What I Need to Know

This module was pattern with you in mind. In this module, you will learn more about
probability of compound events when you take the following lessons.

This module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Probability of Compound Events: Problem Solving Involving

Dependent Events

 Lesson 2 – Probability of Compound Events: Problem Solving Involving

Independent Events

 Lesson 3– Probability of Compound Events: Problem Solving Involving

Conditional Probability of Dependent Events

 Lesson 4– Probability of Compound Events: Problem Solving Involving

Conditional Probability of Independent Events

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Illustrate dependent and independent events,
2. Find the probability of independent and dependent events ,
3. Identify conditional probability
4. Solve problems on conditional probability of dependent
5. Solve problems on conditional probability of independent events
6. Appreciate the concept of independent and dependent events and conditional
probability in real life.

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:

• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

1
 What I Know
PRE-TEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Take note of the items that you were not able
to answer correctly and find out the right answer as you go through this module.

1. It is the probability of one event occurring with some relationship to one or

more other events.
a. Dependent event c. conditional probability
b. Independent event d. union of event

2. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is affected by other events.
a. Dependent event c. conditional probability
b. Independent event d. union of event

3. It is an event that do not affect one another and do not increase or decrease
the probability of another event happening.
a. Dependent event c. conditional probability
b. Independent event d. union of event

4. Parking illegally and getting a parking ticket is an example of…

a. Dependent event c. conditional probability
b. Independent event d. union of event
5. Meeting your friend on your way home and finding a 10- peso coin is an
example of…
a. Dependent event c. conditional probability
b. Independent event d. union of event

6. The chance of a flight being delayed is 0.2 (20%), what are the chances of no
delays on a round trip?
a. 0.8 b. 0.16 c. 0.04 d. 0.64

7. There are 5 red roses, 3 yellow roses, and 8 white roses in a tray. If Roxanne
picked 2 roses one after the other without replacing, then what is the
probability of picking a white rose first and a red rose next?
a. 0.1 6 b. 0.18 c. 0.19 d. 0.20

8. A box contains 6 white marbles and 4 red marbles. A marble is randomly

selected, replaced, and the second marble is randomly selected. What is the
probability of selecting a white marbles then a red marble?
6 6 5 5
a. b. c. d.
24 25 11 22

2
9. A box of candies contains 5 yema candies, 8 sampaloc candies, and 10
bucayo candies. Jenevive randomly chooses a candy, eats it, and then
randomly chooses another candy. What is the probability that Jenevive chose
a yema candy, and then a sampaloc candy?
20 20 20 20
a. b. c. d.
243 253 263 273

10. There are 6 pink and 8 white balls in a bag. If two balls are drawn after the
other, then what is the probability of getting a pink ball first and white ball next,
if the first ball drawn is replaced?
6 8 12
a. . b. c. 1 d.
14 14 49

11. A Fair die is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting a 4 or 5 on the first
toss and a 1,2,or 3 in the second toss.
1 1 1
a. . b. c. d.1
3 6 2

12. Roy bought four different batteries. Of these four, one is defective. Roy
randomly selected two batteries to be used in that particular day. Find the
probability that the second battery selected is not defective, given that the first
was not defective.
2 1 1 1
a. . b. c. d.
3 4 3 2

13. In a group of 100 sports car buyers, 40 bought alarm systems, 30 purchased
bucket seats, and 20 purchased an alarm system and bucket seats. If a car
buyer chosen at random bought an alarm system, what is the probability they
also bought bucket seats?
a. 0.40 b. 0.30 c. 0.60 d. 0.50

14. Ella took two tests. The probability of her passing both tests is 0.6. The
probability of her passing the first test is 0.8. What is the probability of her
passing the second test given that she has passed the first test?
a. 0.60 b. 0.70 c. 0.75 d. 0.80

15. At Kuya National High School- Annex La Roxas, the probability that a student
joins Science Club and Mathematics Club is 0.087. The probability that a
student joins Science Club is 0.68. What is the probability that a student joins
the Mathematics Club given that the student is a member of Science Club?
a. 0.128 b. 0.129 c. 0.130 d. 0.131

3
 Lesson Problem Solving Involving
1 Dependent Events
What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you will work on dependent events, also:

 Define and illustrate dependent events
 find the probability of dependent events
 Appreciate the concept of finding the probability of dependent event in real life

Good day learner. Before we begin, keep in mind to be calm and continue trying
until you understand our lesson. So, ready? Let’s begin our lesson by measuring
how far you understand our lesson today.

What I Know
PRE-TEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Take note of the items that you were not able
to answer correctly and find out the right answer as you go through this module.

1. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

2. Which among the following are examples of dependent event?

i. Not paying your water bill on time and having your water cut off.
ii. Eating too much and getting fatter.
iii. Entering the bus first and finding a good seat.
iv. Owning a cat and growing your own vegetable garden

a. i b. iii c. i & ii d. ii & iv

3. Which among the following are not an examples of dependent event?

4
 i. Not paying your water bill on time and having your water cut off.
ii. Eating too much and getting fatter.
iii. Entering the bus first and finding a good seat.
iv. Owning a cat and growing your own vegetable garden

a. i b. iii c. i & ii d. ii & iv

For items 4-7:
A bag contains 14 red balls, 12 blue balls, and 9 yellow balls. Suppose that
two balls are drawn one after the other without putting back the first ball.
4. What is the probability that both are blue?
65 66 67 68
a. b. c. d.
595 595 595 595

5. What is the probability that the first is red and the second is yellow?
14 9 8 9
a. b. c. d.
35 34 85 85

6. What is the probability that the first is red and the second is blue?
14 12 12 9
a. b. c. d.
35 34 85 85

7. What is the probability that both are yellow?

59 36 36 9
a. b. c. d.
35 595 595 595

8. Two cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards without

replacement. What is the probability of choosing two kings?
4 1 1 9
a. b. c. d.
663 221 69 663

9. Two cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards without

replacement. What is the probability that the first card is a jack and the
second card is a ten?
3 1 4 1
a. b. c. d.
676 169 663 663

10. On a math test, 5 out of 20 students got an A. If three students are chosen at
random without replacement, what is the probability that all three got an A on
the test?
1 25 3
a. b. c. d.
114 1368 400
2
115

11. Three cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards without
replacement. What is the probability of choosing an ace, a king, and a queen
5
 in order?
1 8 8 1
a. b. c. d.
2197 5525 16,575 6,578

12. A school survey found that 7 out of 30 students walk to school. If four students
are selected at random without replacement, what is the probability that all
four walk to school?
343 1 7 1
a. b. c. d.
93,960 783 6750 6,578

13. June has a box of beans to plant. It contains 7 white beans and 7 black beans
seeds. As he plants, what is the probability of drawing 2 white beans and 1
black bean in succession?
7 7 6 7
a. b. c. d.
52 14 13 12
For items 14-15:
Ms. Ella needs two students to help her with a math demonstration for her
class of 18 girls and 12 boys. She randomly chooses one student who comes
to the front of the room. She then chooses a second student from those still
seated.

14. What is the probability that both students chosen are girls?
18 12 51 17
a. b. c. d.
30 30 145 29

15. What is the probability that both students chosen are boys?
18 22 51 17
a. b. c. d.
30 145 145 29

How was the pre-test so far? Did you get the answers correctly? For you to be
guided and for you to better understand our lesson. Let us continue by answering
thIS chain of activities.

What What’s In

The previous lesson focused on mutually exclusive events. In this lesson you will
learned to find the probability of dependent events.

Activity 1 Jumbled Word

Rearrange the set of letters to form a new word related to probability.

Jumbled Word Answer

6
1. inoun
2. ritenecitson
3. veten
4. esculixve
5. pendetend

Guide Questions:

a. How did you find the activity?

b. What words have you formed?

c. What could be the meaning of those words specially the word form in number
5?
How was the activity? I guess you had fun answering. This time you will answer another
What’s
activity that will help you better understand our topic. Get New
Ready to Explore.

What’s New

Let’s explore!

Activity 2: SpreaDEPEND

In order to prevent Covid-19 Pandemic to spread rapidly, Jean volunteered to

give box contains face masks. Consider the box contains 14 red masks, 12 blue
masks, and 9 yellow masks. Suppose that the two masks are drawn one after the
other without putting back the first mask. Find the probability that both are blue?

Guide Questions:

1. In the given situation, what is the probability if the first mask was drawn in
the box?

2. What is the probability of the second mask was drawn?

7
3. Is the probability of obtaining the second mask affected after getting the
first mask in both situations?

4. What conclusion can you make about the event in the given situation?

8
 What Is It
Guide Question Figure/ Expression Discussion
n ( event ) n ( event )
1. In the given P ( E )= . The Probability of Event =
n ( total event ) n ( total event )
situation, what is the We let A = be the n ( event )
probability if the first probability of the blue or P ( E )= .
n ( total event )
blue mask was drawn mask drawn
in the box? So, if we let A = the probability if the first
. n ( event )=¿No. of blue blue mask was drawn in the box. We
can say that
masks=12
n ( event ) 12
P ( blue mask∨A )= =
n ( total event )=¿ Total n ( total event ) 35
No. of all the
masks=14+12+9=35 So the P ( A ) or the probability if the first
12
n ( event ) 12 blue mask was drawn in the box is 35
P ( A )= =
n ( total event ) 35
2. What is the Let B=the probability of n ( event ) 11
P ( blue mask∨B )= =
probability of the the second mask was n ( total event ) 34
second mask was drawn in situation a.
drawn in situation a? So the P ( B ) or the probability if the
n ( event )=¿No. of blue second blue mask was drawn in the
masks=11 11
box is .
34
( total event )=¿ Total No.
Since the second draw is still blue, we
of all the
masks=14+11+9=34 will get the number of the remaining
blue masks in the box that makes it 11
n ( event ) 11 in the n ( event ) and we are going to add
P ( B )= =
n (total event ) 34 all the remaining masks in the box that
makes it 34 in the n ( total event ) .

3. Is the probability of The probability of obtaining the second

obtaining the second 12 mask was affected since the mask was
P ( A )= probability of
mask affected after 35 not put back inside the box.
getting the first mask in the first
both situations?
11
P ( B )= probability of
34
the second
4. What conclusion The event shows that the occurrence
can you make about of one event influences
the event in the given the probability of another event.
situation?

Discussion

The above activity shows the concept of dependent event. Now it’s your turn to answer
questions for situation b. Get Ready to be DEPENDENT.

9
10
Activity 3 . SpreaDEPEND

Read the situation below and fill in the blank or box with the correct answer.
Activity 2 will help you get through this activity.

In order to prevent Covid-19 Pandemic to spread rapidly, Jean volunteered to

give box contains face masks. Consider the box contains 14 red masks, 12 blue
masks, and 9 yellow masks. Suppose that the two masks are drawn one after the
other without putting back the first mask. Find the probability that:

a. the first is red and the second is yellow.

