Unit 5 Electrochemistry

Solutions to Practice Problems in

Chapter 9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Balancing an Equation for a Reaction That Occurs in an Acidic

Solution
Balancing an Equation for a Reaction That Occurs in a Basic
Solution
(Student textbook page 598)

1. Balance the following ionic equation for acidic conditions. Identify the oxidizing
agent and the reducing agent.

MnO4–(aq) + Ag(s) → Mn2+(aq) + Ag+(aq)

What Is Required?
You need to balance the equation for the redox reaction in acidic conditions and
identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the unbalanced equation: MnO4–(aq) + Ag(s) → Mn2+(aq) + Ag+(aq)

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Write the unbalanced half- Oxidation half-reaction: Ag(s) → Ag+(aq)
reactions. Include only those compounds Reduction half- reaction: MnO4–(aq) → Mn2+(aq)
that contain the atom that is oxidized or the
atom that is reduced. (For this step, ignore
the fact that one side of the equation might
have oxygen atoms and the other side has
none.)
Step 2 Balance atoms other than oxygen Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) (already balanced )
and hydrogen. MnO4–(aq) → Mn2+(aq) (already balanced )
Step 3 Balance oxygen atoms by adding Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) (already balanced )
water molecules. MnO4–(aq) → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: Already balanced.
Reduction half-reaction: There are four
oxygen atoms on the left side of the
equation and none on the right. Add four
water molecules to the right side.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 1

 Step 4 Balance hydrogen atoms by adding Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) (already balanced )
hydrogen ions. 8H+(aq) + MnO4–(aq) → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ)
Reduction half-reaction: There are eight
hydrogen atoms in the water molecules on the
right side of the equation, so add eight
hydrogen ions to the left side. Since the half-
reaction is to be balanced in acidic conditions,
these hydrogen ions will remain in the
equation.
Step 5 Balance the charges by adding Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) + 1e–
electrons. 8H+(aq) + MnO4–(aq) + 5e−→
Oxidation half-reaction: There are zero net Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ)
charges on the left side of the equation and
one positive charge on the right side.
Therefore, give the right side a net charge of
zero by adding one electron to the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There are eight
positive charges and one negative charge on
the left side of the equation, giving it a net
charge of 7+. The net charge on the right side
of the equation is 2+. Add five electrons to
the left side to give it a net 2+ charge.
Step 6 Multiply one or both half-reactions by 5Ag(s) → 5Ag+(aq) + 5e–
the number that will bring the number of 8H+(aq) + MnO4–(aq) + 5e– →
electrons to the lowest common multiple. Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 5.
Reduction half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 1.
Step 7 Add the balanced half-reactions. 5Ag(s) + 8H+(aq) + MnO4–(aq) + 5e– →
Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ) 5Ag+(aq) + 5e–
Step 8 Cancel the electrons present on both 5Ag(s) + 8H+(aq) + MnO4–(aq) →
sides of the equation. Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ) + 5Ag+(aq)
Step 9 Identify the oxidizing agent and Since Ag(s) gets oxidized, it is the reducing
reducing agent. The reducing agent gets agent and since MnO4–(aq) gets reduced, it is the
oxidized and the oxidizing agent gets reduced. oxidizing agent.

Check Your Solution

The number of atoms of each element is equal on each side of the equation and the total
charge on each side is 7+, indicating that both mass and charge are balanced. The equation is
balanced.

2 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

2. Balance the following ionic equation for acidic conditions. Identify the oxidizing agent and
the reducing agent.

Hg(ℓ) + NO3–(aq) + Cl–(aq) → HgCl42–(s) + NO2(g)

What Is Required?
You need to balance the equation for the redox reaction in acidic conditions and identify the
oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the unbalanced equation: Hg(ℓ) + NO3–(aq) + Cl–(aq) → HgCl42–(s) +
NO2(g)

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Write the unbalanced half- Oxidation half-reaction:
reactions. Include only those compounds Hg(ℓ) + Cl–(aq) → HgCl42–(s)
that contain the atom that is oxidized or Reduction half- reaction:
the atom that is reduced. (For this step, NO3–(aq) → NO2(g)
ignore the fact that one side of the
equation might have oxygen atoms and
the other side has none.)
Step 2 Balance atoms other than oxygen Hg(ℓ) + 4Cl–(aq) → HgCl42–(s)
and hydrogen. NO3–(aq) → NO2(g) (already balanced for atoms
other than oxygen and hydrogen)
Step 3 Balance oxygen atoms by adding Hg(ℓ) + 4Cl–(aq) → HgCl42–(s) (already
water molecules. balanced)
Oxidation half-reaction: Already NO3–(aq) → NO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
balanced.
Reduction half-reaction: There are three
oxygen atoms on the left side of the
equation and two on the right. Add one
water molecule to the right side.
Step 4 Balance hydrogen atoms by Hg(ℓ) + 4Cl–(aq) → HgCl42–(s) (already
adding hydrogen ions. balanced)
Oxidation half-reaction: Already 2H+(aq) + NO3–(aq) → NO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
balanced.
Reduction half-reaction: There are two
hydrogen atoms in the water molecules
on the right side of the equation, so add
two hydrogen ions to the left side. Since
the half-reaction is to be balanced in
acidic conditions, these hydrogen ions
will remain in the equation.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 3

 Step 5 Balance the charges by adding Hg(ℓ) + 4Cl–(aq) → HgCl42–(s) + 2e–
electrons. 2H+(aq) + NO3–(aq) + 1e− → NO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There is a net
charge of 4− on the left side of the
equation and 2− on the right side.
Therefore, give the right side a net
charge of 4− by adding two electrons to
the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There is a net
charge of 1+ on the left side of the
equation. The net charge on the right side
of the equation is zero. Add one electron
to the left side to give it a net charge of
zero.
Step 6 Multiply one or both half- Hg(ℓ) + 4Cl–(aq) → HgCl42–(s) + 2e−
reactions by the number that will bring 4H+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2e− →
the number of electrons to the lowest 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)
common multiple.
Oxidation half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 1.
Reduction half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 2.
Step 7 Add the balanced half-reactions. Hg(ℓ) + 4Cl–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2e− →
2NO2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ) + HgCl42–(s) + 2e−
Step 8 Cancel the electrons present on Hg(ℓ) + 4Cl–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) →
both sides of the equation. 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ) + HgCl42–(s)
Step 9 Identify the oxidizing agent and Since Hg(ℓ) gets oxidized, it is the reducing agent,
reducing agent. The reducing agent gets and since NO3–(aq) gets reduced, it is the
oxidized and the oxidizing agent gets oxidizing agent.
reduced.

Check Your Solution

The number of atoms of each element is equal on each side of the equation and the total
charge on each side is 2–, indicating that both mass and charge are balanced. The equation is
balanced.

4 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

3. Balance the following ionic equation for acidic conditions. Identify the oxidizing agent and
the reducing agent.

AsH3(s) + Zn2+(aq) → H3AsO4(aq) + Zn(s)

What Is Required?
You need to balance the equation for the redox reaction in acidic conditions and identify the
oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the unbalanced equation: AsH3(s) + Zn2+(aq) → H3AsO4(aq) + Zn(s)

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Write the unbalanced half- Oxidation half-reaction: AsH3(s) → H3AsO4(aq)
reactions. Include only those compounds
that contain the atom that is oxidized or Reduction half- reaction: Zn2+(aq) → Zn(s)
the atom that is reduced. (For this step,
ignore the fact that one side of the
equation might have oxygen atoms and
the other side has none.)
Step 2 Balance atoms other than oxygen AsH3(s) → H3AsO4(aq)
and hydrogen. Zn2+(aq) → Zn(s)
(both are already balanced for atoms other than
oxygen and hydrogen)
Step 3 Balance oxygen atoms by adding AsH3(s) + 4H2O(ℓ) → H3AsO4(aq)
water molecules. Zn2+(aq) → Zn(s) (already balanced )
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 4
oxygen atoms on the right side and none
on the left side. Therefore, add four
water molecules to the left side to
balance the oxygen atoms.
Reduction half-reaction: Already
balanced.
Step 4 Balance hydrogen atoms by AsH3(s) + 4H2O(ℓ) → H3AsO4(aq) + 8H+(aq)
adding hydrogen ions. Zn2+(aq) → Zn(s) (already balanced )
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 3
hydrogen atoms in total on the right side
of the equation, and 11 hydrogen atoms
on the left side, so add 8 hydrogen ions
to the right side. Since the half-reaction
is to be balanced in acidic conditions,
these hydrogen ions will remain in the
equation.
Reduction half-reaction: Already
balanced.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 5

 Step 5 Balance the charges by adding AsH3(s) + 4H2O(ℓ) →
electrons. H3AsO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 8e–
2+ –
Oxidation half-reaction: There is a net Zn (aq) + 2e → Zn(s)
charge of zero on the left side of the
equation and 8+ on the right side.
Therefore, give the right side a net
charge of zero by adding 8 electrons to
the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There is a net
charge of 2+ on the left side of the
equation. The net charge on the right side
of the equation is zero. Add two
electrons to the left side to give it a net
charge of zero.
Step 6 Multiply one or both half- AsH3(s) + 4H2O(ℓ) →
reactions by the number that will bring H3AsO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 8e–
2+ –
the number of electrons to the lowest 4Zn (aq) + 8e → 4Zn(s)
common multiple.
Oxidation half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 1.
Reduction half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 4.
Step 7 Add the balanced half-reactions. AsH3(s) + 4H2O(ℓ) + 4Zn2+(aq) + 8e– →
H3AsO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 8e– + 4Zn(s)
Step 8 Cancel the electrons present on AsH3(s) + 4H2O(ℓ) + 4Zn2+(aq) →
both sides of the equation. H3AsO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 4Zn(s)
Step 9 Identify the oxidizing agent and Since AsH3(s) gets oxidized, it is the reducing
reducing agent. The reducing agent gets agent and since Zn2+(aq) gets reduced, it is the
oxidized and the oxidizing agent gets oxidizing agent.
reduced.

Check Your Solution

The number of atoms of each element is equal on each side of the equation and the total
charge on each side is 8+, indicating that both mass and charge are balanced. The equation is
balanced.

6 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

4. Balance the following ionic equation for acidic conditions. Identify the oxidizing agent and
the reducing agent.

I2(s) + ClO–(aq) → IO3–(aq) + Cl–(aq)

What Is Required?
You need to balance the equation for the redox reaction in acidic conditions and identify the
oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the unbalanced equation: I2(s) + ClO–(aq) → IO3–(aq) + Cl–(aq)

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Write the unbalanced half- Oxidation half-reaction: I2(s) → IO3–(aq)
reactions. Include only those compounds Reduction half- reaction: ClO–(aq) → Cl–(aq)
that contain the atom that is oxidized or
the atom that is reduced. (For this step,
ignore the fact that one side of the
equation might have oxygen atoms and
the other side has none.)
Step 2 Balance atoms other than oxygen I2(s) → 2IO3–(aq)
and hydrogen. ClO–(aq) → Cl–(aq) (already balanced for
atoms other than oxygen and hydrogen)
Step 3 Balance oxygen atoms by adding 6H2O(ℓ) + I2(s) → 2IO3–(aq)
water molecules. ClO–(aq) → Cl–(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 6
oxygen atoms on the right side and none
on the left side. Therefore, add 6 water
molecules to the left side to balance the
oxygen atoms.
Reduction half-reaction: There is one
oxygen atom on the left side and none on
the right, so add one water molecule to
the right side.
Step 4 Balance hydrogen atoms by 6H2O(ℓ) + I2(s) → 2IO3–(aq) + 12H+(aq)
adding hydrogen ions. 2H+(aq) + ClO–(aq) → Cl–(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 12
hydrogen atoms in total on the left side
of the equation, and none on the right
side, so add 12 hydrogen ions to the right
side.
Reduction half-reaction: There are no
hydrogen atoms on the left side and 2 on
the right, so add 2 hydrogen ions to the
left side.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 7

 Step 5 Balance the charges by adding 6H2O(ℓ) + I2(s) → 2IO3–(aq) + 12H+(aq) + 10e–
electrons. 2e– + 2H+(aq) + ClO–(aq) → Cl–(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There is a net
charge of zero on the left side of the
equation and 10+ on the right side.
Therefore, give the right side a net
charge of zero by adding 10 electrons to
the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There is a net
charge of 1+ on the left side of the
equation and 1– on the right. Add two
electrons to the left side to give it a net
charge of 1–.
Step 6 Multiply one or both half- 6H2O(ℓ) + I2(s) → 2IO3–(aq) + 12H+(aq) + 10e–
reactions by the number that will bring 10e– + 10H+(aq) + 5ClO–(aq) → 5Cl–(aq) +
the number of electrons to the lowest 5H2O(ℓ)
common multiple.
Oxidation half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 1.
Reduction half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 5.
Step 7 Add the balanced half-reactions. 10e– + 10H+(aq) + 5ClO–(aq) + 6H2O(ℓ) + I2(s)
→ 2IO3–(aq) + 12H+(aq) + 10e− + 5Cl–(aq) +
5H2O(ℓ)
Step 8 Cancel the electrons and common 5ClO–(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + I2(s) →
ions or atoms present on both sides of the 2IO3–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 5Cl–(aq)
equation.
Step 9 Identify the oxidizing agent and Since I2(s) gets oxidized, it is the reducing agent
reducing agent. and since ClO–(aq) gets reduced, it is the
The reducing agent gets oxidized and the oxidizing agent.
oxidizing agent gets reduced.

Check Your Solution

The number of atoms of each element is equal on each side of the equation and the total
charge on each side is 5–, indicating that both mass and charge are balanced. The equation is
balanced.

