LAS-Quarter 1_Week 1 (Matter and its Various Forms)

ACTIVITY 1 - COMPARING MATERIALS!

Directions: Identify the active or the main ingredient of each item (i.e., read the product labels or
search from the internet to know the active ingredient). Then compare the materials in each set in
term of cost and safety. Choose only 3 sets of materials below.

1. Clay pot steel pot 2. muriatic acid drain cleaner

3. perfume cologne 4. regular soap whitening soap

5. silver medal gold medal 6. paper bag plastic bag

Set # 1 (Regular Soap Vs Whitening Soap)

Table 1 – Active Ingredients

REGULAR SOAP WHITENING SOAP

Hot caustic alkali solution, such as caustic Sodium Palmate, Sodium Palm Kernelate,
soda (sodium hydroxide), acts on natural Fragrance, Niacinamide, Aqua, Sodium
fats or oils, such as tallow or vegetable oil, Silicate, Glycerin, Glutathione, Sodium
to produce sodium fatty acid salt (soap) and Ascorbyl Phosphate, Salicylic Acid, Sodium
glycerin (or glycerol) Metabisulfite, BHT

Table 2 – Cost and Safety

REGULAR SOAP WHITENING SOAP

Regular soap is affordable to all consumers. The mercury used in some bleaching soaps
Regular soap is designed to decrease water's may do more damage to your body than the
surface tension and lift dirt and oils off good it is supposed to do to your skin. This
surfaces, so it can be easily rinsed away. It ingredient may irritate the sensitive skin.
is both safe and effective at eliminating Prolonged use of whitening soaps
bacteria and virus-causing germs. containing mercury may also lead to long-
term skin problems, kidney problems and
even nerve problems. The quality of the
soaps vary, and when it comes to the cost,
regular bath soaps are cheaper.

Set # 2 (Paper Bag Vs Plastic Bag)

Table 1 – Active Ingredients

PAPER BAG PLASTIC BAG

Main ingredient of all paper is plant Traditional plastic bags are usually made
material. Loading or filling material such as from polyethylene, which consists of long
 clay, CaCO3, Talc, TiO2 etc. are used for chains of ethylene monomers. Ethylene is
higher brightness and better printability. derived from natural gas and petroleum.
Rosin, alum or combination of other
chemicals is used to make paper water
resistant.

Table 2 – Cost and Safety

PAPER BAG PLASTIC BAG

Environmental issues aside, paper products It can take between 400 and 1,000 years for
are often more expensive than plastic. plastic bags to decompose. As a result, it has
Despite common belief, paper products are the potential to harm the environment and
a lose-lose for both businesses and the marine life. It can also jeopardize everyone's
environment. One advantage of paper is that health. Aside from environmental concerns,
it decomposes much more quickly than paper products are frequently more
plastic, and therefore it is less likely to be a expensive than plastic.
source of litter and pose a risk to wildlife.

Set # 3 (Muriatic Acid Vs Drain Cleaner)

Table 1 – Active Ingredients

MURIATIC ACID DRAIN CLEANER

Muriatic acid is a colorless, ultra-pungent  Bases such as caustic potash
solution consisting of hydrogen chloride in (potassium hydroxide) or lye
water. It is a very strong mineral and highly (sodium hydroxide)
corrosive with numerous industrial uses. It  Oxidizing agents such as bleach
was historically produced with a common (sodium hypochlorite)
salt and vitriol, a kind of sulfuric acid.  Acids such as sulfuric acid.
Muriatic acid is also known as hydrochloric
acid.

Table 2 – Cost and Safety

MURIATIC ACID DRAIN CLEANER

Muriatic acid has a strong, stifling odor. It's Liquid drain cleaners are made using highly
 corrosive and can do serious damage to your toxic chemicals, such as lye and
respiratory system and your lungs. Muriatic hydrochloric acid. If it gets in contact with
acid (hydrochloric acid) is harder to find. skin, the cleaner can cause severe rashes and
Professional plumbing suppliers always chemical burns. The chemicals in the
have it, but it can harder to find in those cleaner can not only damage you, but your
other outlets and I’d be very surprised to see pipes as well. Drain cleaners are mass-
it in a grocery store. Per gallon, muriatic is produced and mass-marketed to consumers
about 50–100% more expensive than drain and widely available in hardware stores,
cleaners. home centers, and grocery stores. It is vastly
cheaper than muriatic acid.

