REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Prepared by:
Mr.Maulik chaudhary
STRUCTURAL OUTLINE
Female reproductive system
External genitalia (vulva)
Internal genitalia
Vagina
Uterus
Uterine tubes
Ovaries
The reproductive cycle Menopause
Breasts • Male reproductive system
Scrotum
Testes
Seminal vesicles Ejaculatory ducts
Prostate gland Urethra and penis
Ejaculation
Female Reproductive
System
Fallopian Uterus
tube

Internal os
Cervix
External os

Vagina

Labium minus
>ADAJVL
 INTRODUCTION
• The ability to reproduce is one of the properties distinguishing
living from non-living matter.
• The more primitive the animal, the simpler the process of
reproduction. In mammals, including humans, the process is
one of sexual reproduction, in which the male and female
organs differ anatomically and physiologically, and the new
individual develops from the fusion of two different sex cells
(gametes).
• The male gametes are called spermatozoa
• and the female gametes are called ova.
丁 he functions of the female reproductive svstem are:
• formation of ova
• reception of spermatozoa
• provision of suitable environments for fertilisation
and fetal development
• parturition (childbirth)
• lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides
complete nourishment for the baby in its early life.
 External genitalia (vulva)
• The external genitalia are known collectively as the
vulva, and consist of the :
• labia majora and labia minora,
• the clitoris,
• the vaginal orifice,
• the vestibule, the hymen and the vestibular glands
(Bartholin’s glands).
 Mons
pubis

Clitori
s
Frenulum
of cMoris
Vestibul
e
External
urethral
orifice
Labium
majora
Labium
minora
Vaginal
orifice

Anus

Figure 18.2 The external genitalia of the female.

• Labia majora
• These are the two large folds forming the boundary of the
vulva. They are composed of skin, fibrous tissue and fat and
contain large numbers of sebaceous and eccrine sweat glands.

• Labia majora or "greater lips" are the part around the vagina
containing two glands (Bartholin’s glands) which helps
lubrication during intercourse.

• At puberty, hair grows on the mons pubis and on the lateral

surfaces of the labia majora.
• Labia minora
• These are two smaller folds of skin between the labia majora,
containing numerous sebaceous and eccrine sweat glands.

• or "lesser lips" are the thin hairless ridges at the entrance of

the vagina, which joins behind and in front. In front they split
to enclose the clitoris

• Clitoris
• The clitoris corresponds to the penis in the male and contains
sensory nerve endings and erectile tissue.
• The clitoris is a small pea-shaped structure. It plays an
important part in sexual excitement in females.
• Vestibular glands
• The vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands) are situated one on
each side near the vaginal opening. They are about the size of
a small pea and their ducts open into the vestibule
immediately lateral to the attachment of the hymen. They
secrete mucus that keeps the vulva moist.
 Blood supply, Ivmph drainage and nerve supply

• Arterial supply. This is by branches from the internal

pudendal arteries that branch from the internal iliac arteries
and by external pudendal arteries that branch from the femoral
arteries.

• Venous drainage. This forms a large plexus which eventually

drains into the internal iliac veins.
• Lymph drainage. This is through the superficial inguinal
nodes.

• Nerve supply. This is by branches from pudendal nerves.

• Perineum
• The perineum is a roughly triangular area extending from the
base of the labia minora to the anal canal.
• It consists of connective tissue, muscle and fat. It gives
attachment to the muscles of the pelvic floor
Internal genitalia

vagina,
uterus,
two uterine tubes
two ovaries.
 Vagina
• The vagina is a fibromuscular tube lined with stratified
squamous epithelium
• It runs obliquely upwards and backwards at an angle of about
45° between the bladder in front and rectum and anus behind.
• In the adult, the anterior wall is about 7.5 cm long and the
posterior wall about 9 cm long. The difference is due to the
angle of insertion of the cervix through the anterior wall.
• Hymen.
• The hymen is a thin layer of mucous membrane that partially
occludes the opening of the vagina.