8 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

5. Balance the following ionic equation for basic conditions. Identify the oxidizing agent and the
reducing agent.

MnO4–(aq) + I–(aq) → MnO42–(aq) + IO3–(aq)

What Is Required?
You need to balance the equation for the redox reaction in basic conditions and identify the
oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the unbalanced equation: MnO4–(aq) + I–(aq) → MnO42–(aq) + IO3–(aq)

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Write the unbalanced half- Oxidation half-reaction: I–(aq) → IO3–(aq)
reactions. Include only those compounds Reduction half- reaction: MnO4–(aq) →
that contain the atom that is oxidized or MnO42–(aq)
the atom that is reduced. (For this step,
ignore the fact that one side of the
equation might have oxygen atoms and
the other side has none.)
Step 2 Balance atoms other than oxygen Equations for both half reactions are already
and hydrogen. balanced for atoms other than oxygen and
hydrogen
Step 3 Balance oxygen atoms by adding 3H2O(ℓ) + I–(aq) → IO3–(aq)
water molecules. MnO4–(aq) → MnO42–(aq) (already balanced for
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 3 oxygen atoms)
oxygen atoms on the right side and none
on the left side. Therefore, add 3 water
molecules to the left side to balance the
oxygen atoms.
Reduction half-reaction: There are 4
oxygen atoms on each side of the
equation, therefore this is already
balanced for oxygen atoms.
Step 4 Balance hydrogen atoms by 3H2O(ℓ) + I–(aq) → IO3–(aq) + 6H+(aq)
adding hydrogen ions. MnO4–(aq) → MnO42–(aq) (already balanced for
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 6 hydrogen atoms)
hydrogen atoms on the left side of the
equation, and none on the right side, so
add 6 hydrogen ions to the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: Already
balanced for hydrogen atoms.
Step 5 Adjust for basic conditions. 6OH–(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ) + I–(aq) →
Oxidation half-reaction: Add 6 IO3–(aq) + 6H2O(ℓ)
– 2–
hydroxide ions to each side of the MnO4 (aq) → MnO4 (aq)

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 9

 equation, forming 6 water molecules on
the right side.
Step 6 Cancel any water molecules 6OH–(aq) + I–(aq) → IO3–(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ)
present on both sides of the equation. MnO4–(aq) → MnO42–(aq)
Oxidation half-reaction: remove 3 water
molecules from each side of the
equation, leaving three water molecules
on the right.
Step 7 Balance the charges by adding 6OH–(aq) + I–(aq) → IO3–(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ) + 6 e–
electrons. 1e– + MnO4–(aq) → MnO42–(aq)
Oxidation half-reaction: There is a net
charge of 7– on the left side of the
equation and 1– on the right side.
Therefore, give the right side a net
charge of 7– by adding 6 electrons to the
right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There is a net
charge of 1– on the left side of the
equation and 2– on the right. Add one
electron to the left side to give it a net
charge of 2–.
Step 8 Multiply one or both half- 6OH–(aq) + I–(aq) → IO3–(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ) + 6 e–
reactions by the number that will bring 6e– + 6MnO4–(aq) → 6MnO42–(aq)
the number of electrons to the lowest
common multiple.
Oxidation half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 1.
Reduction half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 6.
Step 9 Add the balanced half-reactions. 6OH–(aq) + I–(aq) + 6e– + 6MnO4–(aq) →
IO3–(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ) + 6e– + 6MnO42–(aq)
Step 10 Cancel the electrons present on 6OH–(aq) + I–(aq) + 6MnO4–(aq) →
both sides of the equation. IO3–(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ) + 6MnO42–(aq)
Step 11 Identify the oxidizing agent and Since I–(aq) gets oxidized, it is the reducing
reducing agent. The reducing agent gets agent; since MnO4–(aq) gets reduced, it is the
oxidized and the oxidizing agent gets oxidizing agent.
reduced.

Check Your Solution

The number of atoms of each element is equal on each side of the equation and the total
charge on each side is 13–, indicating that both mass and charge are balanced. The equation is
balanced.

10 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

6. Balance the following ionic equation for basic conditions. Identify the oxidizing agent and the
reducing agent.

H2O2(aq) + ClO2(aq) → ClO–(aq) + O2(g)

What Is Required?
You need to balance the equation for the redox reaction in basic conditions and identify the
oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the unbalanced equation: H2O2(aq) + ClO2(aq) → ClO–(aq) + O2(g)

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Write the unbalanced half- Oxidation half-reaction: H2O2(aq) → O2(g)
reactions. Include only those compounds Reduction half- reaction: ClO2(aq) → ClO–(aq)
that contain the atom that is oxidized or
the atom that is reduced. (For this step,
ignore the fact that one side of the
equation might have oxygen atoms and
the other side has none.)
Step 2 Balance atoms other than oxygen Both equations are already balanced for atoms
and hydrogen. other than oxygen and hydrogen
Step 3 Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O2(aq) →
water molecules. O2(g) (already balanced for oxygen atoms)
Oxidation half-reaction: Already ClO2(aq) →ClO–(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
balanced for oxygen atoms.
Reduction half-reaction: There are 2
oxygen atoms on the left side of the
equation and only one on the right, so
add a water molecule to the right side to
balance the oxygen atoms.
Step 4 Balance hydrogen atoms by H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H+(aq)
adding hydrogen ions. 2H+(aq) + ClO2(aq) → ClO–(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 2
hydrogen atoms on the left side of the
equation, and none on the right side, so
add 2 hydrogen ions to the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There are 2
hydrogen atoms on the right side of the
equation, and none on the left side, so
add 2 hydrogen ions to the left side.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 11

 Step 5 Adjust for basic conditions. 2OH–(aq) +H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: Add 2 2H2O(ℓ)+ ClO2(aq) →
hydroxide ions to each side of the ClO–(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + 2OH–(aq)
equation, forming 2 water molecules on
the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: Add 2
hydroxide ions to each side of the
equation, forming 2 water molecules on
the left side.
Step 6 Cancel any water molecules 2OH–(aq) +H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)
present on both sides of the equation. H2O(ℓ)+ ClO2(aq) → ClO–(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
Reduction half-reaction: remove 1 water
molecule from each side of the equation,
leaving one water molecule on the left.
Step 7 Balance the charges by adding 2OH–(aq) +H2O2(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ) + 2e−
electrons. 3e– + H2O(ℓ)+ ClO2(aq) →
Oxidation half-reaction: There is a net ClO–(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
charge of 2– on the left side of the
equation and zero on the right side.
Therefore, give the right side a net
charge of 2– by adding 2 electrons to the
right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There is a net
charge of zero on the left side of the
equation and 3– on the right. Add three
electrons to the left side to give it a net
charge of 3–.
Step 8 Multiply one or both half- 6OH–(aq) +3H2O2(aq) →
reactions by the number that will bring 3O2(g) + 6H2O(ℓ) + 6e–
the number of electrons to the lowest 6e– + 2H2O(ℓ) + 2ClO2(aq) →
common multiple. 2ClO–(aq) + 4OH–(aq)
Oxidation half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 3.
Reduction half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 2.
Step 9 Add the balanced half-reactions. 6OH–(aq) +3H2O2(aq) + 6e– + 2H2O(ℓ) +
2ClO2(aq) →
2ClO–(aq) + 4OH–(aq) + 3O2(g) + 6H2O(ℓ) + 6e–

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 Step 10 Cancel the electrons, water 2OH–(aq) + 3H2O2(aq) + 2ClO2(aq) →
molecules and hydroxide ions present on 2ClO–(aq) + 3O2(g) + 4H2O(ℓ)
both sides of the equation.
Step 11 Identify the oxidizing agent and Since H2O2(aq) gets oxidized, it is the reducing
reducing agent. The reducing agent gets agent; since ClO2(aq) gets reduced, it is the
oxidized and the oxidizing agent gets oxidizing agent.
reduced.

Check Your Solution

The number of atoms of each element is equal on each side of the equation and the total
charge on each side is 2–, indicating that both mass and charge are balanced. The equation is
balanced.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 13

7. Balance the following ionic equation for basic conditions. Identify the oxidizing agent and the
reducing agent.

ClO–(aq) + CrO2–(aq) → CrO42–(aq) + Cl2(g)

What Is Required?
You need to balance the equation for the redox reaction in basic conditions and identify the
oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the unbalanced equation: ClO–(aq) + CrO2–(aq) → CrO42–(aq) + Cl2(g)

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Write the unbalanced half- Oxidation half-reaction: CrO2–(aq) → CrO42–
reactions. Include only those compounds (aq)
that contain the atom that is oxidized or Reduction half- reaction: ClO–(aq) → Cl2(g)
the atom that is reduced. (For this step,
ignore the fact that one side of the
equation might have oxygen atoms and
the other side has none.)
Step 2 Balance atoms other than oxygen CrO2–(aq) → CrO42–(aq)
and hydrogen. 2ClO–(aq) → Cl2(g)
Oxidation half-reaction: Already
balanced.
Reduction half-reaction: There are two
atoms of chlorine on the right side and
only one on the left side, so balance with
a 2 in front of the ClO–(aq) .
Step 3 Balance oxygen atoms by adding 2H2O(ℓ) + CrO2–(aq) → CrO42–(aq)
water molecules. 2ClO–(aq) → Cl2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are two
oxygen atoms on the left side and four on
the right side, so add 2 water molecules
to the left side.
Reduction half-reaction: There are 2
oxygen atoms on the left side of the
equation and none on the right, so add
two water molecules to the right side to
balance the oxygen atoms.

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Step 4 Balance hydrogen atoms by 2H2O(ℓ) + CrO2–(aq) → CrO42–(aq) + 4H+(aq)
adding hydrogen ions. 4H+(aq) + 2ClO–(aq) → Cl2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 4
hydrogen atoms on the left side of the
equation, and none on the right side, so
add 4 hydrogen ions to the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There are 4
hydrogen atoms on the right side of the
equation and none on the left side, so add
4 hydrogen ions to the left side.
Step 5 Adjust for basic conditions. 4OH–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) + CrO2–(aq) →
Oxidation half-reaction: Add 4 CrO42–(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ)
hydroxide ions to each side of the –
4H2O(ℓ) + 2ClO (aq) →
equation, forming 4 water molecules on Cl2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ) + 4OH–(aq)
the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: Add 4
hydroxide ions to each side of the
equation, forming 4 water molecules on
the left side.
Step 6 Cancel any water molecules 4OH–(aq) + CrO2–(aq) →CrO42–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
present on both sides of the equation. 2H2O(ℓ) + 2ClO–(aq) → Cl2(g) + 4OH–(aq)
Oxidation half-reaction: Remove 2 water
molecules from each side, leaving 2 on
the right.
Reduction half-reaction: Remove 2 water
molecules from each side of the
equation, leaving 2 water molecules on
the left.
Step 7 Balance the charges by adding 4OH–(aq) + CrO2–(aq) →
electrons. CrO42–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) + 3e–
Oxidation half-reaction: There is a net 2e– + 2H2O(ℓ) + 2ClO–(aq) →
charge of 5– on the left side of the Cl2(g) + 4OH–(aq)
equation and 2– on the right side.
Therefore, give the right side a net
charge of 5– by adding 3 electrons to the
right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There is a net
charge of 2– on the left side of the
equation and 4– on the right. Add 2
electrons to the left side to give it a net
charge of 4–.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 15

 Step 8 Multiply one or both half- 8OH–(aq) + 2CrO2–(aq) →
reactions by the number that will bring 2CrO42–(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ) + 6e–
the number of electrons to the lowest 6e– + 6H2O(ℓ) + 6ClO–(aq) →
common multiple. 3Cl2(g) + 12OH–(aq)
Oxidation half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 2.
Reduction half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 3.
Step 9 Add the balanced half-reactions. 6e– + 6H2O(ℓ) + 6ClO–(aq) + 8OH–(aq)
+ 2CrO2–(aq) →
2CrO4 (aq) + 4H2O(ℓ) + 6e– + 3Cl2(g) +
2–

12OH–(aq)
Step 10 Cancel the electrons, water 2H2O(ℓ) + 6ClO–(aq) + 2CrO2–(aq) →
molecules and hydroxide ions present on 2CrO42–(aq) + 3Cl2(g) + 4OH–(aq)
both sides of the equation.
Step 11 Identify the oxidizing agent and Since CrO2–(aq) gets oxidized, it is the reducing
reducing agent. The reducing agent gets agent; since ClO–(aq) gets reduced, it is the
oxidized and the oxidizing agent gets oxidizing agent.
reduced.

Check Your Solution

The number of atoms of each element is equal on each side of the equation and the total
charge on each side is 8–, indicating that both mass and charge are balanced. The equation is
balanced.