LAS-Quarter 1_Week 2 (Common Isotopes and their Uses)

ACTIVITY 1 – NZPEA in an Atom!

Here are the three isotopes of an element: 12C6, 13C6, C6
14

1. The element is Carbon

2. The number 6 refers to the atomic # or # of protons

3. The number 12, 13, and 14 refers to the mass #

4. How many protons, and neutrons are in the first isotope? 6 protons, 6 neutrons

5. How many protons, and neutrons are in the second isotope? 6 protons, 7 neutrons

6. How many protons, and neutrons are in the first isotope? 6 protons, 8 neutrons

ACTIVITY 2 – YES! MY KNOWLEDGE WORKS!

A.

1. Which isotopes are used as radioactive tracers? How do radioactive tracers help in agriculture? -
Fertilizers labeled with radioactive isotopes such as phosphorus-32 and nitrogen-15 have been used
to evaluate fertilizer uptake, retention, and utilization. Excessive fertilizer use reduces biodiversity
and harms the environment.

2. Which isotopes are used in smoke detectors? How do smoke detectors work? - Smoke detectors
are common household items that keep you and your family safe by alerting you to smoke in your
home. Ionization smoke detectors use a small amount of radioactive material, americium-241, to
detect smoke. On this page: About Americium in Ionization Smoke Detectors.

B.
Compute for the average atomic masses of these elements, given their percent abundance and atomic
weights.

Atomic Mass Average

Known %
Element Atomic Mass
Isotopes (amu) Abundance
(amu)
14 14.0031 99.63 13.951
Nitrogen
15 15.0001 0.37 0.056

35 34.9689 75.77 26.496

Chlorine
37 36.9659 24.23 8.957

28 27.9769 92.23 25.803

29 28.9765 4.67 1.353

Silicon
30 29.9738 3.10 0.929

LAS-Quarter 1_Week 3 (Chemical Formula and Chemical Name of Compounds)

ACTIVITY 1- LET US ANALYZE!

Directions: Analyze the sample problem below then answer the corresponding guide questions.

Determine the empirical formula of a compound whose percentage composition is 50.05% S

and 49.95% O by mass.

Guide Questions
1. What are the elements involved in the sample problem? - Sulfur (S) and Oxygen (O)
2. What will be solved in this problem? - Empirical formula (mole ratio)
3. What is empirical formula? - The empirical formula is more commonly known as sulfur
dioxide

ACTIVITY 2 - WRITING FORMULAS FROM CHEMICAL NAMES!

I. Write the formula of the ions expected from the following compounds.
Compound Positive Ion Negative Ion Formula

1. Barium Oxide Ba2+ O2- BaO

2. Calcium Hydroxide Ca2+ OH1- Ca(OH)2

 3. Zinc Chloride Zn2+ Cl1- ZnCl₂

4. Tin(IV) oxide Sn4+ O2- SnO₂

5. Sodium Chromate Na1+ CrO42- Na2CrO4

Chemical Names from Formulas

II. Write the chemical name of the ions expected from the following compounds.
Formula Positive Ion Negative Ion Chemical Name

6. FePO4 Fe3+ PO43- Iron (III) phosphate

7. K2(SO4) K1+ SO42- Potassium Sulphate

8. BaO Ba2+ O2- Barium Oxide

9. Ni(OH)2 Ni2+ OH1- Nickel (II) hydroxide

10. Cu(NO3)2 Cu2+ NO31- Copper (II) nitrate

LAS-Quarter 1_Week 4 (Molecular Formula and Balancing Chemical Equations)

ACTIVITY 1 – CHEMICAL EQUATION

Procedure
1. Prepare bond paper, pen, coloring materials and ruler.
2. Given a set of problem on chemical reactions show the word equation, chemical equation and the
balance equation in the bond paper.
3. Add design that you want.

