7/23/2019 HMT University Solved Problems

HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER

Solved Problems
By
M r. P. Raveendiran
Asst. Professor Mechanical

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Heat and mass Transfer

Unit I
November 2008
1.  Calculate the rate of heat loss through the vertical walls of a boiler furnace of size 4
m by 3 m by 3 m high. The walls are constructed from an inner fire brick wall 25 cm
thick of thermal conductivity 0.4 W/mK, a layer of ceramic blanket insulation of
thermal conductivity 0.2 W/mK and 8 cm thick, and a steel protective layer of
thermal conductivity 55 W/mK and 2 mm thick. The inside temperature of the fire
brick layer was measured at 600 o  C and the temperature of the outside of the
0
insulation 60  C. Also find the interface temperature of layers.
Given:
Composite Wall
l= 4m b= 3m h= 3m
Area of rectangular wall lb = 4x3 = 12m2 
L1 = 25 cm Fire brick
k ı  = 0.4 W/mK
L2 =0.002m Steel
k 2  = 54 W/mK
L3 = 0.08 m insulation
k ı  = 0.2 W/mK
0

T1 =6000 C
T2 = 60  C
Find
(i) Q (ii) (T3 –T4)
Solution
We know that,

 
=

( )
 

Here
(ΔT) overall = T1 – T4
And ΣR th = R th1  + R th2 + R th3

R th1  =
  
=
 .
 =0.0521K/W
   .

R th2  
 
= 
  
=
 
 .
.
 =0.0333K/W

  
= 
  .
R th3  
 
=
 
 =0.0000031K/W

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 =
   
 –
    

=
600 −
0.0521 + 0.0000031 + 0.0333
60

Q = 6320.96 W
(i)  To find temperature drop across the steel layer (T2 - T3)

 =  –
 
 

T3- T4  = Q R th2

= 6320.96 0.0000031
T3 - T4 = 0.0196 K .

2.  A spherical container of negligible thickness holding a hot fluid at 140 0  and having
an outer diameter of 0.4 m is insulated with three layers of each 50 mm thick
insulation of k 1 = 0.02: k 2 = 0.06 and k 3 = 0.16 W/mK. (Starting from inside). The
0
outside surface temperature is 30 C. Determine (i) the heat loss, and (ii) Interface
temperatures of insulating layers.
Given:
OD = 0.4 m
r 1  = 0.2 m
st
r 2  = r 1 + thickness of 1  insulation
= 0.2+0.05
r 2  = 0.25m
r 3  = r 2 + thickness of 2nd insulation
= 0.25+0.05
r 3  = 0.3m
rd
r 4 = r 3 + thickness of 3  insulation
= 0.3+0.05
r 4  = 0.35m
Thf   = 140o C, Tcf  = 30o C,
k 1 = 0.02 W/mK
k 2  = 0.06 W/mK
k 3  = 0.16 W/mK.
Find (i) Q (ii) T 2, T 3

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Solution

 
=

( )
 

ΔT = Thf – Tcf  
ΣR th = R th1  + R th2 + R th3
( . . ) o
R th1 =
     
 =
 
  
 

( .
. .

. )
.  =3.978 C/W
o
R th2  =
     
 
=
  . . .
 =0.8842 C/W

R th1 
     
=   =

 
( . . )
 =0.23684o C/W
     . . .

 =
0.0796 + 0.8842 + 0.23684
140 − 30

Q = 21.57 W
To find interface temperature (T2 , T3 )

=
  
 
 –
 

T2 = T1 – [Q x  ]
= 140 – [91.620.0796]
0
T2 = 54.17 C

 =
  
 
 –
  

T3 = T2 – [Q   ]
= 132.71- [91.62 0.8842]
T3 = 35.09 o C
3. May 2008
A steel tube with 5 cm ID, 7.6 cm OD and k=15W/m  o C is covered with an insulative
covering of thickness 2 cm and k 0.2 W/m  oC. A hot gas at 330o C with h = 400 W/m2oC
flows inside the tube. The outer surface of the insulation is exposed to cooler air at 30oC
2o
with h = 60 W/m C. Calculate the heat loss from the tube to the air for 10 m of the tube
and the temperature drops resulting from the thermal resistances of the hot gas flow,
the steel tube, the insulation layer and the outside air.
Given:
Inner diameter of steel, d 1 = 5 cm =0.05 m
Inner radius,r 1 = 0.025m
Outer diameter of steel, d2 = 7.6 cm = 0.076m
Outer radius,r 2 = 0.025m
Radius, r 3 = r 2 + thickness of insulation
= 0.038+0.02 m