16 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

8. Balance the following ionic equation for basic conditions. Identify the oxidizing agent and the
reducing agent.

Al(s) + NO–(aq) → NH3(g) + AlO2–(aq)

What Is Required?
You need to balance the equation for the redox reaction in basic conditions and identify the
oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the unbalanced equation: Al(s) + NO–(aq) → NH3(g) + AlO2–(aq)

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Write the unbalanced half- Oxidation half-reaction: Al(s) → AlO2–(aq)
reactions. Include only those compounds Reduction half- reaction: NO–(aq) → NH3(g)
that contain the atom that is oxidized or
the atom that is reduced. (For this step,
ignore the fact that one side of the
equation might have oxygen atoms and
the other side has none.)
Step 2 Balance atoms other than oxygen All atoms other than hydrogen and oxygen are
and hydrogen. balanced in the two half-reactions.
Step 3 Balance oxygen atoms by adding 2H2O(ℓ) + Al(s) → AlO2–(aq)
water molecules. NO–(aq) → NH3(g) + H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are two
oxygen atoms on the right side and none
on the left side, so add 2 water molecules
to the left side.
Reduction half-reaction: There is 1
oxygen atom on the left side of the
equation and none on the right, so add
one water molecule to the right side to
balance the oxygen atoms.
Step 4 Balance hydrogen atoms by 2H2O(ℓ) + Al(s) → AlO2–(aq) + 4H+(aq)
adding hydrogen ions. 5H+(aq) + NO–(aq) → NH3(g) + H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 4
hydrogen atoms on the left side of the
equation, and none on the right side, so
add 4 hydrogen ions to the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There are 5
hydrogen atoms on the right side of the
equation and none on the left side, so add
5 hydrogen ions to the left side.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 17

 Step 5 Adjust for basic conditions. 4OH–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) + Al(s) →
Oxidation half-reaction: Add 4 AlO2–(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ)
hydroxide ions to each side of the 5H2O(ℓ) + NO–(aq) →
equation, forming 4 water molecules on NH3(g) + H2O(ℓ)+ 5OH–(aq)
the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: Add 5
hydroxide ions to each side of the
equation, forming 5 water molecules on
the left side.
Step 6 Cancel any water molecules 4OH–(aq) + Al(s) → AlO2–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
present on both sides of the equation. 4H2O(ℓ) + NO–(aq) → NH3(g) + 5OH–(aq)
Oxidation half-reaction: Remove 2 water
molecules from each side, leaving 2 on
the right.
Reduction half-reaction: remove 1water
molecule from each side of the equation,
leaving 4 water molecules on the left.
Step 7 Balance the charges by adding 4OH–(aq) + Al(s) → AlO2–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) + 3e−
electrons. 4e– + 4H2O(ℓ) + NO–(aq) → NH3(g) + 5OH–(aq)
Oxidation half-reaction: There is a net
charge of 4– on the left side of the
equation and 1– on the right side.
Therefore, give the right side a net
charge of 4– by adding 3 electrons to the
right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There is a net
charge of 1– on the left side of the
equation and 5– on the right. Add 4
electrons to the left side to give it a net
charge of 5–.
Step 8 Multiply one or both half- 16OH–(aq) + 4Al(s) →
reactions by the number that will bring 4AlO2–(aq) + 8H2O(ℓ) + 12e–
the number of electrons to the lowest 12e– + 12H2O(ℓ) + 3NO–(aq) →
common multiple. 3NH3(g) + 15OH–(aq)
Oxidation half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 4.
Reduction half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 3.
Step 9 Add the balanced half-reactions. 12e– + 12H2O(ℓ) + 3NO–(aq)
+ 16OH–(aq) + 4Al(s) →
4AlO2 (aq) + 8H2O(ℓ) + 12e–
–

+ 3NH3(g) + 15OH–(aq)

18 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

 Step 10 Cancel the electrons, water 4H2O(ℓ) + 3NO–(aq) + 4Al(s) + OH–(aq) →
molecules and hydroxide ions present on 4AlO2–(aq) + 3NH3(g)
both sides of the equation.
Step 11 Identify the oxidizing agent and Since Al(s) gets oxidized, it is the reducing
reducing agent. The reducing agent gets agent; since NO–(aq) gets reduced, it is the
oxidized and the oxidizing agent gets oxidizing agent.
reduced.

Check Your Solution

The number of atoms of each element is equal on each side of the equation and the total
charge on each side is 4–, indicating that both mass and charge are balanced. The equation is
balanced.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 19

9. Balance the following ionic equation for the conditions indicated. Identify the oxidizing agent
and the reducing agent.

ClO3–(aq) + MnO2(s) → Cl–(aq) + MnO4–(aq) (basic conditions)

What Is Required?
You need to balance the equation for the redox reaction in basic conditions and identify the
oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the unbalanced equation: ClO3–(aq) + MnO2(s) → Cl–(aq) + MnO4–(aq)

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Write the unbalanced half- Oxidation half-reaction: MnO2(s) →MnO4–(aq)
reactions. Include only those compounds Reduction half- reaction: ClO3–(aq) → Cl–(aq)
that contain the atom that is oxidized or
the atom that is reduced. (For this step,
ignore the fact that one side of the
equation might have oxygen atoms and
the other side has none.)
Step 2 Balance atoms other than oxygen All atoms other than hydrogen and oxygen are
and hydrogen. balanced in the two half-reactions.
Step 3 Balance oxygen atoms by adding 2H2O(ℓ) + MnO2(s) →MnO4–(aq)
water molecules. ClO3–(aq) → Cl–(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 4
oxygen atoms on the right side and 2 on
the left side, so add 2 water molecules to
the left side.
Reduction half-reaction: There are 3
oxygen atoms on the left side of the
equation and none on the right, so add 3
water molecules to the right side to
balance the oxygen atoms.
Step 4 Balance hydrogen atoms by 2H2O(ℓ) + MnO2(s) → MnO4–(aq) + 4H+(aq)
adding hydrogen ions. 6H+(aq) + ClO3–(aq) → Cl–(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 4
hydrogen atoms on the left side of the
equation, and none on the right side, so
add 4 hydrogen ions to the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There are 6
hydrogen atoms on the right side of the
equation and none on the left side, so add
6 hydrogen ions to the left side.

20 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

Step 5 Adjust for basic conditions. 4OH–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) + MnO2(s) →
Oxidation half-reaction: Add 4 MnO4–(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ)
hydroxide ions to each side of the 6H2O(ℓ) + ClO3–(aq) →
equation, forming 4 water molecules on Cl–(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ) + 6OH–(aq)
the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: Add 6
hydroxide ions to each side of the
equation, forming 6 water molecules on
the left side.
Step 6 Cancel any water molecules 4OH–(aq) + MnO2(s) → MnO4–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
present on both sides of the equation. 3H2O(ℓ) + ClO3–(aq) → Cl–(aq) + 6OH–(aq)
Oxidation half-reaction: Remove 2 water
molecules from each side, leaving 2 on
the right.
Reduction half-reaction: remove 3water
molecules from each side of the
equation, leaving 3 water molecules on
the left.
Step 7 Balance the charges by adding 4OH–(aq) + MnO2(s) →
electrons. MnO4–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) + 3e−
Oxidation half-reaction: There is a net 6e− + 3H2O(ℓ) + ClO3–(aq) →
charge of 4– on the left side of the Cl–(aq) + 6OH–(aq)
equation and 1– on the right side.
Therefore, give the right side a net
charge of 4– by adding 3 electrons to the
right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There is a net
charge of 1– on the left side of the
equation and 7– on the right. Add 6
electrons to the left side to give it a net
charge of 7–.
Step 8 Multiply one or both half- 8OH–(aq) + 2MnO2(s) →
reactions by the number that will bring 2MnO4–(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ) + 6e−
the number of electrons to the lowest 6e + 3H2O(ℓ) + ClO3–(aq) →
−

common multiple. Cl–(aq) + 6OH–(aq)

Oxidation half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 2.
Reduction half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 1.
Step 9 Add the balanced half-reactions. 6e− + 3H2O(ℓ) + ClO3–(aq) + 8OH–(aq)
+ 2MnO2(s) →
2MnO4 (aq) + 4 H2O(ℓ) + 6e− + Cl–(aq)
–

+ 6OH–(aq)

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 21

 Step 10 Cancel the electrons, water ClO3–(aq) + 2OH–(aq) + 2MnO2(s) →
molecules and hydroxide ions present on 2MnO4–(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + Cl–(aq)
both sides of the equation.
Step 11 Identify the oxidizing agent and Since MnO2(s) gets oxidized, it is the reducing
reducing agent. The reducing agent gets agent; since ClO3–(aq) gets reduced, it is the
oxidized and the oxidizing agent gets oxidizing agent.
reduced.

Check Your Solution

The number of atoms of each element is equal on each side of the equation and the total
charge on each side is 3–, indicating that both mass and charge are balanced. The equation is
balanced.

22 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

10. Balance the following ionic equation for the conditions indicated. Identify the oxidizing agent
and the reducing agent.

PbO2(s) + I2(s) → Pb2+(aq) + IO3–(aq) (acidic conditions)

What Is Required?
You need to balance the equation for the redox reaction in acidic conditions and identify the
oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the unbalanced equation: I2(s) + ClO–(aq) → IO3–(aq) + Cl–(aq)

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Write the unbalanced half- Oxidation half-reaction: I2(s) → IO3–(aq)
reactions. Include only those compounds Reduction half- reaction: PbO2(s) →
that contain the atom that is oxidized or Pb2+(aq)
the atom that is reduced. (For this step,
ignore the fact that one side of the
equation might have oxygen atoms and
the other side has none.)
Step 2 Balance atoms other than oxygen I2(s) → 2IO3–(aq)
and hydrogen. PbO2(s) → Pb2+(aq) (already balanced for
atoms other than oxygen and hydrogen)
Step 3 Balance oxygen atoms by adding 6H2O(ℓ) + I2(s) → 2IO3–(aq)
water molecules. PbO2(s) → Pb2+(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 6
oxygen atoms on the right side and none
on the left side. Therefore, add 6 water
molecules to the left side to balance the
oxygen atoms.
Reduction half-reaction: There are two
oxygen atoms on the left side and none on
the right, so add 2 water molecules to the
right side.
Step 4 Balance hydrogen atoms by adding 6H2O(ℓ) + I2(s) → 2IO3–(aq) + 12H+(aq)
hydrogen ions. 4H+(aq) + PbO2(s) → Pb2+(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are 12
hydrogen atoms in total on the left side of
the equation, and none on the right side,
so add 12 hydrogen ions to the right side.
Reduction half-reaction: There are no
hydrogen atoms on the left side and 4 on
the right, so add 4 hydrogen ions to the
left side.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 23

 Step 5 Balance the charges by adding 6H2O(ℓ) + I2(s) → 2IO3–(aq) + 12H+(aq) +
electrons. 10 e−
Oxidation half-reaction: There is a net 2e− + 4H+(aq) + PbO2(s) → Pb2+(aq) +
charge of zero on the left side of the 2H2O(ℓ)
equation and 10+ on the right side.
Therefore, give the right side a net charge
of zero by adding 10 electrons to the right
side.
Reduction half-reaction: There is a net
charge of 4+ on the left side of the
equation and 2+ on the right. Add two
electrons to the left side to give it a net
charge of 2+.
Step 6 Multiply one or both half-reactions 6H2O(ℓ) + I2(s) →
by the number that will bring the number 2IO3–(aq) + 12H+(aq) + 10e−
of electrons to the lowest common 10e− + 20H+(aq) + 5PbO2(s) →
multiple. 5Pb2+(aq) + 10H2O(ℓ)
Oxidation half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 1.
Reduction half-reaction: Multiply the
reactants and products by 5.
Step 7 Add the balanced half-reactions. 10e− + 20H+(aq) + 5PbO2(s) + 6H2O(ℓ) + I2(s)
→ 2IO3–(aq) + 12H+(aq) + 10e−
+ 5Pb2+(aq) + 10H2O(ℓ)
Step 8 Cancel the electrons and common 8H+(aq) + 5PbO2(s) + I2(s) →
ions or atoms present on both sides of the 2IO3–(aq) + 5Pb2+(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ)
equation.
Step 9 Identify the oxidizing agent and Since I2(s) gets oxidized, it is the reducing
reducing agent. The reducing agent gets agent; since PbO2(s) gets reduced, it is the
oxidized and the oxidizing agent gets oxidizing agent.
reduced.

Check Your Solution

The number of atoms of each element is equal on each side of the equation and the total
charge on each side is 8+, indicating that both mass and charge are balanced. The equation is
balanced.

24 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

Assigning Oxidation Numbers
(Student textbook page 606)

11. Determine the oxidation number of the atoms of the specified element in the following: N in
NF3(g)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of an atom of nitrogen in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula NF3(g). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on page
604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply rule 5: the oxidation number of the more Since F is more electronegative, the
electronegative element is the same as the charge fluorine ion is assigned a value of –1.
it would have as an ion. Determine the
electronegativity of the two elements.
The oxidation number of N is unknown, but you 1 N atom  3 F atoms  0
know that the compound has a net charge of zero. x  3(1)  0
Therefore, apply rule 6: the oxidation numbers
must add to zero. Let x represent the oxidation x 3  0
number of N. x  3

The oxidation number of nitrogen is +3.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 25

12. Determine the oxidation number of the atoms of the specified element in the following: S in
S8(s)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of an atom of sulfur in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula S8(s) . You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on page
604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply rule 1: A pure element has an Since S8(s) is made up only of sulfur atoms,
oxidation number of zero. each atom has an oxidation number of zero.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

13. Determine the oxidation number of the atoms of the specified element in the following: Cr in
CrO42–(aq)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of an atom of chromium in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula CrO42–(aq). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on
page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

2–
CrO4 (aq) contains oxygen. Apply rule 4. The oxidation number of oxygen is –2.
Apply rule 7: the sum of the oxidation 1 Cr atom  4 O atoms  2
numbers of all atoms in a polyatomic ion x  4(2)  2
equals the charge on the ion. Let x
represent the oxidation number of Cr. x  8  2
x  6

The oxidation number of Cr is +6.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

26 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

14. Determine the oxidation number of the atoms of the specified element in the following: P in
P2O5(s)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of an atom of phosphorus in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula P2O5(s). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on page
604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

P2O5(s) contains oxygen. Apply rule 4. The oxidation number of oxygen is –2.
The oxidation number of P is unknown, but 2 P atoms  5 O atoms  0
you know that the compound has a net 2 x  5(2)  0
charge of zero. Therefore, apply rule 6: the
oxidation numbers must add to zero. 2 x  10  0
Let x represent the oxidation number of P. 2 x  10
x  5

The oxidation number of P is + 5.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 27

15. Determine the oxidation number of the atoms of the specified element in the following: C in
C12H22O11(s)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of an atom of carbon in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula C12H22O11(s). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on
page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

C12H22O11(s) contains oxygen and The oxidation number of oxygen is –2 and the
hydrogen. Apply rules 3 and 4. oxidation number of hydrogen is +1.
The oxidation number of C is unknown, but 12 C atoms  22 H atoms  11 O atoms  0
you know that the compound has a net 12 x  22(1)  11(2)  0
charge of zero. Therefore, apply rule 6: the
oxidation numbers must add to zero. 12 x  22  22  0
Let x represent the oxidation number of C. 12 x  0
x0

The oxidation number of C is 0.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical. Because there are 12 carbon atoms in the
molecule and they are not all bonded to atoms of other elements in the same way, the
oxidation number, 0, is an average of the 12 atoms and not the exact oxidation number of each
carbon atom.

