GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET

KAITHAL DISTRICT HARYANA

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

Ministry of Water Resources
Government of India
North Western Region
CHANDIGARH
2013
 Contributors

Dr. Shailendra Singh

Assistant Hydrogeologist

Prepared under supervision of

A.K.Bhatia
Regional Director

2
 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET
KAITHAL DISTRICT, HARYANA

CONTENTS

KAITHAL DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE
3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOILS

4.0 IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURE

5.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO
5.1 HYDROGEOLOGY
5.2 WATER LEVEL BEHAVIOUR
5.3 GROUND WATER RESOURCES
5.4 GROUND WATER QUALITY
5.5 GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES
5.6 STATUS OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT
6.0 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
6.1 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT
6.2 WATER CONSERVATION AND
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE
7.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES AND PROBLEM

8.0 AREA NOTIFIED BY CGWA

9.0 RECOMMENDATION

3
 KAITHAL DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

Sl. ITEMS Statistics

No
1 GENERAL INFORMATION
i) Geographical area (sq.km) 2317
ii)Administrative Divisions
Number of Sub-division 02
Number of Tahsils 04
Number of Sub-tehsil 03
Number of Blocks 06
iii) Population (as on 2011 Census) 10,72,861
iv) Normal Annual Rainfall (mm) 511 mm
2. GEOMORPHOLOGY
Major Physiographic units Alluvial Plain
Major Drainages Ghaggar and Markanda
River
3. LANDUSE (Sq.Km)
a) Forest area 20
b) Net area shown 2010
c) Area sown more than once 1840
d) Total cropped area 3850
4. MAJOR SOIL TYPES Sandy, Kallar or Rehi
and Sierozem soil
5. AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS Paddy 1587 Sq. Km
Wheat 1776 Sq. Km
6. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT
SOURCES (Areas and Numbers of
Dugwells
Structures) Nil
Tube Wells/Boreholes 1910 Sq. Km/ 56,599 Nos
Tanks/Ponds NIL
Canals 90 Sq. Km
Net Irrigated area 2000 Sq. Km
Gross irrigated area 3840 Sq. Km

4
7. NUMBERS OF GROUND
WATER MONITORING WELLS
OF CGWB No. of Dug Wells 06

No. of Piezometers 13
8 PREDOMINANT Quaternary Alluvium
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS
9 HYDROGEOLOGY
Major Water bearing formations Fine to medium grained
Sand layers
Pre-monsoon depth to Water Level
3.92 mbgl to 35.39 mbgl
Post-monsoon depth to water level
1.67 mbgl to 36.68 mbgl
Long term water level trend in 10 yrs
Declining trend;
0.18 m/yr to 1.16 m/yr
Rising trend; 0.05 m/yr
10 GROUND WATER EXPLORATION
No of wells drilled by CGWB
EW 07
PZ 06
SH 01
Depth Range (m) 200.00 – 610.00 m

Discharge (litres per min.) 1200 to 4656

Storativity (S) 2.35 x 10-2

Transmissivity (m2/day) 400 – 1400

No of PZ drilled through outsourcing 09

by M/s WACOS Ltd.
11 GROUND WATER QUALITY
Presence of chemical constituents more
EC-5990 µS/cm
than permissible limit (eg. EC, F, Fe, As)
F- 2.55 mg/l
Fe-NIL
As-NIL
Type of Water Sodium mixed anion
type.

5
12 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER
RESOURCES (As on 31st March 2009)

Annual Replenishable Ground Water 507.83 MCM

Resources
Net Annual Ground water Draft for all uses 1077.46 MCM
Net Ground Water Avilability for future (-) 56963 MCM
irrigation development

Stage of ground Water Development 212%

13 AWARENESS AND TRAINING NIL
ACTIVITY
14 EFFORTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE NIL
& RAINWATER HARVESTING
15 GROUND WATER CONTROL
AND REGULATION
Number of Over-exploited Blocks 05

Number of Critical Blocks NIL

No. of Blocks notified 01

16 MAJOR GROUND WATER Declining Water Table,
PROBLEMS AND ISSUES. Salinity & Fluoride
problem

6
 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET,
KAITHAL DISTRICT, HARYANA
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Kaithal, the north eastern district of Haryana State with a total geographical area of

2317 sq. km is located between 29o31’: 30o12’ north latitudes and 76o10’: 76o42’
east longitudes. It is bordered by Patiala district of Punjab in the north, Kurukshetra,
Karnal and Jind district of Haryana in north east, eastern, western & southern respectively.

