CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

There is a growing public concern in our country, Nigeria, about involvement of

adolescents and young adult in drug abuse, which is defined as the non-medical use of

substances by human beings that may modify one or more of its functions and may impair an

individual ability to function effectively and may result in social physical or emotional harm.

Since, time in memorial earliest times, herbs, roots, bark leaves have been used to relieve

pain and help control diseases. History tells us that the Chinese used Opium as a cure of

dysentery before the 18th century. European countries such as Britain and Holland were known

to exchange opium growth in their colonies for tea and silk with China (United Nations, 1995).

Unfortunately, certain drugs that initially produce effects such as sense of feeling good, elation,

serenity and power have evolved into a problem of dependence and abuse.

Drug abuse is a global problem that poses a great danger to the lives of individuals,

society, political and security in many countries United Nations (2008). According to the United

Nations, (2005), the use of illicit drugs has increased throughout the world and the world trend is

the increasing availability of many kinds of drugs among ever widening spectrum of consumers.

Of major concern is that children seem to be targeted as the new market for the drug industry

globally (National Agency for Campaign against Drugs (NACADA), 2012).

According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2005) reported that

there were about 200 million people worldwide which is the same as 5% consumed drugs at

least once in their final 12 months and these people were 15-64 old. The report by United

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Nations Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), (2012) also revealed that 1.3 people or 30% of the

world population are said to have used some tobacco and 230 million people which is an

equivalence of 5% of the world population aged between 15 to 16 years consumed drugs

illegally. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration provided a report

that 9.8 million adults aged 18 and above in the United States had undergone a serious mental

illness, among which a 1.7 million of them aged 18 to 25. Meanwhile 15.7 million of the adults

aged 18 or above and 2.8 million youth aged 12 to 17 experienced a major depressive episode

during their past years. Above all, in year 2014 there was an estimated 22.5 million Americans

aged 12 and above who reported themselves to get alcohol or illicit drug use treatment, among

them 11.8 million adults reported of asking for a mental health treatment and counseling as well

in the past years (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014). A report

provided by European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) (2012)

also estimated that 22 million people in Europe were using Marijuana whereas 70% of the global

population who were using opium and their derivatives accounted for Africa and Asia (UNODC,

2012).

Drug abuse is the use of drugs for other purposes other than medical reasons, thus

affecting the individual in a negative way socially, cognitively or physically Kuria (1996).

Social effect may be reflected in an individual’s enhanced tendency to engage in conflicts with

friends, teachers and school activities. Cognitive effects relate to the individual’s lack of

concentration on academic works and memory loss, while Lewinsohn (2007) defines a drug as

any product other than food or water that affect the way people feel, think, see and behave. It is

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a substance due to its chemical nature affects physical, mental and emotional functioning. It can

enter the body through chewing, eating, smoking, drinking, rubbing on the skin or injection.

According to the World Health Organization (W.H.O) (1998) drug addiction is

persistent, excessive drug use, inconsistent with or on related to acceptable medicines practices.

Drug abuse amongst the global youth population has become a serious problem affecting

everyone. Addiction leads many people, young people prominent amongst them, into downward

spiral of hopelessness that in some cases ends fatal. They range from give sniffing street

children and teenage ecstasy users to hard core heroin and cocaine addicts (NACADA, 2005).

Drug abuse is responsible for lost wages destruction of property in schools, scoring health care

costs and broken families. It is a problem which affects us all as parents, children, teachers,

government officials, taxpayers and workers.

Drug abuse had hit hard on the youthful population the older people are also involving in

substance abuse through excessive intake of alcohol. Creating awareness to the public on the

danger of drug abuse has become one of the key priorities of Nigerian government. Drug Abuse

has led to increased secret cult activities among students in tertiary institutions, which has been a

source of threat to lives and properties (Aluede, 2000). The impact of drug abuse among

students in tertiary institutions has been associated with the loss of societal values and ideals

(Aluede, 2000). Drugs alter the normal biological and psychological functioning of the body,

especially the central nervous system (Melis et al., 2005). Majority of students ignorantly

depend on one form of drug or the other (such as Tobacco, Indian hemp, cocaine, morphine,

Heroine, Alcohol, ephedrine, Madras, Caffeine, Glue, Barbiturates and Amphetamines) for their

various daily activities (Oshikoya and Alli, 2006). Oshikoya and Alli (2006) in their studies on

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perception of drug abuse amongst students of university of Abuja undergraduates also identified

dependence and addiction as one of the major consequence of drug abuse, characterized by

compulsive drug craving seeking behaviours even in the face of negative consequences. Maithya

(2009) revealed that the common reasons for drug abuse amongst students are mostly out of

curiosity and acceptance by friends (peer pressure). Which give them the abilities and morals to

initiate more students into their group.

Maithya (2009) also argued that, male children from an unstable families were associated

with high risk of substance abuse, this argument is supported with clinical findings by Nyki

(2015) indicates that cannabis abusers are mostly young Nigerian men who have been deprived

of parental supervision and warmth from infancy.

Conclusively, drug abuse had become a challenging problem to the lives and success of

the youth as it can be evidently not only as a source of sorrow to the parents, guardians and

relatives but it is also a big challenge to the nation wholly. Therefore, stakeholders and members

of the public together should act urgently and adequate attention to the growing rate of drug

abuse especially among the youth who will be our tomorrow’ leaders.

1.2 Theoretical Framework

This study is guided by Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory (1977). The theory puts

emphasis on acquisition of social behaviors through observation of other people’s behaviors in a

social context. Therefore, behaviour change is influenced by mainly three things; environment,

people and the behaviour. According to the theory, observing other people engage in behaviors

that seem attractive leads to desire to engage in the same behaviour. This theory emphasis on

cognitive process that promote learning of behaviour. Apart from cognitive processes

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acquisition of behaviour also depend on the environment and the behaviour itself. This means

that people determine the behaviour they wish to acquire, but they are also influenced by the

environmental factors.