Guide Question Figure/ Expression Discussion

n ( event ) So, if we let A = the probability if the
1. In the given P ( E )= .
n ( total event ) first red mask was drawn in the box.
situation, what is the We let A = be the We can say that
probability if the first n ( event )
red mask?
probability of the ______ P ( ¿¿ ∨A )= =❑
mask drawn n ( total event ) ❑
.
n ( event )=¿No. of red So the P ( A ) or the probability if the
masks=_____ first red mask was drawn in the box is
14
n ( total event )=¿ Total No. ❑
of all the
masks=____+___+___=35

n ( event )
P ( A )= =❑
n ( total event ) ❑
2. What is the Let B=the probability of n ( event )
P ( ¿¿ ∨B )= =❑
probability of the the second mask drawn n (total event ) ❑
second mask drawn is is yellow.
yellow? So the P ( B ) or the probability if the
n ( event )=¿No. of yellow second mask was drawn in the box is
masks=_____ 9
.
34
n ( total event )=¿ Total No.
Since the second draw is yellow, we
of all the
masks=____+___+___=34 will get the number of yellow in the
n ( event ) and we are going to add all
n ( event ) the remaining masks in the box that
P ( B )= = ❑ makes it 34 in the n ( total event ) .
n (total event ) ❑
3. Is the probability of The probability of obtaining the
obtaining the second 12 second mask was affected since the
P ( A )= probability of
mask affected after 35 mask was not put back inside the box.
getting the first mask the first
in both situations?
11
P ( B )=
probability of
34
the second
The two situations show DEPENDENT EVENTS. Now, get ready to be inDEPENDENT.
11
4. What conclusion The event shows that the occurrence
can you make about of one event ________________
the event in the given the probability of another event.
situation?
Definitions and Solutions Discussions
examples

Dependent Events In Symbol: If two events, A and B, are

are events that rely P ( A∧B )=¿ dependent, then the
on another event to P ( A ) ∙ P ( B following A ) probability of both events
happen first. Or occurring is the product of the
two events are P( A∧B)=P ( A )· P( B∨ A) probability of A and the
dependent, if the probability of B after A
occurrence of one occurs.
event influences
the probability of
another event.

Examples:
In real life:
The event of “having a trip”
1. If you want to have a trip with your friends, it depends on whether or not
depends on whether or not your parents will your parents will allow you.
allow you. Meaning, If your parents will
not allow you then you cannot
have the trip you wanted with
your friends.
This shows that two events
are dependent events, if one
event influences the
probability of another event
2. The time you will reach home from school
depends on how fast you walk.

3. Your success depends on how much effort

you exert on your work.

4. Not studying your lesson and having a failing

grade.

5. Not paying your water bill on time and having

your water cut off.

6. Eating too much and getting fatter.

7. Entering the bus first and finding a good seat.

8. Buying twenty lottery tickets and winning the

lottery.

12
 Going back to the previous Activities

In Symbol:
1.In order to prevent We let : ( A∧B )=¿
Covid-19 Pandemic to 12 P ( A ) ∙ P( B following A)
P ( A )=P ( blue mask )=
spread rapidly, Jean 35 means “the probability of
volunteered to give B following the
box contains face P occurrence of A.
masks. Consider the 11 the probability of
( B following A )=P ( 2 blue mask ) =
nd

box contains 14 red 34 obtaining the second

masks, 12 blue mask was affected since
masks, and 9 yellow Solution using the formula: the mask was not put
masks. Suppose that P ( A∧B )=P ( A ) ∙ P (B followin g A) back inside the box.
the two masks are 12 11
P ( blue∧blue )=¿ ∙
drawn one after the 35 34 Thus the number of
other without putting 132 66 mask was changed. So
¿ =
back the first mask. 1190 595 using the formula, the
Find the probability Therefore, the probability that both probability that both are
that both are blue. 66 66
are blue is blue is .
595 595

2. Consider the box 14 As you notice, the

let : P ( A )=P ( red mask )=
contains 14 red 35 n(event) in the second
masks, 12 blue 9 draw which is the yellow
P ( B )=( yellow mask )=
masks, and 9 yellow 34 does not change
masks. Suppose that P ( A∧B ) = the probability that the because it has not been
the two masks are first is red and the second is yellow chosen in the first draw.
drawn one after the Solution using the formula: The number that
other without putting P ( A∧B )=¿ changes is the total
back the first mask. P ( A ) ∙ P(B following A) number of masks that is
What is the probability 14 9 34.
that the first is red and P ( red , yellow ) = ∙
35 34
the second is yellow? 126 2
¿ ÷
1190 2
63
¿
595
Therefore, the probability that
the first is red and the second is
63
yellow is .
595

13
 4
P ( 10 )=
52
3. Four cards are 4
chosen at random P ( 9 )=
51
from a deck of 52 4
cards without P ( 8 )=
50
replacement. What is 4 As you noticed, from the
the probability of P ( 7 )= deck of 52, there are 4
49
choosing a ten, a cards that is 10, 4 cards
nine, an eight and a 4 4 4 4 that is 9 as well as the
seven in order? P ( 10,9,8,7 )= ∙ ∙ ∙ rest of the numbers. The
52 51 50 49
256 8 only event that is
¿ ÷ changing is the total
6,497,400 8
32 number each card is
¿ chosen.
812,175
Therefore, the probability of
choosing a ten, a nine, an eight
32
and a seven in order is .
812,175

14
 What’s More
GUIDED Practice

Consider the events below and determine if the event dependent or not
dependent. Write your answer in the box provided.
For example:
Event Answers here
Not paying your water bill on time and having your water cut off. Dependent

Activity 3: Dependently Chosen

No Event Answers here

.
1. Taking a bike home and finding your favorite movie on cable.

2. Owning a cat and growing your own vegetable garden

3. Winning a card game and running out of milk.

4. Robbing a shop and going to jail.

5. Boarding a plane first and finding a seat.

6. A bag contains 6 black marbles, 9 blue marbles, 4 yellow

marbles, and 2 green marbles. A marble is randomly
selected, replaced, and a second marble is randomly
selected. Find the probability of selecting a black marble,
then a yellow marble.
7 A box of candies contains 10 yema candies, 8 sampaloc
candies, and 6 bucayo candies. Ed randomly chooses a
candy, eats it, and then randomly chooses another candy.
What is the probability that Ed chose a yema candy, and
then a sampaloc candy?
8. A toy box contains 12 toys, 8 stuffed animals, and 3 board
games. Maria randomly chooses 2 toys for the child she is
babysitting to play with. What is the probability that she
chose 2 stuffed animals as the first two choices?
9. A basket contains 6 dalandan, 5 bananas, 4 lansones, and 5
guavas. Dominic randomly chooses one piece of fruit, eats it,
and chooses another piece of fruit. What is the probability
that he chose a banana and then a dalandan?
10. Nick has 4 black pens, 3 blue pens, and 2 red pens in his
school bag. Nick randomly picks two pens out of his school
bag. What is the probability that Nick chose two blue pens, if
he replaced the first pen back in his pocket before choosing
a second pen?

Activity 5: Independent Practice

15
 A. Read the situation below and fill in the blank or box with the correct
answer.

Ella and Jean went to a grocery store to buy drinks. They chose from 10
different brands of juice drinks, 6 different brands of carbonated drinks, and 3
different brands of mineral water. What is the probability that Ella and Jean both
chose juice drinks, if Ella randomly chose first and liked the first brand she picked
up?

Guide Question Figure/ Expression

What is the probability that Ella
1. In the given We let A = the probability and Jean both chose juice
situation, what is the ___________ drinks, if Ella randomly chose
probability that Ella ___________________ first and liked the first brand
chose a juice drink? _________________ she picked up?
.
n ( event )=¿No. of juice Representation:
drinks=_____

n ( total event )=¿ Total No.

of all the
drinks=____+___+___=19
Solution:
n ( event )
P ( A )= =❑
n ( total event ) ❑

2. What is the Let B=_______________

probability that Jean _____________________
chose a juice drink ? _____________________

n ( event )=¿No. of Conclusion:

______________ =_____

n ( total event )=¿ Total No.

of all the drinks
=____+___+___=___

n ( event )
P ( B )= =❑
n (total event ) ❑

16
 B. Use the Formula of Dependent Event to find its probability.

Event Representation
Solution & Conclusion
Example: Let:
June has a box of 7
P ( A )=P ( 1 white )=
beans to plant. It 14
contains 7 white beans 6
P( B following A )=P ( 1white )=
and 7 black beans 13
seeds. As he plants, 7
P( C following B )=P ( 1 red )=
what is the probability 12
of drawing 2 white
beans and 1 black P ( A , B ,∧C )=¿ the probability of drawing 2 white beans and 1
bean in succession? black bean in succession

P ( A , B ,∧C )=P ( 1 white ,1 white , 1 red )

7 6 7 294 42 7
¿ ∙ ∙ = ÷ =
14 13 12 2184 42 52

Therefore, probability of drawing 2 white beans and 1 black

7
bean in succession is .
52

YOUR TURN Representation

Solution & Conclusion

1. A box of chocolates
contains 10 milk
chocolates, 8 dark
chocolates, and 7 white
chocolates. Charlene
randomly chooses a
chocolate, eats it and
then randomly chooses
another chocolate.
What is the probability
that Charlene chooses:

a. a milk chocolate,
and then a white
chocolate?
b. a dark chocolate and
a milk chocolate?
c.a milk chocolate, and
then 2 white
chocolates?

17
Activity 6: Practice Pa More!

Use the Formula of Dependent Event to find its probability:

Problem Representation
Solution & Conclusion

1. A card is chosen at random from a

standard deck of 52 playing cards.
Without replacing it, a second card is
chosen. What is the probability that:

a. the first card chosen is a king and

the second card chosen is a queen?

b. both cards chosen are aces?

c. the first card chosen is a heart and

the second card is a diamond?

2. A basket contains 6 dalandan, 5

bananas, 4 lansones, and 5 guavas.
Ayah randomly chooses one piece of
fruit, eats it, and chooses another fruits.
What is the probability that:

a. she chose a banana, a guava then a

dalandan?
b. She chose 2 lansones and a guava?
c. she chose a dalandan, a guava, and a
banana?

18
3. Ms. Ompoy needs two students to help
her with a math demonstration for her
class of 18 girls and 12 boys. She
randomly chooses one student who
comes to the front of the room. She
then chooses a second student from
those still seated. What is the probability
that:

a. both students chosen are girls?

b. both students chosen are boys?
c. she first chose a girl then a boy?

4. A toy box contains 12 toys, 8 stuffed

animals, and 3 board games. Maria
randomly chooses 2 toys for the child
she is babysitting to play with. What is
the probability that:

a. she chose 2 stuffed animals as

the first two choices?
b. she chose a stuffed animal and a
board game?

19
 5.  In a shipment of 20 cellphones, 4 are
defective. Three cellphones are randomly
selected and tested. What is the
probability that:
a. all three are defective if the first and
second ones are not replaced after
being tested?
b. two are not defective and the third one
is defective if the first and second ones
are not replaced after being tested?

Now, you have learned how to solve problems on dependent events. Few more
activities and I know you will master this lesson. Let us continue and enjoy. 

20
 What I Have Learned

Activity 7: Defend the Event.

Covering Ideas
1. Two events are dependent, if the occurrence of one event _____________
the probability of another event.

2. State a formula for dependent event in the box.

What I Can Do
This section is an opportunity for you to apply what you have learned
in this lesson in real-life situations. You are asked to do certain tasks
that will demonstrate your understanding of probability of dependent
events.
Activity 8: Real Na Real
1. Describe a situation in your life that involves dependent events. Explain why the
events are dependent.

2. Formulate your own problems involving dependent events.

21
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Take note of the items that you were not able
to answer correctly and find out the right answer as you go through this module.

1. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

2. Which among the following are examples of dependent event?

i. Not paying your water bill on time and having your water cut off.
ii. Eating too much and getting fatter.
iii. Owning a cat and growing your own vegetable garden

a. i b. iii c. i & ii d. i, ii & iii

3. Which among the following is not an example of dependent event?

i. Not paying your water bill on time and having your water cut off.
ii. Eating too much and getting fatter.
iii. Entering the bus first and finding a good seat.
iv. Owning a cat and growing your own vegetable garden

a. i b. iii c. i & ii d. i, ii & ii

For items 2-5:
A bag contains 14 red balls, 12 blue balls, and 9 yellow balls. Suppose that
two balls are drawn one after the other without putting back the first ball.
4. What is the probability that both are blue?
65 66 67 68
a. b. c. d.
595 595 595 595

5. What is the probability that the first is red and the second is yellow?
14 9 8 9
a. b. c. d.
35 34 85 85

6. What is the probability that the first is red and the second is blue?
14 12 12 9
a. b. c. d.
35 34 85 85

7. What is the probability that both are yellow?

59 36 36 9
a. b. c. d.
35 595 595 595

8. Two cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards without

replacement. What is the probability of choosing two kings?
4 1 1 9
a. b. c. d.
663 221 69 663
22
 9. Two cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards without
replacement. What is the probability that the first card is a jack and the
second card is a ten?
3 1 4 1
a. b. c. d.
676 169 663 663

10. On a math test, 5 out of 20 students got an A. If three students are chosen at
random without replacement, what is the probability that all three got an A on
the test?
1 25 3
a. b. c. d.
114 1368 400
2
115

11. Three cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards without
replacement. What is the probability of choosing an ace, a king, and a queen
in order?
1 8 8 1
a. b. c. d.
2197 5525 16,575 6,578

12. A school survey found that 7 out of 30 students walk to school. If four students
are selected at random without replacement, what is the probability that all
four walk to school?
343 1 7 1
a. b. c. d.
93,960 783 6750 6,578

13. June has a box of beans to plant. It contains 7 white beans and 7 black beans
seeds. As he plants, what is the probability of drawing 2 white beans and 1
black bean in succession?
7 7 6 7
a. b. c. d.
52 14 13 12

For items 14-15:

Ms. Ella needs two students to help her with a math demonstration for her
class of 18 girls and 12 boys. She randomly chooses one student who comes
to the front of the room. She then chooses a second student from those still
seated.

14. What is the probability that both students chosen are girls?
18 12 51 17
a. b. c. d.
30 30 145 29

15. What is the probability that both students chosen are boys?
18 22 51 17
a. b. c. d.
30 145 145 29

23
 Additional Activity: Dependently Chosen 2.
A. Determine if the event is dependent or not dependent. Write D if the event is
dependent and N if the event is not dependent on the space provided.
_______1. Robbing a shop and going to jail.
_______2. Tossing a coin and rolling a die.
_______3. Parking and getting a parking ticket
_______4. Choosing a card and replacing it, then choosing another card
_______5. Driving a car and getting in a traffic accident

B. Solve the hidden quotation by answering the following problems. Choose your
answer inside the box below and write the letter that corresponds to its number
found underlined at the bottom.

As part of the recreational activities done during the Teacher’s Day

celebration, faculty of KNHS Annex- La Roxas goes bowling at SM. On one shelf of
the bowling alley there are 6 green and 4 red bowling balls. One teacher selects a
bowling ball. A second teacher then selects a ball from the same shelf. What is the
probability that one teacher picked a red bowling ball followed by the 2 teachers that
picked the same green bowling balls?

1. How many green bowling balls are there?

2. How many red bowling balls are there?
3. How many bowling balls are there all in all?
4. What is the formula for dependent event?
5. Given, that the first teacher picked a red bowling ball, how many red bowling
balls are left?
6. Given, that the first teacher picked a red bowling ball and the second teacher
picked a green ball, how many green bowling balls left?
7. Given, that the first teacher picked a red bowling ball and the second teacher
picked a green ball, how many bowling balls left?
8. What is the probability of red bowling balls?
9. What is the probability of the second teacher picked green bowling ball?
10. What is the probability of the thirds teacher picked green bowling ball?
11. What is the probability that one teacher picked a red bowling and the second
teacher picked a green bowling ball?
12. What is the probability that one teacher picked a red bowling ball followed by
the 2 teachers that picked the same green bowling ball?
13. What is the formula for probability of event?

5 1 4 n ( event )
C. 10 N.6 W.3 A.4 O. R. M. I. P ( E )= .
8 6 15 n ( total event )
4 6 6
S.8 H. T. F.5 U. E. P ( A∧B )=P ( A ) ∙ P (B following A)
10 9 10

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6 12 10 11 9 8 4 4 12 12 10 12 7 10 6 10 9 8 4 12 7

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ __
4 5 13 7 4 11 4 1 3 10 12 12 4 3 9 7 8 13 7 10 5 1

-PUBLILIUS SYRUS

24
 Lesson Problem Solving Involving
2 Independent Events

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you will work on independent events, also:
 Define and illustrate independent events
 Find the probability of independent events
 Appreciate the concept of finding the probability of independent event in real
life

What I Know
PRE-TEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Take note of the items that you were not able
to answer correctly and find out the right answer as you go through this module.

1. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is not affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

2. Which among the following are examples of independent event?

i. Landing on tails after tossing a coin and  rolling a 3 on a single 6-sided
die
ii. Not paying your water bill on time and having your water cut off.
iii. Owning a cat and growing your own vegetable garden

a. i b. ii c. i & ii d. i & iii

3. Which among the following is not an example of independent event?

i. Landing on tails after tossing a coin and  rolling a 3 on a single 6-sided
die
ii. Not paying your water bill on time and having your water cut off.
iii. Owning a cat and growing your own vegetable garden
a. i b. ii c. i & ii d. i, ii & iii

25
For items 4-7:
A bag contains 10 red marbles, 6 blue marbles, and 4 yellow marbles. A
marble is drawn at random and the color is noted and then put back inside the
box. Then, another marble is drawn at random.
4. What is the probability that both are blue?
9 1 3 1
a. b. c. d.
100 10 20 25

5. What is the probability that the first is red and the second is yellow?
9 1 3 4
a. b. c. d.
100 10 20 25

6. What is the probability that the first is red and the second is blue?
9 1 3 4
a. b. c. d.
100 10 20 25

7. What is the probability that both are yellow?

9 1 3 1
a. b. c. d.
100 10 20 25

8. Two cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards. It is then replaced
and a second card is chosen. What is the probability of choosing two kings?
4 1 2 1
a. b. c. d.
69 23 69 69

9. Two cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards. It is then replaced
and a second card is chosen .What is the probability that the first card is a
jack and the second card is a ten?
4 1 2 1
a. b. c. d.
69 23 69 69

10. A coin is tossed and a single 6-sided die is rolled. Find the probability of
landing on the head side of the coin and rolling a 3 on the die.
1 1 1 3
a. b. c. d.
12 6 2 4

11. Three cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards It is then replaced.
What is the probability of choosing an ace, a king, and a queen in order?
1 8 8 1
a. b. c. d.
2197 5525 16,575 6,578

12. A school survey found that 3 out of 10 students walk to school. If 3 students
are selected at random with replacement, what is the probability that all 3 walk
to school?

26
 11 17 27
a. b. c.
999 1000 1000
37
d.
999

13. A jar contains 3 red, 5 green, 2 blue and 6 yellow marbles. A marble is chosen
at random from the jar. After replacing it, a second marble is chosen. What is
the probability of choosing a green and then a yellow marble?
15 15 15 15
a. b. c. d.
125 127 128 12

14. A survey found that 72% of people in Bukidnon like pizza. If 3 people are
selected at random, what is the probability that all three like pizza?
a. 37% b. 38 % c. 39 % d. 40 %

15. A survey showed that 65% of all children in La Roxas dislike eating
vegetables. If 4 children are chosen at random, what is the probability that all
4 dislike eating vegetables? (Round your answer to the nearest percent.)
a. 18 % b. 2 % c. 26 % d. 28 %

How was the pre-test so far? Did you get the answers correctly? For you to be
guided and for you to better understand our lesson. Let us continue by answering
this chain of activities.

27
 What’s In

The previous lesson focused on problem solving involving probability. In this lesson
you will learned to solve problems involving probability of independent events.

Activity 1: FACT OR BLUFF

Identify if the events are dependent or not. If dependent, write FACT,
otherwise BLUFF.
No. Events Answer

1. Buying a lottery ticket and finding a peso on the floor

2. Parking illegally and getting a parking ticket. Parking illegally

increases your chances of getting a ticket.

3. Taking a cab home and finding your favorite movie on cable

4. Getting a parking ticket and playing basketball in the gym.

5. Driving a car and getting in a traffic accident

Guide Questions:

a. How did you find the activity?

b. What events are bluffs?

c. If the Facts are dependent what could possibly be the bluffs?

28
 What’s New
Let’s explore!

The bluffs in activity 1 are examples of another type of event. For us to

understand better what is this type of event let’s answer activity 2.

Activity 2: WE ARE FREE!

Rearrange the following scramble letter to form the word that answer to the
clues. Write your answer on the blank and cross out the letter that form the word and
place only the “left over letter” in the box on the right. When you have filled in all the
boxes, they will form the word for our topic this day. Good luck and enjoy.

1. A process by which an 7. An event with one possible

observation is obtained. outcome

2. A field of mathematics that 8. An element of a sample space

deals with chance.
9. Consists of two or more simple
events

1 I T E X N PI REME N I 10. Events that cannot happen

at the same time

2 P B A R O I B T Y L I N 11. A type of event that the

occurrence of one event
influences the probability of
3 L I A D T R another event.
Now, read the left over word. If you got it correct
our lesson for today. Let’s discover for more.
4 C O M EE OUT

5 S M AE LP E C APSP

6 E VE E N T

7 S M P E L I N

8 S A M DE LP PIN OT

9 P U OD N C O M E

10 TUALU MYL CLUXEN IXEV

11 T D E E P N E D N T 29
 What Is It
Guide Question Figure/ Expression Discussion
n ( event )
1. In the given We let A = be the The Probability of Event =
n ( total event )
situation, what is the probability of the red
n ( event )
probability if the first mask drawn or P ( E )= .
n ( total event )
blue mask was drawn
in the box? n ( event )=¿No. of blue So, if we let A = the probability if the first
. masks=14 blue mask was drawn in the box. We
can say that
n ( total event )=¿ Total n ( event ) 12
P ( red mask∨ A )= =
No. of all the n ( total event ) 35
masks=14+12+9=35
So the P ( A ) or the probability if the first
n ( event ) 14
P ( A )= = 12
n ( total event ) 35 blue mask was drawn in the box is 35
2. What is the Let B=the probability of n ( event ) 12
P ( blue mask∨B )= =
probability of the the second mask was n ( total event ) 35
second mask was drawn.
drawn i? As you notice in the example of
n ( event )=¿No. of blue independent event the number of
masks=12 events in the second draw does not
change nor decrease because the two
( total event )=¿ Total No. situations are independent to each
of all the
other. The statement “ put back
masks=14+12+9=35
inside the box” is the proof that the
n ( event ) two events are independent to each
12
P ( B )= = other.
n (total event ) 35
3. Is the probability of 14 The probability of getting a blue mask
P ( A )= probability of
obtaining the second 35 in the second draw is not affected by
mask affected after the first the probability of getting the first mask
getting the first mask in since it was put back in the box.
both situations? 12
P ( B )= probability of
35
the second
4. What conclusion The event shows that the occurrence
can you make about of one event does not influence
the event in the given the probability of another event.
situation?

Activity 3: Let’s Begin!

In order to prevent Covid-19 Pandemic to spread rapidly, Jean volunteered to

give box contains face masks. Consider the box contains 14 red masks, 12 blue
masks, and 9 yellow masks. A mask is drawn at random and the color is noted and
put back inside the box, then another mask is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the first is red and the second is blue.

30
 Figure/ Expression Discussion
Independent events
are not affected by In Symbol: If two events, A and B, are
previous events. P ( A∧B )=¿ P ( A ) ∙ P ( B ) independent, then the
- Two events are Or probability of both events
independent if the P( A ∩ B)=P( A)· P(B). occurring is the product of the
outcome of one event probability of A and the
does not affect the probability of B.
outcome of the other n(Event ∈ A)
event. Meaning the P( A)
n (total number of outcome)
events have no
influence to each n (Event ∈B)
other. P( B)
n(total number of outcome )
Examples:
In real life: The two events of “having
black hair” and “working in a
The color of your hair has absolutely no effect on bank” are completely
where you work. independent of one another.

1. Rolling a 5 on a single 6-sided die and

landing on heads after tossing a coin.