28 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

16. Determine the oxidation number of the atoms of the specified element in the following: H in
CaH2(s)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of an atom of hydrogen in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula CaH2(s). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on page
604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

CaH2(s) contains hydrogen, so apply rule This is a metallic hydride, so the oxidation
3. number of hydrogen is –1.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed. The oxidation number is logical because the oxidation numbers of
the two hydride ions add to ‒2 and the oxidation number of calcium is +2. The total is zero
and the compound is neutral.

17. Determine the oxidation number of each of the atoms in the following compound: H2SO3(aq)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of each of the atoms in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula H2SO3(aq). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on
page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

H2SO3(aq) contains oxygen and hydrogen. The oxidation number of oxygen is –2, and the
Apply rules 3 and 4. oxidation number of hydrogen is +1.
The oxidation number of C is unknown, 2 H atoms  1 S atom  3 O atoms  0
but you know that the compound has a net 2(1)  x  3(2)  0
charge of zero. Therefore, apply rule 6: the
oxidation numbers must add to zero. 2 x6  0
Let x represent the oxidation number of C. x  62
x  4

The oxidation number of H is +1, the oxidation number of O is –2 and the oxidation number
of S is +4.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 29

18. Determine the oxidation number of each of the atoms in the following compound: OH–(aq)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of each of the atoms in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula OH–(aq). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on
page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

-
OH (aq) contains oxygen and hydrogen. The oxidation number of oxygen is –2, and the
Apply rules 3 and 4. oxidation number of hydrogen is +1.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

19. Determine the oxidation number of each of the atoms in the following compound: HPO42–(aq)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of each of the atoms in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula HPO42–(aq). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on
page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

2–
HPO4 (aq) contains oxygen and hydrogen. The oxidation number of oxygen is –2, and the
Apply rules 3 and 4. oxidation number of hydrogen is +1.
Apply rule 7: the sum of the oxidation 1 H atom  1 P atom  4 O atoms  2
numbers of all atoms in a polyatomic ion 1  x  4(2)  2
equals the charge on the ion. Let x
represent the oxidation number of P. x  7  2
x  5

The oxidation number of H is +1, the oxidation number of O is –2, and the oxidation number
of P is +5.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

30 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

20. Determine the oxidation number of oxygen in the following: O2(g)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of an atom of oxygen in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula O2(g). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on page 604
of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply rule 1: A pure element has an Since O2(g) is made up only of oxygen atoms,
oxidation number of zero. each atom has an oxidation number of zero.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

21. Determine the oxidation number of oxygen in the following: the peroxide ion, O22–(aq)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of an atom of oxygen in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula O22–(aq). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on
page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply rule 7: the sum of the oxidation 2 O atoms  2
numbers of all atoms in a polyatomic ion 2 x  2
equals the charge on the ion. Let x
represent the oxidation number of O. x  1

The oxidation number of O is –1.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed. Rule 4 also says that the oxidation number of oxygen in peroxides
and superoxides is not ‒2.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 31

22. Determine the oxidation number of each element in the following ionic compound by
considering the ions separately: Al(HCO3)3(s)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of each element in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula Al(HCO3)3(s). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on
page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Separate the ions in the compound. Al(HCO3)3 is made up of Al3+ and HCO3–
Apply rule 2 to Al3+: The oxidation The oxidation number of Al3+ is +3.
number of an element in a monoatomic ion
equals the charge on the ion.
Apply rule 7 to HCO3–: the sum of the 1 H atom  1 C atom  3 O atoms  1
oxidation numbers of all atoms in a 1  x  3(2)  1
polyatomic ion equals the charge on the
ion. Let x represent the oxidation number x  5  1
of C. x  4

The oxidation number of Al is +3, the oxidation number of H is +1, the oxidation number of
C is +4, and the oxidation number of O is –2.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

32 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

23. Determine the oxidation number of each element in the following ionic compound by
considering the ions separately: (NH4)4PO4(aq)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of each element in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula (NH4)4PO4(aq). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3
on page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Separate the ions in the (NH4)4PO4(aq) is made up of NH4+ and PO43–
compound.
Apply rule 7 to NH4+ and PO43–: 1 N atom  4 H atoms  1 1 P atom  4 O atoms  3
the sum of the oxidation numbers x  4(1)  1 y  4(2)  3
of all atoms in a polyatomic ion
equals the charge on the ion. Let x x  4  1 y  8  3
represent the oxidation number of x  3 y  5
N and let y represent the oxidation
number of P.

The oxidation number of N is –3, the oxidation number of H is +1, the oxidation number of P
is +5, and the oxidation number of O is –2.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 33

24. Determine the oxidation number of each element in the following ionic compound by
considering the ions separately. (Hint: One formula unit of the compound contains two
identical monatomic ions and one polyatomic ion.) K2H3IO6(aq)

What Is Required?
You must determine the oxidation number of each element in a given compound.

What Is Given?
You are given the chemical formula K2H3IO6(aq). You can refer to the rules in Table 9.3 on
page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Separate the ions in the compound. K2H3IO6(aq) is made up of K+ and H3IO62–.
Apply rule 2 to K+: The oxidation The oxidation number of K+ is +1.
number of an element in a monoatomic
ion equals the charge on the ion.
Apply rule 7 to H3IO62–: the sum of the 3 H atoms  1 I atoms  6 O atoms  2
oxidation numbers of all atoms in a 3(1)  x  6(2)  2
polyatomic ion equals the charge on the
ion. Let x represent the oxidation x  9  2
number of I. x  7

Therefore, the oxidation number of K is +1, the oxidation number of H is +1, the oxidation
number of I is +7, and the oxidation number of O is –2.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

34 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

Identifying Redox Reactions
(Student textbook page 611)

25. Is the reaction below a redox reaction? Identify if it is a disproportionation reaction.

(Hint: Some of the oxidation numbers are averages.)
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(ℓ)

What Is Required?
You need to determine whether the given chemical reaction is or is not a redox reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced equation 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(ℓ). You are given rules for
assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply the rules in Table 9.3 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(ℓ)
to assign oxidation numbers 0 0 +1 ‒2
to each atom in the equation.
Compare the oxidation The oxidation number of hydrogen is zero on the left and +1
numbers of the atoms of each on the right.
element on both sides of the The oxidation number of oxygen is zero on the left and –2
equation. on the right.
Determine whether the The oxidation number of hydrogen changed from 0 to + 1.
oxidation numbers of at least The oxidation number of oxygen changed from 0 to –2.
two atoms change during the Therefore, the reaction is a redox reaction.
reaction. If so, the reaction is
a redox reaction. If oxidation
numbers do not change, the
reaction is not a redox
reaction.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed. Oxidation numbers for two elements changed and the answer is
logical.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 35

26. Is the reaction below a redox reaction? Identify if it is a disproportionation reaction.
(Hint: Some of the oxidation numbers are averages.)
PCl3(ℓ) + 3H2O(ℓ) → H3PO3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)

What Is Required?
You need to determine whether the given chemical reaction is or is not a redox reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced equation 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(ℓ). You are given rules for
assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply the rules in Table 9.3 PCl3(ℓ) + 3H2O(ℓ) → H3PO3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)
to assign oxidation numbers +3‒1 +1 ‒2 +1 +3 ‒2 +1 ‒1
to each atom in the equation.
Compare the oxidation The oxidation number of all hydrogen atoms is +1.
numbers of the atoms of each The oxidation number of chlorine is –1 on both sides of the
element on both sides of the equation.
equation. The oxidation number of oxygen atoms on both sides of the
equation is –2.
The oxidation number of phosphorus on both sides of the
equation is +3.
Determine whether the There was no change in any of the oxidation numbers.
oxidation numbers of at least Therefore, the reaction is not a redox reaction.
two atoms change during the
reaction. If so, the reaction is
a redox reaction. If oxidation
numbers do not change, the
reaction is not a redox
reaction.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed and the answer is logical.

36 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

27. Is the reaction below a redox reaction? Identify if it is a disproportionation reaction.
(Hint: Some of the oxidation numbers are averages.)

2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(ℓ)

What Is Required?
You need to determine whether the given chemical reaction is or is not a redox reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced equation 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(ℓ)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply the rules in Table 9.3 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(ℓ)
to assign oxidation numbers ‒3 +1 0 +4 ‒2 +1 ‒2
to each atom in the equation.
Compare the oxidation The oxidation number of all hydrogen atoms is +1.
numbers of the atoms of each The oxidation number of carbon is –3 on the left side and +
element on both sides of the 4 on the right side of the equation.
equation. The oxidation number of oxygen atoms on the left side is 0
and on the right side of the equation is –2.
Determine whether the The oxidation number of carbon changed from –3 to +4.
oxidation numbers of at least The oxidation number of oxygen changed from 0 to –2.
two atoms change during the Therefore, the reaction is a redox reaction.
reaction. If so, the reaction is
a redox reaction. If oxidation
numbers do not change, the
reaction is not a redox
reaction.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed. Oxidation numbers for two elements changed and in the opposite
direction. The carbon is bonded to more oxygen atoms and fewer hydrogen atoms on the right
side of the equation. The oxygen atoms on the right are bonded to fewer oxygen atoms on the
right side.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 37

28. Is the reaction below a redox reaction? Identify if it is a disproportionation reaction.
(Hint: Some of the oxidation numbers are averages.)

3NO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

What Is Required?
You need to determine whether the given chemical reaction is or is not a redox reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced equation 3NO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply the rules in Table 9.3 3NO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
to assign oxidation numbers +4 ‒2 +1 ‒2 +1+5‒2 +2 ‒2
to each atom in the equation.
Compare the oxidation The oxidation number of all hydrogen atoms is +1.
numbers of the atoms of each The oxidation number of oxygen atoms on both sides of the
element on both sides of the equation is –2.
equation. Some atoms of nitrogen go from an oxidation number of +4
to an oxidation number of +5 while some go from + 5 to +
2.
Determine whether the Since nitrogen atoms go from + 4 to +5 and from +4 to + 2,
oxidation numbers of at least the reaction is a disproportionation reaction.
two atoms change during the
reaction. If so, the reaction is
a redox reaction. If oxidation
numbers do not change, the
reaction is not a redox
reaction.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed. The oxidation number of some of the nitrogen atoms increased
while that of others decreased, making the reaction both a redox reaction and a disproporation
reaction.

38 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

29. Is the reaction below a redox reaction? Identify if it is a disproportionation reaction.
(Hint: Some of the oxidation numbers are averages.)

6HI(aq) + 2HMnO4(aq) → 3I2(s) + 2MnO2(s) + 4H2O(ℓ)

What Is Required?
You need to determine whether the given chemical reaction is or is not a redox reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced equation 6HI(aq) + 2HMnO4(aq) → 3I2(s) + 2MnO2(s) + 4H2O(ℓ)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply the rules in Table 9.3 to 6HI(aq) + 2HMnO4(aq) → 3I2(s) + 2MnO2(s) + 4H2O(ℓ)
assign oxidation numbers to +1‒1 +1 +7 ‒2 0 +4 ‒2 +1 ‒2
each atom in the equation.
Compare the oxidation The oxidation number of all hydrogen atoms is +1.
numbers of the atoms of each The oxidation number of oxygen atoms on both sides of the
element on both sides of the equation is –2.
equation. The oxidation number of iodine is –1 on the left side and 0
on the right side of the equation.
The oxidation number of manganese atoms on the left side
is +7 and on the right side of the equation is +4.
Determine whether the The oxidation number of iodine changed from –1 to 0.
oxidation numbers of at least The oxidation number of manganese changed from +7 to
two atoms change during the ‒2. Therefore, the reaction is a redox reaction.
reaction. If so, the reaction is a
redox reaction. If oxidation
numbers do not change, the
reaction is not a redox
reaction.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed. Of the atoms that changed in oxidation state, one increased and the
other decreased which is necessary to be a redox reaction.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 39

30. Is the reaction below a redox reaction? Identify if it is a disproportionation reaction. (Hint:
Some of the oxidation numbers are averages.)

CH3COOH(aq) + CH3OH(aq) → CH3COOCH3(aq) + H2O(ℓ)

What Is Required?
You need to determine whether the given chemical reaction is or is not a redox reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced chemical equation:
CH3COOH(aq) + CH3OH(aq) → CH3COOCH3(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply the rules in Table 9.3 CH3COOH(aq) + CH3OH(aq) → CH3COOCH3(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
to assign oxidation numbers +3+1‒3‒2‒2+1 ‒2 +1 ‒2+1 ‒3+1 +3‒2‒2+2+1 +1 ‒2
to each atom in the equation.
Compare the oxidation The oxidation number of all hydrogen atoms is +1.
numbers of the atoms of each The average oxidation number of carbon is
element on both sides of the (3  3  2) 2  3  3  2  2
equation.   on the left side and   on
3 3 3 3
the right side of the equation. The numbers were determined
by using the Lewis structure method. The oxidation number
of all oxygen atoms is –2.
Determine whether the There is no change in any of the oxidation numbers.
oxidation numbers of at least Therefore, the reaction is not a redox reaction.
two atoms change during the
reaction. If so, the reaction is
a redox reaction. If oxidation
numbers do not change, the
reaction is not a redox
reaction.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed. The carbon atoms on the two sides of the equation, were bonded to
the same number of hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms, also indicating that their oxidation
numbers did not change during the reaction.

40 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

31. Is the reaction below a redox reaction? Identify if it is a disproportionation reaction.
(Hint: Some of the oxidation numbers are averages.)

2NO2(g) + 7H2(g) → 2NH3(g) + 4H2O(ℓ)

What Is Required?
You need to determine whether the given chemical reaction is or is not a redox reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced equation 2NO2(g) + 7H2(g) → 2NH3(g) + 4H2O(ℓ). You are given
rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply the rules in Table 9.3 to assign 2NO2(g) + 7H2(g) → 2NH3(g) + 4H2O(ℓ)
oxidation numbers to each atom in the +4 ‒2 0 ‒3 +1 +1 ‒2
equation.
Compare the oxidation numbers of the The oxidation number of hydrogen atoms on
atoms of each element on both sides of the the left side is 0 and on the right side is +1.
equation. The oxidation number of nitrogen is +4 on the
left side and –3 on the right side of the
equation.
The oxidation number of all oxygen atoms is
–2.
Determine whether the oxidation numbers The oxidation number of nitrogen changed
of at least two atoms change during the from +4 to –3.
reaction. If so, the reaction is a redox The oxidation number of hydrogen changed
reaction. If oxidation numbers do not from 0 to +1.
change, the reaction is not a redox reaction. Therefore, the reaction is a redox reaction.