The environment includes both physical and social environment. Social environment

includes people that we frequently get into contact with daily. The social cognitive theory

postulates that role modeling affects behaviour acquisition and shaping of the behaviors in the

society. Students, who engage in drug abuse, most likely learn the behaviour from the

environment. The teachers and adults in the society are the role models for students. In case,

they get involved in drug abuse, the students may desire to engage in such behaviors. Social

cognitive theory is relevant to the proposed study as it forms the basis for studying the factors

that determine the development of behaviour among students. The behaviors could be influenced

by their gender, age and social pressure from the peers they interact in the schools. Out of

curiosity, students choose to do risky activities making them vulnerable to drug abuse. The

theory also explains that the external influences affect behaviour through cognitive processes.

Future humans’ behaviour is guided by their capability to form symbols. As such, a person can

model an observed behaviour. It is through understanding people’s perception of reality and we

can understand their behaviors and change them.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Nigeria has experienced rapid growth of population in recent years; the increasing

demand for education has led to more colleges and universities being formed. Due to the rapid

development, drug use has become common among students in campus and is even affecting

their performances in class. Despite the worldwide concern and awareness about the dangers of

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drug abuse most of the student have limited knowledge of how dangerous the habit is (Ngesu,

2008). Many students have dropped out of school and others opted to engage in criminal

activities thus endangering the lives of the people living in the communities. The young

generation no longer has role model since most of the young adults are unemployed and under

the influence of drugs. Despite the government concern and heightened campaigns against the

vice among high school students who are illicit drug users. These great unawareness that

heightens the habit and its consequences. This study is descriptive in nature, seeking explanation

for the reasons of poor academic performance and the use of drugs in tertiary institutions in

Nigeria, particularly College of education, Katsina-Ala as the main scope.

1.4 Purpose of the Study

This study would like to examine the influence of drug abuse on academic performance

of students in tertiary institutions of Nigeria with a case study of College of Education, Katsina-

Ala. Specifically, the study is to determine:

1. The reasons for drug abuse among students in tertiary institutions.

2. The risks involved in drug abuse among students in tertiary institutions.

3. The influence of drug abuse on academic performance among students in tertiary

institutions.

4. Influence of years of study on reasons of drug abuse among students in tertiary

institutions.

5. Influence of gender on reasons of drug abuse among students in tertiary institutions.

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1.5 Research Questions

The following research questions are formulated to guide the study:

1. What are the reasons for drug abuse?

2. What are the risks involved in drug abuse?

3. What is the influences of drug abuse on students’ academic performance?

4. What is the influences of gender on reasons for drug abuse among students?

5. What is the influences of years of study on reasons for drug abuse among students?

1.6 Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses are formulated to be tested at 0.05 level of significance to further

guide the study:

1. There is no significant relationship between drug abuse and students’ academic

performance.

2. There is no significant difference in the reasons for drug abuse based on year of study.

3. There is no significant difference in the reasons for drug abuse based on gender.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This investigation focuses on the influence of drug abuse on academic performance of

students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. It has covered the influence of the drug addiction

among student and their academic performance especially College of Education, Katsina-Ala.

1.8 Significance of the Study

The findings of the study will be useful to the community, institutions of higher learning

and Nigeria government. The study will reveal major drugs intake by students and the influence

on academic performance. The research work would be useful in educating all youths and adults

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in Colleges of Education, on the risk of drug consumption. Thus, this study would play an

important role in reducing high rate of drug use and abuse.

The study will also provide a background for other studies in drug prevention. This

would help in promoting a drug-free school environment and better academic performance, thus

improving the standards of education in the country particularly in College of Education,

Katsina-Ala

1.9 Operational Definition of Terms

Academic Performance: The extent to which a student has achieves his or her educational

goals.

Drug: According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary (2009) defined the term drug as any

illegal substance like as Marijuana or Cocaine in which some people use in order to feel happy,

relaxed, or excited whereby WHO (1952) defined drug as any substances that when taken into a

living body causes reactions or sometimes modifies its psychological functioning.

Drug Abuse: The use of drugs for purposes other than medical reasons, thus affecting the

individual in a negative way socially, cognitively or physically.

Drug Related Problems: Drug related problems are those events or circumstances involving

drug therapy which actually or potentially interfere with desired health outcomes.

Illicit drugs: Illicit drugs are simply those drugs which are consumed illegally but in this study

the term illicit is used to describe drugs which are under international control but which are

produced, trafficked and/or consumed illicitly.

Impact: According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary (2009) defines impact as the effect

or influence that an event, situation etc, has on someone or something.

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Legal drugs: According to this study, legal drugs would refer to all substances such as alcohol,

tobacco e.t.c which seems to be somehow dangerous although their usage the government

sometimes allows. Additionally, legal drugs are considered to be permissible for use, and

therefore are either prescribed by a physician or are available over the counter at a pharmacy or

other outlet. Therefore they intend for medical purposes, for instance easing pain symptoms and

health condition treatments.

Youth: According to this study, youth are defined according to World Health Organisation and

therefore youth refers to young people ranging to 10 and 24 years WHO (1993).

Tertiary Institution: includes universities as well as institution that teach specific capacities of

higher learning such as colleges.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This section consists of review of related literature. The section covers literature on the

reasons why students abuse drugs, measures taken to curb drug abuse, drugs abused by student

and how drug use affects academic performance. The chapter also will look at the conceptual

framework and the empirical studies.

2.1 Conceptual Framework

2.1.1 Drug Abuse

A drug refers to a substance that could bring about a change in the biological function

through the chemical actions (Okoye, 2011). It is also considered as a substance that modifies

perceptions, cognition, mood, behavior and general body functions (Balogun, 2011). They could

thus be considered as chemical modifier of the living tissues that could bring physical, mental

and emotional functioning.

There is growing concern worldwide today over growing number of youths using drugs

that the law does not permit or prohibit. The existence and extent of drug use has been identified

as one of the greatest problems in learning institutions. This affects various aspects of learning

such as student’s performance. Drugs are chemical substances that modify mental, emotional

and behavioral functioning. APA (2000).