Administratively, the district is under control of Ambala division and it has four
tehsils and divided into six development blocks namely Gulha at Cheeka, Kaithal,
Pundari, Kalayat, Rajound and Siwan. The district headquarter is at Kaithal. It has four
towns namely Kaithal, Cheeka, Kalayat and Pundri. Towns are well connected by roads.
As per 2011 census the total population of the district is 10,72,861. The population
density is 630 persons per sq.km against the state average of 573 persons per sq.km. The
decennial growth rate of population of the district for the decade 2001-2011 was +
1 3 .39 per cent. The rural and urban population is 8,37,171 and 2,35,690 with an
average density of 463 person/sq km against the state average of 573 persons per sq.km.
Out of total population 5,70,595 are males and 5,02,666 are females. The male &
female ratio of the district as a whole was 880. In Kaithal district rural population is
settled in 269 villages and the rest of population is concentrated in 4 towns.

The Ghaggar and Markanda rivers are important seasonal rivers in the district and flows
through the northern part of the district covering Guhla block in westerly direction and
enters Patiala district of Punjab. River Ghaggar sometimes gets flooded during monsoon
and causes extensive damage to crops and property. Besides Sirsa branch which is part of
Western Yamuna canal system, is the most important canal passing through the Pundri,
Kaithal and Kalayat blocks area. Depletion in ground water resources are the major
concern of the district.

2.0 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE

Rainfall: The normal annual rainfall of the district is 511 mm which is unevenly
distributed over the area 30 days. The south west monsoon, sets in from last week of
June and withdraws in end of September, contributed about 85% of annual rainfall.
July and August are the wettest months. Rest 15% rainfall is received during non-
monsoon period in the wake of western disturbances and thunder storms. Generally
rainfall in the district increases from southwest to northeast and varies from 400 mm at
Rajound to more than 563 mm at Kaithal and Gulha.
 Normal Annual Rainfall (average of 2006-10) : 511 mm
Normal monsoon Rainfall : 480 mm
Annual average rainfall (2010): 567.5 mm
Temperature
Mean Maximum : 40°C (May & June)
Mean Minimum :7 °C (January)
Normal Rain days : 30

Climate: The climate of Kaithal district can be classified as tropical steppe, semi- arid
and hot which is mainly dry with very hot summer and cold winter except during
monsoon season when moist air of oceanic origin penetrate into the district. There are
four seasons in a year. The hot weather season starts from mid March to last week of
the June followed by the south west monsoon which lasts up to September. The
transition period from September to October forms the post-monsoon season. The winter
season starts late in November and remains up to first week of March.

3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOILS

Physiographically, the district is characterised by distinct features i.e. upland plain,
a lluvial bed (flood plain) of river Ghaggar and Markanda. The area as a whole is almost
flat with a gentle slope towards south west direction. The district is mainly drained by the
river Ghaggar and Markanada. The district has two types of soils viz Sierozem and
Desert soils. The sierozem soils are found in major parts of the district and desert
soils are comparatively found in smaller part of the district especially in northern part of
the district. Sierozem Soil are found in the areas where the normal annual rainfall varies
from 300 to 500 mm. These soils vary from sandy loam to loamy sands in texture
and are marginally fertile. Degree of salinity and alkali hazards is highly variable,
though salinity is major hazard.
4.0 IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURE
IRRIGATION: The Sirsa branch is the major source of canal irrigation. The canal
passes’ through the Pundri, Kaithal and Kalayat blocks of the district. Out of 2 ,0 0 , 0 0 0
ha net irrigated area, 9,000 ha is irrigated by canal and 1,91,000 ha is irrigated by
ground water. About 95.5% of the irrigation is based on ground water resources, which
indicates the heavy stress on the ground water resources for irrigation sectors. The gross
irrigated area has been worked out as 3,84,000 ha, which is 6.9% to the State total.
Percentage of Gross Area Irrigated to Total Cropped Area has been worked out as 99.7%
with the irrigation intensity of 192.

