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Statistics & Probability: Tests of Hypothesis

This document discusses key concepts in hypothesis testing, including: 1) The null hypothesis (H0) states that there is no difference or effect, while the alternative hypothesis (H1) states there is a difference or effect. 2) The level of significance (α), usually set at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.1, represents the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis (Type I error). 3) The critical region is the range of values that leads to rejecting the null hypothesis. It depends on the alternative hypothesis and level of significance.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
75 views7 pages

Statistics & Probability: Tests of Hypothesis

This document discusses key concepts in hypothesis testing, including: 1) The null hypothesis (H0) states that there is no difference or effect, while the alternative hypothesis (H1) states there is a difference or effect. 2) The level of significance (α), usually set at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.1, represents the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis (Type I error). 3) The critical region is the range of values that leads to rejecting the null hypothesis. It depends on the alternative hypothesis and level of significance.

Uploaded by

Jeffrey R. Abad
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© © All Rights Reserved
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STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

Tests of Hypothesis
LESSON 1
NULL HYPOTHESIS

 Null was defined as having no value or amounting to nothing


 In statistics, a hypothesis is an assumption or conjecture about a population
parameter which may or may not be true.
 In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before any applicable
research has been done.
 Null hypothesis is a statement denoted by H 0, that states that there is no
difference, no changes, nothing happened, no relationship between a parameter
and a specific value, or the independent variable has no effect on the dependent
variable.
 It makes a statement about the population not the sample. The true value of the
population parameter is specified in writing the null hypothesis.
In symbol, it is written using the format below
H 0 : μ=0 .
Null hypothesis Value of the population
Population Parameter Equality Symbol parameter

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
 Alternative hypothesis is a statement denoted by H 1, is a statement that states
that there is a difference, an effect, change, relationship between a parameter and a
specific value, the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable, or
something happened.

 An alternative hypothesis is a statement that directly contradicts a null hypothesis


by stating that that the actual value of a population parameter is less than, greater
than, or not equal to the value stated in the null hypothesis.

In symbol, it is written as:


H1: μ ≠ 0
H 1 : μ< 0 or H 1 : μ> 0
Although it is the null hypothesis that is subjected to hypothesis testing, alternative
hypothesis determines the type of statistical test to be used.
Statistical test is categorized into directional and non-directional tests. Directional test is
a one-tailed test. One-tailed test is used when alternative hypothesis contains either the
symbol < or >. The test may either be left-tailed or right-tailed.
On the other hand, non-directional test is a two-tailed test. It is used when alternative
hypothesis contains the symbol ≠.
Below are the common phrases used in hypothesis testing that will guide you the
correct symbol to be used in formulating alternative hypothesis.

LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

 Significance is defined as the quality of being statistically significant


 Level of significance, or significance level, refers to a criterion of judgment
upon which a decision is made regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis. Its
value is between 0 to 1 or between 0% to 100%.
 The level of significance, denoted by the Greek letter alpha α , is a probability of
rejecting a true null hypothesis. In public health research, alpha is usually 0.01 or
1%. In social science, alphaα is usually 0.05 or 5% and 0.10 or 10% in other
studies. This implies that there is 1%, 5%, or 10% probability of rejecting a true null
hypothesis. Further, it implies that the result has 99%, 95%, or 90% chance of
being true, respectively.
In symbol, it is written as:
α =0.01
α =0.05 or
α =0.10
Furthermore, if the alternative hypothesis used ≠, then alpha will be divided by 2, i.e.,
α
=0.005
2
α
=0.025 or
2
α
=0.05
2
CRITICAL REGION

 Critical region, also known as rejection region, is a range of values that


corresponds to the rejection of the null hypothesis. If the value of the test statistic is
within the critical region, then the null hypothesis is rejected. Otherwise, the null
hypothesis is not rejected. This will be based on the alternative hypothesis.
 Critical values of the tests of hypotheses are the number or numbers that
determine the rejection region. Thus, critical region might be a single number or an
interval.
For one-tailed test or directional test <, the critical region is at the left side of the
acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test >, the critical region is at the right side of the
acceptance region.
For two-tailed test ≠, the critical region is both at the left and right sides of the
acceptance region.
Below is the illustration of the different critical regions.
For

example, suppose that a normally distributed population has a standard deviation


σ =0.12. Given a sample size n=10, H 0 : μ=10 and H 1 : μ> 10. Construct the rejection
region if α =0.05 .
Solution:
σ 0.12
μ X =μ=10 and σ X== =0.03794733192202 …
√ n √ 10
Notice that H 1 : μ> 10,this is one directional test. Using the standard normal table,
z α =z 0.05=1.645 .