According to the World Day Report (2015) the use of illicit drugs has increased

throughout the recent years. The report further states that a major world trend is the increasing

availability of many kinds of drugs. A report released by United Nations Drug Control

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Programme (2014), 4.8% of the global population consume drugs, but the worrying fact is that

according to United Nations Drug Control Programme executive director (2014) those hooked

are the youth in China. It was reported that drug use is going up while the age of new users is

going down. A survey in the Czech Republic showed that 37% of new drug users were teenagers

between 15-18 years old UNODC (2014). Drug use is particular heroine is becoming a serious

problem in Egypt where around 6% of sampled secondary school students admitted to have

experimented with drugs, in Pakistan it was reported that the store of those who started using

heroine at 15-20 years has doubled. African’s role in global drug supply chain is increasing.

Already the continent is second largest region for cannabis production, trafficking and

consumption accounting for 26% of global seizures of this drug in 2001, UNODC (2014).

In Kenya today, drug use has become prevalent than at any other times. NACADA

(2010). Majority of the users are students in secondary schools tertiary colleges and universities.

Drug use has become prevalent today than every other time in Kenya. Youths are using drugs

which modify their mental, economical and behavioral functioning. In learning institutions, drug

use make students to have poor concentration in class, high rate of absenteeism and failure in

exams leading to poor academic performance.

2.1.2 History of Drug Abuse

Since the early times, herbs, leaves and plants have been used to heal and control

diseases. The use of drugs correctly administered have been a blessing. Falco (1988) as cited by

Sambo (2008) viewed that “chronic use of substances can cause serious, sometimes irreversible

damage to adolescents physical and psychological development. The use of drugs could be

beneficial or harmful depending on the mode of use.

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 Use of drugs can be traced back to pre-colonial days when alcohol and other drugs were

used and consumed as part of traditions of the communities. The communities had virtues and

values that strictly guided the used drugs. Generally, consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other

drugs was a priviledge of the elders, more often than not male elders. The actual existence of

drug use as a social problem was rare because of strong social structures. The law levels or non-

existence of drug use was sustained as a result of strong kinship ties that ran through different

social institutions. Traditions and taboos were uphold to discourage the misuse of drugs.

Humans have used drugs of one sort or another for thousands of years. Wine was used at

least from the time of the early Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C., and medical use of

marijuana has been dated to 2737 B.C in China. But not until the 19 th century A.D were the

active substances in drugs extracted. There followed a time when some of these newly

discovered substances-morphone, landaium, cocaine were completely unregulated and

prescribed freely by physicians for a wide variety of ailments. During the American civil war,

mortune was used freely, and wounded veterans returned home with their kits of morphine and

hypodermic needles. Opium dens flourished. By the early 1900s there were an estimated

250,000 addicts in the united states.

2.1.3 Types of Drugs Commonly Abused

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2000), alcohol is the most abused

psychoactive drug in the United States with approximately 90% of students using it before they

leave high school. In Nigeria a report by NAFDAC (2008) found that alcohol is also the most

commonly abused drug with about 61% of the population engaging in its use. The same report

indicated that 40.9% of students were abusing alcohol in Nairobi Province and 26.3% in Central

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Province. According to Perkinson (2002), alcohol is a central nervous system depressant and

dulls the brain making learning a difficult task.

In Nigeria, the most common types of abused drugs according to NAFDAC (2000) as

cited by Haladu (2003) are categorized as follows:

Stimulants: These are substances that directly act and stimulate the central nervous system.

Users at the initial stage experience pleasant effects such as energy increase. The major source

of these comes from caffeine substance.

Hallucinogens: These are drugs that allow the sensory processing unit in the brain. Thus,

producing distorted perception, feeling of anxiety and emhoria, sadness and inner joy,. They

normally come from marijuana, LSD etc.

Narcotics: These drugs relive pains, induce sleeping and they are addictive. They are found in

heroin, codeine, opium etc.

Sedative: These drugs are among the most widely used and abused. This is largely due to the

belief that they relieve stress and anxiety, and some of them induce sleep, ease tension, cause

relaxation or help users to forget their problems. They are sourced from valium, alcohol,

prometazine, chloroform, etc.

Miscellaneous: This is a group of volatile solvents or inhalants that provide euphoria, emotional

disinhibition and perpetual distortion of thought to the user. The main sources are glues, spot

removers, tube repair, perfumes, chemicals etc.

Tranquilizer: They are believed to produce calmness without bringing drowsiness, they are

chiefly derived from Librium, valium etc.

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2.1.4 Reasons for Drug Abuse

Haladu (2003) gave the following as the main causes:

Experimental Curiosity: Curiosity to experiment the unknown facts about drugs thus motivates

adolescents into drug use. The first experience in drug abuse produces a state of arousal such as

happiness and pleasure which in turn motivate them to continue.

Peer Group Influence: Peer pressure plays a major role in influencing many adolescents into

drug abuse. This is because peer pressure is a fact of teenage and youth life. As they try to

depend less on parents, they show more dependency on their friends. In Nigeria, as other parts of

the world, one may not enjoy the company of others unless he conforms to their norms.

Lack of parental supervision: Many parents have no time to supervise their sons and

daughters. Some parents have little or no interaction with family members, while others put

pressure on their children to pass exams or perform better in their studies. These phenomena

initialize and increases drug abuse.

Personality Problems due to socio-Economic Conditions: Adolescents with personality

problems arising from social conditions have been found to abuse drugs. The social and

economic status of most Nigerians is below average. Poverty is widespread, broken homes and

unemployment is on the increase, therefore our youths roam the streets looking for employment

or resort to begging. These situations have been aggravated by lack of skills, opportunities for

training and re-training and lack of committed action to promote job creation by private and

community entrepreneurs. Frustration arising from these problems lead to recourse in drug abuse

for temporarily removing the tension and problems arising from it.

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The Need for Energy to Work for Long Hours: The increasing economic deterioration that

leads to poverty and disempowerment of the people has driven many parents to send their

children out in search of a means of earning something for contribution to family income. These

children engage in hawking, bus conducting, head loading, scavenging, serving in food canteens

etc and are prone to drug taking so as to gain more energy to work for long hours.

Availability of the Drugs: In many countries, drugs have dropped in prices as supplies have

increased.