AGRICULTURE: Net area sown in the district is 2,01,000 ha which constitutes

about 87 % of the total area. Area sown more than once is 1,84,000 ha bringing the total
cropped area to 3,85,000 ha. Paddy constitutes main kharif crop whereas the wheat is
the main Rabi crop. The details of area under cultivation, production and average yield
of important crops of the district during the year 2011-12 is given in table below:
.Crops Area under Production Average yield
cultivation (ha) (Tonnes) (Kgs/ha)
Rice 1,58,700 4,36,000 2743
Bajra 9,200 14,000 1561
Wheat 1,77,600 8,35,000 4720
Sugarcane 2,000 15,000 7689

5.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO

5.1 HYDROGEOLOGY
The geological formations met within the district comprised unconsolidated alluvial
deposits of Quaternary age. The alluvial deposits comprises of sand, silt, clay
associated with kankar. Fine to medium grained sand horizon forms the potential auifer
in the area.
The area has both unconfined and confined aquifers. In general the unconfined
aquifers occurs down to 60 m depth below ground level in the district and abstracted
through hand pumps and shallow tubewells. The alluvium forms the principal ground
water reservoir and the principal aquifer material comprises fine to medium sand and
sand mixed with kankar. This aquifer is either in the form of isolated lenses of sand
embedded in clay beds or well connected granular zones that have a pinching and
swelling disposition and are quite extensive in nature.
The ground water in confined condition is abstracted through medium and deep
tubewells. In alluvium potential aquifer zone exists down to explored depth of 600 m. In
 the district, thickness of alluvial formation increases towards Soutwest. Perusal of the
data of the exploratory tubewell constructed in Ghaggar Basin indicate that tubewells
tapping water bearing zone with in 100 to 200 m depth yield 1500 lpm to 3000 lpm for
draw down of 5 to 17 m.
The quality of water has not been found fresh in shallow as well as deep aquifer in
some parts of the district. Shallow aquifer zones contain fresh water in northern
and eastern parts of the district covering Gulha, Kaithal, Pundari, Kalayat and
Rajaound. Marginal to saline ground water occur in shallow zones in part of
Kalayat and Rajaound blocks. In general deeper zone in Kalayat and Rajaound
block contains brackish to saline ground water. A large number of shallow tubewells
exists in all parts of the district having fresh water, however there number is significantly
large in blocks of Gulha, Pundari, Kaithal Kalayat followed by Rajaound. Depth of these
shallow tubewells ranges from 20 to 50 m and yield varies between 500 lpm to 1200 lpm
for moderate drawdown. Deeper tubewells tap water bearing zones down to 120 m depth
and yields 1500 to 3000 lpm for 4 to 7 m of draw down. In some parts of district i.e.
surrounding Padla in Kaithal block a tubewell tapping unconfined aquifer group in
the depth range 26 to 91 m yields a discharge of 1500 lpm for drawdown of 7.0m

Central Ground Water Board has drilled 07 exploratory wells, 01 Slim Holes and 06
piezometers to delineate and determine the potential aquifer zones, evaluation of aquifer
characteristics etc. Besides, 09 piezometers have been constructed through outsourcing by
M/s WAPCOS Ltd. The drilling has been done to a maximum depth of about 610 m and
revealed the presence of 6 to 22 prominent permeable granular zones. Aquifer parameters
as determined from exploratory activity of the Central Ground Water Board reveals

that in the central part of the district transmissivity value 686 m2/day , Lateral

hydraulic conductivity of 11.45 m/day and specific yield value 2.35 10-2 have been
observed. In the north central part of the district covering part of Gulha block

transmissivity value 1400 m2/day , Lateral hydraulic conductivity of 25 m/day and

in the northern extreme part of the district transmissivity value 400 m2/day , Lateral

hydraulic conductivity of 22.2 m/day and specific yield value 18.00 10-2 have
been reported.

