELEMENTS OF A MACHINE FROM ITS

PLANS

Engine main section +@ [B1d_MotorGuascorSecciones.pdf]

This section is not only easy to identify the different parts of an engine; injectors,
valves, rocker arms, tappets, pistons, connecting rods, etc ..., but also we can
situate themselves perfectly on the whole.
 U1-CHAPTER 4

MOST SIGNIFICANT PLANS OF VESSEL MACHINERY

We are addressing the issue of interpretation of plans, but at this point we find
ourselves aboard a ship. Then we´ll see some actual maritime nomenclature,
plans and naval systems specifically.

Ship´s reference lines +@ [B1g_CaladosOrtze.pdf]

It is indispensable for a seaman to recognize the lines that frame a ship., as

everything on board is referred to those lines.

The convention of signs related with the drawing of a ship, its stability calculus
and general arrangement has always been arbitrary. but the fact remains that
there is only one correct 3D coordinate system. IIt is the
represented in the accompanying figure. The axes can
take the orientation you want, but each other must

X (Y +).
The use of CAD forces to respect this coordinate
system.
Specifically, a boat is framed by several planes and axes:

Planes and reference lines of ORTZE +@[B1g_OrtzePlanosReferencia.dwg]

Coordinate System origin of a ship

The 0,0,0 is sited in the intersection between the BL (base
line) and the Ppp (stern perpendicular). Previously, it was
used the interseccion between the BL (base line) and the
MS (middle section, main frame).

Reference lines:
Axis X; BL; Base Line; abscissa; + to bow.
Axis Y; Lateral, + to port.
Axis Z; Ppp; Stern perpendicularOrdinate axis. Z axis in ships. + upwards.

Reference plane:
ZX, longitudinal vertical plane, diametrical plane when coincides witjh Centre
Line.
XY, horizontal or base plane
YZ, transversal vertical plane,main section when it coincides with middleship.
General arrangement
This plan shows the main elements of a ship; machines, holds, deck elements,
etc ...

General arrangement Ortze +@[B1g_DisposicionGeneralOrtze.pdf]

 Machinery list

Machinery elements Ortze +@[B1g_RelaciónMaquinariaOrtze.pdf]

This plan can help us make a maintenance plan because it includes the raw data
of the various elements of machines, such as the model and power. From here
you can complete the information with serial numbers, hours of preventive
maintenance and many other features.
 Risk systems

On a boat there are many fluid systems, but let´s note here the two most
important in terms of safety of people and the boat: Sea water and fuel. The first
is related with the buoyancy of the boat; the second, with the danger of fire.

Sea water system +@[B1g_EsquemaAguaSaladaOrtze.pdf]

Seawate intakes and pipes, water circulation require an especially care on

board. Our safety depends on it. It is the system most officially inspected.
Perhaps the sea intake valves are the machine elements most oftenly removed
for checking.
pper view, sea intakes and manifold +@[B1g_TomasMarColectorAguaSaladaOrtze.pdf]

On this realistic top view we see the double valve and double service sea water
system. Plans of seachests are always very detailed because of their great
importance.

Fuel system +@[B1g_EsquemaCombustibleOrtze.pdf]

The fuel system must be known pretty well. Any mishandling leads to a spill or
a fire, which has fatal consequencesl consequences most of the time.