The Need to prevent the Occurrence of withdrawal symptoms: If a drug is stopped, the user

experiences what is termed “withdrawal symptoms”. Pain, anxiety, excessive sweating and

shaking characterize such symptoms. The inability of the drug user to tolerate the symptoms

motivates him to continue (Ige, 2000).

2.1.5 Signs and Symptoms of Drug Abuse

According to Adolescents Health Information Project AHIP (2001) the following are

signs and symptoms of drug abuse. They are:

Signs of Drug Used and Drug Paraphernalia

- Possession of drug related paraphernalia such as pipes, rolling paper, small decongestant

- Possession of drugs, peculiar plants or bolts, seeds of leaves in ashtrays or clothing

pockets.

- Odour of drugs, smell of incense or other cover up scents.

Identification with Drug Culture

- Drug related magazines, slogans on clothing

- Hostility in discussing drugs

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Signs of Physical Deterioration

- Memory lapses, short attention span, difficulty in concentration.

- Poor physical coordination, slurred or incoherent speech; unhealthy appearance,

indifference to hygiene and grooming

- Bloodshot eyes, dilated pupils.

Changes in Behaviour

- Distinct downward performance in school, place of work.

- Increased absenteeism or untardiness.

- Chronic dishonesty, lying; cheating and stealing.

- Trouble with the police and other law enforcement agencies

- Change of friends, evasiveness in talking about new ones.

2.1.6 Effects of Drug Abuse

Mba (2008) identified numerous negative effects of drug abuse on the body chemistry as

follows:

Alcohol-related problems: These includes physical problems such as liver cirrhosis, pancreatic,

peptic ulcer, tuberculosis, hypertension, neurological disorder; mental retardation for the fetus in

the womb, growth, deficiency, delayed motor development; craniofacial abnormalities, limbs

abnormalities and cardiac deficits; psychiatric e.g pathological drunkenness, suicidal behavior

and Socially-broken homes, increased crime rate, sexual offences, homicide and sexually

transmitted diseases.

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Tobacco: Causes stimulation of heart and narrowing of blood vessels, producing hypertension,

headache, loss of appetite, nausea and delayed growth of the fetus. It also aggravates or causes

sinusitis, bronchitis, cancer, strokes, and heart attack.

Stimulants: Lethargy, irritability, exaggerated self confidence, damage nose linings,

sleeplessness, and psychiatric complications.

Inhalants: Causes anemia, damage kidney and stomach bleeding.

Narcotics: Causes poor perception, constipation, cough, suppression, vomiting, drowsiness and

sleep, unconsciousness and death.

2.1.7 Influence of Drug Use on Students Discipline

According to, Kerochio (1994) many people have tried drugs sometimes in their lives.

He further asserts that the society becomes alarmed when a persons’ use of drugs results in

impairment of occupational or social functioning. The user becomes a threat to other members

of society and engages in criminal activities. Hartmatz (1973) discovered that drugs tend to

make users to have erratic mood swings, anxious and impulsive. They lead to poor social

adjustment on part of the user characterized by situational hostility. A survey by the

International Commission for the Prevention of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence carried out in

Kenya schools between 1977 and 1978 revealed that 23.3% of the students took alcohol while

26% smoked bhang, (Malulu, 2004). Use of drugs leads to discipline problems which make

students to lose a lot of learning time during punishment or under suspensions. Students who use

drugs are more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors such as fighting and stealing. According

to, Ngesu et al (2008), students who use drugs have unexplained mood swing, behave

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negatively, they are argumentative, confused, destructive, anxious over reactive to criticism, act

rebellious and doesn’t seem happy.

2.1.8 Influence of Drug Use on Students Interest in Learning

Drug users have decreased interest in class work and negative attitude which make them

drop out of school before accomplishing their studies, Leadership (2004). Drug users have

decreased interest in completion of task, decreased ability to perform task that require a lot of

concentration and paying attention which interfere with learning, Leadership (2004). They are

unmotivated, apathetic without goals or objectives and without wish to succeed in anything,

Melgosa (1997) in Onwuamaeze (2018). Students on drug arrive to school late and lack energy.

2.1.9 Impacts of Drug Use on Class Attendance

Excessive drinking and drug use are both associated with short-term academic problems,

students who use substances during college spend less time studying and skip more classes

thereby reducing their exposure to the classroom learning environment and the beneficial

experiences of interacting with faculty and other students. Longitudinal research has found that

students who use alcohol and drugs are more likely to have disruptions in their enrolment in

college and also fail to graduate. Associated mental health problems can exacerbate the adverse

academic consequences of excessive drinking and drug use. Frequent binge drinkers bare more

likely to miss a class; fall behind in their school work (Wechsler et al, 1998). The number of

drinks consumed correlates positively with the number of classes missed (Alcohol Edu 2008-

2009). Frequency of alcohol consumption was associated positively with absenteeism from

classes disliked (Jibrin, 2019).

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2.1.10 Impacts of Drug Abuse on Time Spent Studying

Alcohol consumption has a negative productive effort on study hours under all

definitions of drinking (binge, frequent binge, drunkenness and frequent drunkenness) (Wolever,

2002). More frequent use of alcohol usually produces larger negative effects on study hours,

with frequent drunkenness having the largest effect (Wolaver, 2002) in Jibrin (2019). There is a

negative relationship between heavy episodic alcohol use and the time spend on academic

(Porter & Pryor, 2007).

2.1.11 Relationship between Drug Abuse and Academic Performance

Binge drinking two or more times in a typical two weeks period is linked to significantly

lower semester grades (Pascarrella et al 2007). The probability of getting a high grades

significantly decreases as the frequency of heavy episodic drinking increases, this is because the

heaviest drinkers obtain the lowest grades (Preseley, 2007) in Onwuamaeze (2018). Heavy

college drinking predicts a reduction in the probability of having an A average cumulative GPA

(Wolaver 2002). Those with higher grades of B and above consumed lower drinks per week or

even a month. Therefore, there is a significant decline in mean grade when comparing abstainers

to heavier drinking categories (Rau & Durand, 2000) in Onwuamaeze (2018).