5.2 Water level behavior

Depth to water level in the district ranges from 3.92 to 35.39 m bgl during pre-
monsoon peri od and 1.67 mbgl to 36.68 mbgl during post-monsoon period 2011. In
 major part of the district water level ranges between 10 m to 20 m bgl and spreads in part
of Gulha, Kaithal, Pundri, Rajound and Kalayat Blocks. The ground water levels more than
30m bgl has been recorded in part of Goula and Kaithal Blocks. The shallow water level in
the depth range of 3 m to 5 m bgl spreads in part of Kalayat Block. During post monsoon
period the area under ground water table of depth range from 20to 30 m bgl gets spreads
covering parts of Gulha, Kaithal and Pundri Blocks. Besides, the water logging condition is
also gets existed in parts of Kalayat block.
Long-term net change of water levels during the period 2000-2011 reflected by
ground water hydrograph are indicative of the change in groundwater storage in
phreatic zone with time. The hydrograph indicates declining water level trend
which may be due to over -exploitation of ground water. The rate of decline
varies from 0.1 8 m/yr to 1.16 m/yr. The maximum rate of decline has been
observed in piezometer at Gulha. In piezometer at Kalayat rising trend in
ground water levels in the order of 0.05 m/ yr has also observed. The district
area require careful management of ground water and surface water through the
practice of Conjunctive use of surface water and ground water. In general the ground
water elevation varies from 209 to 219 a.m.s.l. and the regional ground water flow
direction is from northeast to southwest.

5.3 GROUND WATER RESOURCES

Block-wise ground water resource potential of the district has been assessed as per
GEC-97 as on 31st March 2009. The ground water development in all the blocks has
exceeded the available recharge, thus all the blocks have been categorized as over
exploited. Stage of ground water development, ranges from 161% (block-Kalayat) to
255% (block-Kaithal). Net annual replenishable ground water availability in the district
have been assessed as 507.83 MCM. The total ground water draft for all uses in the
district is 1077.46 MCM, thus leaving shot-fall (over draft) of 569.63 M C M . Stage of
ground water development in the Kaithal district has been assessed to be 212%.
 Block wise Ground water Resources of Kaithal District as on 31.03.2009 (in Ham)

Assessm Net Existing Existing Existing Provision Net Stage of Categori

ent Unit/ Annual Gross Gross Gross for Ground Ground zation
District Ground Ground Ground Ground domestic, Water Water
Water Water Water Water and Availabilit Develo
Availabilit Draft for Draft for Draft industrial y for pment
y (ham) irrigation domestic for All requirem future (%)
(ham) and uses ent irrigation
industrial (ham) supply to developme
water 2025 nt (ham)
supply (ham)
(ham)
Over
Gulha 10465 18762 1771 20533 1771 -10068 196 exploited
Over
Kaithal 14173 33733 2461 36194 2461 -22021 255 exploited
Over
Kalayat 7120 11303 150 11453 150 -4333 161 exploited
Over
Pundri 11569 25445 1755 27200 1755 -15631 235 exploited
Over
Rajound 7456 12261 105 12366 105 -4910 166 exploited
Total 50783 101504 6242 107746 6242 -56963 212
5.4 Ground Water Quality (Irrigation and Drinking point of view)

Chemical data of ground water from shallow aquifer indicates that ground water is
alkaline in nature and is fresh to moderately saline. The electrical conductivity (EC)
values are generally less than 3000 µS/cm at 25oC, except at Kalayat and Mataur whether
these values are 3310 µS/cm and 5990 µS/cm respectively. Generally it is suitable for
drinking purposes as chemical parameters are well within the permissible limits for safe drinking
water set by Bureau of Indian standard (BIS) except at Kalayat and Mataur due to high salinity
and nitrate and at Mundri and rajound due to high fluoride. The fluoride concentration is
found to be higher thn the permissible limit at Rajound (1.85 mg/l), Mundri (1.89 mg/l)
and Mataur (2.55 mg/l). Among Cations, sodium dominates in more than 73% wells where as
among Anions, no single anion dominats and ground water is of mixed anion type in most wells.
Plot of USSL diagram used for classification o f irrigation water indicates that
ground water fall under C 3 S 1 , C 3 S 2 , C 4 S 2 a n d C 4 S 3 classes. As 73% ground water
sample falls under C3S1 and C3S2 classes and thus are suitable for customary irrigation
without any fear of salinity or sodium hazards. The remaining water, nevertheless, can be
used on well drained soils on which semi-salt tolerant crops such as wheat, gram and rice
etc are grown without any fear of sodium hazards.
Type of water: Na-Mixed Anion type.