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r 3 = 0.058 m
 o
Thermal conductivity of steel, k 1=15W/m  C
Thermal conductivity of insulation, k 2 = 0.2 W/m oC.
Hot gas temperature, Thf  = 330 o C + 273 = 603 K
2o
Heat transfer co-efficient at innear side, hhf  = 400 W/m C
o
Ambient air temperature, Tcf  = 30 C +273 = 303 K
2o
Heat transfer co-efficient at outer side hcf  = 60 W/m C.
Length, L = 10 m
To find:
(i)  Heat loss (Q)
(ii)   Temperature drops (Thf  –T1), (T1 –T2), (T2 –T3), (T3 –Tcf ),
Solution:

Heat flow =
∆  

Where
 ∑
ΔToverall = Thf  –Tcf  

  ℎ       ℎ

=
2
1 1
+
1
ln +
1
ln +
1
ln +
1
 

 =

         
 
603 303
=
   1 1
+
1
2 × 10 400 × 0.025 15
ln
0.038
0.025
Q = 7451.72 W
+
1
0.2
ln
0.058
0.038
+
 −
1
60 × 0.058
 
  
We know that,

 =

 

.
 

=   
 
  
×

7451.72 =
   
1 1

 −     − 
×
2× × 10 400 × 0.025
= 11.859  

 T 1  T 2
Q  
 Rth1

=     

×

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 − 
7451.72 =
 1
×
1
2 × × 10 15
 
ln
0.038
0.025
 

 −   = 3.310  

 T 2  T 3
Q  
 Rth 2

=
    
×

 − 
7451.72 =
 1
×
1
2 × × 10 0.2
ln  
0.058
0.038
 

 −  = 250.75  

  
=
  .
 

=     
×

  
  
− 
7451.72 =
 1

2 × × 10
×
1
60 × 0.058
  

 −   = 34.07  

Nov 2009
4. A long pipe of 0.6 m outside diameter is buried in earth with axis at a depth of 1.8 m.
0 0
the surface temperature of pipe and earth are 95   C and 25  C respectively. Calculate

the heat loss from the pipe per unit length. The conductivity of earth is 0.51W/mK.
Given

r=

.
 = 0.3 m

L=1m
o
T p = 95  C
Te = 25o C
D = 1.8 m
k = 0.51W/mK

Find
Heat loss from the pipe (Q/L)
Solution
We know that
   = . ( −   )  

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Where S = Conduction shape factor =

2 
ln   
2
 

=
2  1
2  1.8

 
ln
0.3
S = 2.528m
  
 = 0.51 2.528(95 − 25) 

   = 90.25 /  

Nov.2010
5. A steam pipe of 10 cm ID and 11 cm OD is covered with an insulating substance k = 1
0 0
W/mK. The steam temperature is 200   C and ambient temperature is 20   C. If the
2
convective heat transfer coefficient between insulating surface and air is 8 W/m K, find
the critical radius of insulation for this value of r c. Calculate the heat loss per m of pipe
and the outer surface temperature. Neglect the resistance of the pipe material.
Given:

  2
=
10
2
=5   = 0.05  

  2
=
11
2
= 5.5  
= 0.055  

k =1 W/mK
Ti = 200oC T∞ =20o C
2
h0 =8 W/m K
Find

(i)  r c

(ii)   If r c =r o then Q/L 

(iii)   To
Solution
To find critical radius of insulation (r c)

 ℎ =
1
8
= 0.125   
When r c =r o
Kpipe, hhf not given
 2 (  −  )
=
ln  ℎ 
+
1
 


7

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 − 2 (200 20)

   =
ln
0.125
0.050 +
1
1
8  0.125
 

 = 621 /  

To Find To 
 
 
 −  =  

    
= +  ( ) 

     
= 20 + 621 ×
 × × .  
 