Hence, the
critical value=μ+ ( z α ) ( σ X )
¿ 10+ ( 1.645 ) ( 0.038 … )
¿ 10+0.0624
¿ 10.0624
The critical region is illustrated on the next page. It is the darken area right side of
10.0624.

Another example, suppose that a normally distributed population has a standard


deviationσ =0.12. Given a sample size n=10, H 0 : μ=7 and H 1 : μ ≠ 7. Construct the
rejection region if α =0.10 .
Solution:
σ 0.12
μ X =μ=7 and σ X= = =0.03794733192202…
√ n √ 10
Notice that H 1 : μ ≠ 7,this is a two-tailed test. Using the standard normal table,
z α =z 0.10 =z 0.05=1.645 .
2 2

Hence, the critical value is computed in this way

( ) ( )
critical value=μ− z α ( σ X ) and critical value=μ+ z α ( σ X )
2 2

¿ 7−( 1.645 )( 0.038 … ) ¿ 7+ ( 1.645 ) ( 0.038 … )


¿ 7−0.0624 ¿ 7+0.0624
¿ 6.9376 ¿ 7.0624
The critical value is illustrated below.
TYPES OF ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 Type I error is committed when rejecting a true null hypothesis. The
probability of committing it is denoted byα or the level of significance.
 Type II error is committed when accepting a false null hypothesis. The
probability of committing it is denoted by β .
Commonly Used Levels of Significance and Its Corresponding Critical Values

Level of Significance Test Types


α One-tailed Two-tailed

0.05 +1.645 or −1.645 ± 1.96

0.01 +2.33 or −2.33 ± 2.58

0.001 +3.09 or −3.09 ± 3.30


Assessment
A. Complete the sentence below by providing the correct word/s on the blank.
Write your answers in your notebook.
1. In non-directional test, the acceptance region lies ___________ the two critical
regions.
2. The acceptance region for the right-tailed test (one-tailed test) is in the __________
side of the critical region.
3. There are at most ___________ possible critical regions in a hypothesis testing.
4. When the test statistic is located within the critical region, then H 0 is __________.
5. There are at most ___________ possible critical value/s in a hypothesis testing.
A. Read and understand the statements below carefully. Write the letter of the
correct answer in your answer sheet.
1. How many types of errors can be made when testing hypothesis?
A. one B. two C. three D. four
2. A criminal was sentenced guilty of a crime he was framed up. What sort of an error
did the judge make, and why?
A. Type II, because their sets of evidence are true when it's actually false.
B. Type II, because their sets of evidence are false when it's actually true.
C. Type I, because their sets of evidence are false when it's actually true.
D. Type I, because their sets of evidence are true when it's actually false.
3. In making decisions, when can you commit a Type II error??
A. When your findings show that the null hypothesis is false when it is false.
B. When your findings show that the null hypothesis is true when it is true.
C. When your findings show that the null hypothesis is true when it actually is false.
D. When your findings show that the null hypothesis is false when it actually is true.
4. What is the probability of making a type I error?
A. 0.05 B. 0.01 C. α D. β
5. It is the probability of making a type II error.
A. 0.05 B. 0.01 C. α D. β
B. Given the following hypothetical statements below, identify what type of errors
committed. Write your answer in a sheet of paper.
1. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14.
2. At least 40% of private school students transferred to public schools during the
COVID 19 pandemic.
3. The mean expenses of a family during the COVID 19 pandemic increased at most by
15%.
4. Thirty-five percent of senior high school students enrolled to a track/ strand because
of peer pressure.
5. During the COVID 19 pandemic, 8% of COVID 19 cases in the country were
confirmed death cases.
C. Fill in the blank with the correct term or phrase. Write your answer in a sheet of
paper.
1. The inequality symbol _____ is used to indicate at most.
2. _____ is an inequality symbol that is used to indicate at least.
3. Rephrase the question construction
4. A _______ is an intelligent guess about the characteristics of a population.
5. Modify the question item construction.
6. Modify the question item construction.
7. If the confidence level is 95%, the value of α is ______.
8. When the value of α is in the critical region, the null hypothesis is to be
________.
9. The null hypothesis is to be _____ when the values of α is within the confidence
region.
10. The mathematical notation __________ is used when representing the
probability of committing Type II β in terms of the probability of committing Type I
α.

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