• It is normally incomplete to allow for passage of menstrual

flow and is stretched or completely torn away by sexual
intercourse, insertion of a tampon or childbirth.

• Structure of the vagina

• The vaginal wall has three layers:
• an outer covering of areolar tissue,
• a middle layer of smooth muscle
• and an inner lining of stratified squamous epithelium that
 forms ridges or rugae. It has no secretory glands but the
surface is kept moist by cervical secretions. Between puberty
and the menopause,
• Lactobacillus acidophilus, bacteria that secrete lactic acid, are
normally present maintaining the pH between
4.9 and 3.5. The acidity inhibits the growth of most other
micro-organisms that may enter the vagina from the perineum
or during sexual intercourse.
• Blood supply, Ivmph drainage and nerve supplv
• Arterial supply. An arterial plexus is formed round the
vagina, derived from the uterine and vaginal arteries, which
are branches of the internal iliac arteries.
• Venous drainage. A venous plexus, situated in the muscular
wall, drains into the internal iliac veins.

• Lymph drainage. This is through the deep and superficial

iliac glands.
• Functions of the vagina during
elastic
• The vagina acts as the receptacle for the penis during
sexual intercourse (coitus), and provides an
passageway through which the baby passes childbirth.
 Uterus
• The uterus is a hollow muscular pear-shaped organ, that is
located anteroposteriorly in the pelvic cavity.

• It lies in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the
rectum

• It is about 7.5 cm long, 5 cm wide and its walls are about 2.5
cm thick.
• It weighs between 30 and 40 grams

Parts of the uterus

參

・ for the descriptive purpose uterus can be

divided into three distinct parts.

• Fundus
• Body
• Cervix
Oporwng o< utenne tube

—Bocfy

Cervix
• Fundus.
• This is the dome-shaped part of the uterus above the openings
of the uterine tubes.

• Body.
• This is the main part. It is narrowest inferiorly at the internal
os where it is continuous with the cervix.

• Cervix (‘neck’ of the uterus).

• This protrudes through the anterior wall of the vagina, opening
into it at the external os.
 • Layers of the uterus

• Perimetrium
• Myometrium
• Endometrium

Perimetrium.
• This is peritoneum, which is distributed differently on the
various surfaces of the uterus.
• Anteriorly it lies over the fundus and the body where it is
folded on to the upper surface of the urinary bladder. This fold
of peritoneum forms the vesicouterine pouch.

• Posteriorly the peritoneum covers the fundus, the body and the
cervix, then it folds back on to the rectum to form the
rectouterine pouch (of Doualas).
 Pentoneum-
Utenne tube- Ovary- Uterus-
Vesicoutenne pouch — Sacru
m
Antony km- Unnary bladder—
Rectoutenne pouch
Pubic bone — Ortons-
(of Douglas)
Labwmmmoca 一 —ftstenor foma of vagina
Labommajora^ -----Cervix

Myometrium.
I------Rectum

・ This is the thickest layer of tissue in the uterine wall.

• It is a mass of smooth muscle fibres interlaced with areolar
tissue, blood vessels and nerves.
 Endometrium
• Made up of the Columnar epithelial cells
• Consist mucous secreting tubular glands

Blood supply, lymph drainage and nerve

supply
• Arterial supply. This is by the uterine arteries, branches of
the internal iliac arteries.

• Venous drainage internal illiac vein

• Lymph drainage. Deep and superficial lymph vessels drain
lymph from the uterus and the uterine tubes to the aortic
lymph nodes and groups of nodes associated with the iliac
blood vessels.