SET OF PROBLEMS

1. Magnesium reacts with Nitrogen gas to produce Magnesium nitride.

2. Chlorine gas reacts with Lithium bromide to produce Lithium chloride and bromine gas.

Questions
1. What is the word equation and the balanced chemical equation of your chosen problem?

- Magnesium + nitrogen → magnesium nitride

- Mg+N2→MgN2.

3Mg + N2 Mg3N2
Mg = 1 x 3 = 3 Mg = 3

N=2 N=2
 2. Did you find solving the chemical equation difficult to do? Why? – No, because the chemical
equation I chose to solve is simple to grasp and demonstrate.

ACTIVITY 2 - LET’Z SOLVE IT!

1. Caffeine found in tea and coffee is a white solid that contains 49.5% carbon, 5.20% hydrogen,
28.8 nitrogen and 16.5 % oxygen by mass. Its molecular mass is 194.1 g/mole. Find the molecular
formula.
Solution:

Element Mass (g) Atomic Mass (g) Mole Mole Ratio

C 49.5 12.0 4.125 4

H 5.20 1.0 5.20 5

N 28.8 14.0 2.06 2

O 16.5 16.0 1.03 1

Molecular Formulas The empirical formula of caffeine is C₄H₅N₂O.

To get the molecular formula:
Molecular mass = 194.1
Formula mass of C₄H₅N₂O = 97
(C₄H₅N₂O)x = 94.1
97x = 194.1
x=2
The molecular formula is (C₄H₅N₂O)2 = C₈H₁₈O₂

LAS-Quarter 1_Week 5 (Limiting Reagent in Chemical Reaction)

ACTIVITY 1- LET’S TRY THIS!

A chemist has 203 g of Mg(OH) 2 and 164 of HCl. The chemist wants to make these substances react
to form MgCl2 which can be used for fireproofing wood or as a disinfectant. How much MgCl 2 can be
produced and how much water is formed?
 4.5
−x= =2.25 mol Mgcl 2
2
W mgcl2 = 2.25 x 95
=213.75 g
4.5 x 2
−x= =4.5 mol
2
W H2O = 4.5 x 18 = 81g

ACTIVITY 2- SELF CHECK!

1.) 6.0 mol of N2 are mixed with 12.0 mol of H2 according to the following equation:
N2 (g) = 3 H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g)
a. Which chemical is in excess? What is the excess amount in moles? N2
2mol NH 3
6 mol N2 x = 12 mol NH3
1 mol N 2

2mol NH 3
12 mol H2 x = 8 mol NH3
3 mol H 2

1
8 mol NH3 x , since H2 produced less moles of NH3, H2 is limiting thus N2 is in
2mol NH 3
excess.
b. Theoretically, how many moles of NH3 will be produced? 8 mol NH3, because H2 is the
limiting reactant.
2.) 0.050 mol of Ca(OH) 2 are combined with 0.080 mol of HCl according to the following
equation:
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) →CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
a. How many moles of HCl are required to neutralize all 0.050 mol of Ca(OH)2? .1 mol
2 mol HCl
.05 mol Ca(OH)2 x = .1 mol Ca(OH)2
1mol Ca OH

b. What is the limiting reactant in this neutralization reaction? HCl

1mol CaCl 2
.05 mol Ca(OH)2 x = .5 mol CaCl2
1mol Ca(OH )2

1mol CaCl 2
.08 mol HCl x = 0.4 mol CaCl2
2 mol HCl
c. How many grams of water will form in this reaction? 1.4 g H2O
2mol H 2 O 1 8 g H2O
.08 mol HCl x = .08 mol H2O x = 1.44g
2 mol HCl 1mol H 2 O
 LAS-Quarter 1_Week 6 (Gas Laws 1) 
ACTIVITY 1 
A. Briefly answer the following questions below. 
1. What is pressure? - Pressure is determined by the flow of mass from a high pressure region
to a low pressure region.
2. What are the different units that can be used to measure and express pressure? Then
explain each briefly.  - The most common units of pressure are Pascal, Newton,
atmosphere, inches of mercury, millimeters mercury or Torr, and pounds per
square inch. These units vary in terms of metric units. They can even be ranked
from highest to lowest. Pressure can be defined as force per unit area. For each of
the unit measurements, there's a corresponding value.