Check Your Solution

The rules were followed. The oxidation numbers of the two elements changed in opposite
directions, as they should for a redox reaction.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 41

32. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent for the redox reaction(s) in questions 25
through 31.

What Is Required?
You need to identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the redox reactions from
questions 25 through 31.

What Is Given?
You are given the information you collected in using oxidation numbers to determine if the
reactions were redox reactions.
[Note: Since the reactions in questions 26 and 30 were not redox reactions, there is no
oxidizing agent or reducing agent in these reactions.]

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Review answer from question 25. The oxidation number of hydrogen changed
from 0 to + 1.
The oxidation number of oxygen changed from
0 to –2.
Therefore, the reaction is a redox reaction.
Step 2 The oxidizing agent is reduced, Hydrogen increases in oxidation number, so
which causes a decrease in the oxidation the reducing agent is H2(g), and oxygen
number of the atom. The reducing agent is decreases in oxidation number, so the oxidizing
oxidized, which causes an increase in the agent is O2(g)
oxidation number of the atom.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Review answer from question 27. The oxidation number of carbon changed from
–3 to +4.
The oxidation number of oxygen changed from
0 to –2.
Therefore, the reaction is a redox reaction.
Step 2 The oxidizing agent is reduced, Carbon increases in oxidation number, so the
which causes a decrease in the oxidation reducing agent is C2 H6(g); oxygen decreases
number of the atom. The reducing agent is in oxidation number, so the oxidizing agent is
oxidized, which causes an increase in the O2(g)
oxidation number of the atom.

42 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

 Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 Review answer from question 28. Since nitrogen atoms go from + 4 to +5 and
from +4 to + 2, the reaction is a
disproportionation reaction.
Step 2 The oxidizing agent is reduced, Nitrogen increases and decreases in oxidation
which causes a decrease in the oxidation number, so NO2 (g) is both the oxidizing and
number of the atom. The reducing agent is reducing agent.
oxidized, which causes an increase in the
oxidation number of the atom.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Review answer from question 29. The oxidation number of iodine changed from
–1 to 0.
The oxidation number of manganese changed
from +7 to +4.
Therefore, the reaction is a redox reaction.
Step 2 The oxidizing agent is reduced, Iodine increases in oxidation number so the
which causes a decrease in the oxidation reducing agent is HI(aq), and manganese
number of the atom. The reducing agent is decreases in oxidation number so the oxidizing
oxidized, which causes an increase in the agent is HMnO4(aq)
oxidation number of the atom.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Review answer from question 31. The oxidation number of nitrogen changed
from +4 to –3.
The oxidation number of hydrogen changed
from 0 to +1.
Therefore, the reaction is a redox reaction.
Step 2The oxidizing agent is reduced, Hydrogen increases in oxidation number, so
which causes a decrease in the oxidation the reducing agent is H2(g), and nitrogen
number of the atom. The reducing agent is decreases in oxidation number, so the oxidizing
oxidized, which causes an increase in the agent is NO2(g)
oxidation number of the atom.

Check Your Solution

In each case except one, the oxidation number of atoms of one element increased while atoms
of another element decreased, which is necessary in order to have an oxidizing agent and a
reducing agent. In the case of the disproportionation reaction, some atoms of the same
element, nitrogen, increases while that of other atoms decreased.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 43

33. For the following balanced net ionic equation, identify the reactant that undergoes oxidation
and the reactant that undergoes reduction:

Br2(ℓ) + 2ClO2–(aq) → 2Br–(aq) + 2ClO2(aq)

What Is Required?
You are to identify the reactant that undergoes oxidation and the reactant that undergoes
reduction in a redox reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced equation Br2(ℓ) + 2ClO2–(aq) → 2Br–(aq) + 2ClO2(aq)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Apply the rules in Table 9.3 to assign Br2(ℓ) + 2ClO2–(aq) → 2Br–(aq) + 2ClO2(aq)
oxidation numbers to each atom in the 0 +3 ‒2 ‒1 +4 ‒2
equation.
Compare the oxidation numbers of the The oxidation number of bromine atoms on the
atoms of each element on both sides of the left side is 0 and on the right side is –1.
equation. The oxidation number of chlorine is +3 on the
left side and +4 on the right side of the
equation.
The oxidation number of all oxygen atoms is
–2.
Determine whether the oxidation numbers The oxidation number of bromine changed
of at least two atoms change during the from 0 to –1.
reaction. If so, the reaction is a redox The oxidation number of chlorine changed
reaction. If oxidation numbers do not from +3 to +4.
change, the reaction is not a redox reaction. Therefore, the reaction is a redox reaction.
An atom that undergoes an increase in Chlorine increases in oxidation number, so
oxidation number is oxidized and an atom ClO2–(aq) is oxidized. Bromine decreases in
that undergoes a decrease in oxidation oxidation number, so bromine is reduced.
number is reduced.

Check Your Solution

Following the rules led to logical answers.

44 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

34. Nickel and copper ores usually contain the metals as sulfides, such as NiS(s) and Cu2S(s).
Does the extraction of these pure elemental metals from their ores involve redox reactions?
Explain your reasoning.

What Is Required?
You are to determine whether extraction of pure elemental metals from their ores involves
redox reactions.

What Is Given?
You are given that nickel and copper ores usually contain metals as sulfides, such as NiS(s)
and Cu2S(s). You are also given the rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on
page 604 of the student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Identify oxidation number of the metals in NiS: Sulfur has an oxidation number of –2,
their ores and in their pure elemental metal therefore nickel has an oxidation number of
form. +2. In pure elemental form, the oxidation
number of nickel is 0.
Cu2S(s): sulfur has an oxidation number of –2,
therefore copper has an oxidation number of
+1. In pure elemental form, the oxidation
number of copper is 0.
Identify if the oxidation number of the In both cases, the oxidation number of the
metals change in the process of extraction. metal decreases from a positive value to 0.
This is a reduction. A reducing agent must be
used to achieve this change, so this is a redox
reaction.

Check Your Solution

The conclusion that metal ions are reduced to produce the metal atoms agrees with the
original observations that the mass of the ores is reduced when metals extracted. This is the
origin of the term, reduction.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 45

Balancing a Redox Equation for an Acidic Solution
Using the Oxidation Number Method
(Student textbook page 615)

35. Use the oxidation number method to balance the following equation for the combustion of
carbon disulfide:

CS2(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + SO2(g)

What Is Required?
You must balance an equation for the combustion of carbon disulfide, using the oxidation
number method.

What Is Given?
You are given the reactants, carbon disulfide and oxygen, and the products, carbon dioxide
and sulfur dioxide.
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Assign an oxidation number to each
atom in the equation and determine
whether it is a redox reaction. The oxidation numbers of sulfur and oxygen
change during the reaction. It is a redox
reaction.
Step 2 Identify the atom or atoms that Each of two sulfur atoms lost 6 electrons and
undergo an increase in oxidation number each of two oxygen atoms gained 2 electrons.
and the atom or atoms that undergo a So the O2 lost 12 electrons and the CS2 gained
decrease in oxidation number. 4 electrons.

46 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

 Step 3 Balance the atoms that undergo a
change in oxidation number. Place A coefficient of 3 is needed for the O2. A
coefficients in front of the reactants that coefficient of 1 is already implied for the CS2.
will balance the number of electrons that This ratio of 1:3 must be maintained for the
are lost by one reactant and gained by remainder of the balancing.
another. CS2(g) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + SO2(g)
Step 4 Determine the coefficients of the There are 2 S atoms on the left and 1 on the
products that are needed to complete the right. Place a coefficient of 2 in front of the
balancing of the equation. SO2 in the products.

CS2(g) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)

Atoms of all elements are now balanced.

Check Your Solution

Atoms of all of the elements are balanced. The total charge on the left side is 0 and the total
charge on the right side is also 0. The charge is balanced.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 47

36. Use the oxidation number method to balance the following equation:

B2O3(aq) + Mg(s) → MgO(s) + Mg3B2(aq)

What Is Required?
You must balance an equation for the given redox reaction using the oxidation number
method.

What Is Given?
You are given the reaction: B2O3(aq) + Mg(s) → MgO(s) + Mg3B2(aq)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Assign an oxidation number to each
atom in the equation and determine
whether it is a redox reaction. The oxidation numbers of boron and
magnesium change during the reaction. It is a
redox reaction.
Step 2 Identify the atom or atoms that Each of two B atoms loses 6 electrons and the
undergo an increase in oxidation number Mg atom gained 2 electrons.
and the atom or atoms that undergo a
decrease in oxidation number.

Step 3 Balance the atoms that undergo a Place a coefficient of 6 in front of the Mg
change in oxidation number. Place reactant. A coefficient of 1 is already implied
coefficients in front of the reactants that for the B2O3. This ratio of 1:6 must be
will balance the number of electrons that maintained for the remainder of the balancing.
are lost by one reactant and gained by B2O3(aq) + 6Mg(s) → MgO(s) + Mg3B2(aq)
another.
Step 4 Determine the coefficients of the Place a 3 in front of the magnesium oxide to
products that are needed to complete the balance the oxygen atoms
balancing of the equation.
B2O3(aq) + 6Mg(s) → 3MgO(s) + Mg3B2(aq)
Atoms of all elements are now balanced.

Check Your Solution

Atoms of all of the elements are balanced. The total charge on the left side is 0 and the total
charge on the right side is also 0. The charge is balanced.

48 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

37. Use the oxidation number method to balance the following equation:

H2S(g) + H2O2(aq) → S8(s) + H2O(ℓ)

What Is Required?
You must balance an equation for the given redox reaction using the oxidation number
method.

What Is Given?
You are given the reaction: H2S(g) + H2O2(aq) → S8(s) + H2O(ℓ)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Assign an oxidation number to each
atom in the equation and determine
whether it is a redox reaction. The oxidation numbers of sulfur and oxygen
change during the reaction. It is a redox
reaction.
Step 2 Identify the atom or atoms that One sulfur atom lost 2 electrons and each of
undergo an increase in oxidation number two oxygen atoms gained 1 electron for a total
and the atom or atoms that undergo a of 2.
decrease in oxidation number.

Step 3 Balance the atoms that undergo a Coefficients of 1 are already implied for H2S
change in oxidation number. Place and H2O2. This ratio of 1:1 must be maintained
coefficients in front of the reactants that while balancing the products.
will balance the number of electrons that H2S(g) + H2O2(aq) → S8(s) + H2O(ℓ)
are lost by one reactant and gained by
another.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 49

 Step 4 Determine the coefficients of the There are 8 S atoms on the right so a
products that are needed to complete the coefficient of 8 is needed for the H2S on the
balancing of the equation. left. If the H2S has a coefficient of 8, then
H2O2 must also have a coefficient of 8 in order
to maintain the 1:1 ratio.

8H2S(g) + 8H2O2(aq) → S8(s) + H2O(ℓ)

Now there are 32 H atoms on the left and 2 on

the right. Give the H2O on the right a
coefficient of 16. 8H2S(g) + 8H2O2(aq) →
S8(s) + 16H2O(ℓ)
Atoms of all elements are now balanced.

Check Your Solution

Atoms of all of the elements are balanced. The total charge on the left side is 0 and the total
charge on the right side is also 0. The charge is balanced.

50 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

38. Use the oxidation number method to balance the following equation:

ClO2(aq) + SbO2–(aq) → ClO2–(aq) + Sb(OH)6–(aq)

What Is Required?
You must balance an equation for the given redox reaction using the oxidation number
method.

What Is Given?
You are given the reaction: ClO2(aq) + SbO2–(aq) →ClO2–(aq) + Sb(OH)6–(aq)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Assign an oxidation number to
each atom in the equation and determine
The oxidation numbers of chlorine and antimony
whether it is a redox reaction.
change during the reaction. It is a redox reaction.
Step 2 Identify the atom or atoms that The chlorine atom gained 1 electron and the
undergo an increase in oxidation number antimony atom lost 2 electrons.
and the atom or atoms that undergo a
decrease in oxidation number.

Step 3 Determine the numerical values of The ClO2 needs a coefficient of 2 and a
the total increase and decrease in coefficient of 1 is already implied for the SbO2‒.
oxidation numbers. Place coefficients in This ratio of 2:1 must be maintained for the
front of the reactants that will balance the remainder of the balancing.
number of electrons that are lost by one
reactant and gained by another. 2ClO2(aq) + SbO2–(aq) →
ClO2–(aq) + Sb(OH)6–(aq)
Step 4 The presence of the Sb(OH)6–(aq)
on the right implies that the reaction was There are 2 Cl atoms on the left and one on the
carried out in a basic solution. Continue right. Give the ClO2– a coefficient of 2.
to balance the equation according to 2ClO2(aq) + SbO2–(aq) →
basic conditions. Balance atoms of all 2ClO2–(aq) + Sb(OH)6–(aq)
elements except oxygen and hydrogen.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 51

 Step 5 Add water molecules to balance There are 6 O atoms on the left and 10 on the
oxygen atoms. right. Add 4 water molecules to the left side of
the equation.
2ClO2(aq) + SbO2–(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ) →
2ClO2–(aq) + Sb(OH)6–(aq)
Step 6 Balance the hydrogen atoms by There are 8 H atoms on the left and 6 on the
adding hydrogen ions. right. Add 2 H ions to the right side.
2ClO2(aq) + SbO2–(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ) →
2ClO2–(aq) + Sb(OH)6–(aq) + 2H+(aq)
Step 7 Add as many OH‒ ions to both There are 2 H+ ions on the right. Add 2 OH‒ to
sides as there are H+ ions. On the right, both sides.
combine the OH‒ and H+ ions to make 2ClO2(aq) + SbO2–(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ) +
water. 2(OH)‒(aq) →
2ClO2–(aq) + Sb(OH)6–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)

Step 8 Cancel the number of water There are 2 water molecules on the right and 4
molecules that are on both sides of the on the left. Delete 2 water molecules from each
equation. side of the equation.