• Supporting structures to the uterus

• The uterus is supported in the pelvic cavity by surrounding
organs, muscles of the pelvic floor and ligaments that suspend
it from the walls of the pelvis

• Broad ligaments.
• These are formed by a double fold of peritoneum, one on each
side of the uterus.
• Round ligaments.
• These are bands of fibrous tissue between the two layers of
broad ligament
Ovanan Penmetnum Fundus Interstitial part Utenne
ligament Isthmus (pentoneum) of uterus of ulennetube tube

AmpiMa

Round bgament Infunckbuium

with fimbnae
Body o( uterus

MyoniGtriufTi
Broad Ovary
Endometnum
ligament
Cervical canal

Cervix External os of

cervix

Vagina showing rugae

• Uterosacral ligaments.
• These originate from the posterior walls of the cervix and
vagina and extend backwards, one on each side of the rectum,
to the sacrum.

• Transverse cervical (cardinal) ligaments.

• These extend one from each side of the cervix and vagina to the
side walls of the pelvis.

Uterine tubes
• The uterine (Fallopian) tubes are about 10 cm long and extend
 from the sides of the uterus between the body and the fundus.
• They lie in the upper free border of the broad ligament and
their trumpet-shaped lateral ends, penetrate the posterior wall,
opening into the peritoneal cavity close to the ovaries.
• The end of each tube has fingerlike, projections called
fimbriae.
• The longest of these is the ovarian fimbria ， which is in close
association with\ the ovary.
• Structure
• The uterine tubes are covered with peritoneum (broad
ligament),

• have a middle layer of smooth muscle and are lined with

 ciliated epithelium.

• Blood and nerve supply and lymphatic drainage are as for the
uterus.
Ovanan Penmetnum Fundus Intersttnl part Utenne
ligament Isthmus (pentoneum) of uterus of utennetube tube

Ampufla

lnfun<tt)ulum
w<h fimbnae
Body of uterus

Myometrium

Endometnum

Cervical canal

Cervix

External os of cervix

Vagina showing rugae

• Functions
• The uterine tubes propel the ovum from the ovary to the
uterus by peristalsis and ciliary movement.

• The secretions of the uterine tube nourish both ovum and

spermatozoa.

• Fertilisation of the ovum usually takes place In the uterine

tube, and the zygote is propelled into the uterus for
implantation.
 Ovaries
• The ovaries are the female gonads (glands producing sex
hormones and the ova), and they lie in a shallow fossa on the
lateral walls of the pelvis.

• They are 2.5-3.5 cm long, 2 cm wide and 1 cm thick. Each is

attached to the upper part of the uterus by the ovarian
ligament and to the back of the broad ligament by a broad
band of tissue, the mesovarium.

• Blood vessels and nerves pass to the ovary through the

mesovarium
• Structure
• The ovaries have two layers of tissue.

• Medulla.
• This lies in the centre and consists of fibrous tissue, blood
vessels and nerves.
• Cortex. This surrounds the medulla. It has a framework of
connective tissue, or stroma, covered by germinal epithelium.
• It contains ovarian follicles in various stages of maturity, each
of which contains an ovum.
• Functions
• The ovary is the organ In which the female gametes are stored
and develop prior to ovulation.

• Their maturation is controlled by the hypothalamus and the

anterior pituitary gland,
 Breasts
• The breasts or mammary glands are accessory glands of the
female reproductive system.
• They exist also in the male, but in only a rudimentary form.

• Structure
• The mammary glands or breasts consist of varying amounts
of glandular tissue, responsible for milk
 Fat
Lactiferous
ducts

Lobules
Areola of
nipple

Connective
tissue
• Each breast contains about 20 lobes，each of which contains a
number of glandular structures called lobules, where milk is
produced.

• Lobules open into lactiferous ducts, which drain milk towards

the nipple.
• breast itself is covered in subcutaneous fat.

• In the lactating breast, glandular tissue proliferates

(hyperplasia) to support milk production, and recedes again
after lactation stops.
• The nipple.
• This is a small conical eminence at the centre of the breast
surrounded by a pigmented area, the areola.