2. Choosing a marble from a jar and landing on

heads after tossing a coin.

3. Choosing a 4 from a deck of cards, replacing

it, and then choosing an ace as the second
card.

4. Rolling a 4 on a single 6-sided die, and then

rolling a 1 on a second roll of the die.

5. Buying a lottery ticket and finding a peso on

the floor (your odds of finding a peso does
not depend on you buying a lottery ticket).

6. Taking a jeepney home and finding your

favorite movie on cable.

7. Getting a parking ticket and playing

basketball.

31
Examples Figure/ Expression Discussion

2. Consider the box In the first draw,the In this situation , the

contains 14 red probability of getting red probability of getting a blue
masks, 12 blue mask is mask in the second draw is
masks, and 9 yellow 14 no . of red masks not affected by the probability
P ( A )= .
masks. A mask is 35 total no . of masks of getting the first mask since
drawn at random and it was put back inside the
the color is noted and In the second draw, the box. Therefore, the two
put back inside the probability of getting blue events are independent to
box, then another mask is each other.
mask is drawn at 12 no . of bluemasks
P (B ) . So using the formula, the
random. Find the 35 total no . of masks
probability that the first is red
probability that the
So, and the second is blue is
first is red and the
P ( red , white )=P ( A ) ∙ P (B) 24
second is blue. .
14 12 175
¿ ∙
35 35
168 7
¿ ÷
1225 7
24
¿
175

Using the formula, In tossing a die, there are 6

1. A Fair die is P ( A∧B )=¿ P ( A ) ∙ P ( B ) total outcomes. This event
tossed twice. The P ( E1 )= (5∨6 ) shows independent event so
Find the 2 1 the probability of getting 5 or
probability of ¿ = 6 does not affect the
6 3
getting a 5 or P ( E2 )= (1,2∨3 ) probability of getting 1,2,or 3
6 on the first in the second toss.
3 1
toss and a ¿ = P ( E1 ) isthesame as P ( A ) and
1,2,or 3 in the 6 2
They are independent so P ( E2 ) isthesame as P ( B )
second toss.
P ( E1∧E 2) =P ( E1 ) ∙ P ( E2 ) So, the probability of getting
1 1 1 a 5 or 6 on the first toss and a
¿ × = 1,2,or 3 in the second toss is
3 2 6
1
.
6

32
 What’s More

Activity 4: Independently Chosen

Let us see how much you already know about this module. Be brave, be
independent.
A. Consider the events below and determine if the event Independent or
Dependent. Write your answer in the box provided.
No. Event

1. Not paying your water bill on time and having your water cut
off.
2. Owning a cat and growing your own vegetable garden
3. Winning a card game and running out of milk.
4. Robbing a shop and going to jail.
5. Landing on heads after tossing a coin and rolling a 5 on a
single 6-sided die.
6. Choosing a card and replacing it, then choosing another
card
7 Landing on heads after tossing a coin and rolling a 5 on a
single 6-sided die
8. Parking and getting a parking ticket
9. Driving a car and getting in a traffic accident
10. Boarding a plane first and finding a seat.

33
Activity 5: I can be Independent!

A. Read and solve each independent event problem carefully. Write your
solutions on the space provided after each questions.

Problem Representation Solution &

Conclusion

1. A dresser drawer contains one pair of socks with

each of the following colors: blue, brown, red, white and
black. Each pair is folded together in a matching set. You
reach into the sock drawer and choose a pair of socks
without looking. You replace this pair and then choose
another pair of socks. What is the probability that you will
choose the white pair of socks both times?

2. A coin is tossed and a single 6-sided die is rolled. Find

the probability of landing on the head side of the coin and
rolling a 5 on the die.

3. A card is chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards.

It is then replaced and a second card is chosen. What is
the probability of choosing a jack and then an eight?

4. A jar contains 3 red, 5 green, 2 blue and

6 yellow marbles. A marble is chosen at random from the
jar. After replacing it, a second marble is chosen. What is
the probability of choosing a green and then a yellow
marble?

Activity 6: More Independent Practice

34
Example: A nationwide survey found that 72% of people in the Philippines like
adobo. If 2 people are selected at random, what is the probability that:

a. both like adobo

b. that the first one likes adobo and the second one isn’t.

Using the formula P(A∩B) = P(A) · P(B).

Solution: one person like adobo doesn’t have an effect on whether the second
randomly selected person is. Therefore, the events are independent and the
probability can be found by multiplying the probabilities together:

First one and second likes adobo : P ( A ∩ B )=P ( A ) · P ( B ) =0.72× 0.72=0.52 %

First one likes adobo, the second one isn’t: P ¿
¿ 0.72 ×(1 – 0.72)=0.20

In the second part, I multiplied by the complement. As the probability of liking adobo
0.72, then the probability of not being a fan is 1 – .72, or .28.

Conclusion: Therefore, the probability that 2 people selected randomly like adobo is
0.52∨52 % and the probability that the first one likes adobo and the second one isn’t
is 0.20∨20 %.

When a small number of items are selected from a large population without
replacement, the probability of each event changes so slightly that the amount of
change is negligible. Now, it’s your turn. Get ready to be INDEPENDENT.

1. A school survey found that 8 out of 10 students like pizza. If three students
are chosen at random with replacement, what is the probability that all three
students like pizza?

2. A survey showed that 65% of all children in Maramag dislike eating

vegetables. If 4 children are chosen at random, what is the probability that all
4 dislike eating vegetables? (Round your answer to the nearest percent.)

3. A poll finds that 60% of La Roxas consider themselves basketball fans. If you
randomly pick two people from the population, what is the probability the first
person is a basketball fan and the second is as well? That the first one is and
the second one isn’t?

What I Have Learned

35
Activity 7: Ideally Independent.
Covering Ideas
1. Two events are independent, if the occurrence of one event _____________
the probability of another event.

2. State a formula for independent event in the box.

3. When a small number of items are selected from a large population _______

replacement, the probability of each event changes so slightly that the amount
of change is negligible

What I Can Do
This section is an opportunity for you to apply what you have learned in this lesson
in real-life situations. You are asked to do certain tasks that will demonstrate your
understanding of probability of independent events.

Activity 8: Real Na Real

1. Describe a situation in your life that involves independent events. Explain why the
events are independent.

2. Formulate your own problems involving independent events.

36
 Assessment:

Choose and encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is not affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

2. Which among the following are examples of independent event?

i. Landing on tails after tossing a coin and  rolling a 3 on a single 6-sided
die
ii. Not paying your water bill on time and having your water cut off.
iii. Owning a cat and growing your own vegetable garden

a. i b. ii c. i & ii d. i & iii

3. Which among the following is not an example of independent event?

i. Landing on tails after tossing a coin and  rolling a 3 on a single 6-sided
die
ii. Not paying your water bill on time and having your water cut off.
iii. Owning a cat and growing your own vegetable garden
a. i b. ii c. i & ii d. i, ii & iii

For items 2-7:

A bag contains 10 red marbles, 6 blue marbles, and 4 yellow marbles. A
marble is drawn at random and the color is noted and then put back inside the
box. Then, another marble is drawn at random.
4. What is the probability that both are blue?
9 1 3 1
a. b. c. d.
100 10 20 25

5. What is the probability that the first is red and the second is yellow?
9 1 3 4
a. b. c. d.
100 10 20 25

6. What is the probability that the first is red and the second is blue?
9 1 3 4
a. b. c. d.
100 10 20 25

7. What is the probability that both are yellow?

9 1 3 1
a. b. c. d.
100 10 20 25

8. Two cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards. It is then replaced
and a second card is chosen. What is the probability of choosing two kings?
4 1 2 1
a. b. c. d.
69 23 69 69

37
9. Two cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards. It is then replaced
and a second card is chosen .What is the probability that the first card is a
jack and the second card is a ten?
4 1 2 1
a. b. c. d.
69 23 69 69

10. A coin is tossed and a single 6-sided die is rolled. Find the probability of
landing on the head side of the coin and rolling a 3 on the die.
1 1 1 3
a. b. c. d.
12 6 2 4

11. Three cards are chosen at random from a deck of 52 cards It is then replaced.
What is the probability of choosing an ace, a king, and a queen in order?
1 8 8 1
a. b. c. d.
2197 5525 16,575 6,578

12. A school survey found that 3 out of 10 students walk to school. If 3 students
are selected at random with replacement, what is the probability that all 3 walk
to school?
11 17 27
a. b. c. d.
999 1000 1000
37
999

13. A jar contains 3 red, 5 green, 2 blue and 6 yellow marbles. A marble is chosen
at random from the jar. After replacing it, a second marble is chosen. What is
the probability of choosing a green and then a yellow marble?
15 15 15 15
a. b. c. d.
125 127 128 12

14. A survey found that 72% of people in Bukidnon like pizza. If 3 people are
selected at random, what is the probability that all three like pizza?
a. 37% b. 38 % c. 39 % d. 40 %

15. A survey showed that 65% of all children in La Roxas dislike eating
vegetables. If 4 children are chosen at random, what is the probability that all
4 dislike eating vegetables? (Round your answer to the nearest percent.)
a. 18 % b. 20 % c. 26 % d. 28 %

38
 Additional Activity: Independently Chosen 2.
A. Solve the hidden quotation by answering the following problems. Choose your
answer inside the box below and write the letter that corresponds to its number
found underlined at the bottom. Be careful in choosing the letter. Enjoy.

1. A jar contains 6 red balls, 4 green balls, 3 white balls and 7 yellow balls. Two
balls are chosen from the jar, with replacement. What is the probability that
both balls chosen are green?

1. How many red balls are there?

2. How many green balls are there?
3. How many white balls are there?
4. How many yellow balls are there?
5. How many balls are there all in all?
6. What is the formula for probability of event?
7. What is the probability of red balls?
8. What is the probability of green balls?
9. What is the probability of white balls?
10. What is the probability of yellow balls?
11. What is the formula for independent event?
12. What is the probability that both balls chosen are green?
13. What is the probability that both balls chosen are yellow?
14. What is the probability that the first ball is red and the second is yellow?
15. What is the probability that the first ball is white and the second is red?

4 3 n ( event )
A or Y. 4 N.6 W.3 G.20 O. R. Y. 7 L. P ( E )= .
20 20 n ( total event )

4 1 7 6
K or W.3 H. T. I. U. N. P ( A∧B )=P ( A ) ∙ P (B)
10 25 20 20

49 21 9 7
D or V.6 H. S. H. B.
400 200 200 19
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
2 6 6 8 7 9 1 10 5 11 10 12 4

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ . ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6 10 13 14 10 11 12 15 8 7 5 15 12 6 13 12 7 14
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___, ___ ___ ___ ___ , ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ __.
14 12 9 10 1 13 12 15 13 11 12 8 12 15 10 11 3 3 13 6 6

-BLAISE PASCAL

39
40
 Lesson Problem Solving Involving Conditional
3 Probability of Dependent Events

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you will work on solving conditional probability, also:

 Define and illustrate conditional probability of dependent event
 Solve problems on conditional probability of dependent event
 Appreciate the concept of solving problems on conditional probability of
dependent event in real life

What I Know
PRE-TEST

Choose and encircle the letter of the best answer. Take note of the items that you
were not able to answer correctly and find out the right answer as you go through
this module.