5.5 GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES

Surface Geophysical studies have been conducted in southern part of Kaithal district
covering parts of Kaithal, Pundari, Kalayat and Rajaound blocks of the district.
Results indicate that water is mostly saline beyond the depth of 100 m. Most of the area
covered under geophysical study seems to have saline water levels at all depth except
thin film marginally saline water floating over saline water. In some parts of this area
there are evidences of relatively fresh water in the depth range of 50 to 100 m. In
some parts of the Rajaound blocks and f e w patches in Kaithal blocks fresh water
have been expected to be between 200 to 300m.

5.6 STATUS OF THE GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT

Net area sown in the district is 2010 Sq. km, which is 100% of the total cultivable area
of the district. Area sown more than once is 1840 sq. km bringing the total cropped area
to 3850 sq km. The entire net area sown is irrigated through tubewells and canals.
There are 56080 tubewells in the district which irrigates an area of 1 9 1 0 sq.km.
Canals of the area are irrigating approximately 90 sq. km area. Tubewells support 95.5%
irrigation in the district. The block-wise detail of MIUs and draft is given below:
 Sl. Block Shallow T/W Ground Water Draft (Ham)
No with
Pump set Monsoon Non-Monsoon Annual
1 Gulha 10366 8443 10319 18762
2 Kithal 18637 15180 18553 33733
3 Kalayat 6245 5087 6217 11303
4 Pundri 14058 11450 13995 25445
5 Rajound 6774 5517 6744 12261

The entire drinking water supply to all rural as well as urban parts of the district is
based on ground water or by canal (where water quality of ground water is saline or
poor) The tubewell for water supply constructed by Public Health Department,
Haryana for drinking water supply are generally between 40 to 100 m deep or on the
basis of local hydrogeological conditions and availability of fresh water bearing zone.
The area where drinking water supply is not present through PHED Haryana, the supply
is dependent on hand pumps /dug wells shallow jet pumps which are constructed by
Panchayat or by user. The depth of hand pumps varies from 10 to 25 m on the basis
of prevailing local conditions. The block-wise details of numbers of tubewells and draft
are given below:

Sl. Block T/W Ground

No (PHED) WaterDraft
(Ham)
Annual
1 Gulha 106 1590
2 Kithal 162 2430
3 Kalayat 10 150
4 Pundri 117 1755
5 Rajound 7 105

6.0 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

6.1 Ground Water Development
The stage of ground water development for the district as a whole is 212% and all the
five blocks have shown high development of ground water resources and making the
blocks overexploited. It indicates that the ground water is under stress and ground water
level is declining. Blocks located in northern half of the district namely Guhla Kaithal and
Pundari have comparatively high ground water development owing to fresh ground
water quality. Blocks with high ground water development status and lesser rate of
decline is indicative of prolific aquifer in these areas. There is need to take up the measures
to enhance water use efficiency by adopting practices of water conservation
techniques. Besides, there is need to arrest the depleting ground water resources by
 implementing the projects of rain water harvesting and artificial recharge to ground water.
Whole of the district is suitable for artificial recharge to ground water. Excess rain water
in agricultural field, surplus canal water and rooftop rain water can be injected to ground
water system. Since the whole area of the district is alluvium and neither basement nor
any cobble, pebble bed has been encountered, hence appropriate method of drilling
in the area would be rotary or reverse rotary. The ground water at shallow depth up to 40
to 100 m is fresh to marginal saline. Tubewells can be constructed upto the depth of 40-
100 m for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose depending on the local
hydrogeological conditions.