0
T0 = 118.72 C

November 2011.
6. The temperature at the inner and outer surfaces of a boiler wall made of 20 mm
thick steel and covered with an insulating material of 5 mm thickness are 3000 C and 500 
C respectively. If the thermal conductivities of steel and insulating material are
0 0
58W/m C and 0.116 W/m C respectively, determine the rate of flow through the boiler
wall.
-3
L1 = 20 x 10  m
kı = 58  W/m0C 
L2 = 5 x 10 -3 m
0
k 2  = 0.116  W/m C 
0
T1 = 300  C
0
T2 = 50  C
Find
(i)  Q
Solution

=
  
( )
=  

 =    

R th1 
 
=
 
.    
×
 

 =3.45 X 10-4 0
C /W

R th2 =
   
 
=
.
 
 ×
 =0.043 C /W
0

 =
   
.     
 
  .  
= 5767.8 W

Q = 5767.8 W

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7. A spherical shaped vessel of 1.2 m diameter is 100 mm thick. Find the rate of heat
leakage, if the temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces is 200 o  C.
Thermal conductivity of material is 0.3 kJ /mhoC.
Given
d1 =1.2 m

r 1 = 0.6 m
r 2 = r 1 + thick
= 0.6 + 0.1
r 2 = 0.7 m
∆  =2000C
o o
K = 0.3 kJ /mhr C = 0.0833 W/m  C
Find
Q

Solution:

 ∆ 
= =
 
 –
 

 
 
 
 =
× .
     
( .
  . )
× . × .

= 0.2275 /  

 ∆
= =
200
 0.2275

= 879.132  

November 2011 (old regulation)

8. A steel pipe (K = 45.0 W/m.K) having a 0.05m O.D is covered with a 0.042 m thick
layer of magnesia (K = 0.07W/m.K) which in turn covered with a 0.024 m layer of
fiberglass insulation (K = 0.048 W/m.K). The pipe wall outside temperature is 370 K
and the outer surface temperature of the fiberglass is 305K. What is the interfacial
temperature between the magnesia and fiberglass? Also calculate the steady state heat
transfer.
Given:
OD = 0.05 m
d1= 0.05 m
r 1 = 0.025 m
k 1 = 45 W/mK
r 2 = r 1 + thick of insulation 1
r 2 = 0.025+0.042
r 2 = 0.067 m
k 2 = 0.07 W/mK

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k 3 = 0.048 W/mK

r 3 = r 2 + thick of insulation 2
= 0.067+0.024
r 3 = 0.091 m
 
T1 = 370 K

T3 = 305 K
To find
(i)  T2 
(ii)   Q

Solution

Here thickness of pipe is not given; neglect the thermal resistance of pipe.

 ℎ
=
( )
 

Here

(   −  −

) = = 370 305 = 65   

ΣR th = R th1  + R th2 

     

.

    = .
× . ×
  = 2.2414 K/W

   

   =
.
.
× . ×
  = 1.0152 K/W

Q=
  
. .
 = 19.959 W/m

To find T2

  
=
 
 –
 

T2 = T1 – [Q x  ]
= 370- [19.959 x 2.2414]
T3 = 325.26K


10

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9. A motor body is 360 mm in diameter (outside) and 240 mm long. Its surface
temperature should not exceed 55 oC when dissipating 340W. Longitudinal fins of 15
mm thickness and 40 mm height are proposed. The convection coefficient is 40W/m 2 oC.
o
determine the number of fins required. Atmospheric temperature is 30 C. thermal
o
conductivity = 40 W/m C.

Given:
-3
D = 360x10 m
-3
L = 240 x10 m
T b  = 55oC
Q generating = = 340W
Longitudinal fin
-3
tfin = 15 10 m
-3
hfin = 40 10 m
h = 40W/m2 oC
o
k = 40 W/m C.
T∞ = 30 oC
To find:
 No of fins required (N)
Solution:
Here length (or) height of fin is given. It is short fin(assume end insulated)

 N =
  

From HMT Data book,  

 

 √ℎ  −  ℎ 
=  ( ).tan ( ) 

   
=    

Perimeter (P) = 2L = 2 x 0.24 = 0.48 m

( for longitudinal fin fitted on the cylinder)
Area (A) = Lt = 0.24 x 0.015
2
A = 0.0036m  

  
=
40 × 0.48
40 × 0.0036

  = 11.55  

 √  = 40 × 0.48 × 40 × 0.0036 (55 − ℎ

30).tan (11.55 × 0.04) 
Q fin = 4.718 W

 =
340
4.718
= 72. 06 = 72   . 