• On the surface of the areola are numerous sebaceous glands

(Montgomery’s tubercles), which lubricate the nipple during
lactation.
• Blood supplv, Ivmph drainage and nerve supplv
• Arterial supply.
• The breasts are supplied with blood from the thoracic
branches of the axillary arteries and from the internal
mammary and intercostal arteries.

• Venous drainage. This is formed by an anastomotic circle

round the base of the nipple from which branches carry the
venous blood to the circumference, and end in the axillary
and mammary veins.
• Lymph drainage. This is mainly into the superficial axillary
lymph vessels and nodes.

• Nerve supply. The breasts are supplied by branches from the

4th, 5th and 6th thoracic nerves,
Male Reproductive system
Mai* Repr^tfactivt Systen
Pubic bone Bladder

Seminal veside
Ductus deferens

Prostate gland

Penis---------------►
Epididymis

Spongy urethra Testis

Scrotum
• The functions of the male reproductive organs are:

• production, maturation and storage of spermatozoa

• delivery of spermatozoa in semen into the female reproductive

tract.
• Scrotum
• The scrotum is a pouch of pigmented skin, fibrous and
connective tissue and smooth muscle.

• It is divided into two compartments, each of which contains

one testis, one epididymis and the testicular end of a
spermatic cord.
參 Testes
• The testes are the male reproductive glands and are the
equivalent of the ovaries in the female.
• They are about 4.5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide and 3 cm thick and
are suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cords. They are
surrounded by three layers of tissue.

• 1) Tunica vaginalis.
• 2) Tunica albuginea.
• 3) Tunica vasculosa.
Spemrtc
cord

Eptfdynw

Smoom

muscto

tUbtJM

S«c*ir)of
lcrohfn
LobiJM
• Structure
• In each testis are 200-300 lobules, and within each lobule are
1-4 convoluted loops of germinal epithelial cells ， called
seminiferous tubules.
• Between the tubules are groups of interstitial cells (of
Leydig) that secrete the hormone testosterone after puberty.

• Functions
• Spermatozoa (sperm) are produced in the seminiferous tubules
of the testes
• Spermatic cords
• The spermatic cords suspend the testes in the scrotum. Each
cord contains a testicular artery, testicular veins, lymphatics

• Seminal vesicles
• is a 5 cm long tube that joins with the deferent duct to forms
the common ejaculatory duct.
• Functions
• The seminal vesicles contract and expel their stored contents,
seminal fluid, during ejaculation. Seminal fluid, which forms
60% of the volume of semen,
• Ejaculatory ducts
• The ejaculatory ducts are two tubes about 2 cm long, each
formed by the union of the duct from a seminal vesicle and a
deferent duct.

• They pass through the prostate gland and join the prostatic
urethra, carrying seminal fluid and spermatozoa to the urethra
 Deferen duct
Bladde t Seminal
r

Ejaculatory
duct

Urethr
a
vesicle
• Prostate aland:
• The gland weighs about 8 g in youth, but progressively
enlarges (hypertrophies) with age and is likely to weigh about
40 g by the age of 50.

• Functions
• The prostate gland secretes a thin，milky fluid that makes up
about 30% of the volume of semen, and gives it its milky
appearance. It contains a clotting enzyme, which thickens the
semen in the vagina, increasing the likelihood of semen being
retained close to the cervix.
• Urethra
• 19-20 cm long
• Prostatic urethra
• Membranous urethra
• Penile urethra

• Two sphincter.
 Penis
Internal
urethral
sphincter

Root of penis

Bulb of penis

Urethra
Scrotum
Glans

—Prepuce
External
urethral

⑧
 Glans penis

Corpus Corpora cavernosa

spongiosum

Urethra

Bulb of penis

Perineal me
A) mbrane
Anterior aspect
Connoctjve tissue
cavernosa
• 100 million spermatozoa per mL. If not ejaculated, sperm
gradually lose their fertility after several months and are
reabsorbed by the epididymis.
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