1. It is the probability of one event occurring with some relationship to one or

more other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. compound events

2. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

3. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is not affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

4. It is the formula for conditional probability of dependent events.

a. P ( A∧B )=P ( B ) P ( A|B ) b. P ( A∧B )=P ( B ) P ( A|C ) c.
P ( A∧B )=P ( B ) P ( B| A ) d. P ( A∧B )=P ( C ) P ( A|B )

41
 5. At a basketball game, 80% of the fans cheered for team B. In the same
crowd, 20% of the fans were waving banners and cheering for team B. What
is the probability that a fan waved a banner given that the fan cheered for
team B?
a. 25 % b. 30 % c. 35 % d. 40 %

6. A math teacher gave her class two tests. Twenty-five percent of the class
passed both tests and 42% of the class passed the first test. What percent of
those who passed the first test also passed the second test?
a. 50 % b. 55 % c. 60 % d. 65 %

7. A jar contains green and red marbles. Two marbles are chosen without
replacement. The probability of selecting a green marble and then a red
marble is 0.34, and the probability of selecting a green marble on the first
draw is 0.47. What is the probability of selecting a red marble on the second
draw, given that the first marble drawn was green?
a. 71 % b. 72 % c. 73 % d. 74 %

8. The probability that it is Monday and that a student is absent is 0.03. Since
there are 5 school days in a week, the probability that it is Monday is 0.2.
What is the probability that a student is absent given that today is Monday?
a. 30 % b. 25 % c. 20 % d. 15 %

9. At Kuya NHS Annex- La Roxas, the probability that a student takes Livelihood
and SPORTS is 0.087. The probability that a student takes Livelihood is 0.68.
What is the probability that a student takes SPORTS given that the student is
taking Livelihood?
a. 13 % b. 14 % c. 15 % d. 16 %

10. In Bukidnon, 48% of all teenagers like basketball and 39% of all teenagers
likes basketball and volleyball. What is the probability that a teenager likes
volleyball given that the teenager likes basketball?
a. 73 % b. 80 % c. 81 % d. 91 %

For items 11 and 12: A family has two children.

11. What is the probability that the younger child is a boy given that at least one
of the children is a boy?
1 2 4 5
a. b. c. d.
3 3 3 3

12. What is the probability that the younger child is a boy given that at least one of
the children is a boy?
1 2 4 5
a. b. c. d.
3 3 3 3

13. At a middle school, 18% of all students play football and basketball and 32%
of all students play football. What is the probability that a student plays
basketball given that the student plays football?

42
 a. 177 % b. 58 % c. 57 % d. 56 %

14. In La Roxas, 54% of all children get an allowance and 41% of all children get
an allowance and do household chores. What is the probability that a child
does household chores given that the child gets an allowance?
a. 75 % b. 76 % c. 85 % d. 131 %

15. In Maramag, 80% of all households have a television. 41% of all households
have a television and a VCR. What is the probability that a household has a
VCR given that it has a television?
a. 33 % b. 41 % c. 51 % d. 172 %

How was the pre-test so far? Did you get the answers correctly? For you to be
guided and for you to better understand our lesson. Let us continue by answering
the next activities.

43
 What’s In

After studying the dependent and independent events, we are now going to
learn about conditional probability. Conditional probability plays a key role in many
practical applications in probability. This lesson will expose you to situations in which
you could make prediction or make decision as you solve problems in conditional
probability. Let’s begin by answering activity 1.

Activity 1: Probability with Condition

Consider the situation and answer the questions that follow.

Roy bought four different batteries. Of these four, one is defective. Two are to
be selected at random for use on a particular day.

Guide Questions:

1. Draw a tree diagram associated with the experiment of selecting two batteries
from among four, in which one is defective.

2. List the sample space. How many outcomes are there?

3. Find the probability that the second that the second battery selected is not
defective.

4. What if you find the probability that the second battery selected is not
defective, given that the first was not defective?

What’s New
Let’s explore!
Activity 2: Exploring Condition Further
Consider the situation and answer the question that follows.
First test Second test

Kim took two tests. The probability of her passing both tests is 0.6. The
probability of her passing the first test is 0.8. What is the probability of her passing
the second test given that she has passed the first test?

44
 What Is It

Discussion

In activity 1, a condition was given when you are asked to find the probability
of an event. This shows an example of probability involving conditions which is
reffered to as conditional probability. To understand conditional probability further, let
us go back to the two activities one by one and try to check if we have the same
answers.

Guide Question Figure/ Expression Discussion

In making a tree diagram,
1. Draw a tree diagram the nondefective
associated with the batteries are represented
experiment of selecting by g while the defective
two batteries from battery is represented by
among four, in which d.
one is defective.

2. List the sample Sample space: 12 As you noticed, it will be

space. How many ¿ easy to write the sample
outcomes are there? space following the tree
diagram.

3. Find the probability 9 3You can find the

P= ( second is g )= ∨
that the second battery 12 4probability that the
selected is not second battery selected
defective. is not defective by
counting all the samples
that has g in the sample
space may it be g1,g2,or
g3
4. What if you find the 6 You can solve this by
probability that the P g ∩ g 12 2 finding the intersection of
P ( g2|g1 )= 2 1
= =
second battery P g1 9 3 the two given batteries
selected is not 12 6
which is divided by
defective, given that 12
the first was not the given that the first
defective? was not defective which
9
is . That is why we
12
2
have .
3
1. Roy bought four different batteries. Of these four, one is defective. Two are to
be selected at random for use on a particular day.

45
 Guide question number 4 is an example of conditional probability of dependent
event. For us to understand more about conditional probability let us look at your
answer and my answer in activity 2.

First test Second test

Kim took two tests. The probability of her passing both tests is 0.6. The
probability of her passing the first test is 0.8. What is the probability of her passing
the second test given that she has passed the first test?

Guide Question Figure/ Expression/Solution Discussion

P( A ∩ B) This problem shows a
1. Does the problem P ( B| A )= if P( A)≠ 0.
P ( A) conditional probability since
shows a conditional it asks us to find the
probability? probability that the second
test was passed given that
the first test was passed.
The conditional probability
of an event B occurring
given that event A has
occurred. This formula is
derived from multiplication
rule. When two events, A
and B, are dependent, the
probability of both events
occurring is
P ( A∧B )=P ( B ) P ( A|B ) Also,
P ( A∧B )=P ( A ) P ( B| A )
2. we can have this solution: So going back to our
Let A= be probability of her activity, the probability of
passing the first test her passing the second test
B= the probability of her given that she has passed
passing both tests is 0.6 the first test is obtained by
dividing the probability of
P( A ∩ B)
P ( B| A )= her passing both tests is
P ( A) 0.6 and the probability of
0.6 her passing the first test is
¿ 0.8.
0.8
¿ 0.75∨75 %

Therefore, the the probability of

her passing the second test
given that she has passed the
first test is 0.75∨75 %.

46
 What’s More

GUIDED Practice

You can look into activity 2 discussion for guidance in answering this activity.
Answer the activity below with the guides before you will do it on your own.

Be guided by this.

How to find the Conditional Probability from a word problem?

Step 1: Write out the Conditional Probability Formula in terms of the problem
Step 2: Substitute in the values and solve

Try This by Fill in the blanks or box.

1. A bag contains red and blue marbles. Two marbles are drawn without
replacement. The probability of selecting a red marble and then a blue marble
is 0.28. The probability of selecting a red marble on the first draw is 0.5. What
is the probability of selecting a blue marble on the second draw, given that the
first marble drawn was red?

Solution:
Let:
A= the probability of selecting a red marble and then a blue marble.
A ∩ B = the probability of selecting a red marble on the first draw.

P( A ∩ B)
P ( B| A )=
P()

¿ ❑
0.5
¿ 0.56∨¿ %
Therefore, probability of selecting a blue marble on the second draw, given that
the first marble drawn was red is ¿¿ .

2. What is the probability that the total of two dice will be greater than 9, given
that the first die is a 5?
Let:
A= first die is __________
A ∩ B = total two dice is greater than 9.
1
P(A)=
6
2 2
Possible outcomes for A and B are (5,5), (5,6)= ÷ =¿
36 2 ¿

47
 1
P ( ¿¿ ) 18
P ( B| A )= = =¿
P( A ) ❑ ¿

3. A jar contains black and white marbles. Two marbles are chosen without
replacement. The probability of selecting a black marble and then a white marble
is 0.34, and the probability of selecting a black marble on the first draw is 0.47.
What is the probability of selecting a white marble on the second draw, given that the first
marble drawn was black?

Let:
___= the probability of selecting a black marble on the first draw
A ∩ B = the probability of selecting a _____ marble and then a ____
marble

P( A ∩ B)
P ( B| A )=
P ( A)
0.34
¿
0.47
¿¿ ∨72 %
Therefore,________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.

How was the activity? It is just easy right? Now it’s your turn to be independent. I know
you can answer these problems. Good luck.

Activity 3: Yes You Can.

. Answer the activity below by following the activity above. I know you can do
it on your own.

1-5. At Kuya National High School, the probability that a student takes
Computer subject and language is 0.15. The probability that a student
takes Computer subject is 0.4.What is the probability that a student takes
language given that the student is taking Computer subject?

6-10. Two dice are rolled in succession and the first die shows a three. Knowing
this, find the probability that the sum shown by the dice is five, six or
seven.

11-15. In Maramag, 64% of the houses have garage and 42% of the house have
a garage and a back yard. What is the probability that a house is has a
backyard given that it has a garage?

48
 What I Have Learned

Activity 7: Depend No More.

1. Define Conditional probability in your own terms.

Conditional probability-

2. State a formula for involves conditional probability of dependent events in the box.

What I Can Do

This section is an opportunity for you to apply what you have learned in this lesson
in real-life situations. You are asked to do certain tasks that will demonstrate your
understanding of conditional probability of dependent events.

Activity 8: Real Na Real

1. Describe a situation in your life that involves conditional probability of dependent
events. Explain why the events are dependent.

2. Formulate your own problems involving involves conditional probability of dependent

events

49
 Assessment:

Choose and encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. It is the probability of one event occurring with some relationship to one or

more other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. compound events

2. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

3. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is not affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

4. It is the formula for conditional probability of dependent events.

a. P ( A∧B )=P ( B ) P ( A|B ) b. P ( A∧B )=P ( B ) P ( A|C ) c.
P ( A∧B )=P ( B ) P ( B| A ) d. P ( A∧B )=P ( C ) P ( A|B )

5. At a basketball game, 80% of the fans cheered for team B. In the same
crowd, 20% of the fans were waving banners and cheering for team B. What
is the probability that a fan waved a banner given that the fan cheered for
team B?
a. 25 % b. 30 % c. 35 % d. 40 %

6. A math teacher gave her class two tests. Twenty-five percent of the class
passed both tests and 42% of the class passed the first test. What percent of
those who passed the first test also passed the second test?
a. 50 % b. 55 % c. 60 % d. 65 %

7. A jar contains green and red marbles. Two marbles are chosen without
replacement. The probability of selecting a green marble and then a red
marble is 0.34, and the probability of selecting a green marble on the first
draw is 0.47. What is the probability of selecting a red marble on the second
draw, given that the first marble drawn was green?
a. 71 % b. 72 % c. 73 % d. 74 %

8. The probability that it is Monday and that a student is absent is 0.03. Since
there are 5 school days in a week, the probability that it is Monday is 0.2.
What is the probability that a student is absent given that today is Monday?
a. 30 % b. 25 % c. 20 % d. 15 %

50
 9. At Kuya NHS Annex- La Roxas, the probability that a student takes Livelihood
and SPORTS is 0.087. The probability that a student takes Livelihood is 0.68.
What is the probability that a student takes SPORTS given that the student is
taking Livelihood?
a. 13 % b. 14 % c. 15 % d. 16 %

10. In Bukidnon, 48% of all teenagers like basketball and 39% of all teenagers
like basketball and volleyball. What is the probability that a teenager likes
volleyball given that the teenager likes basketball?
a. 73 % b. 80 % c. 81 % d. 91 %

For items 11 and 12: A family has two children.