11

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May 2012
10. A mild steel tank of wall thickness 10 mm contains water at 90o  C. The thermal
o
conductivity of mild steel is 50 W/m C , and the heat transfer coefficient for inside and
2 o
outside of the tank area are 2800 and 11 W/m C, respectively. If the atmospheric
o
temperature is 20 C , calculate
(i) 
2
The rate of heat loss per m  of the tank surface area.
(ii)   The temperature of the outside surface tank.
Given
-3
L = 10 x 10 m
o
Thf   = 90 C
o
k = 50 W/m C
2o
hhf = 2800 W/m C

hcf   = 11 W/m2 oC
Tcf   = 20 o C
To find
(i) 
2
Q/m  
(ii)   T2 
Solution

 =
( 
)  

Here (ΔT)overall = Thf – Tcf   = 90 – 20 = 70oC

    

= +   +  

      

=
.
=
×  
0.00036 /  

   =
 =  10 × 10
50×1
= 0.0002 /  

 ℎ  = 1

.
=
1
11 × 1
0.09091 /  

70
= 0.091469 = 765.29 /
To find T2    −     

     =
       

  −      

  ×          

= 90 – [765x 0.00056]
0
T2 = 89.57 C

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11. A 15 cm outer diameter steam pipe is covered with 5 cm high temperature

insulation (k = 0.85 W/m oC ) and 4 cm of low temperature (k = 0.72 W/mo C). The
steam is at 500 oC and ambient air is at 40 oC. Neglecting thermal resistance of steam
and air sides and metal wall calculate the heat loss from 100 m length of the pipe. Also
find temperature drop across the insulation.

Given
d1   = 15 cm
-2
r 1  = 7.5 x10 m
r 2  = r 1 + thick of high temperature insulation
-2
r 2  = 7.5 + 5 = 12.5 x 10  m
r 3  = r 2 + thick of low temperature insulation
-2
r 3  = 12.5 +4 = 16.5 x 10  m
o
k ins1  = 0.85 w/m C

k ins 2 = 0.72 w/mo C

Thf = 500  o C
 o
T cf   = 40 C
To find
(i)  Q if L = 1000mm = 1 m
Solution:

 =
( 
) 

Here

ΔT = T1 –T3 

ΣR th = R th1  + R th2 

    

    
   =
× .
.
.
×
o
  = 0.09564 K/W or  C/W

   

 
   =
× .
.

   
.
×
  = 0.06137 K/W or o C/W

Q=
 
.

.  = 2929.75W/m

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12. Determine the heat transfer through the composite wall shown in the figure below.
Take the conductives of A, B, C, D & E as 50, 10, 6.67, 20& 30 W/mK respectively and
assume one dimensional heat transfer. Take of area of A =D= E = 1m 2 and B=C=0.5 m2.
o  o
Temperature entering at wall A is 800  C and leaving at wall E is 100  C.

B D E
C

Given:
o
Ti = 800 C
o
To = 100 C
k A = 50 W/mK
k B = 10 W/mK

k c = 6.67 W/mK

k D = 20 W/mK
k E = 30 W/mK
2
AA = A D= AE= 1m
2
AB =AC = 0.5  m  
Find
(i)  Q
Solution

 =
(

)
 

      

     
 

Parallel
 =  +    
=
    

 
  =
+
 

  =  

     =  

    

= =  

    

= =  

  
     
50×1

1
= 0.02 /  

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      
10 × 0.5
1
= 0.2 /  

  
   
1
6.67 × 0.5
= 0.2969 /  

 
  =
+
=
0.2 × 0.299
0.2 + 0.299
=
0.0598
0.499
 

= 0.1198 /  

      
= =
 

=
1
20×1
= 0.05 /  

    