2ClO2(aq) + SbO2–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) +

2(OH)‒(aq) →
2ClO2–(aq) + Sb(OH)6–(aq)
Atoms of all elements are now balanced.

Check Your Solution

Atoms of all of the elements are balanced. The total charge on the left side is –3 and the total
charge on the right side is also –3. The charge is balanced.

52 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

39. Use the oxidation number method to balance the ionic equation in an acidic solution:

Cr2O72–(aq) + Fe2+(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + Fe3+(aq)

What Is Required?
You must balance an equation for the given redox reaction using the oxidation number
method in an acidic solution.

What Is Given?
You are given the reaction: Cr2O72–(aq) + Fe2+(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + Fe3+(aq)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Assign an oxidation number to each
atom in the equation and determine
whether it is a redox reaction. The oxidation numbers of chromium and iron
change during the reaction. It is a redox
reaction.
Step 2 Identify the atom or atoms that Each of two chromium atoms gains 3 electrons
undergo an increase in oxidation number for a total of 6. The iron ion loses 1 electron.
and the atom or atoms that undergo a
decrease in oxidation number.

Step 3 Balance the atoms that undergo a Place a coefficient of 6 in front of the iron ion
change in oxidation number. Place and a coefficient of 1 is already implied for the
coefficients in front of the reactants that Cr2O72– ion. This ratio of 1:6 must be
will balance the number of electrons that maintained for the remainder of the balancing.
are lost by one reactant and gained by
another. Cr2O72–(aq) + 6Fe2+(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + Fe3+(aq)

Step 4 Balance atoms of all elements There are 2 Cr atoms on the left and 1 on the
except oxygen and hydrogen. right. There are 6 Fe2+ ions on the left and 1 on
the right. Place a coefficient of 2 in front of the
Cr3+ ion and a 6 in front of the Fe3+ ion in the
products.

Cr2O72–(aq) + 6Fe2+(aq) →
2Cr3+(aq) + 6Fe3+(aq)

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 53

 Step 5 Balance the O atoms by adding There are 7 O atoms on the left and none on the
H2O. right so add 7 water molecules to the right side
of the equation.

Cr2O72–(aq) + 6Fe2+(aq) →
2Cr3+(aq) + 6Fe3+(aq) + 7H2O(ℓ)

Step 6 Balance the hydrogen atoms by There are 14 H atoms on the right and none on
adding hydrogen ions. the left, so add 14 H+ ions to the left side of the
equation.

Cr2O72–(aq) + 6Fe2+(aq) + 14H+ →

2Cr3+(aq) + 6Fe3+(aq) + 7H2O(ℓ)

Atoms of all elements are now balanced.

Check Your Solution

Atoms of all of the elements are balanced. The total charge on the left side is +24 and the total
charge on the right side is also +24. The charge is balanced.

54 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

40. Use the oxidation number method to balance the ionic equation in an acidic solution:

I2(g) + NO3–(aq) → IO3–(aq) + NO2(g)

What Is Required?
You must balance an equation for the given redox reaction using the oxidation number
method in an acidic solution.

What Is Given?
You are given the reaction: I2(g) + NO3–(aq) → IO3–(aq) + NO2(g)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Assign an oxidation number to
each atom in the equation and determine
whether it is a redox reaction. The oxidation numbers of iodine and nitrogen
change during the reaction. It is a redox
reaction.

Step 2 Identify the atom or atoms that Each of 2 I atoms in I2 loses 5 electrons for a
undergo an increase in oxidation number total of 10 electrons. The nitrogen atom in
and the atom or atoms that undergo a NO3‒ gains one electron.
decrease in oxidation number.

Step 3 Balance the atoms that undergo a Give a coefficient of 10 to the NO3– and a
change in oxidation number. Place coefficient of 1 is already implied for the I2
coefficients in front of the reactants that molecule.
will balance the number of electrons that
are lost by one reactant and gained by I2(g) + 10NO3–(aq) → IO3–(aq) + NO2(g)
another. This ratio of 1:10 must be maintained for the
remainder of balancing.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 55

 Step 4 Balance atoms of all elements There are 2 iodine atoms on the left and 1 on
except oxygen and hydrogen. the right so place a coefficient of 2 in front of
the iodate ion on the right of the equation.
There are 10 nitrogen atoms on the left and 1
on the right so place a coefficient of 10 in front
of the NO2 molecule on the right of the
equation.

I2(g) + 10NO3–(aq) → 2IO3–(aq) + 10NO2(g)

Step 5 Balance the O atoms by adding There are 30 O atoms on the left and 26 on the
H2O. right so add 4 water molecules to the right side
of the equation.

I2(g) + 10NO3–(aq)→
2IO3–(aq) + 10NO2(g) + 4H2O(ℓ)
Step 6 Balance the hydrogen atoms by There are 8 hydrogen atoms on the right side
adding hydrogen ions and none on the left, so add 8 hydrogen ions to
the left side of the equation.

8H+(aq) + I2(g) + 10NO3–(aq) →

2IO3–(aq) + 10NO2(g) + 4H2O(ℓ)

Atoms of all elements are now balanced.

Check Your Solution

Atoms of all of the elements are balanced. The total charge on the left side is –2 and the total
charge on the right side is also –2. The charge is balanced.

56 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

41. Use the oxidation number method to balance the ionic equation in an acidic solution:

PbSO4(aq) → Pb(s) + PbO2(aq) + SO42–(aq)

What Is Required?
You must balance an equation for the given redox reaction using the oxidation number
method in an acidic solution.

What Is Given?
You are given the reaction: PbSO4(aq) → Pb(s) + PbO2(aq) + SO42–(aq)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Assign an oxidation number to
each atom in the equation and determine
whether it is a redox reaction. The oxidation numbers of lead changes during
the reaction. It is a disproportionation reaction.
Step 2 Identify the atom or atoms that For every Pb atom that loses an electron,
undergo an increase in oxidation number another atom of Pb gains an electron.
and the atom or atoms that undergo a
decrease in oxidation number.

Step 3 Balance the atoms that undergo a The same number of electrons that are gained by
change in oxidation number. Place one Pb atom are lost by another. Therefore,
coefficients in front of the reactants that there must be an even number of Pb atoms on
will balance the number of electrons that the left so exactly half of them can lose
are lost by one reactant and gained by electrons and half of them can gain electrons.
another. Place a coefficient of 2 in front of the PbSO4 on
the left side of the equation. This coefficient
must remain even for the remainder of the
balancing.

2PbSO4(aq) → Pb(s) + PbO2(aq) + SO42–(aq)

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 57

 Step 4 Balance atoms of all elements The Pb atoms are balanced. There are 2 S atoms
except oxygen and hydrogen. on the left and 1 on the right. Place a coefficient
of 2 in front of the SO42‒ on the right side of the
equation.

2PbSO4(aq) → Pb(s) + PbO2(aq) + 2SO42–(aq)

Step 5 Balance the oxygen atoms by There are 8 atoms of oxygen on the left side and
adding water molecules. 10 on the right side, so add 2 water molecules to
the left side of the equation.

2H2O(ℓ) + 2PbSO4(aq) →
Pb(s) + PbO2(aq) + 2SO42–(aq)
=Step 6 Balance the hydrogen atoms by There are 4 hydrogen atoms on the left side and
adding hydrogen ions none on the right, so add 4 hydrogen ions to the
right side of the equation.

2H2O(ℓ) + 2PbSO4(aq) →
Pb(s) + PbO2(aq) + 2SO42–(aq) + 4H+(aq)

Atoms of all elements are now balanced.

Check Your Solution

Atoms of all of the elements are balanced. The total charge on the left side is 0 and the total
charge on the right side is also 0. The charge is balanced.

58 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

42. Use the oxidation number method to balance the ionic equation in a basic solution:

Cl–(aq) + CrO42–(aq) → ClO–(aq) + CrO2–(aq)

What Is Required?
You must balance an equation for the given redox reaction using the oxidation number
method in a basic solution.

What Is Given?
You are given the reaction: Cl–(aq) + CrO42–(aq) → ClO–(aq) + CrO2–(aq)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Assign an oxidation number to
each atom in the equation and determine
whether it is a redox reaction. The oxidation numbers of chromium and
chlorine change during the reaction. It is a
redox reaction.
Step 2 Identify the atom or atoms that The chlorine atom lost 2 electrons and the
undergo an increase in oxidation number chromium atom gained 3 electrons.
and the atom or atoms that undergo a
decrease in oxidation number.

Step 3 Determine the numerical values of The Cl‒ needs a coefficient of 3 and the CrO42‒
the total increase and decrease in needs a coefficient of 2. This ratio of 3:2 must
oxidation numbers. Place coefficients in be maintained for the remainder of the
front of the reactants that will balance the balancing.
number of electrons that are lost by one
reactant and gained by another. 3Cl–(aq) + 2CrO42–(aq) →
ClO–(aq) + CrO2–(aq)

Step 4 Balance atoms of all elements There are 3 Cl atoms on the left and 1 on the
except oxygen and hydrogen. right. Place a coefficient of 3 in front of the
ClO– on the right side of the equation. There
are 2 Cr atoms on the left and 1 on the right.
Place a coefficient of 2 in front of the CrO2– on
the right side of the equation.

3Cl–(aq) + 2CrO42–(aq) →
3ClO–(aq) + 2CrO2–(aq)

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 59

 Step 5 Balance the oxygen atoms by There are 8 atoms of oxygen on the left side
adding water molecules. and 7 on the right side, so add 1 water molecule
to the right side.

3Cl–(aq) + 2CrO42–(aq) →
3ClO–(aq) + 2CrO2–(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Step 6 Balance the hydrogen atoms by There are 2 hydrogen atoms on the right side
adding hydrogen ions and none on the left, so add 2 hydrogen ions to
the left side.

2H+(aq) + 3Cl–(aq) + 2CrO42–(aq) →

3ClO–(aq) + 2CrO2–(aq)+ H2O(ℓ)
Step 7 Add as many OH‒ ions to both There are 2 hydrogen ions on the left side, so
sides as there are H+ ions. When H+ and add 2 hydroxide ions to each side.
OH‒ ions appear on the same side of the
equation, combine them to make water. 2H2O(ℓ) + 3Cl–(aq) + 2CrO42–(aq) →
3ClO–(aq) + 2CrO2–(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + 2OH‒(aq)

Step 8 Cancel the number of water There are 2 water molecules on the left and 1
molecules that are on both sides of the on the right. Delete 1 water molecule from
equation. each side.

H2O(ℓ) + 3Cl–(aq) + 2CrO42–(aq) →

3ClO–(aq) + 2CrO2–(aq) + 2OH‒(aq)

Atoms of all elements are now balanced.

Check Your Solution

Atoms of all of the elements are balanced. The total charge on the left side is –7 and the total
charge on the right side is also –7. The charge is balanced.

60 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

43. Use the oxidation number method to balance the ionic equation in a basic solution:

Ni(s) + MnO4–(aq) → NiO(s) + MnO2(s)

What Is Required?
You must balance an equation for the given redox reaction using the oxidation number
method in a basic solution.

What Is Given?
You are given the reaction: Ni(s) + MnO4–(aq) → NiO(s) + MnO2(s)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Assign an oxidation number to each
atom in the equation and determine
whether it is a redox reaction. The oxidation numbers of nickel and
manganese change during the reaction. It is a
redox reaction.
Step 2 Identify the atom or atoms that The nickel atom lost 2 electron and the
undergo an increase in oxidation number manganese atom gained 3 electrons.
and the atom or atoms that undergo a
decrease in oxidation number.

Step 3 Place coefficients in front of the The Ni needs a coefficient of 3 and the MnO4–
reactants that will balance the number of needs a coefficient of 2. This ratio of 3:2 must
electrons that are lost by one reactant and be maintained for the remainder of the
gained by another. balancing.

3Ni(s) + 2MnO4–(aq) → NiO(s) + MnO2(s)

Step 4 Balance atoms of all elements There are three Ni atoms on the left and 1 on
except oxygen and hydrogen. the right. Place a coefficient of 3 in front of the
NiO on the right side of the equation. There are
2 Mn atoms on the left and 1 on the right. Place
a coefficient of 2 in front of the MnO2 on the
right side of the equation.

3Ni(s) + 2MnO4–(aq) → 3NiO(s) + 2MnO2(s)

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 61

 Step 5 Balance the oxygen atoms by There are 8 atoms of oxygen on the left side
adding water molecules. and 7 on the right side, so add 1 water
molecule to the right side.

3Ni(s) + 2MnO4–(aq) →
3NiO(s) + 2MnO2(s) + H2O(ℓ)
Step 6 Balance the hydrogen atoms by There are 2 hydrogen atoms on the right side
adding hydrogen ions. and none on the left, so add 2 hydrogen ions to
the left side.

2H+(aq) + 3Ni(s) + 2MnO4–(aq) →

3NiO(s) + 2MnO2(s) + H2O(ℓ)
Step 7 Add as many OH‒ ions to both There are 2 hydrogen ions on the left side, so
sides as there are H+ ions. When H+ and add 2 hydroxide ions to each side.
OH‒ ions appear on the same side of the
equation, combine them to make water. 3Ni(s) + 2MnO4–(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) →
3NiO(s) + 2MnO2(s) + H2O(ℓ) + 2OH–(aq)
Step 8 Cancel the number of water There are 2 water molecules of the left side and
molecules that are on both sides of the 1 on the right side of the equation. Delete 1
equation. water molecule from each side.

3Ni(s) + 2MnO4–(aq) + H2O(ℓ) →

3NiO(s) + 2MnO2(s) + 2OH–(aq)

Atoms of all elements are now balanced.