11. What is the probability that the younger child is a boy given that at least one
of the children is a boy?
1 2 4 5
a. b. c. d.
3 3 3 3

12. What is the probability that the younger child is a boy given that at least one of
the children is a boy?
1 2 4 5
a. b. c. d.
3 3 3 3

13. At a middle school, 18% of all students play football and basketball and 32%
of all students play football. What is the probability that a student plays
basketball given that the student plays football?
a. 177 % b. 58 % c. 57 % d. 56 %

14. In La Roxas, 54% of all children get an allowance and 41% of all children get
an allowance and do household chores. What is the probability that a child
does household chores given that the child gets an allowance?
a. 75 % b. 76 % c. 85 % d. 131 %

15. In Maramag, 80% of all households have a television. 41% of all households
have a television and a VCR. What is the probability that a household has a
VCR given that it has a television?
a. 33 % b. 41 % c. 51 % d. 172 %

51
 Additional Activity: Conditionally Dependent

Answer the following:

1-5. In a group of 100 sports car buyers, 40 bought alarm systems, 30

purchased bucket seats, and 20 purchased an alarm system and bucket
seats. If a car buyer chosen at random bought an alarm system, what is
the probability they also bought bucket seats?

6-10. A family has two children. What is the probability that the younger child is
a boy,
a. given that at least one of the children is a girl.
b. given that at least one of the children is a boy.

11-15. At a basketball game, 70% of the fans cheered for team B. In the same
crowd, 30% of the fans were waving banners and cheering for team B.
What is the probability that a fan waved a banner given that the fan
cheered for team B?

B. Using Venn Diagram

For numbers 1 to 3, consider the Venn diagram on the right.

1. What does the Venn diagram illustrate? A B

2. Using the Venn diagram, how do you find P ( B| A ) ?
3. Write the situation that can be illustrated by
the Venn diagram A and B

52
 Lesson Problem Solving Involving Conditional
4 Probability of Independent Events

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you will work on solving conditional probability, also:

 Define and illustrate conditional probability of independent event
 Solve problems on conditional probability of independent event
 Appreciate the concept of solving problems on conditional probability of
independent event in real life

What I Know
PRE-TEST

Choose and encircle the letter of the best answer. Take note of the items that you
were not able to answer correctly and find out the right answer as you go through
this module.

1. It is the probability of one event occurring with some relationship to one or

more other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. compound events

2. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

3. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is not affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

53
For items 4-6: Consider the table below showing male and female who have pets
and do not have pets.

Have pets Do not have pets Total

Male 0.08 0.41 0.49
Female 0.06 0.45 0.51
Total 0.14 0.86 1

4. What is the probability a randomly selected person is male, given that they
have pets?
a. 57 % b. 58 % c. 59 % d. 60 %

5. What is the probability a randomly selected person is female, given that they
have pets?
a. 29 % b. 40 % c. 41 % d. 43 %

6. What is the probability a randomly selected person is male, given that they
don’t have pets?

a. 45 % b. 46 % c. 47 % d. 48 %

For items 7-10, consider the problem below.

A box of crayons has these colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet,
brown, black, pink, white, gold, and turquoise. You take a crayon at random
from the box with your eyes closed.

7. How many outcomes are there?

a. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 14

8. While your eyes are still closed, I tell you that the colour of the crayon you
picked has exactly five letters in its name. How many outcomes are there
now?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

9. What is the conditional probability that you drew a green crayon, given that
the colour has five letters in its name?
3 1 1
a. 1 b. c. d.
4 2 4

10. What is the conditional probability that you drew the blue crayon, given that
the colour has five letters in its name?
3 1
a. 1 b. c. d. 0
5 2

11. What is the probability that the total of two dice will be greater than 9, given
that the first die is a 5?
1 1 3 4
a. b. c. d.
3 4 5 5
54
For items 12-15: A study examined residents of a mining town to see if the mining
operation had adverse health effects. The table below shows the percentages of
respondents who had either of two health factors related to lung cancer, and lung
cancer itself.

Lung cancer No lung cancer Total

Smoker 12.9 6.05 18.95
Smoker & Family History 8.95 1.15 10.1
Family History 5.25 3.9 9.15
Neither factor 4.45 57.35 61.8
Total 31.55 68.45 100 %

12. What is the probability that a resident picked at random had a lung cancer,
given that they were a smoker with no family history of cancer?
a. 68.06 % b. 68.07 % c. 68.09 % d.68.1 %

13. What is the probability that a resident picked at random had both health
factors, given that they had lung cancer?
a. 26.37 % b. 27.37 % c. 28.37 % d.29.37 %

14. What is the probability that a resident picked at random had neither health
factor, given that they had no lung cancer?
a. 83.75 % b. 83.76 % c. 83.77 % d.83.78 %

15. What is the probability that a resident picked at random had a lung cancer,
given that they had at least one health factor?
b. 70.94 % b. 69.94 % c. 68.94 % d.67.94 %

55
 What’s In

The previous lesson focused on conditional probability of dependent events.

In this lesson you will learn conditional probability of independent events. Before
that, let us have a review on our previous lesson by answering activity 1.

Activity 1: Probability with Condition

Consider the situation and answer the questions that follow.

A box contains 3 defective and 4 nondefective transistors. One randomly

selects a transistor (without replacement) until a nondefective one is obtained. What
is the probability that the number of transistors selected is three?

Guide Questions:

1. Draw a tree diagram associated with the experiment that the number of
transistors selected is three.
2. Using the dependent event formula, what is the probability that the number of
transistors selected is there?
3. Compare your answer in the tree diagram and using the dependent event
formula.

What’s New

Let’s explore!

Activity 2: Exploring Condition Further

Consider the situation and answer the questions that follow.

A proficiency examination for certain literacy skills was given 100 students.
The breakdown of the examination results of the students are shown in the table
below.
Male (M) Female (F) Total
Pass (P) 24 36 60
Fail (F) 16 24 40
40 60 100

Suppose that a student is selected at random from among 100 students who
took the examination.
1. Are the events P and M independent? Explain.
2. Are the events P and F independent? Explain.

56
 3. Find the probability that the students passed the exam, given that he was a
male.
4. Find the probability that the student was a male given that a passing grade
was received.
5. Find the probability that the student was a female, given that a passing grade
was received.
What Is It

Discussion

Did you get the answer correctly in activity 1? If no, then practice more about
our previous topic. If yes, then let us continue with our topic today. For us to
understand more about conditional probability let us look at your answer and my
answer in activity 2.

A proficiency examination for certain literacy skills was given 100 students.
The breakdown of the examination results of the students are shown in the table
below.

Male (M) Female (F) Total

Pass (P) 24 36 60
Fail (F) 16 24 40
40 60 100

Suppose that a student is selected at random from among 100 students who
took the examination.

Guide Question Figure/ Expression/Solution Discussion

1. Are the events P Let us find the probability of P Since these
and M given that M has occurred and probabilities are the
independent? see if it is different from the same, events P∧M are
Explain. probability of P. So we have, independent. P inside
- We can say that the 24 3 the parenthesis
P ( P| M )= ∨ and
events are 40 5 represents the event
independent if “Pass.” You can go back
60 3
P ( P| M )=P ( P )∨¿ P( P)= ∨ to the given table for
100 5
P ( M|P )=P ( M ) reference.
¿ P ( P∧M )=P ( P ) P ( M ) .

2. Are the events P 36 3 Since they are the same,

P ( P| F ) =
∨ and
and F 60 5 then events P and F are
independent? 60 3 also independent.
P( P)= ∨
Explain 100 5

3. Find the 24 There are 40 males. Of

P ( P| M )= ∨0.60
probability that 40 these 40 males, 24
the students passed the proficiency
passed the examination. So, the
exam, given that probability is 0.60.
he was a male.
57
 Guide Question Figure/ Discussion
Expression/Solution
4. Find the 24 There are 60 students that
so P ( M|P )= ∨0.40
probability that the 60 passed the proficiency
student was a male examination. Of these 60
given that a passing students, 24 are male. So,
grade was received. probability that the student was a
male given that a passing grade
was received is 0.40.
5. Find the 36 There are 60 students that
so P ( F|P ) = ∨0.60
probability that 60 passed the proficiency
the student was a examination. Of these 60
female, given that students, 36 are male. So, the
a passing grade probability that the student was a
was received. female, given that a passing
grade was received is 0.60.
We can say that events A and B are independent if
P( A ∩ B)=P( A)⋅ P (B)

The formula in the definition has two practical but exactly opposite uses:
In a situation in which we can compute all three probabilities P( A) , P( B) , and P( A ∩ B),
it is used to check whether or not the events A and B are independent:

If P( A ∩ B)=P( A)⋅ P (B) then A and B are independent.

If P( A ∩ B)≠ P( A)⋅ P (B), then A and B are not independent.

In a situation in which each of P ¿) and P(B) can be computed and it is known that
A and B are independent, then we can compute P( A ∩ B) by multiplying together
P( A)∧P(B): P ( A ∩B)=P ( A )⋅ P( B).

Examples:
1. A single fair die is rolled. Let A={3}A={3} and B={1,3,5}.B={1,3,5}. Are A and B
independent?

Solution:
In this example we can compute all three probabilities
1 1 1
P ( A )= , P( B)= , and P( A ∩ B)=P({3 })= . Since the product
6 2 6
1 1 1 1
P( A) · P( B)=( )( )= is not the same number P( A ∩ B)= , the events A
6 2 12 6
and B are not independent

58
 2. Consider the table below showing A as the age group under 30 years old who
purchase 2 different brands of shoes.

Age Group Brand X Brand Y Total

A (under 30 years old) 34% 6% 40%
A’ (under 30 years old) 51% 9% 60%
Total 85% 15% 100%

1. What is the probability that a person is chosen at random purchases Brand X?

P ( X )=0.85
2. What is the probability that a person is chosen at random is under 30 years
old?
P ( A )=0.40
3. What is the probability that a person is chosen at random purchases Brand X
and is under 30 years old?
P ( X ∩ A )=0.34

4. What is the probability that a person is chosen at random purchases Brand X

and he or she is under 30 years old?
P ( X ∩ A ) 0.34
P ( X| A ) = = =0.85
P(A) 0.40
Note that number 1 and number 4 are both equal.

What’s More

GUIDED Practice

Now it’s your turn to practice. Answer the following by filling in the blanks.

Activity 3: In Condition for Independent

Consider the table below showing A as the age group under 30 years old who
purchase 2 different brands of shoes.

Age Group Brand X Brand Y Total

A (under 30 years old) 34% 6% 40%
A’ (under 30 years old) 51% 9% 60%
Total 85% 15% 100%

1. What is the probability that a person chosen at random purchases Brand Y?

__________________________________

59
 2. What is the probability that a person chosen at random is under 30 years old?
__________________________________

3. What is the probability that a person chosen at random purchases Brand Y

and is under 30 years old?
________________________________

4-5. What is the probability that a person chosen at random purchases Brand Y
and he or she is under 30 years old?
P ( Y ∩ A ) 0.06
P ( Y |A )= = =¿
P ( ¿¿ ) 0.40 ¿

6. What is the probability that a person chosen at random purchases Brand Y?

________________________________

7. What is the probability that a person chosen at random is not under 30 years
old?
_______________________________

8-10. What is the probability that a person chosen at random purchases Brand Y
and is not under 30 years old?
P ( ¿¿ ) 0.09
P ( Y |A ' )= = =¿
P(A') ¿¿ ¿

11. What is the probability that a person is chosen at random purchases Brand X?
_______________________________

12. What is the probability that a person is chosen at random is not under 30
years old?
_______________________________

13. What is the probability that a person is chosen at random purchases Brand X
and is under 30 years old?

14-15. What is the probability that a person is chosen at random purchases Brand
A and he or she is under 30 years old?
P ( X ∩ A ') ¿
P ( X| A ' ) = = ¿ =¿ ¿
P(A') 0.60

60
 What I Have Learned

Activity 6: Conditionally Independent.