= = =
1
30×1
= 0.0333 /  

 ∑ −
=
 
=
−  800
0.02 + 0.1198 + 0.05 + 0.0333
100
= 3137.61  

  = 3137.61  
13. A long carbon steel rod of length 40 cm and diameter 10 mm (k = 40 w/mK) is
placed in such that one of its end is 400 o C and the ambient temperature is 30o  C. the
2
flim co-efficient is 10 w/m K. Determine
(i) Temperature at the mid length of the fin.
(ii) Fin efficiency
(iii) Heat transfer rate from the fin
(iv) Fin effectiveness
Given:
l  = 40x10  -2 m
 -3
d = 10 x 10  m
k = 40 W/mK
o
T b = 400 C
T∞ = 30 o C
H = 10 w/m2K
To find
(i)  T , x = L/2
 
(ii) η fin 
(iii)   Q fin 
Solution
It is a short fin end is insulated
From H.M.T Data book

 √ℎ  −  ℎ 
=  ( ).tan ( ) 

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  ℎ  =    

Perimeter = πd = π x 10 x 10 -3 = 0.0314 m

        =
4
   =
4
  (10 × 10 )  = 0.0000785  

10 × 0.0314
   =
40 × 0.0000785
  = 10  

 √  = − ℎ
1 0 × 0.0314 × 40 × 0.0000785 (400 30).tan ( 1 0 × 4 0 × 1 0 )
 
Q = 0.115 W
From H.M.T Data book
−  ℎ −
 −  ℎ  =
cos
cos  (
 (
)
)
 

30 cos  10 (0.4 0.2)

400 30 = cos  (10 × 0.4)  
−− −− ℎ ℎ −
30
400 30
=
3.762
27.308
 

− 370
30
= 0.13776 

T = 50.97 + 30
o
T = 80.97 C
14. A wall furnace is made up of inside layer of silica brick 120 mm thick covered with a
layer of magnesite brick 240 mm thick. The temperatures at the inside surface of silica
brick wall and outside the surface of magnesite brick wall are 725oC and 110oC
respectively. The contact thermal resistance between the two walls at the interface is
o
0.0035 C/w per unit wall area. If thermal conductivities of silica and magnesite bricks
o o
are 1.7 W/m C and 5.8 W/m C, calculate the rate of heat loss per unit area of walls.
Given:
-3
L1 = 120 x 10  m
kı = 1.7 W/m0C 
L  = 240 x 10 -3 m
2
0
k 2  = 5.8 W/m C 
0
T1 = 725  C
0
T4 = 110  C
(  
) = 0.0035    /  
Area = 1 m2 

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Find
(i)  Q
Solution

 =

(    
)
 
=
   ( )
 
o
Here T1 – T4 = 725 – 110 = 615  C

R th1 =    
=   
   
. ×
 =0.07060 C /W

R th2  =
   
=
  
 
.  ×
 =0.0414 C /W
0

 =  
.
  
  . .  
2
= 5324.67 W/m

Q = 5324.67 W/m
15. A furnace walls made up of three layers , one of fire brick, one of insulating brick
o o
and one of red brick. The inner and outer surfaces are at 870  C and 40  C respectively.
The respective co- efficient of thermal conduciveness of the layer are 1.0, 0.12 and 0.75
W/mK and thicknesses are 22 cm, 7.5, and 11 cm. assuming close bonding of the layer at
their interfaces, find the rate of heat loss per sq.meter per hour and the interface
temperatures.
Given
Composite wall (without convection)
L1 = 22 x10 -2 m
kı = 1 W/mK  
-2
L2 = 7.5 x10  m
k 2  = 0.12 W/mK
-2
L3 = 11x10  m
k 3  = 0.75 W/mK  
T1 = 870o C
T4 = 40o C
Find
(i)  Q / hr (ii) T2, T3 

Solution
We know that,

 ℎ
=
( )
 
Here
(ΔT) overall = T1 – T4
= 870 – 40

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 o
= 830 C
And ΣR th = R th1  + R th2 + R th3
(assume A = 1 m 2 )

R th1 =
   
=

 
  ×
 = 22 x10 -2 K/W

R th2  =
   
=
  
.  
. ×
 
 =0.625 K/W

=  
 
R th3 
  
=
 
.  ×
 
 =0.1467 K/W

 = 
      –
 

=
 

870
0.9917
− 40

2
Q = 836.95 W/m  
Q = 3.01X 105 J/h 

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Nov 2010
16. A 12 cm diameter long bar initially at a uniform temperature of 40 oC is placed in a
medium at 650 oC with a convective co efficient of 22 W/m2K calculate the time required
0 3
for the bar to reach255 C. Take k = 20W/mK, ρ = 580 kg/m and c = 1050 J/kg K.
Given : Unsteady state

D = 12 cm = 0.12 m
R = 0.06 m
To = 40 + 273 = 313 K
T∞ = 650 + 273 = 923 K
T = 255 + 273 =528 K
2
h = 22 W/m K
k = 20 W/mK
3
ρ = 580 Kg/m

c = 1050 J/kg K
Find:
o
Time required to reach 255 C (τ) 
Solution

Characteristic length for cylinder =  =

  

L =   = 0.03 m
.
 

