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Block Diagram Algebra

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Calvin Gadiwe
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15 views

Block Diagram Algebra

Uploaded by

Calvin Gadiwe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Block Diagram Algebra

Block Diagram Algebra for Summing Points

• There are two possibilities of shifting summing points with respect to


blocks −
• Shifting summing point after the block
• Shifting summing point before the block
• Let us now see what kind of arrangements need to be done in the above two
cases one by one.
Shifting Summing Point After the Block

• Consider the block diagram shown figure below.


• The summing point is present before the block

• Summing point has two inputs R(s) and X(s),


• i.e., output is (R(s) + X(s))
• 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝐺 𝑠 {𝑅 𝑠 + 𝑋 𝑠 }
Shifting Summing Point After the Block

• The output of the block G(s) is G(s)R(s).


• The output summing point is:
• 𝑌 𝑠 =𝐺 𝑠 𝑅 𝑠 +𝑋 𝑠
Shifting Summing Point After the Block
From the above equations G(s)R(s) is the same in both. To get the
second term the same, the G(s) block is added.
Shifting Summing Point Before the Block
• Here the summing point is presented after the block.

• The output here is:


• 𝑌 𝑠 =𝐺 𝑠 𝑅 𝑠 +𝑋 𝑠
Shifting Summing Point Before the Block
• Shift the point before the block.

• The output here is:


• 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝐺 𝑠 𝑅 𝑠 + 𝐺(𝑠)𝑋 𝑠
• G(s)R(s) is the same in both cases
Shifting Summing Point Before the Block
• But there is a difference in the second term. One more block is
1
required to make this second term the same, therefore block is
𝐺(𝑠)
required.
• The input X(s) and the output this block is the input to the summing
point.
Block Diagram Algebra for Take-off Points

• There are two possibilities of shifting take-off points with respect to


blocks −
• Shifting take-off point after the block
• Shifting take-off point before the block
• Let us now see what kind of arrangements need to be done in the above two
cases one by one.
Shifting Take-off Point After the Block

• Consider the block diagram shown figure below.


• The take-off point is present before the block:

• Here 𝑋 𝑠 = 𝑅 𝑠 and 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝐺 𝑠 𝑅(𝑠)


Shifting Take-off Point After the Block
• Shifting the take-off point after the block, the output Y(s) will be the
same.
• The difference is in the X(s) value. To get the same value, one more
1
block, , is required.
𝐺(𝑠)
• This will now have the input Y(s) and the output is X(s). See block
diagram below:
Shifting Take-off Point before the Block
• Consider the block diagram shown in the following figure. Here, the
take-off point is present after the block.

• Here 𝑋 𝑠 = 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝐺 𝑠 𝑅(𝑠)
• Shifting the take-off point before the block, the output Y(s) will be the same.
• The difference is in the X(s) value. To get the same value, one more block,
G(s), will be required. Figure below:
Shifting Take-off Point before the Block
• It is having the input R(s) and the output is X(s). This block diagram is shown
in the following figure
Block Diagram Reduction
• Block Diagram Reduction Rules
• Rules for simplifying (reducing) the block diagram, which is having many
blocks, summing points and take-off points.
•
Rule 1 − Check for the blocks connected in series and simplify.
• Rule 2 − Check for the blocks connected in parallel and simplify.
• Rule 3 − Check for the blocks connected in feedback loop and simplify.
• Rule 4 − If there is difficulty with take-off point while simplifying, shift it
towards right.
• Rule 5 − If there is difficulty with summing point while simplifying, shift it
towards left.
• Rule 6 − Repeat the above steps till you get the simplified form, i.e., single
block.
Block Diagram Reduction
• Example
• Consider the block diagram shown in the figure below. Let us simplify
(reduce) this block diagram using the block diagram reduction rules.

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