The first one is Pascal or Pa. This is the standard unit of pressure. It is relatively a
small unit measure so most often, the KPa or KiloPascal is used, especially in gas
pressures.

Meanwhile, a standard atmospheric pressure is 1 atm, which is also equal to 760

millimeters Mercury or mmHg. It is also equal to 101.3 KiloPascual or KPa.
Sometimes, atmospheric pressure is stated in pounds per square inch or psi. the
atmospheric pressure at sea level has an equivalent value of 14.7 psi.
3. The pressure of the air on a mountain is 0.978 atm. What will be the pressure in the units
of torr? 
⇒1 atm = 760 torr
so, 0.978 atm = 0.978 × 760 torr
= 743.28 torr
Therefore, pressure of air on the mountain is 743.28 torr.
4. The pressure inside the tires of a backhoe is 40 psi. What will be the pressure in the units
of atm? 
1 atm
P (in atm) = 40 psi Ã
14.696 psi
P (in atm) = 2.72 atm
5. The pressure of a certain valley below sea level is 200 kPa, what will be the height of the
mercury column in a barometer? 
1 atm 760 mmHg
P (in mmHg) = 200 kPa à Ã
101.325 kPa 1 atm
 P (in mmHg) = 1500 mmHg

B. Direction: Complete the following table and use the Ideal gas equation to calculate
pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature of a gas. Express your final answer
in two (2) decimal places and show your solution below the table.

Pressure (P)  Volume (V)  Temperature (T)  Moles (n)

1.  5.00 atm  25.00L  273.15 K 5.58 mol

2.  23 atm 0.55 L  308 K  0.50 mol

3.  20.00 atm  30.00 L  289.0 K 25.30 mol

4.  15.00 atm  6.07 L 370.00 K  3.00 mol

5.  21.88 atm 10.50 L  280.00 K  10.00 mol

#1

PV = nRT

n = PV / RT

n = (5.00 atm)(25.00 L) / (0.082057 L•atm/mol•K)(273.15 K)

n = 5.58 mol

#2

PV = nRT

P = nRT / V

P = (0.50 mol)(0.082057 L•atm/mol•K)(308.00 K) / 0.55 L

P = 23 atm

#3

PV = nRT

T = PV / nR

T = (20.00 atm)(30.00 L) / (25.30 mol)(0.082057 L•atm/mol•K)

T = 289.0 K

#4

PV = nRT

V = nRT / P
V = (3.00 mol)(0.082057 L•atm/mol•K)(370.00 K) / 15.00 atm

V = 6.07 L

#5

PV = nRT

P = nRT / V

P = (10.00 mol)(0.082057 L•atm/mol•K)(280.00 K) / 10.50 L

P = 21.88 atm
C. PICTURE ANALYSIS  
Direction: Analyze the given picture and identify the appropriate gas laws that best
describes the picture.
1. BASKETBALL (Charles’ Law) - As the
temperature decreases, so do the volume of the
gas inside the basketball. This forms the
example that at constant pressure, a decrease in
pressure will lead to a decrease in volume.
However, the basketball gains its volume back
when the environment is changed, i.e., you
bring it in a warm room.
2. HOT AIR BALLOON (Charles’ Law) - As
the temperature of the air increases, the volume
of the air also increases and consequently, the
density decreases. This makes the envelope
lighter than the atmospheric air surrounding it.
The buoyant force pushes the lighter envelope
up in the air, and it flies.
3. LUNGS (Boyle’s Law) - As the lungs
expand, there is a momentary reduction in the
pressure. Thus, the pressure inside the body is
lower than the outside. When the lungs relax,
the volume of the lungs decreases, which
increases the pressure momentarily relative to
the outside. And the air is exhaled from the
body.
4. BICYCLE HAND PUMP (Boyle’s Law) -
When the handle of a pump is pushed down, the
pressure inside the pump will increase
momentarily. In other words, the gas inside is
compressed. As a result, the pressurized gas is
forced inside the tire of a vehicle.
5. BALLOONS (Avogadro's Law) – The
balloons all have the same volume. This means
they all contain the same number of molecules.