Check Your Solution

Atoms of all of the elements are balanced. The total charge on the left side is –2 and the total
charge on the right side is also –2. The charge is balanced.

62 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

44. Use the oxidation number method to balance the ionic equation in a basic solution:

I–(aq) + Ce4+(aq) → IO3–(aq) + Ce3+(aq)

What Is Required?
You must balance an equation for the given redox reaction using the oxidation number
method in a basic solution.

What Is Given?
You are given the reaction: I–(aq) + Ce4+(aq) → IO3–(aq) + Ce3+(aq)
You are given rules for assigning oxidation numbers in Table 9.3 on page 604 of the student
textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Step 1 Assign an oxidation number to
each atom in the equation and determine
whether it is a redox reaction. The oxidation numbers of cerium and iodine
change during the reaction. It is a redox
reaction.
Step 2 Identify the atom or atoms that The iodine ion lost 6 electrons and the cerium
undergo an increase in oxidation number ion gained 1 electron.
and the atom or atoms that undergo a
decrease in oxidation number.

Step 3 Determine the numerical values of The I‒ needs a coefficient of 1 which is already
the total increase and decrease in implied. The Ce4+ needs a coefficient of 6. This
oxidation numbers. Place coefficients in ratio of 1:6 must be maintained for the
front of the reactants that will balance the remainder of the balancing.
number of electrons that are lost by one
reactant and gained by another. I–(aq) + 6Ce4+(aq) → IO3–(aq) + Ce3+(aq)
Step 4 Balance atoms of all elements The I is balanced. There are 6 Ce atoms on the
except oxygen and hydrogen. left and 1 on the right side of the equation.
Place a coefficient of 6 in front of the Ce3+ on
the right side of the equation.

I–(aq) + 6Ce4+(aq) → IO3–(aq) + 6Ce3+(aq)

This ratio of 1:6 must be maintained for the

remainder of balancing.
Step 5 Balance the oxygen atoms by There are 3 oxygen atoms on the right and none

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 63

 adding water molecules. on the left side of the equation. Add 3 water
molecules to the left side of the equation.

I–(aq) + 6Ce4+(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ) →

IO3–(aq) + 6Ce3+(aq)
Step 6 Balance the hydrogen atoms by There are 6 H atoms on the left and none on the
adding hydrogen ions. right side of the equation. Add 6 H+ ions to the
right side of the equation.

I–(aq) + 6Ce4+(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ) →

IO3–(aq) + 6Ce3+(aq) + 6H+ (aq)
Step 7 Add as many OH‒ ions to both There are 6 H+ ions on the right side so add 6
sides as there are H+ ions. When H+ and OH‒ to both sides of the equation.
OH‒ ions appear on the same side of the
equation, combine them to make water. I–(aq) + 6Ce4+(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ) + 6OH‒(aq) →
IO3–(aq) + 6Ce3+(aq) + 6H2O(ℓ)
Step 8 Cancel the number of water There are 3 water molecules on the left and 6
molecules that are on both sides of the on the right so delete 3 water molecules from
equation. both sides of the equation.

I–(aq) + 6Ce4+(aq) + 6OH‒(aq) →

IO3–(aq) + 6Ce3+(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ)

Atoms of all elements are now balanced.

Check Your Solution

Atoms of all of the elements are balanced. The total charge on the left side is +17 and the total
charge on the right side is also +17. The charge is balanced.

64 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

Solutions to Practice Problems in
Chapter 10 Electrochemical Cells

Using Half-Reactions to Sketch a Galvanic Cell

(Student textbook page 641)

1. In a galvanic cell involving zinc and magnesium, which electrode will be the anode and
which will be the cathode?

What Is Required?
You are asked to identify the anode and cathode of a galvanic cell.

What Is Given?
You are given that one electrode is zinc and the second electrode is magnesium. You are also
given Relative Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, Table 9.2 on page 587 of the
student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Identify the stronger reducing agent from Between zinc and magnesium, magnesium is
Table 9.2. the stronger reducing agent.
Since the stronger reducing agent is Since magnesium is the stronger reducing
always oxidized, and oxidation occurs at agent, magnesium is oxidized and thus is the
the anode, the anode can be identified. anode in the galvanic cell.
Once the anode is identified, the other Given that the magnesium electrode is the
electrode will be the cathode. anode, the zinc electrode must be the cathode.

Check Your Solution

The stronger reducing agent, according to Table 9.2, is the anode, and the weaker reducing
agent is the cathode. The solution is correct.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 65

2. Explain where the oxidation and the reduction are occurring in a galvanic cell involving zinc
and magnesium.

What Is Required?
You are to identify where the oxidation and the reduction are occurring in a galvanic cell.

What Is Given?
You are given that one electrode is zinc and the second electrode is magnesium. You are also
given Relative Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, Table 9.2 on page 587 of the
student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Identify the stronger reducing agent from Between zinc and magnesium, magnesium
Table 9.2. is the stronger reducing agent.
Since the stronger reducing agent is always Oxidation occurs at the magnesium
oxidized, oxidation occurs at the anode. electrode.
The weaker reducing agent is always reduced Reduction occurs at the zinc electrode.
and reduction occurs at the cathode.

Check Your Solution

Oxidation occurs at the electrode that is the stronger reducing agent, and reduction occurs at
the electrode that is the weaker reducing agent. The solution is correct.

66 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

3. Draw a diagram of a galvanic cell involving zinc and magnesium, and indicate the direction
of electron flow.
What Is Required?
You are to draw a galvanic cell, labelling the anode, the cathode, and the direction of electron
flow.
What Is Given?
You are given the electrodes of magnesium and zinc for this galvanic cell.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Identify the pieces of the galvanic The magnesium is the anode—the site of oxidation,
cell. where magnesium ions flow into solution and
electrons leave the electrode and flow through the
voltmeter as they move to the zinc cathode. The zinc
is the cathode—the site of reduction, where zinc ions
flow onto the electrode as they pick up electrons.
Identify the direction of electron In a galvanic cell, electrons flow from the anode to
flow. the cathode, in this case, from the magnesium
electrode to the zinc electrode.
Identify the ion flow in the half- Ions of magnesium will flow into the oxidation half-
cells. reaction as the atoms of magnesium lose electrons.
Ions of zinc will flow onto the zinc electrode as they
pick up electrons during the reduction.
Identify the ion flow in the salt Negative ions in the salt bridge will migrate towards
bridge. the oxidation half-reaction and positive charge builds
up in the cell. Positive ions will migrate towards the
reduction half-cell as positive charge is removed
from the half-cell, leaving a net negative charge in
this half-cell that will attract the positive ions in the
salt bridge.
Sketch the apparatus, including the
beakers, electrodes, conducting
wires, voltmeter, salt bridge, and
electron flow.

Check Your Solution

Electrons flow from the site of oxidation at the magnesium anode to the site of reduction at
the zinc cathode. The drawing is correct.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 67

4. Indicate the direction of the ionic movement in a galvanic cell involving zinc and magnesium.

What Is Required?
You are asked to determine the direction of the ionic movement in a galvanic cell.

What Is Given?
You are given that the electrodes of the galvanic cell are magnesium and zinc. You have also
identified that the magnesium is the anode and the zinc is the cathode in the galvanic cell.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Identify the oxidation half-cell where The magnesium atoms lose electrons and thus
electrons will be lost as positive ions flow magnesium ions will flow into the magnesium
into solution. half-cell.
Identify the reduction half-cell where the The zinc ions in solution will flow onto the
electrons will be gained as positive ions zinc electrode in the zinc half-cell.
flow to the electrode.
Add the ion flow to your diagram.

Check Your Solution

Positive magnesium ions flow from the site of oxidation at the magnesium anode into the
solution. Positive zinc ions flow onto the site of reduction at the zinc cathode. The drawing is
correct.

68 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

5. Write a balanced ionic equation that represents the reaction in a galvanic cell involving zinc
and magnesium.

What Is Required?
You are asked to write a balanced ionic equation to represent a galvanic reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the galvanic cell involving zinc and magnesium.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Write the oxidation half-reaction. Mg(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2e–
Write the reduction half-reaction. Zn2+(aq) + 2e– → Zn(s)
Balance the electrons lost and gained in the The number of electrons lost is 2 and the
two half-reactions. number gained is 2, therefore the gain and loss
are already balanced.
Combine the two half-reactions, cancelling Mg(s) + Zn2+(aq) → Zn(s) + Mg2+(aq)
the electrons lost and gained.

Check Your Solution

The two sides are balanced by mass and charge. Therefore, the reaction is balanced.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 69

6. In a galvanic cell involving nickel and silver, which electrode will be the anode and which
will be the cathode?

What Is Required?
You are asked to identify the anode and cathode of a galvanic cell.

What Is Given?
You are given that one electrode is nickel and the second electrode is silver. You are also
given Relative Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, Table 9.2 on page 587 of the
student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Identify the stronger reducing agent from Between nickel and silver, nickel is the
Table 9.2 stronger reducing agent.
Since the stronger reducing agent is Since nickel is the stronger reducing agent,
always oxidized, and oxidation occurs at nickel is oxidized and thus is the anode in the
the anode, the anode can be identified. galvanic cell.
Once the anode is identified, the other Given that the nickel electrode is the anode, the
electrode will be the cathode. silver electrode must be the cathode.

Check Your Solution

The stronger reducing agent, according to Table 9.2, is the anode, and the weaker reducing
agent is the cathode. The solution is correct.

70 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

7. Explain where the oxidation and the reduction are occurring in a galvanic cell involving silver
and nickel.

What Is Required?
You are to identify where the oxidation and the reduction are occurring in a galvanic cell.

What Is Given?
You are given that one electrode is silver and the second electrode is nickel. You are also
given Relative Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, Table 9.2 on page 587 of the
student textbook.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Identify the stronger reducing agent from Between silver and nickel, nickel is the
Table 9.2. stronger reducing agent.
Since the stronger reducing agent is always Oxidation occurs at the nickel electrode.
oxidized, oxidation occurs at the anode.
The weaker reducing agent is always Reduction occurs at the silver electrode.
reduced and reduction occurs at the
cathode.

Check Your Solution

Oxidation occurs at the electrode that is the stronger reducing agent, and reduction occurs at
the electrode that is the weaker reducing agent. The solution is correct.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 71

8. Draw a diagram of a galvanic cell involving silver and nickel, and indicate the direction of
electron flow.
What Is Required?
You are to draw a galvanic cell, labelling the anode, the cathode, and the direction of electron
flow.
What Is Given?
You are given the electrodes of nickel and silver for this galvanic cell.
Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy
Identify the pieces of the galvanic cell. The nickel is the anode—the site of oxidation
where nickel ions flow into solution and
electrons leave the electrode and flow through
the voltmeter as they move to the silver cathode.
The silver is the cathode—the site of reduction
where silver ions flow onto the electrode as they
pick up electrons.
Identify the direction of electron flow. In a galvanic cell, electrons flow from the anode
to the cathode, in this case, from the nickel
electrode to the silver electrode.
Identify the ion flow in the half-cells. Ions of nickel will flow into the oxidation half-
reaction as the atoms of nickel lose electrons.
Ions of silver will flow onto the silver electrode
as they pick up electrons during the reduction.
Identify the ion flow in the salt bridge. Negative ions in the salt bridge will migrate
towards the oxidation half-reaction and positive
charge builds up in the cell. Positive ions will
migrate towards the reduction half-cell as
positive charge is removed from the half-cell,
leaving a net negative charge in this half-cell that
will attract the positive ions in the salt bridge.
Sketch the apparatus, including the
beakers, electrodes, conducting wires,
voltmeter, salt bridge, and electron flow.

Check Your Solution

Electrons flow from the site of oxidation at the nickel anode to the site of reduction at the
silver cathode. The drawing is correct.

72 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

9. Indicate the direction of the ionic movement in a galvanic cell involving silver and nickel.

What Is Required?
You are asked to determine the direction of the ionic movement in a galvanic cell.

What Is Given?
You are given that the electrodes of the galvanic cell are nickel and silver. You have also
identified that the nickel is the anode and the silver is the cathode in the galvanic cell.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Identify the oxidation half-cell where The nickel atoms lose electrons and thus nickel
electrons will be lost as positive ions flow ions will flow into the nickel half-cell.
into solution.
Identify the reduction half-cell where the The silver ions in solution will flow onto the
electrons will be gained as positive ions silver electrode in the silver half-cell.
flow to the electrode.
Add the ion flow to your diagram.

Check Your Solution

Positive nickel ions flow from the site of oxidation at the nickel anode into the solution.
Positive silver ions flow onto the site of reduction at the silver cathode. The drawing is
correct.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 73

10. Write a balanced ionic equation that represents the reaction in a galvanic cell involving silver
and nickel.

What Is Required?
You are asked to write a balanced ionic equation to represent a galvanic reaction.

What Is Given?
You are given the galvanic cell involving silver and nickel.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

Write the oxidation half-reaction. Ni(s) → Ni (aq) + 2e–
2+

Write the reduction half-reaction. Ag+(aq) + e– → Ag(s)

Balance the electrons lost and gained in the The number of electrons lost is 2 and the
two half-reactions. number gained is 1. Therefore, the gain needs
to be multiplied by 2.
2Ag+(aq) + 2e– → 2Ag(s)
Combine the two half-reactions, cancelling Ni(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Ni2+(aq)
the electrons lost and gained.

Check Your Solution

The two sides are balanced by mass and charge. Therefore, the reaction is balanced.