Drugs make the students to have negative attitude to learning, failure to do assignments

and impaired capacity to reason hence influencing academic performance. Drug also interferes

with students discipline leading to loss of learning time doing punishment or under suspension.

Drugs leads to decreased interest in learning, students are unmotivated without goals or

objectives and without wish to succeed in anything. Students on drug arrive to school late and

they lack energy hence influencing academic performance.

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 According to (Spooner, 2005) the social environment is a powerful influence on health

and social outcomes. In this content, marijuana use and related problems results from the

complex interplay of the individual and the environment whereby social institutions or structure

can influence the environment in a manner that can influence drug use and related problems.

Having realized that majority of marijuana use start during the adolescent stage

especially so for the “gateway” drugs, alcohol and cigarettes, thus need to check this bad

practice in the society is important. Alcohol and cigarettes are described “as gateway” because

they are usually the first drugs that are used before other drugs are tried out (Indiana Preventive

Resource Centre, 2003). Drug abuse by students can lead to sharp decline in their academic

performance, increase reports of truancy and expulsion from school. It can also lead to addiction

increased desire for drugs without which normal life processes is disturbed and increased

appetite and libido. Other vices such as stealing, fighting and gambling may also be caused by

drug abuse as a result of alteration in the brain chemistry of the abuser.

Continued use of drug over a prolonged period of time often leads to drug tolerance,

physiological reaction in which the body requires larger and larger doses in order to experience

the same effects. In some cases, tolerance for one drug increase tolerance for another, this is

known as cross-tolerance (Baron & Kalsher, 2008).

2.2 Empirical Studies

Ali (2006) carried out a research on the influence of drug abuse on the academic

achievement of students in secondary school. The research was carried out in Ankpa Local

Government Area of Kogi State. Two secondary schools were selected and used for the

research. Two research hypotheses were drawn. Questionnaires were used to collect data from

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120 students sampled from the two schools which were St. Charles College Ankpa and Kogi

State College of Education Demonstration Secondary School Ankpa. All the questionnaires

distributed were returned to the researcher at spot, there was 100% returns.

Data collected were analyzed using student t-Test. From the use of the t-Test, hypothesis

I which stated that if students are drug addict, they will have lower academic achievement than

their counterpart was accepted by the study by t = 171; df = 118, p = 0.05. Note that the

acceptance of the hypothesis is based on the fact that the t-calculated is greater than the t-table

value.

This research as carried out by Ali (2006) is appreciated based on the fact that it makes

use of primary data which is more reliable and realistic. The on-spot distribution and collection

of questionnaires also deserve commendation hence the achievement of 100% return. However,

this study is highly criticized based on the fact that the sample of only two secondary schools out

of the whole secondary schools in the whole Local Government was too small to arrive at a

reliable generalization. At least four or more schools would have been better for a more reliable

generalization.

A study carried out by Mwenesi (2017) on rapid assessment of drug abuse in Nigeria

revealed that the problem of drug abuse in Nigeria is larger than expected, having permeated all

strata of society, youth and young adults being the most affected groups. The other main

findings of the study were that the abuse of "social" (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana) and illicit

(cannabis, heroin, cocaine, mandrax) drugs was rising perceptibly, and that solvents were being

increasingly abused, and not only by the youths. The drugs are used, for example, to increase the

potency of illicit local brews. Cough mixtures have entered the list of drugs being abused by the

21
youth. Easy availability of dependence-producing drugs is one of the main causes of the upward

trend in drug abuse in Nigeria. This study however does not focus on drug abuse among tertiary

institution students which is the focus of the present study.

In a survey conducted by NACADA team (2007) on drug abuse among the young people

aged between 10 and 24 years, significantly, it was observed that the use of alcohol, bhang and

miraa had indigenous roots. The team explored available support and recommended

interventions to prevent or treat substance abuse. The survey team demonstrated that substance

abuse was widespread, affected the youth mostly, but also cut across all social groups; alcohol,

tobacco, bhang and miraa were the substances most often abused, and the youth were more and

more abusing imported, illegal substances such as heroin, cocaine, and mandrax. At the same

time, the survey revealed that, though evidence demonstrates that a number of non-students to a

large extent engaged in substance abuse, the majority of the students who abused substances

were in secondary schools and universities. Such students who mainly come from rich or

middle-class families entertained the falsehood that substance use enabled a student study for

long hours. The survey revealed that while substance abuse by the youths ranges from the

increasing use of illegal and hard drugs to legal and soft substances, the youths mostly abuse

four substances in this order: alcohol, tobacco, bhang and inhalants (Kaguthi, 2016).

A study carried out by Ahmed (2018) on drug dependency and abuse in Nasarwa State

secondary schools in Lafia Educational Zone showed that the problem of drug abuse is not

limited to western societies and is fast becoming a big challenge in the developing world. The

study traces the use of drugs from medieval times for religious and social purposes to the 19th

Century when problems emanating from drug abuse have become apparent. The study goes on

22
to look at drug abuse among secondary school students in Lafia Educational Zone and the

reasons for the same, namely easy availability of drugs, peer group pressure, age factor,

curiosity, parental influence, availability of cash and high handedness of school administrators.

This study unlike the others reviewed came up with strategies for intervention. It also identified

alcohol as the most abused drug and peer group pressure as the main reason for abuse of alcohol.

The study also investigated the effects of drug abuse and identified some as aggressive behavior,

depression and anxiety, irritability, memory loss and decreased confidence among others.

In all the above researches, it is accepted and proved that drug abuse to a great extent

affects the academic performance of students.

2.3 Summary of Literature Review

The review also clarified the concepts Drug Abuse, History of Drug Abuse, Types of

Drug Abuse, Reasons for Drug Abuse Influence of Drug Abuse on Students’ Discipline, Signs

and Symptoms of Drug Abuse, Effects of Drug Abuse, Influence of Drug Use on Students

Discipline, Influence of Drug Use on Students Interest in Learning, Impacts of Drug Use on

Class Attendance, Impacts of Drug Abuse on Time Spent Studying, Relationship between Drug

Abuse and Academic Performance. Empirical studies from previous research work in this area

were also reviewed and found consistent with this study.