We know that
 × .

       

=
Bi = 0.033 < 0.1
 =

Biot number is less than 0.1. Hence this is lumped heat analysis type problem.
For lumped heat parameter, from HMT data book.
   
=    

   
 
     
×
 

We know that

=   

  =    


 
  ×
     

528 − 923  
=     
313 − 923
  
–
× .  ×
 ×
 

ln 
 =     × τ
  × . ×
 

τ = 360.8 sec 

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o
17. A aluminium sphere mass of 5.5 kg and initially at a temperature of 290 Cis
suddenly immersed in a fluid at 15   oC with heat transfer co efficient 58 W/m2  K.
Estimate the time required to cool the aluminium to 95o C for aluminium take ρ = 2700
3
kg/m , c = 900 J /kg K, k = 205 W/mK.
Given:

M = 5.5 kg
To = 290 + 273 = 563 K
T∞ = 15 + 273 = 288 K
T = 95 + 273 =368 K
2
h = 58 W/m K
k = 205 W/mK
3
ρ = 2700 kg/m
c = 900 j/kg K

To find:
Time required to cool at 95o C (τ) 

Solution

ρ
Density =   =
 =   

 =  =   .
 
 – 33
V = 2.037 X 10  

For sphere,
Characteristic length   
=  

Volume of sphere    
=    

  
=  

    
× . ×
=
  

R = 0.0786 m

Biot number

 =   
 = 0.0262 
 =   .
 

=
     × .
 
 – 3
Bi = 7.41 X 10 < 0.1
Bi  < 0.1 this is lumped heat analysis type problem.

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 −−      =

 
 
 
 
×
 

368
536
−−       
288
288
= × . ×
 ×
 

τ = 1355.4 sec 

Unit II

May 2012
 o
1. Air at 25 C flows past a flat plate at 2.5 m/s. the plate measures 600 mm X 300 mm
and is maintained at a uniform temperature at 95 oC. Calculate the heat loss from the
plate, if the air flows parallel to the 600 mm side. How would this heat loss be affected if
the flow of air is made parallel to the 300 mm side.
Given:

Forced convection (air)

Flat plate
T∞ =25o C
U = 25 m/s
o
Tw = 95 C
 -3
L = 600 mm = 600 X 10 m
 -3
W = 300 mm = 300 X 10  m
Find

(i)  Q if air flows parallel to 600 mm side

(ii)   Q if air flows parallel to 300 mm side and % of heat loss.
Solution:

 =
 =  = 60 
   = 
o
 

Take properties of air at T f  = 60  C from H.M.T data book (page no 34)
Pr = 0.696
  = 1897 x 10 m /s
 -6 2

k = 0.02896

 =  =  

= 7.91 × 10 < 5 × 1 0
.
.  × .
×
 

 
This flow is laminar.
From H.M.T data book

  = 0.332  

.
  .
 

(or)     = 0.332   .

  .
 

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 4 0.5 0.333
= 0.332 X (7.91 X 10 )  (0.696)
 NuL = 82.76
 
=2 = 2 × 82.76 
= 165.52 
 =  

ℎ  ℎ  ℎ
 ( ) = =
165.52 × 0.02896
0.6
 

ℎ  ℎ  
 ( ) = 7.989 /  
  ℎ ∆  ℎ    − 
= ( )( ) ( . )( ) 
 −
= 7.989 (0.6 × 0.3)(95 25) 
Q1 = 100.66 W
(iii)   If L = 0.3 m and W = 0.6 m (parallel to 300 mm side)
2.5 × 0.3
= =
   = 3.95 × 10
18.97 × 10
 

= 3.95 × 10 < 5 × 1 0  

 
ℎ   
       
From H.M.T Data book
     
= 0.332 . .
 
