HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

NAME: JEFF ASHTER B. ABRAGAN DATE: SEPTEMBER 4, 2021

EXPERIMENT NO. _2__

IDENTIFICATION OF LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the theoretical and experimental results in the range of

velocity for laminar and turbulent flow.

THEORY: Fluid flow can be one of two types, either laminar or turbulent. Reynold first
demonstrates this with his famous color band or dye line experiment. This consisted
of injecting a fine jet of dye into the flow of water visible through a transparent
pipe. At low velocities, the dye line was unbroken but as the velocity of the flow
through the pipe was increased, the dye line broke up and eddies were seen to form.
From this he came to a conclusion that there are two distinct types of flow:
a.) Laminar flow – The fluid moves in layer without irregular fluctuation in velocity
and occurs at low Reynold’s Number.
b.) Turbulent Flow – Fluid particles move in an irregular pattern, carrying an
exchange in momentum from one portion to another.
A dimensionless parameter called Reynold’s Number Re = (V d )/ ν
Where: V = mean velocity of flow
d = diameter of flow
ν = kinematic viscosity
Re values below 2000 is laminar and Re value above 2000 is turbulent.

APPARATUS:
1. Hydraulic Bench.
2. Bernoulli’s apparatus
3. Stop Watch
4. Potassium permanganate solution, 200 ml.
 5. Volumetric Tank
6. Thermometer

PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the apparatus which the dye reservoir fitted and filled.
2. Start the pump to give a differential height between inlet and outlet tank
approximately 10 mm of water.
3. Set up the Hydraulic Bench with the 8.9 mm straight pipe.
4. Determine the discharge by the volumetric tank when the flow becomes smooth
and stable.
5. Measure the manometer readings at each point, the length between points and
temperature of water to determine density and viscosity of water.
6. Adjust the position of the variable overflow pipe for another trial.

SKETCH:

COMPUTATIONS:
Q = Volume / Time
V=Q/A
ν = refer to the table for kinematic viscosity of water.
 Re = V d / ν
TRIAL 1:
Volume = 0.15 m x 0.15 m x 0.10 m = 0.00225 m3
Q = 0.00225 m3 / 80 seconds = 0.000028125 m3/s
A = π (0.025 m) 2/ 4 = 0.00049087 m2
V = 0.000028125 / 0.00049087 = 0.0573 m/s
Let y = kinematic viscosity of water (v)
( y 2− y 1)
y = y 1 +( x−x 1)
( x 2−x 1)
x = 28, y =?
x1 = 20, y1 = 0.000001007 m/s2
x2 = 30, y2 = 0.000000804 m/s2
( 0.000000804−0.000001007 )
y = 0.000001007+ ( 28−20 )
( 30−20 )
y = 1.1694x10-6 m2/s
v = 1.1694x10-6 m2/s
m
(0.0573 )(0.025m)
s
Re = =1224.99
1.1694x 10 -6 m/s
Re = 1224.99< 2000 , Therefore: LAMINAR FLOW

TRIAL 2:
Volume = 0.15 m x 0.15 m x 0.10 m = 0.00225 m3
Q = 0.00225 m3 / 25 seconds = 0.00009 m3/s
A = π (0.025 m) 2/ 4 = 0.00049087 m2
V = 0.00009 / 0.00049087 = 0.1833 m/s
Let y = kinematic viscosity of water (v)
( y 2− y 1)
y = y 1 +( x−x 1)
( x 2−x 1)
x = 28, y =?
x1 = 20, y1 = 0.000001007 m/s2
x2 = 30, y2 = 0.000000804 m/s2
 (0.000000804−0.000001007)
y = 0.000001007+(28−20)
(30−20)
y = 1.1694x10-6 m2/s
v = 1.1694x10-6 m2/s
m
(0.1833)(0.025m)
s
Re = -6
=3918.68
1.1694x 10 m/s
Re = 3918.68> 2000 , Therefore: TURBULENT FLOW

TRIAL 3:
Volume = 0.15 m x 0.15 m x 0.10 m = 0.00225 m3
Q = 0.00225 m3 / 3.2 seconds = 0.000703125 m3/s
A = π (0.025 m) 2/ 4 = 0.00049087 m2
V = 0.000703125 / 0.00049087 = 1.4324 m/s
Let y = kinematic viscosity of water (v)
( y 2− y 1)
y = y 1 +( x−x 1)
( x 2−x 1)
x = 28, y =?
x1 = 20, y1 = 0.000001007 m/s2
x2 = 30, y2 = 0.000000804 m/s2
(0.000000804−0.000001007)
y = 0.000001007+(28−20)
(30−20)
y = 1.1694x10-6 m2/s
v = 1.1694x10-6 m2/s
m
(1.4324)(0.025m)
s
Re = -6
=30622.54
1.1694x 10 m/s
Re = 30622.54>2000 , Therefore: TURBULENT FLOW

TABULATED DATA:

Trial Volume Time Q Velocity Re Remarks

 Cu.m. Sec. m3/s m/s
1 0.00225 80 0.000028125 0.0573 1,224.99 Laminar Flow

2 0.00225 25 0.00009 0.1833 3,918.68 Turbulent

Flow
3 0.00225 3.2 0.000703125 1.4324 30,622.54 Turbulent
Flow

RESULT AND OBSERVATION:

1. What have you seen in the pipe when there is laminar flow?
The fluid particle movement of the water in the pipe is smooth and almost parallel to the
streamline.

2. What have you seen in the pipe when there is turbulent flow?
The fluid particles of the water in the pipe travel in irregular paths with no observable pattern
and no definite layers.

3. At what values of Re is the fluid generally laminar and at what values of Re does it show
transition to turbulent flow?
The Re value that is less than 2000 is basically identified as laminar flow. In this case, the first
trial resembles the laminar flow by having a Re value of 1,224.99. By the time when velocity of
the water increases, the value of the Re also increases. When this situation occurs and the
resulting Re is identified to be greater that 2000, it is usually the moment where it will show the
transition from laminar to turbulent flow. During the second trial in the experiment, the Re value
increased having a total of 3,918.68 and by that time the flow changed from laminar to turbulent.

CONCLUSION:
The flow regime, whether laminar or turbulent, is important in the design and operation of any
fluid system. The amount of fluid friction, which determines the amount of energy required to
maintain the desired flow, depends upon the mode of flow. This is also an important
consideration in certain applications that involve heat transfer to the fluid.

Table 1: Physical Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure (S.I. System of Units)

Temperature Density Dynamic Kinematic Surface Vapor
ρ Viscosity Viscosity Tension Pressure
0
C Kg/m3 N s /m2 m2/s N/m N/m2 abs.
0 999.9 1.792x10−3 1.792x10−6 0.0762 610
5 1000 1.519x10−3 1.51x10−6 0.0754 872
10 999.7 1.308x10−3 1.308x10−6 0.0748 1130
15 999.1 1.14x10−3 1.141x10−6 0.0741 1600
20 998.2 1.005x10−3 1.007x10−6 0.0736 2340
30 995.7 8.01x10−4 8.04x10−7 0.0718 4240
40 992.2 6.56x10−4 6.61x10−7 0.0701 7380
50 988.1 5.49x10−4 5.56x10−7 0.0682 12,300
60 983.2 4.69x10−4 4.77x10−7 0.0668 19,900
70 977.8 4.09x10−4 4.15x10−7 0.0650 31,200
80 971.8 3.57x10−4 3.67x10−7 0.0630 47,300
90 965.3 3.17x10−4 3.28x10−7 0.0612 70,100
100 958.4 2.84x10−4 2.96x10−7 0.0594 101,300