Covering Ideas

1. Differentiate conditional probability of dependent and independent event

2. State the formula for conditional probability of independent event in the box.

3. Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring with some

_______________ to one or more other .

What I Can Do

This section is an opportunity for you to apply what you have learned in this lesson in real-life
situations. You are asked to do certain tasks that will demonstrate your understanding of conditional
probability.

Activity 5: Conditions in Real Life

Make a research report. Choose your own topic of study or choose from any
in the recommended topics given below. Focus on the question that follows:

How can I use statistics and probability to help others make informed
decisions regarding my chosen topic?
Recommended Topics:
1. Driving and cellphone use
2. Diet and health
3. Professional athletics
61
 4. Costs associated with a college education.

Assessment: Conditionally Chosen.

Choose and encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. It is the probability of one event occurring with some relationship to one or

more other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. compound events

2. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

3. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is not affected by other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

For items 4-6: Consider the table below showing male and female who have pets
and do not have pets.

Have pets Do not have pets Total

Male 0.08 0.41 0.49
Female 0.06 0.45 0.51
Total 0.14 0.86 1

4. What is the probability a randomly selected person is male, given that they
have pets?
b. 57 % b. 58 % c. 59 % d. 60 %

5. What is the probability a randomly selected person is female, given that they
have pets?
b. 29 % b. 40 % c. 41 % d. 43 %

6. What is the probability a randomly selected person is male, given that they
don’t have pets?

b. 45 % b. 46 % c. 47 % d. 48 %

For items 7-10, consider the problem below.

A box of crayons has these colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet,
brown, black, pink, white, gold, and turquoise. You take a crayon at random
from the box with your eyes closed.

62
 7. How many outcomes are there?
b. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 14

8. While your eyes are still closed, I tell you that the colour of the crayon you
picked has exactly five letters in its name. How many outcomes are there
now?
b. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

9. What is the conditional probability that you drew a green crayon, given that
the colour has five letters in its name?
3 1 1
b. 1 b. c. d.
4 2 4

10. What is the conditional probability that you drew the blue crayon, given that
the colour has five letters in its name?
3 1
b. 1 b. c. d. 0
5 2

11. What is the probability that the total of two dice will be greater than 9, given
that the first die is a 5?
1 1 3 4
b. b. c. d.
3 4 5 5

For items 12-15: A study examined residents of a mining town to see if the mining
operation had adverse health effects. The table below shows the percentages of
respondents who had either of two health factors related to lung cancer, and lung
cancer itself.

Lung cancer No lung cancer Total

Smoker 12.9 6.05 18.95
Smoker & Family History 8.95 1.15 10.1
Family History 5.25 3.9 9.15
Neither factor 4.45 57.35 61.8
Total 31.55 68.45 100 %

12. What is the probability that a resident picked at random had a lung cancer,
given that they were a smoker with no family history of cancer?
c. 68.06 % b. 68.07 % c. 68.09 % d.68.1 %

13. What is the probability that a resident picked at random had both health
factors, given that they had lung cancer?
b. 26.37 % b. 27.37 % c. 28.37 % d.29.37 %

14. What is the probability that a resident picked at random had neither health
factor, given that they had no lung cancer?
b. 83.75 % b. 83.76 % c. 83.77 % d.83.78 %

15. What is the probability that a resident picked at random had a lung cancer,
given that they had at least one health factor?
d. 70.94 % b. 69.94 % c. 68.94 % d.67.94 %

63
 Additional Activity:
Answer the problem below.

A. In a sample of 902 individuals under 40 who were or had previously been

married, each person was classified according to gender and age at first
marriage. The results are summarized in the following two-way
classification table, where the meaning of the labels is:

M: male
F: female
E: a teenager when first married
W: in one’s twenties when first married
H: in one’s thirties when first married

E W H Total
M 43 293 114 450
F 82 299 71 452
Total 125 592 185 902

1. Find the probability that the individual selected was a teenager at first
marriage, given that the person is male.

2. Find the probability that the individual selected was a teenager at first
marriage, given that the person is female.

3. Find the probability that the individual selected was in one’s twenties when
first married.

4. Find the probability that the individual selected was in one’s twenties when
first married, given that the person is male.

B. Assume S and Q are independent events with P ( S )=0.2 and P ( Q )=0.3 . Let
T be the event that at least one of S or Q occurs. Let R be the event that
exactly one of S or Q occurs. Find the following probabilities

a. P (T )
b. P (R )
c. P ( S|R )
d. P ( R|S )
e. Determine whether Sand R are independent.

64
Summary
This lesson was about problem solving of compound event . You learned to:

 Dependent Events are events that rely on another event to happen first.

two events are dependent, if the occurrence of one event influences
the probability of another event.
Formula:
P ( A∧B )=¿ P ( A ) ∙ P ( B following A ) or P( A∧B)=P ( A )· P(B∨ A)

 Independent events are not affected by previous events.

- Two events are independent if the outcome of one event does not affect the
outcome of the other event. Meaning the events have no influence to each other.

Formula:
P ( A∧B )=¿ P ( A ) ∙ P ( B )Or P( A ∩ B)=P( A) · P( B).

 The conditional probability of an event B occurring given that event A has

occurred. This formula is derived from multiplication rule. When two events, A and B,
are dependent, the probability of both events occurring is P ( A∧B )=P ( B ) P ( A|B )
Also, P ( A∧B )=P ( A ) P ( B| A )

We have:
P( A ∩ B)
P ( B| A )= if P( A)≠ 0.
P ( A)

We can say that events A and B are independent if

P( A ∩ B)=P( A) ⋅P (B)

The formula in the definition has two practical but exactly opposite uses:
In a situation in which we can compute all three probabilities P( A), P(B), and
P( A ∩ B), it is used to check whether or not the events A and B are independent:

If P( A ∩ B)=P( A) ⋅P (B) then A and B are independent.

If P( A ∩ B)≠ P( A)⋅ P (B) , then A and B are not independent.

65
66
 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Choose the letter of the best answer. Take note of the items that you were not able
to answer correctly and find out the right answer as you go through this module.

1. It is the probability of one event occurring with some relationship to one or

more other events.
a. Dependent event b. conditional probability
c. Independent event d. union of event

2. It is an event that influences the probability of other events – or their

probability of occurring is affected by other events.
a. Dependent event c. conditional probability
b. Independent event d. union of event

3. It is an event that do not affect one another and do not increase or decrease
the probability of another event happening.
a. Dependent event c. conditional probability
b. Independent event d. union of event

4. Parking illegally and getting a parking ticket is an example of…

a. Dependent event c. conditional probability
b. Independent event d. union of event
5. Meeting your friend on your way home and finding a 10- peso coin is an
example of…
a. Dependent event c. conditional probability
b. Independent event d. union of event

6. The chance of a flight being delayed is 0.2 (=20%), what are the chances of
no delays on a round trip?
a. 0.8 b. 0.16 c. 0.04 d. 0.64

7. There are 5 red roses, 3 yellow roses, and 8 white roses in a tray. If Roxanne
picked 2 roses one after the other without replacing, then what is the
probability of picking a white rose first and a red rose next?
a. 0.1 6 b. 0.18 c. 0.19 d. 0.20

8. A box contains 6 white marbles and 4 red marbles. A marble is randomly

selected, replaced, and the second marble is randomly selected. What is the
probability of selecting a white marbles then a red marble?
6 6 5 5
a. 24 b. 25 c. 11 d. 22

67
9. A box of candies contains 5 yema candies, 8 sampaloc candies, and 10
bucayo candies. Jenevive randomly chooses a candy, eats it, and then
randomly chooses another candy. What is the probability that Jenevive chose
a yema candy, and then a sampaloc candy?
20 20 20 20
a. 243 b. 253 c. 263 d. 273

10. There are 6 pink and 8 white balls in a bag. If two balls are drawn after the
other, then what is the probability of getting a pink ball first and white ball next,
if the first ball drawn is replaced?
6 8 12
a. 14 b. 14 c. 1 d. 49

11. A Fair die is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting a 4 or 5 on the first
toss and a 1,2,or 3 in the second toss.
1 1 1
a. 3 b. 6 c. 2 d.1

12. Roy bought four different batteries. Of these four, one is defective. Roy
randomly selected two batteries to be used in that particular day. Find the
probability that the second battery selected is not defective, given that the first
was not defective.
2 1 1 1
a. . 3 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2

13. In a group of 100 sports car buyers, 40 bought alarm systems, 30 purchased
bucket seats, and 20 purchased an alarm system and bucket seats. If a car
buyer chosen at random bought an alarm system, what is the probability they
also bought bucket seats?
a. 0.40 b. 0.30 c. 0.60 d. 0.50

14. Ella took two tests. The probability of her passing both tests is 0.6. The
probability of her passing the first test is 0.8. What is the probability of her
passing the second test given that she has passed the first test?
a. 0.60 b. 0.70 c. 0.75 d. 0.80

15. At Kuya National High School- Annex La Roxas, the probability that a student
joins Science Club and Mathematics Club is 0.087. The probability that a
student joins Science Club is 0.68. What is the probability that a student joins
the Mathematics Club given that the student is a member of Science Club?
a. 0.128 b. 0.129 c. 0.130 d. 0.131

68
 Pre-test
1. c
Key to Answers 2. a
3. b
4. a
5. b
6. d
7. a
Activity 3: 8. b
Dependently 9. b
Chosen 10. d
Activity 1 Jumbled word 11. b
dependent 1. Union 12. a
independent 2. Intersection
13. d
3. Event
independent 14. c
4. Exclusive
dependent 5. dependent 15. a
dependent
independent
dependent
dependent
dependent
independent

Figure/ Expression Discussion

Activity 3 . SpreaDEPEND
n ( event ) So, if we let A = the probability if the
P ( E )= .
n ( total event ) first red mask was drawn in the box.
We let A = be the We can say that
probability of the n ( event ) 14
P ( ¿ red mask∨ A ) = =
__red____ mask drawn n ( total event ) 35

n ( event )=¿No. of red So the P ( A ) or the probability if the

masks=___14__ first red mask was drawn in the box is
14
n ( total event )=¿ Total No.
35
of all the
masks=14__+12+9_=35

n ( event ) 14
P ( A )= =
n ( total event ) 35
B
Let =the probability of n ( event ) 9
P ( yellow mask orB )= =
the second mask drawn n ( total event ) 34
is yellow.
So the P ( B ) or the probability if the
n ( event )=¿No. of yellow second mask was drawn in the box is
masks=_9__ 9
.
34
n ( total event )=¿ Total No.
Since the second draw is yellow, we
of all the
masks=13+12_+_9__=34 will get the number
69 of yellow in the
n ( event ) and we are going to add all
 Lesson 1 Pretest
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. A
11. C
12. B 5: This Depends!
Activity
Figure/ Expression 13. A
What 14.isCthe probability that Ella
We let P( A)= the and 15.
Jean B both chose juice
probability that Ella chose drinks, if Ella randomly chose
a juice drink. first and liked the first brand
she picked up?
n ( event )=¿No. of juice
drinks=10 Representation:
Let:
n ( total event )=¿ Total No. P( A)= the probability that Ella
of all the chose a juice drink.
drinks=10+6+3=19 P( B)= the probability that Jean
chose a juice drink
n ( event ) 10
P ( A )= =
n ( total event ) 19 P ( A∧B )=¿the probability that
Ella and Jean both chose juice
drinks
Let B=the probability that Solution:
Jean chose a juice drink 10 9
P ( A∧B )= ∙
19 18
n ( event )=¿No. of juice
drink =9 90 5
¿ ∨
342 19
n ( total event )=¿ Total No.
of all the drinks
Conclusion:
=9+6+3=18
Therefore, the probability
n ( event ) 9 that Ella and Jean both chose
P ( B )= = 5
n (total event ) 18 juice drinks is
19

70
 Activity 5: Representation
This Solution & Conclusion
Depends
Representation
Solution & Conclusion
a.
10
P ( A )=P ( milk chocolate )=
25
6
P( B )=P ( white chocolate )=
24

P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability that Charlene chooses a milk chocolate, and then a white chocolate

10 6 1
P ( A∧B )= ∙ =
25 24 10

1
Therefore, the probability that Charlene chooses a milk chocolate, and then a white chocolate is .
10
b.
8
P ( A )=P ( dark chocolate )=
25

10
P( B )=P ( milk chocolate )=
24

P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability that Charlene chooses a dark chocolate and then a milk chocolate

8 10 80 2
P ( A∧B )= ∙ = ∨
25 24 600 15

1
Therefore, the probability that Charlene chooses a dark chocolate, and then a milk chocolate is .
10
c.
10
P ( A )=( milk chocolate ) =
25

7
P( B following A )=P ( 1white )=
24
6
P( C following B )=P ( 1 white )=
23
P ( A , B ,∧C )=¿ the probability that Charlene chooses a milk chocolate, and then 2 white chocolate
in succession

P ( A , B ,∧C )=P ( 1 milk , 1 white ,1 white )

10 7 6 420 7
¿ ∙ ∙ = ∨
25 24 23 13,800 230

71
Activity 6: Dependent Pa More!
Representation
Solution & Conclusion
1a.
4
P ( A )=P ( king )=
52
4
P( B )=P ( queen ) =
51

P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability that the first card chosen is a king and the second card
chosen is a queen.