(      
) = 0.332 . .
 
 = 0.332(3.95 × 10 ) .
(0.696) .
 

 NuL = 58.48
  
=2 = 2 × 58.48 = 116.96 

 ℎ =  

ℎ 
= =
116.96 × 0.02896
0.3
 

ℎ  ℎ  
 ( ) = 11.29 /  
  ℎ ∆  ℎ    − 
= ( )( ) ( . )( ) 
= 11.29 (0.6 × 0.3)(95 25) 

 
Q2 = 142.25W
−
% heat loss =
   × 100 

=
 
.
.    × 100
.
 

% heat loss = 41.32% 

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2. When 0.6 kg of water per minute is passed through a tube of 2 cm diameter, it is

found to be heated from 20oC to 60oC. the heating is achieved by condensing steam on
the surface of the tube and subsequently the surface temperature of the tube is
o
maintained at 90  C. Determine the length of the tube required for fully developed flow.
Given:

Mass, m = 0.6kg/min = 0.6/60 kg/s

= 0.01 kg/s
Diameter, D = 2 cm = 0.02m
Inlet temperature, Tmi  = 20 o C
o
Outlet temperature, Tmo  = 60 C
o
Tube surface temperature , Tw= 90 C
To find
length of the tube,(L).

Solution:
Bulk mean temperature =  =
   = 40
 =   

Properties of water at 40 oC:

(From H.M.T Data book, page no 22, sixth edition)
3
Ρ = 995 kg/m  
-6 2
V = 0.657x10  m /s
Pr = 4.340
K = 0.628W/mK
C p = 4178J/kgK
Mass flow rate, ̇ 
 =  
 ρ̇
m
U =  
A

U =
995 ×
π
0.01

4

(0.02)
 

velocity, U = 0.031m/s 
Let us first determine the type of flow

  = =
0.031 × 0.02
0.657x10
  
 = 943.6 
Since Re < 2300, the flow is laminar.
For laminar flow,
 Nusselt Number, Nu = 3.66

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We know that

 ℎ =  

ℎ
3.66 =
× 0.02
0.628
 

ℎ  
= 114.9 /  

Heat transfer,   ∆

=  

    − 

= ( ) 
= 0.01 × 4178 × (60 − 20) 
Q = 1671.2 W
We know that   ℎ∆ =  
= × × × ×( ) 

  ℎ       − 
1671.2 = 114.9 ×
Length of tube , L = 4.62m
× 0.02 × × (90 40) 

November 2012
3. Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a polished copper pan by means of
an electric heater. The diameter of the pan is 0.38 m and is kept at 115 o C. calculate the
following

1. Surface heat flux

2. Power required to boil the water
3. Rate of evaporation
4. Critical heat flux
Given:
Diameter, d = 0.38 m
o
Surface temperature, Tw = 115 C
To find

1.Q/A
2. P
3. ̇  
4. (Q/A)max 
Solution:
o
We know that, Saturation temperature of water is 100  C
o
i.e. Tsat = 100 C

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o
Properties of water at 100 C:
(From H.M.T Data book, page no 22, sixth edition)
Density,   = 961 kg/m3  
-6 2
Kinematic viscosity, v = 0.293x10  m /s
Prandtl Number, Pr = 1.740

Specific heat, C pl = 4216 J/kgK

Dynamic viscosity,    
= × = 961 × 0. 293 × 10
 -6
  
2
= 281.57 X 10  Ns/m  
From Steam table [R.S khurmi steam table]
o
At 100  C
Enthalpy of evaporation, hfg = 2256.9 kJ/kg.
hfg = 2256.9 x 10 3 J/kg
Specific volume of vapour, vg = 1.673 m3/kg

Density of vapour,
 =
  

 =
1.673
 
1

     = 0.597 /  
∆  
=   −   −
   = = 115 100 = 15  
∆    ℎ     
= 15 < 50 .             . 
Power required to boil the water,
For      

  ℎ        ∆

Heat flux, = ×
×( ) .
×
×
×
 ….(1)

(From H.M.T Data book)

       
Where =            
At 100 oC
  = 0.0588 /   (From H.M.T Data book)
For water – copper → Csf = surface fluid constant = 0.013
 N = 1 for water (From H.M.T Data book)
Substitute
 ℎ     ∆   ℎ 
, , , , , , , , , ,  values in eqn (1)

  
= 281.57 × 10 × 2256.9 × 10 ×
 9.81 × (961
0.0588
−    
0.597)
.


