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Refraction of Light - Allen

The document discusses refraction of light at plane and curved surfaces. Some key points: - Refraction occurs when light travels from one medium to another with a different optical density, causing the light to change direction. - If light travels from an optically rarer to denser medium, it bends toward the normal. If from denser to rarer, it bends away. - Refraction causes lateral shift in the position of an image. The direction of shift is toward the incident ray. - Lenses involve refraction at curved surfaces to either converge or diverge light rays. Their optical properties are determined by factors like focal length and refractive index.

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415 views

Refraction of Light - Allen

The document discusses refraction of light at plane and curved surfaces. Some key points: - Refraction occurs when light travels from one medium to another with a different optical density, causing the light to change direction. - If light travels from an optically rarer to denser medium, it bends toward the normal. If from denser to rarer, it bends away. - Refraction causes lateral shift in the position of an image. The direction of shift is toward the incident ray. - Lenses involve refraction at curved surfaces to either converge or diverge light rays. Their optical properties are determined by factors like focal length and refractive index.

Uploaded by

vishesh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REFRACTION AT

PLANE SURFACE
Light will not change its path until it strikes with any obstruction or it travel into other medium.

Experiments show that when light incident obliquely on the interface of different mediums, it bends from original path.

The phenomenon due to which light deviates from its initial path, while travelling from one optical medium to another optical
medium is called refraction.

The direction in which the light bends depends on the optical density of two media which gives rise to the phenomenon of
refraction.

is a measure of speed of light in a medium

Optically Rarer: speed of light is higher

Optically denser: speed of light is lower


The following are the cases of refraction of light:

a) If a ray of light passes from optically rarer medium (say air) to optically denser medium (say glass), then in general it bends
towards normal, drawn at the point of incidence. Thus in this case angle of refraction r, will be smaller than angle of incidence
i (Fig (a)).

b) If a ray of light passes from optically denser medium (say glass) to optically rarer medium (say air), then in general it
bends away from the normal, drawn at the point of incidence. Thus angle of refraction r will be greater than angle of
incidence i (Fig (b)).
c) If a ray of light is incident normally at a surface separating two media i.e., with zero angle of incident, then it does not
deviate from its original path. The angle of refraction is also zero (Fig (c)).

Same result comes even if light goes from denser to rarer and i was zero
Ray Diagrams for Refraction at Plane Surface: (Understanding object - image relationship)
Real object: The object associated with a diverging set of incident rays

Virtual object: The object associated with a converging set of incident rays
Shift due to a Glass Slab (Double Refraction from Plane Surfaces)

Shift in image wrt object:


Note:- The direction of the shift is towards incident ray. Therefore if the shift is positive the direction of the shift is
towards incident ray and if the shift is negative then the direction of shift is in the opposite direction of incident ray.

Suppose an observer is looking the object through many slabs as shown in figure.
Lateral Shift due to glass slab:
SIZE OF OBJECT SITUATED IN WATER
(i) When Extended Object Is Situated Perpendicular To The Refracting Surface:
(ii) When Extended Object Is Situated Parallel To The Refracting Surface:
Change in wavelength of light upon change of medium:

When light goes from a medium to another medium, freq remains same
Q. Locate final image.
Same idea will be used while
studying thin lenses
A ray of light travels from a liquid of R.I. 'n' to air. If incident beam is rotating at a rate 'w', what is the angular speed
of the refracted beam at the instant the angle of incidence is 30 degrees?
Q. Find the width of the beam in water.
Variable Refractive Index
REFRACTION AT CURVED SURFACE
Magnification:
1. Transverse/lateral mag.:
2. Longitudinal mag.:
Total Internal Reflection:
Consider a scenario in which light is going from a denser medium to a rarer medium
rarer to denser
Thin Lenses
Introduction
A lens is a piece of transparent material with two refracting surfaces such that at least one is curved and refractive index
of its material is different from that of the surroundings.

Lenses are mainly of two types - converging and diverging. However, there are various subtypes which can be seen below

1) If the central portion of a lens is thicker than its end portion, we observe that it behaves
as a converging lens when placed in air.
Optical Center of a Lens:
It is a point in the lens such that if an incident ray is passing through it, it will pass the lens undeviated

Aperture diameter:
It is the diameter of the circular cross section of a lens. Sometimes it is simply called as the aperture.

Intensity/brightness of the image will be higher for lenses having higher aperture.
Lens maker's formula and Lens formula:
Magnification:
2) longitudinal mag:
Some key ray diagrams for image formation by convex and concave lenses:

1) Convex
2) Concave
Power of a lens:

1) Power of any converging opt device is taken as +ve (mirrors and lenses)
2) Power of any diverging opt device is taken as -ve (mirrors and lenses)
Mirror:
Combination of thin lenses in contact - equivalent power concept:
Silvering of a Lens:
Cutting of a thin lens:

Case 1. The lens is cut perpendicular to the opt axis


Case 2. Lens is cut along the opt axis
If a lens piece is shifted up/down, its opt. axis will shift will it by
the same amount
Case 3. Lens is cut along a plane which is parallel to the opt. axis

1) If the shaded portion is shifted up, its


O.A. also shifts with it by same distance.

2) So, for obj-image calculations, we can


apply the same idea as case 2.
Displacement Method:

1. It is an exp method to find the focal length of a convex lens.

2. The setup used in this exp is called as an optical bench

3. We have an obj and a screen in fixed positions at the two ends of the bench. We
have a movable convex lens in between them. The aim is to find two positions of the
lens for which real images of the obj can be clearly formed on the screen.
Displacement Method:
u-v graph for convex lens
u-v graph for concave lens
PRISM
A prism is a homogeneous, transparent medium (such as glass) enclosed by two plane surfaces inclined at an angle. These surfaces
are called the 'refracting surfaces' and the angle between them is called the 'refracting angle' or the 'angle of prism'.
Basic derivation for a prism
Minimum deviation condition
Maximum deviation condition

If light finally emerges out following grazing emergence,


we can say that deviation is maximum in it.
Condition of no emergence from 2nd face:
Thin Prism
DISPERSION OF LIGHT

Angular dispersion
Dispersive Power (w)
Combination of prism
Dispersion without deviation (d = 0°)
OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
Visual angle:

The perceived size of an object depends on the visual angle and not on the real size of it.

The role of any opt ins is to increase the visual angle of an object so that it APPEARS larger to the observer's eye.
Simple Microscope: 1) It is a single convex lens.
2) To use the lens as a microscope, we keep the object between optical center and Focus of the
lens in order to obtain a virtual image.

Magnifying Power / Angular magnifiction (m):

Least distance of distinct vision (D):

Visual angle in presence of microscope


Same definition for both microscopes.
FOR TELESCOPE IT IS DIFFERENT
When using the microscope under this
condition, we call it the normal adjustment
mode.
Compound Microscope
Astronomical Telescope:
1) Terrestrial telescope
2) Gallilean
3) Reflecting

Length of the tube: Distance between the two lenses


NOTE:
In NCERT some approx. are given
for calculating 'm' for CM and AT.
Please read them and remember.
Image formation by thin prism:

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