It is hoped that this present study will not only serve as a veritable reference source for

researchers but also serve as a tool for policy making and decision line for all the stakeholders in

the academic sector. The class teacher, school administrators, guidance counselors and

curriculum planners will find it useful.

23
 This study will not only be useful as documents for reading but a document with

effective recommendations that will turn the fortunes of victims and also limit the possibility of

growing drug abuse. It is hoped that this study will not only be merely rated and applied as an

expressed effect of drug abuse on academic performance but its in-depth analysis of the reason

as relates to drug abuse that will be an advantage to remedying academic problem from such

victims.

From the reviews and findings of this study and hence Ali (2006), Uwaifo (2008) and

Yara and Tundeyara (2010) are all of the same opinion and no work has revealed any contrary

opinion, the researcher is anxious and convinced that; drug abuse influence student’s academic

performance, cause emotional instability among children and limit the level of attention.

24
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This section described the procedures used in conducting the study. The following areas

were considered, research design, research population, sample and sampling technique, research

instruments, validity and reliability of research instrument, method of data collection, scope of

the study and method of data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

A descriptive research design was used in this study. This is because it aids the collection

of information for the target population. This approach also gives room for eliciting, measuring

and quantifying the available data.

3.2 Area of study

The area of study is College of Education, Katsina-Ala Benue State. The College is one

amongst the colleges of education in Benue state located at Katsina-Ala Local Government. It

started with the first batch of 530 students on 15 th November, 1976 to offer twenty subject

combinations. The academic and students enrolment have been on the increase year in year out.

At present, there are five academic schools, thirty academic departments and a preliminary

programmed.

3.3 Population of the Study

The populations for this study consists of all the students of College of Education,

Katsina-Ala, Benue State.

25
3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique

Simple random sampling was used to select 164 respondents from College of Education,

Katsina-Ala whereby 50 students from NCE I, 50 students from NCE II and 64 students from

NCE III were selected randomly from each level in the college.

3.5 Research Instrument

The research instrument used in this study was questionnaire; the respondents were given

the opportunity to express their minds on the study by ticking the alternative, which represents

their opinion.

The questionnaire contains two sections that is, section A & B. Section A deals with

personal data of the respondents’ items and section B contain the statements on the influence of

Drug Abuse on the Academic performances of students in tertiary institutions. Each variable has

a set of alternative responses that range from:

SA – Strongly Agree

A – Agree

D – Disagree

SD – Strongly Disagree

3.6 Validation of the Instrument

The instrument was subjected to face and content validation by three experts drawn from

Department of Physical and Health Education, Department of Social Studies and the Department

of Psychology of College of Education, Katsina-Ala. The corrections made indicated that the

instrument meet the standard of measuring of what it supposed to measure.

26
3.7 Reliability of the instrument

To establish the reliability of the instrument which was meticulously designed to

accommodate every necessary detail which made it possible for favorable responses and

adequate relevant data to be realized. The questionnaires were prepared in brief structure and

were streamlined in such a way that they will be understandable to the respondents.

3.8 Method of data collection

The structured questionnaire were produced and the researcher personally visited each of

student and administered them to the respondents assuring them of the confidentiality of their

responses.

In each case, a number of respondents required were selected randomly according to the

number obtainable in a particular school. The researcher here appealed to the respondents to

respond to the question as objectively as possible.

The researcher continues in this manner until He covers all the sampled combinations.

3.9 Method of Data Analysis

The research utilized a descriptive survey and it seeks to establish the extent of the

influence of Drug Abuse on the Academic performances of students in tertiary institutions and

College of Education, Katsina-Ala specifically. As such the descriptive statistics of mean is used

in answering the research questions while the inferential statistics of chi-square (X 2) was used to

analyze the data. Chi-square is preferred for the study because it is non-parametric statistics for

testing data that are obtained from different observations. A cutoff point of 2.50 is used for

decision making. The decision criterion for accepting or rejecting the hypotheses will be put at

0.05 level of significance.

27
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

This chapter deals with the presentation of data, analysis, interpretation and discussion of the

findings of this study.

4.1 Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation

The presentation of results is guided by the research questions and hypotheses. The

responses from the questionnaire are weighted on rating scale of strongly Agreed (4), agreed (3),

disagree (2) and strongly disagree (1). The acceptance or rejection of each null hypothesis is at

0.05 level of significance. The results are presented below according to the research questions

and hypotheses.

Table 1: Age Distribution of Respondents

Age Frequency Percentage

15 – 25 60 36.6

26 – 35 40 24.4

36 – 45 30 18.3

46 – 55 20 12.2

56 – Above 14 8.5

Total 164 100

The above shows the age distribution of respondents out of 164 respondents, 60 were

within the ages of 26 – 25 years, 40 were within the ages of 26 – 35 years, 30 between the ages

of 36 – 45 years, 20 between the ages of 46 – 55 years and 14 between the ages of 56 and above.

28
Table 2: The Gender Distribution of the Respondents

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 94 57.3

Female 70 42.7

Total 164 100

The table above shows that gender distribution of the respondents. The highest

percentage 94 (57.3%) was recorded for the male respondents and the lowest percentage 70

(42.7%) was recorded for the female respondents. This means that more male respondents were

selected for the sample.

Table 3: Distribution of Respondents according to their level of education

Level of Education No of Respondents Percentage

NCE I 50 30.5

NCE II 50 30.5

NCE III 64 39.0

Total 164 100

The above table shows the distribution of respondents level of education. It was deduced

from the above table that the highest percentage 64 (39%) were respondents undergoing NCE III

and 50 (30.5%) each were those undergoing NCE I and II respectively.

Research question 1: What are the reasons for drug abuse among students?

29
Table 4: Mean Responses of the reasons for drug abuse among students.

Items Item description X

1. Non-chalant attitude of parents leads to drug abuse 3.7

2. Lifestyle from parents leads to drug abuse. 3.6

3. Peer group influence drug addiction of a student. 3.5

4. Financial incapability of a student leads to drug use or abuse 3.6

5. Drug users are likely to drop out of school. 3.4

Cluster mean 3.52

X = Mean, Decision: X ≥ 2.50- Accepted

Table 4 shows the responses of the reasons why student involved in drug abuse in

tertiary institutions. A cluster mean of 3.52 was obtained. The cluster mean of 3.52 obtained

from the table is above the 2.50 cut off point. This indicated that, there must be a reason that

influence a student to involve in drug abuse.