4 4 16 4
P ( A∧B )= ∙ = ∨
52 51 2,652 663

Therefore, the probability that first card chosen is a king and the second card chosen
4
is a queen is .
663

1b.
4
P ( A )=P ( Ace )=
52
3
P( B )=P ( ace )=
51

P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability that both cards chosen are aces.

4 3 12 1
P ( A∧B )= ∙ = ∨
52 51 2,652 221

1
Therefore, the probability that both cards chosen are aces is .
221

1c.
4
( A ) =P ( heart ) =
52
4
P( B )=P ( diamond )=
51

P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability that the first card chosen is a heart and the second card
chosen is a diamond.

72
 4 4 16 4
P ( A∧B )= ∙ = ∨
52 51 2,652 663

Therefore, the probability that the first card chosen is a heart and the second card
4
chosen is a diamond is .
663

2a.

5
P ( A )=( banana )=
20

5
P( B following A )=P ( guava )=
19
6
P( C following B )=P ( dalandan )=
18
P ( A , B ,∧C )=¿ the probability that she chose a banana, a guava then a dalandan.

P ( A , B ,∧C )=P ( banana , guava ,1 white )

5 5 6 150 5
¿ ∙ ∙ = ∨
20 19 18 6,840 228

5
Therefore, the probability that she chose a banana, a guava then a dalandan Is .
228

2b.
4
P ( A )=( lansones ) =
20

3
P( B following A )=P ( lansones )=
19
5
P( C following B )=P ( guava )=
18
P ( A , B ,∧C )=¿ the probability that she chose 2 lansones and a guava.

P ( A , B ,∧C )=P ( lansones , lansones , guava , )

4 3 5 60 1
¿ ∙ ∙ = ∨
20 19 18 6,840 114

1
Therefore the probability that she chose 2 lansones and a guavais .
114

2c.
6
P ( A )=( dalandan )=
20

5
P( B following A )=P ( guava )=
19
5
P( C following B )=P ( banana )=
18

73
P ( A , B ,∧C )=¿ the probability that she chose a banana, a guava then a dalandan.

P ( A , B ,∧C )=P ( banana , guava ,1 white )

6 5 5 150 5
¿ ∙ ∙ = ∨
20 19 18 6,840 228

5
Therefore, the probability that she chose a dalandan, a guava then a banana is .
228
3a.

18
( A ) =P ( girl )=
30
17
P( B )=P( girl)=
29

P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability both students chosen are girls

18 17 306 51
P ( A∧B )= ∙ = ∨
30 29 870 145

51
Therefore, the probability both students chosen are girls is .
145

3b.
12
( A ) =P ( boy ) =
30
11
P( B )=P(boy)=
29

P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability both students chosen are boys.

12 11 132 22
P ( A∧B )= ∙ = ∨
30 29 870 145

22
Therefore, the probability both students chosen are boys is .
145

4a.
8
P ( A )=P ( stuffed animal )=
23
7
P( B )=P ( stuffed animal )=
22

P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability that she chose 2 stuffed animals as the first two choices.
8 7 56 28
P ( A∧B )= ∙ = ∨
23 22 506 253

Therefore, the probability that she chose 2 stuffed animals as the first two choices is

74
 28
253

4b.
8
P ( A )=P ( stuffed animal )=
23
3
P( B )=P ( board game )=
22

P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability that she chose 2 stuffed animals as the first two choices.
8 3 24 12
P ( A∧B )= ∙ = ∨
23 22 506 253

Therefore, the probability that she chose 2 stuffed animals as the first two choices is
12
.
253

5a.
3
P ( A )=P ( defective ) =
20
2
P( B )=P ( defective ) =
19
1
P ( A )=P ( defective ) =
18

P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability that all three are defective if the first and second ones are
not replaced after being tested.
3 2 1
P ( A , B∧C )= ∙ ∙
20 19 18
6 1
¿ ∨
6840 1140

Therefore, the probability that all three are defective if the first and second ones are
1
not replaced after being tested is .
1,140

5b.
17
P ( A )=P ( not defective )=
20
16
P( B )=P ( not defective )=
19
3
P ( A )=P ( defective ) =
18

P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability that two are not defective and the third one is defective if
the first and second ones are not replaced after being tested.
17 16 3
P ( A , B∧C )= ∙ ∙
20 19 18

75
 816 34
¿ ∨
6840 285

Therefore, the probability that all three are defective if the first and second ones are
34
not replaced after being tested is .
285

Activity 7: Defend the Event.

1. Affects

2. P ( A∧B )=P ( A ) ∙ P ( B following A )

Or P( A∧B)=P ( A )· P(B∨ A)
Solution & Conclusion
Lesson 2: Activity 5Representation
1.
1 I Let:
1 P ( A∧B )=¿ P ( A ) ∙ P ( B )
P ( A )=P ( white socks ) =
5 1 1
2 N ¿ ∙
5 5
1 1
P ( B )=P ( white socks )= ¿
5 25
3 D Therefore, the probability that you will
P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability that you will choose the white pair of socks both times is
choose the white pair of socks both 1
times. .
4 E 7 25
12 4 8
10 9
2. 2 7
10 6 _R__ __S
_ P ( A∧B )=¿ P ( A ) ∙ P ( B )
Let:
1 0 1 H_ __E_
P ( E1∧E 2) =P ( E1 ) ∙ P ( E2 )
12 12 _T_ __
4 _ _O_
5 P P ( E1 )= (landing a head )
4
__O_ _F_ 9 8
1 1 1
R _S_ 11
_R_ _O _ 6 12 10
_E_ _R_ 1 ¿ × =
¿ 2 6 12
_T _H _E
2 _F _R _
OM

6 E Therefore the probability of landing on the

P ( E2 )= ( rolling a 5 ) head side of the coin and rolling a 5 on the
5.D
Quote:

1 14. N
3.N
¿ die is
hosen 2 . 2. N
6 ently C 12 1.D
7 N Activity 7: : Depend
P (Ideally
A∧B )=¿Independent.
the probability of landing on Activity
Additio
nal
1. Does not affect
the head side of the coin and rolling a 5
( A∧B
2. Pon )=¿ P ( A ) ∙ P ( B )
the die.
3. with
8 D 3. P ( A∧B )=¿ P ( A ) ∙ P ( B )
4 4 4
P ( A )=P ( jack )= ¿ ∙
52 52 52
9 E 16 1
4 ¿ ∨
P ( B )=P ( eight )= 2704 169
52 Therefore the probability of choosing a jack
1 1
0 N P ( A∧B )=¿ the probability of choosing and then an eight is .
169
a jack and then an eight .
4. P ( A∧B )=¿ P ( A ) ∙ P ( B )
1 5
P ( A )=P ( green )= 6 6
1 T 16 ¿ ∙
76 16 16
36 9
Activity 6: More Independent Practice
Lesson 2
Activity 4:
64 Independently Chosen
1. 2. 0.18 % 3.a 0.36 % 3b. 0.24 %
125 Answers here
1. Dependent
2. Independent
Activity 1: 3. Independent
FACT OR
4. Dependent
BLUFF
5. Independent
Answer 6. Independent
1.BLUFF
2.FACT 77 7. Independent
LESSON 2: PRETEST
1. B 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. B
6.C 7. D 8. D 9. D 10. A
11.A 12. C 13.C 14.A 15.A

A L L O U R D I G N I T Y
2 6 6 8 7 9 1 10 5 11 10 12 4

L I E S I N T H O U G H T. L E T U S
6 10 13 14 10 11 12 15 8 7 5 15 12 6 13 12 7 14

S T R I V E, T H E N, T O T H I N K W E
L L.
14 12 9 10 1 13 12 15 13 11 12 8 12 15 10 11 3 3 13 6 6

-BLAISE PASCAL
LESSON 2: POSTTEST
1. B 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. B
6.C 7. D 8. D 9. D 10. A
11.A 12. C 13.C 14.A 15.A

LESSON 3: Guided
practice
1. P(A),0.28,56
2. A5,1/18,
1 1
P ( A ∩ B ), ,
LESSON 3: PRETEST 6 3
1. C 3. A, black,
2. A white,0.72, the
3. B probability of
4. A selecting a white
5. A marble on the
6. C second draw,
7. B given that the
8. D first marble
78
9. A drawn was black
 LESSON 3: Activity 3
LESSON 4: Pretest/ Post
1. 0.38∨38 %
test
1 1. C
2.
2 2. A LESSON 3: Post Test
3. 66% 3. B 1. C
4. A 2. A
5. C 3. B
6. C 4. A
7. B 5. C
8. D 6. C
LESSON 4: Guided Practice 9. D 7. B
1. 0.15 10. D 8. D
2. 0.40 11. A 9. D
3. 0.06 12. B 10. D
4-5. 0.40,0.15 13. C 11. A
6. 0.15 14. D 12. B
7. 0.6 15. A 13. C
8-10.0.09, P ( Y ∩ A ' ) ,0.6,0 .15 14. D
11.0.85 15. A
12. 0.6
13. 0.51
14-15. 0.51, 0.85

References
Books
 Merle S. Alferez, Ma. Cecilia A. Duro. Statistics and Probability: MSA
Publishing House, 2006

 Melvin M. Callanta, Allan M. Canonigo, Arnaldo I. Chua, Jerry D. Cruz, Mirla

S. Esparrago, Elino S. Garcia, Aries N. Magnaye, Fernando B. Orines,
Rowena S. Perez and Concepcion S. Ternida.Mathematics-Grade 10
Learner’s Module 1st Edition: Department of Education, 2015.

79
  Mario C. Oli and Helma Y. Mesa. Practical Math 10 Textbook: DIWA
LEARNING SYSTEM INC, 2018.

 Orlando A. Oronce and Marilyn O. Mendoza. E-math Intermediate Algebra.

1st Edition: Rex Book Store, Inc., 2007.

Web sites
 https://www.siyavula.com/read/maths/grade-11/probability/10-probability-02
 https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/dependent-events-
independent/
 https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/statistics-
definitions/conditional-probability-definition-examples/
 https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/conditional-probability.html
 https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/statistics-
definitions/conditional-probability-definition-examples/
 https://www.mathworksheet4kids.com
 https://www.intmath.com/counting-probability/8-independent-dependent-
events.php
 https://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol6/independent_events
 https://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol6/dependent_events

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Department of Education –Learning Resources Management and

Development Center(LRMDC)

DepEd Division of Bukidnon

Sumpong, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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