6.2 Water Conservation & Artificial Recharge

There are 292 tanks /ponds in the Kaithal district which act both as water conservation
and recharge structures. There is need to revive the tradition water bodies of the villages.
The block-wise details on tanks/ponds and recharge through them is given in table below:

Block No Average water No of days water Recharge

of spread area(ha) available (Ham)
Tank/
Pond non- non- non-
monsoon monsoon monsoon monsoon monsoon monso
on
Gulha 54 27.54 12 120 200 4.758912 3.456

Kithal 81 102.15 35 120 200 17.65152 10.08

Kalayat 42 106.25 38 120 200 18.36 10.944

Pundri 69 199.65 73 120 200 34.49952 21.024

Rajaund 46 73.3 23 120 200 12.66624 6.624

The major source of recharge to ground water in the area is inflow of ground water
from north eastern and northern parts, rainfall, seepage from canals, return seepage
through irrigation and percolation from surface water bodies. Central Ground Water Board
has not taken up any recharging scheme in the district. As per assessment of the Central
Ground Water Board for preparation of Master Plan on Artificial Recharge, a large part of
district is suitable for Artificial Recharge. But, the northern half of the district
covering p a r t s of Gulha, Kaithal and Pundari Blocks have been found most suitable and
feasible for artificial recharge on the basis of annual decline in water level and
annual mean water level for last ten years. Most suitable structure for artificial recharge
is recharge trench with or without injection wells and recharge shaft of variable size to
accommodate available run-off or surplus available water for recharge. As per ‘Master
 Plan on Artificial recharge 2013’ an area of 2317sq.km has been identified for artificial
recharge in the district which has a subsurface storage potential of 3 5 5 0 MCM. A
volume of 4722 MCM of water would be required to attain this recharge. A total of
5696 Nos of recharge structure have been proposed. Besides this roof top rain
water harvesting should also be taken up in the district.

7.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

The ground water related problems in the district can be identified as depletion of
ground water resources and poor quality of ground water at specifically in deeper aquifer
along with contamination of ground water with fluoride. Declining of water levels has
been observed in the entire district except at Kalayat where rising in water level has
noticed due to shallw water table condition exist in the block Kalayat. The analysis of
long term water levels in the district shows the rate of decline of water level is in the
range of 0.18 m/yr to 1.16 m/yr. From portability point of view, the ground water in
some parts of the district is having poor ground water quality due to salinity. Some
sporadic occurrence of high fluoride concentration has also noticed. By and large
the ground water in shallow aquifers is fresh and potable.

8.0 AREAS NOTIFIED BY CGWA

The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) has notified Rajound Block on
27th November, 2012. The block area has been notified with a view to protect the ground
water resources and other development activities in consonance with protection &
preservation of ground water resources.

9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following remedial measures are recommended to minimize the declining
ground water trend in parts of the Kaithal district as safeguard against environmental
degradation.

1. The directives of CGWA notification for the notified block Rajound should be
implemented.
2. Artificial recharge to ground water should be taken up in the urban and rural area to
avert the further lowering of ground water level since natural recharge to the aquifer
system is not adequate to support such ground water withdrawal especially in the
northern half of the district area.
3. Geophysical study is required for the delineation of fresh water zones in the
remaining part of the district.
4. Revival of water bodies like pond in the village could be recommended under scheme of
drinking water mission for the sustainability of shallow tube wells and the crop of the area.
5. Water use efficiency should be enhanced by practicing modern methods of irrigation like
Laser levelling, zero tillage, mulching, Sprinkler irrigation, drip Irrigation etc.
6 . For effective water management techniques most suitable cost effective cropping
pattern should be selected so that even high TDS ground water could be utilised for
i r r i g a t i n g salt tolerant crops.
7. The ground water exploration along with micro level study should be taken up for
mapping of flood plains of river Ghaggar and Markanda, which can have more prolific
fresh water aquifers at deeper levels.
8. Subsurface drainage system may be laid down in Kalayat block to combat water
logging.
9. Local populace to be educated regarding consequences of mining of ground water and
need for its effective/economic use.
10. In the areas where water is saline and canal network is dense intensive study may be
carried out to know the feasibility of conjunctive use of surface and ground water.
11. Micro level mapping of the ground water for fluoride concentration may be taken up and
people may be educated about its harmful effect on human health and its remedial
measures.