Research question 1: What are the risks involved in drug abuse among students?

Table 5: Mean Responses on the risks involved in drug abuse among students.

Items Item description X

1. Drug users tends to have mental problems 3.5

2. Drug users are more creative and intelligent. 3.4

3. Drug abuse does not include fighting, stealing and truancy of a 3.3

student.

Cluster mean 3.42

X = Mean, Decision: X ≥ 2.50- Accepted

30
 Table 5 shows the response on the risks involved in drug abuse among students. A

cluster mean of 3.42 was obtained. The cluster mean of 3.42 obtained from the table is above the

2.50 cut off point. This indicated that drug abuse is harmful to the body.

Research Question 3: What are the influence of drug abuse in the academic performance?

Table 6: Mean Responses of the influence of drug abuse in the academic performance.

Items Item description X

1. Students on drug perform excellently in classroom. 2.6

2. Abuse of drug increases attention, alertness and learning in classroom. 2.7

3. Addictive drugs improve the brain and nervous system of human body. 2.6

4. Drug user tends to think accurately in class. 2.98

Cluster mean 2.7

X = Mean, Decision: X ≥ 2.50- Accepted

Table 6 shows the response of the influence of drug abuse in the academic performance.

A cluster mean of 2.7 was obtained. The cluster mean of 2.7 obtained from the table is above the

2.50 cut off point. This indicated that drug abuse has negative influence on students’ academic

performance.

Hypothesis 1:

There is no significant relationship between drug abuse and students’ academic performance.

31
Table 7: Chi-Square value of the Influence of drug abuse on academic performance of

students.

Response Decision Fo Fe Level of Sig X2cal X2crit

Strongly Agree 111 41 0.05 171.3 7.82 Rejected

Agree 32 41

Disagree 20 41

Strongly Disagree 1 41

Total 164

Table 7 shows that the calculated chi-square value (171.3) is greater than the table chi-

square value (7.82) at degree of freedom 3. Therefore the null hypothesis which states there is

no significant relationship between drug abuse and students academic performance is rejected.

This means that drug abuse has influences academic performance of students.

Hypothesis 2:

There is no significant difference in the reasons for drug abuse based on year of study.

Table 8: Chi-Square Value of the reasons for drug abuse based on year of study.

Response Decision Fo Fe level of Sig X2cal X2crit

Agree 61 41

Disagree 21 41

Strongly Disagree 4 41

Total 164

32
 Evidence in Table 8 indicates that the calculated chi-square value (86.3) is greater than

table critical value (7.82) at degree of freedom 3. Therefore the null hypothesis which states that,

there is no significant difference in reasons for drug abuse based on year of study is rejected.

This implies that drug abuse is significantly affected by year of study.

Hypothesis 3: There is no significant difference in the reasons for drug abuse based on gender.

Table 9: Chi-Square Value of the reasons for drug abuse based on gender.

Response Decision Fo Fe level of Sig X2cal X2crit

Strongly Agree 44 41 0.05 7.5 7.82 Uphold

Agree 38 41

Disagree 53 41

Strongly Disagree 29 41

Total 164

Table 9 indicates that the calculated chi-square value (7.5) is less than the table critical

value (7.82) at degree of freedom 3. Therefore the null hypothesis which states that, there is no

significant difference in reasons for drug abuse based on gender is upheld (not rejected). This

means that drug abuse is not significantly affected by the gender of students.

4.2 Discussion of Finding

This section of the chapter has to do with the discussion of all the results presented in

chapter four (4) of this study which is based on the influence of drug abuse on students

Academic performance in Tertiary Institution: A survey of College of Education, Katsina-Ala.

33
From the data analyzed, it can be seen that drug abuse as an act of maladjustive behavior is

known to students of tertiary institutions in Nigeria.

Hypothesis 1 which states that there is no significant relationship between drug abuse

and students’ academic performance is rejected. This means that drug abuse significantly and

influence academic performance of students negatively. This finding is consistent with the work

of Rau & Durand (2000) who found that those with higher grades consumed lower drinks per

week or even a month. Therefore, there is a significant decline in mean grade when comparing

abstainers to heavier drinking categories.

The finding of hypothesis two indicates that drug abuse is significantly affected by the

year of study. This finding is line with the work of Porter & Pryor, (2007), which reports that

there is a negative relationship between heavy episodic alcohol use and the time spend on

academic. It is also in line with the scholarly work of Leadership (2004) in which drug users

have decreased interest in completion of task, decreased ability to perform task that require a lot

of concentration and paying attention which interfere with learning.

The finding of hypothesis 3 indicates that that drug abuse is not significantly affected by

gender of students.

34
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

Drug abuse constitutes one of the major social and academic problems in Nigeria

because of the hazardous effect on the health of people and also psychologically, physically,

socially, and most especially, students performance in schools. The problem appears to be

endemic in Nigerian society to the extent that government, scholars, professionals, social

workers, academicians, psychologists, sociologist have been trying to find solutions to these

problems. This research is the outcome of unsubstantiated statements and generally held beliefs

concerning the issue or incidence of drug abuse among Nigeria students in tertiary institutions

which is held by various people and organizations in the society. Such belief and opinions

include those of religion and political leaders, parents, the mass and print media etc which most

times, portray students as heavily and almost solely dependent on drug use especially these days.

This study was therefore embarked upon so as to examine empirically this thorny and

controversial issue of drug abuse among in College of Education Katsina-Ala, Benue State.

From the data analyzed from the study, it can be shown that drug abuse as an act of

maladjustive behavior is known to students of tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Five research

questions were raised and answered. The research adopted survey research design to elicit fact

and a total number of one hundred and sixty four (164) questionnaire were administered to the

respondents. The data collected was analysed using inferential statistics of chi-square (X2).