74 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

Calculating a Standard Cell Potential, Given a Net Ionic Equation
Calculating a Standard Cell Potential, Given a Chemical Reaction
(Student textbook page 647)

11. For the reaction Cl2(g) + 2Br–(aq) → 2Cl–(aq) + Br2(ℓ):

a. write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
b. determine the standard cell potentials for galvanic cells in which these reactions occur.
c. predict whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Required?
a. You need to write the oxidation and reduction half reactions for a given redox reaction.
b. You need to determine the standard cell potential for the galvanic cell given.
c. You need to determine whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced net ionic equation.
You have a table of standard reduction potentials.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

a. Break the redox reaction into the two Oxidation: 2Br–(aq) → 2Br–(aq) + 2e–
half-reactions that make up the overall Reduction: Cl2(g) + 2e– → 2Cl–(aq)
reaction.
b. Calculate the standard cell-potential for Br2(ℓ) + 2e– → 2Br–(aq) o
Eanode  1.07 V
the galvanic cell by locating the relevant
Cl2(g) + 2e– → 2Cl–(aq) o
Ecathode  1.36 V
reduction potentials in a table of standard
reduction potentials.
Subtract the reduction potentials to o
Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o

determine the cell potential by using the

 1.36 V  (1.07 V)
o
formula Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o
.
 0.29 V
c. Predict whether the reaction will proceed Since the cell potential is positive, the reaction
spontaneously. is spontaneous in the direction written.

Check Your Solution

The half-reactions are correct, and the reduction potentials are correct according to the table
of standard reduction potentials on page 748 of the Chemistry 12 student textbook. The
prediction that a positive cell potential will result in a spontaneous reaction is correct as well.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 75

12. For the reaction Mg(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s):
a. write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
b. determine the standard cell potentials for galvanic cells in which these reactions occur.
c. predict whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Required?
a. You need to write the oxidation and reduction half reactions for a given redox reaction.
b. You need to determine the standard cell potential for the galvanic cell given.
c. You need to determine whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced net ionic equation.
You have a table of standard reduction potentials.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

a. Break the redox reaction into the two Oxidation: Mg(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2e–
half-reactions that make up the overall Reduction: Ag+(aq) + 1e– → Ag(s)
reaction.
b. Calculate the standard cell-potential for Mg2+(aq) + 2e– → Mg(s) o
Eanode  2.37 V
the galvanic cell by locating the relevant
Ag+(aq) + 1e– → Ag(s) o
Ecathode  0.80 V
reduction potentials in a table of standard
reduction potentials.
Subtract the reduction potentials to o
Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o

determine the cell potential by using the

 0.80 V  (2.37 V)
o
formula Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o
.
 3.17 V
c. Predict whether the reaction will proceed Since the cell potential is positive, the reaction
spontaneously. is spontaneous in the direction written.

Check Your Solution

The half-reactions are correct, and the reduction potentials are correct according to the table
of standard reduction potentials on page 748 of the Chemistry 12 student textbook. The
prediction that a positive cell potential will result in a spontaneous reaction is correct as well.

76 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

13. For the reaction Sn(s) + 2HBr(aq) → SnBr2(aq) + H2(g):
a. write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
b. determine the standard cell potentials for galvanic cells in which these reactions occur.
c. predict whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Required?
a. You need to write the oxidation and reduction half reactions for a given redox reaction.
b. You need to determine the standard cell potential for the galvanic cell given.
c. You need to determine whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced net ionic equation.
You have a table of standard reduction potentials.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

a. Break the redox reaction into the two Oxidation: Sn(s) → Sn2+(aq) + 2e–
half-reactions that make up the overall Reduction: 2H+ + 2e– → H2(g)
reaction.
b. Calculate the standard cell-potential for Sn2+(aq) + 2e– → Sn(s) o
Eanode  0.14 V
the galvanic cell by locating the relevant
2H+(aq) + 2e– → H2(g) o
Ecathode  0.00 V
reduction potentials in a table of standard
reduction potentials.
Subtract the reduction potentials to o
Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o

determine the cell potential by using the

 0.00 V  (0.14 V)
o
formula Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o
.
 0.14 V
c. Predict whether the reaction will proceed Since the cell potential is positive, the reaction
spontaneously. is spontaneous in the direction written.

Check Your Solution

The half-reactions are correct, and the reduction potentials are correct according to the table
of standard reduction potentials on page 748 of the Chemistry 12 student textbook. The
prediction that a positive cell potential will result in a spontaneous reaction is correct as well.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 77

14. For the reaction Cr(s) + 3AgCl(s) → CrCl3(aq) + 3Ag(s):
a. write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
b. determine the standard cell potentials for galvanic cells in which these reactions occur.
c. predict whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Required?
a. You need to write the oxidation and reduction half reactions for a given redox reaction.
b. You need to determine the standard cell potential for the galvanic cell given.
c. You need to determine whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced net ionic equation.
You have a table of standard reduction potentials.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

a. Break the redox reaction into the two Oxidation: Cr(s) → Cr3+(aq) + 3e–
half-reactions that make up the overall Reduction: Ag+(aq) + 1e– → Ag(s)
reaction.
b. Calculate the standard cell-potential for Cr3+(aq) + 3e– → Cr(s) o
Eanode  0.74 V
the galvanic cell by locating the relevant
Ag+(aq) + 1e– → Ag(s) o
Ecathode  0.80 V
reduction potentials in a table of standard
reduction potentials.
Subtract the reduction potentials to o
Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o

determine the cell potential by using the

 0.80 V  (0.74 V)
o
formula Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o
.
 1.54 V
c. Predict whether the reaction will proceed Since the cell potential is positive, the reaction
spontaneously. is spontaneous in the direction written.

Check Your Solution

The half-reactions are correct, and the reduction potentials are correct according to the table
of standard reduction potentials on page 748 of the Chemistry 12 student textbook. The
prediction that a positive cell potential will result in a spontaneous reaction is correct as well.

78 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

15. For the reaction 3Fe(s) + 2Cr(NO3)3(aq) → 2Cr(s) + 3Fe(NO3)2(aq):
a. write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
b. determine the standard cell potentials for galvanic cells in which these reactions occur.
c. predict whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Required?
a. You need to write the oxidation and reduction half reactions for a given redox reaction.
b. You need to determine the standard cell potential for the galvanic cell given.
c. You need to determine whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced net ionic equation.
You have a table of standard reduction potentials.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

a. Break the redox reaction into the two Oxidation: Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e–
half-reactions that make up the overall Reduction: Cr3+(aq) + 3e– → Cr(s)
reaction.
b. Calculate the standard cell-potential for Fe2+(aq) + 2e– → Fe(s) o
Eanode  0.45 V
the galvanic cell by locating the relevant
Cr3+(aq) + 3e– → Cr(s) o
Ecathode  0.74 V
reduction potentials in a table of standard
reduction potentials.
Subtract the reduction potentials to o
Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o

determine the cell potential by using the

 0.74 V  (0.45 V)
o
formula Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o
.
 0.29 V
c. Predict whether the reaction will proceed Since the cell potential is negative, the
spontaneously. reaction is not spontaneous in the direction
written.

Check Your Solution

The half-reactions are correct, and the reduction potentials are correct according to the table
of standard reduction potentials on page 748 of the Chemistry 12 student textbook. The
prediction that a negative cell potential will result in a non-spontaneous reaction is correct as
well.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 79

16. For the reaction 2Al(s) + 3ZnCl2(aq) → 3Zn(s) + 2AlCl3(aq):
a. write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
b. determine the standard cell potentials for galvanic cells in which these reactions occur.
c. predict whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Required?
a. You need to write the oxidation and reduction half reactions for a given redox reaction.
b. You need to determine the standard cell potential for the galvanic cell given.
c. You need to determine whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced net ionic equation.
You have a table of standard reduction potentials.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

a. Break the redox reaction into the two Oxidation: Al(s) → Al3+(aq) + 3e–
half-reactions that make up the overall Reduction: Zn2+(aq) + 2e– → Zn(s)
reaction.
b. Calculate the standard cell-potential for Al3+(aq) + 3e– → Al(s) o
Eanode  1.66 V
the galvanic cell by locating the relevant
Zn2+(aq) + 2e– → Zn(s) o
Ecathode  0.76 V
reduction potentials in a table of standard
reduction potentials.
Subtract the reduction potentials to o
Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o

determine the cell potential by using the

 0.76 V  (1.66 V)
o
formula Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o
.
 0.90 V
c. Predict whether the reaction will proceed Since the cell potential is positive, the reaction
spontaneously. is spontaneous in the direction written.

Check Your Solution

The half-reactions are correct, and the reduction potentials are correct according to the table
of standard reduction potentials on page 748 of the Chemistry 12 student textbook. The
prediction that a positive cell potential will result in a spontaneous reaction is correct as well.

80 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

17. For the reaction 2AgNO3(aq) + Zn(s) → 2Ag(s) + Zn(NO3)2(aq):
a. write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
b. determine the standard cell potentials for galvanic cells in which these reactions occur.
c. predict whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Required?
a. You need to write the oxidation and reduction half reactions for a given redox reaction.
b. You need to determine the standard cell potential for the galvanic cell given.
c. You need to determine whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced net ionic equation.
You have a table of standard reduction potentials.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

a. Break the redox reaction into the two Oxidation: Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e–
half-reactions that make up the overall Reduction: Ag+(aq) + 1e– → Ag(s)
reaction.
b. Calculate the standard cell-potential for Zn2+(aq) + 2e– → Zn(s) o
Eanode  0.76 V
the galvanic cell by locating the relevant
Ag+(aq) + 1e– → Ag(s) o
Ecathode  0.80 V
reduction potentials in a table of standard
reduction potentials.
Subtract the reduction potentials to o
Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o

determine the cell potential by using the

 0.80 V  (0.76 V)
o
formula Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o
.
 1.56 V
c. Predict whether the reaction will proceed Since the cell potential is positive, the reaction
spontaneously. is spontaneous in the direction written.

Check Your Solution

The half-reactions are correct, and the reduction potentials are correct according to the table
of standard reduction potentials on page 748 of the Chemistry 12 student textbook. The
prediction that a positive cell potential will result in a spontaneous reaction is correct as well.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 81

18. For the reaction 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Al(s) → 2Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3Cu(s):
a. write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
b. determine the standard cell potentials for galvanic cells in which these reactions occur.
c. predict whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Required?
a. You need to write the oxidation and reduction half reactions for a given redox reaction.
b. You need to determine the standard cell potential for the galvanic cell given.
c. You need to determine whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced net ionic equation.
You have a table of standard reduction potentials.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

a. Break the redox reaction into the two Oxidation: Al(s) → Al3+(aq) + 3e–
half-reactions that make up the overall Reduction: Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
reaction.
b. Calculate the standard cell-potential for Al3+(aq) + 3e– → Al(s) o
Eanode  1.66 V
the galvanic cell by locating the relevant
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s) o
Ecathode  0.34 V
reduction potentials in a table of standard
reduction potentials.
Subtract the reduction potentials to o
Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o

determine the cell potential by using the

 0.34 V  (1.66 V)
o
formula Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o
.
 2.00 V
c. Predict whether the reaction will proceed Since the cell potential is positive, the reaction
spontaneously. is spontaneous in the direction written.

Check Your Solution

The half-reactions are correct, and the reduction potentials are correct according to the table
of standard reduction potentials on page 748 of the Chemistry 12 student textbook. The
prediction that a positive cell potential will result in a spontaneous reaction is correct as well.

82 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4

19. For the reaction CuSO4(aq) + 2Ag(s) → Ag2SO4(aq) + Cu(s):
a. write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
b. determine the standard cell potentials for galvanic cells in which these reactions occur.
c. predict whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Required?
a. You need to write the oxidation and reduction half reactions for a given redox reaction.
b. You need to determine the standard cell potential for the galvanic cell given.
c. You need to determine whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced net ionic equation.
You have a table of standard reduction potentials.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

a. Break the redox reaction into the two Oxidation: Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) + 1e–
half-reactions that make up the overall Reduction: Cu2+ (aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
reaction.
b. Calculate the standard cell-potential for Ag+(aq) + 1e– → Ag(s) o
Eanode  0.80 V
the galvanic cell by locating the relevant
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s) Ecathode
o
 0.34 V
reduction potentials in a table of standard
reduction potentials.
Subtract the reduction potentials to o
Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o

determine the cell potential by using the

 0.34V  (0.80 V)
o
formula Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o
.
 0.46 V
c. Predict whether the reaction will proceed Since the cell potential is negative, the
spontaneously. reaction is not spontaneous in the direction
written.

Check Your Solution

The half-reactions are correct, and the reduction potentials are correct according to the table
of standard reduction potentials on page 748 of the Chemistry 12 student textbook. The
prediction that a negative cell potential will result in a non-spontaneous reaction is correct as
well.

Unit 5 Part B ● MHR 83

20. For the reaction Br2(ℓ) + 2NaI(aq) → 2NaBr(aq) + I2(s):
a. write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
b. determine the standard cell potentials for galvanic cells in which these reactions occur.
c. predict whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Required?
a. You need to write the oxidation and reduction half reactions for a given redox reaction.
b. You need to determine the standard cell potential for the galvanic cell given.
c. You need to determine whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously as written.

What Is Given?
You are given the balanced net ionic equation.
You have a table of standard reduction potentials.

Plan Your Strategy Act on Your Strategy

a. Break the redox reaction into the two Oxidation: 2I–(aq) → I2(s) + 2e–
half-reactions that make up the overall Reduction: Br2(ℓ) + 2e– → 2Br–(aq)
reaction.
b. Calculate the standard cell-potential for I2(s) + 2e– → 2I–(aq) o
Eanode  0.54 V
the galvanic cell by locating the relevant
Br2(ℓ) + 2e– → 2Br–(aq) Ecathode
o
 1.07 V
reduction potentials in a table of standard
reduction potentials.
Subtract the reduction potentials to o
Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o

determine the cell potential by using the

 1.07 V  (0.54 V)
o
formula Ecell  Ecathode
o
 Eanode
o
.
 0.53 V
c. Predict whether the reaction will proceed Since the cell potential is positive, the
spontaneously. reaction is spontaneous in the direction
written.

Check Your Solution

The half-reactions are correct, and the reduction potentials are correct according to the table
of standard reduction potentials on page 748 of the Chemistry 12 student textbook. The
prediction that a positive cell potential will result in a spontaneous reaction is correct as well.

84 MHR ● Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual 978-0-07-106042-4