Hypothesis 1 which states that the drug abuse do not significantly affects the academic

performance of students is rejected. This means that drug abuse is significant and influence

35
academic performance of students negatively. This finding is consistent with the work of Rau &

Durand (2000) who found that those with higher grades consumed lower drinks per week or

even a month. Therefore, there is a significant decline in mean grade when comparing abstainers

to heavier drinking categories.

The finding of hypothesis two indicates that drug abuse significantly affect the year of

study. This finding is line with the work of Porter & Pryor, (2007), there is a negative

relationship between heavy episodic alcohol use and the time spend on academic. It is also in

line with the scholarly work of Leadership (2004) drug users have decreased interest in

completion of task, decreased ability to perform task that require a lot of concentration and

paying attention which interfere with learning.

The finding of hypothesis 3 indicates that that drug abuse does not significantly affect

the gender of students.

5.2 Conclusion

The use of substance among students may directly impair academic activities which

limits their academic performance for most students who use drugs at a lower level, however,

drug use may serve as a maturational “snare” that keeps some students engaged in deviant peer

groups as others move on to more normative groups, thus having a long term direct effect on

educational attainment. Other studies have discussed similar processes, in which differential

pathways to problematic outcomes are determined, in part, by the level of multiple risk

behaviors.

If we believe that multiple mechanisms are operating, then it follows that preventive

interventions aimed at improving academic engagement should broaden their focus beyond drug

36
use in adolescence. Community and family risk factors should also be targets of intervention.

Our findings show that drug use in students partially mediated the effect of their externalizing

behaviors on college , completion, students externalizing also had direct effects on both students

reading achievement and on NCE completion. This implies that a powerful target of intervention

should be externalizing behavior, especially for time who have not yet developed heavy or

problematic level of alcohol and or drug use.

5.3 Recommendations

Based upon the literature review and the empirical investigation, various

recommendations for a prevention and intervention programme are proposed to help address

influence of drug abuse on the academic performance of students in tertiary institution. The

following are recommendations for effective programming to prevent and reduce drug among

students of tertiary institutions.

Pre-Enrolment Messages

First year students typically have exaggerated ideas about how much college students

drink. Wanting to fit in and being free from parental control for the first time, there students can

be led by this misperception into a pattern of heavy drinking that increases their risk of academic

failure, serious injury, sexual assault and even death. Social norms marketing campaigns should

be rolled out in universities and colleges to try to counteract these false beliefs by conveying

accurate survey data about students drinking norms. The idea is that once students learn that far

fewer students are drinking heavily than they once thought, they will feel less social pressure to

drink and, therefore, moderate their alcohol use.

37
Provide Alcohol-Free Options

The schools and country governments should create and promote-alcohol free events for

students, support students club and organizations that are substance free create and promote

service learning and volunteer opportunities, require community service work as part of the

academic curriculum and promote consumption of non-alcoholic beverages and food at events.

Restrict Alcohol Availability

Schools should enforce strict rules on alcohol and drug abuse by requiring all social

events during orientation of first year to be alcohol free, disseminate responsible host guidelines

for both on and off campus parties, install a responsible beverages service program, eliminate

residence hall delivery of alcohol purchases, advertise food and activities such as dancing or

sport, rather than drinking as the focus of the event.

Educational Programme Inventions

Drug prevention programmes known as life skills training have been found to be

successful with young adolescents. Life skill training is based on findings that most adolescent’s

first use drugs in social situations and that their decisions are influenced not just by one factor

but a variety. Effective programs focus on enhancing problem solving skills and aiding students

to evaluate the influence of the media. Effective programs help to improve self-esteem, and

reduce stress and anxiety. These skills are taught using combination of methods including

demonstration, practice, feedback, and praise. Another proven approach-specific focus,

emphasizing the application of skills directly to the problem of substance abuse (American

Academy of Pediatrics, 2007).

38
Role of the Community

Because of complexity of the problem, co-ordination of prevention messages and

activities with other institutions in a student’s life is essential. The community, not the school is

where most student drug use occurs. Communities can send a clear and consistent message by

developing and implementing broad comprehensive approach to dealing with substance abuse.

Punitive Methods

These methods are associated with crisis management approaches which are reactive in

their policies and locate the problem in students punitive methods rely on the infliction of

punishment with the aim of deterring students from committing the crime. This method applies

the principal of stimulus-response connection. The purpose of punishment should be

communicated, understood and accepted if it is to be effective in enforcing student discipline.

Obviously, however, drug abuser cannot rehabilitate through punishment alone.

5.5 Suggestion for Further Studies

In respect to this research work, the following suggestion will be good to be noted for

further studies, so as to have a better knowledge in understanding of the issues of drug abused

by students.

1. The consequences of Drug Abuse in Nigeria

2. The effects of Drug Abuse on undergraduate’s academic achievement

3. The major causes of Drug Abuse among Nigeria institutions.

39
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42
 QUESTIONNAIRE

Instruction: please endeavor to complete then question by taking the correct answer(s) from the

option or supply the information required where necessary.

Section A: Bio Data

1. Sex: Male [ ] female [ ]

2. Age: 15-20[ ] 21-25 [ ] 26-30 [ ] 31-40 [ ]

3. Marital status: Married [ ], single [ ]

4. Level: NCE I [ ] , NCE II [ ] , NCE III [ ]

Section B

Please tick the appropriate opinion of your choice by indicating how you agree or disagree with

the statement and questions below where

Strongly Agree (SA)

Agree (A)

Disagree (D)

Strongly Disagree (SD)

S/ ITEMS SA A D SD

1. Non-chalant attitude of parents leads to drug abuse

2. Lifestyle from parents leads to drug abuse.

3. Peer group influence drug addiction o a student.

4. Financial incapability of a student leads to drug use or

abuse

43
5. Drug users are likely to drop out of school.

6. Drug users tends to have mental problems

7. Drug users are more creative and intelligent.

8. Drug abuse does not Include fighting, stealing and

truancy of a student.

9. Students on drug perform excellently in classroom.

10. Abuse of drug increases attention, alertness and

learning in classroom.

11. Addictive drugs improve the brain and nervous system

of human body.

12. Drug user tends to think accurately in class.

44