 ×
4216 × 15
0.013 × 2256.9 × 10 × (1.74)    

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Surface   
   ,   
= 4.83 × 10 /  

      
  ,, = 4.83 × 10 ×  
  = 4.83 × 10 ×  

  
4

= 4.83 × 10 × (0.38)  
4
Q = 54.7 x10 3 W
3
Q = 54.7 x10   =P
Power = 54.7 x10 3 W
2. Rate of evaporation, ( ) ̇
We know that,
Heat transferred,  ̇= ×h   

Q 54.7 × 10
=
h
=
2256.9 × 10   

3. Critical heat flux, (Q/A)

̇  ̇   = 0.024 /  

     ℎ  

      ,     , 

  ℎ      −  

= 0.18 ×
× ×( )
.
 

(From H.M.T Data book)


= 0.18 × 2256.9 × 10 × 0.597 ×
0.0588 × 9.81 × (961
(0.597)
−   0.597)
.
 

 ℎ    

        
 , = = 1. 52 × 10 /  

May 2013
4. A thin 80 cm long and 8 cm wide horizontal plate is maintained at a temperature of
130oC in large tank full of water at 700C. Estimate the rate of heat input into the plate
necessary to maintain the temperature of 130 oC.
Given:
Horizontal plate length, L = 80 cm = 0.08m
Wide, W = 8 cm = 0.08 m,
o
Plate temperature, Tw = 130 C
Fluid temperature, T∞ = 70oC
To find:
Rate of heat input into the plate,Q.
Solution:

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Flim temperature,   o
=
 = 100 
  =   

Properties of water at 100 C:

(From H.M.T Data book, page no 22, sixth edition)
 = 961 kg/m3  
v = 0.293x10-6 m2/s
Pr = 1.740
k = 0.6804W/mK
 = 0.76 × 10   
(From H.M.T Data book, page no 30, sixth edition)
We know that,

ℎ  
  , =
   ∆
× × ×
 

For horizontal plate:


L   = Characteristic length =
  

0.08
L  = 2
 


L   = 0.04    

ℎ ,  = 
9.81 × 0.76 × 10
(0.293 × 10 )
× (0.04) × (130 − 70)
 

 = 0.333 × 10  

= 0.333 × 10 × 1.740
 = 0.580 × 10
GrPr value is in between 8x10 and 106 11
 
 

  6 11
i.e., 8x10  < GrPr<10  So, for horizontal plate, upper surface heated,
0.333
 Nusselt number, Nu = 0.15(GrPr)
(From H.M.T Data book, page no 136, sixth edition)
 Nu = 0.15(0580 x 109)0.333 
 Nu = 124.25

Nusselt number, Nu = h L   
k 

124.25 =

h × 0.04
 
0.6804

h = 2113.49 W/m K  
Heat transfer coefficient for upper surface heated h u = 2113.49 W/m K  
For horizontal plate, Lower surface heated:
 Nusselt number, Nul = 0.27(GrPr)0.25

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(From H.M.T Data book, page no 137, sixth edition)

9 0.25
= 0.27[0.580x10 ]  
 Nul  =42.06
We know that,

Nusselt number, Nu =

hL
 
k 
42.06 =
h × 0.04
 
 
0.6804

h = 715.44 W/m K  
Heat transfer coefficient for lower surface heated hl = 715.44 W/m K  
  Δ
Total heat transfer, Q = (h + h  )A T
= (h + h   ) × W × L × [T − T ]  
= (2113.49 + 715.44 ) × (0.08 × 0.8) × [130 − 70] 
Q = 10.86 × 10 W 
5. A vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 m height is maintained at a constant
 o
 o
temperature of 120  C. the pipe is surrounded by still atmospheric air at 30  . Find heat
loss by natural convection.
Given:
Vertical pipe diameter D = 80 mm = 0.080m
Height (or) length L = 2 m
 o
Surface temperature TS = 120  C
 o
Air temperature T  = 30  C
∞
To find
heat loss (Q)
Solution:
We know that

Flim temperature ,   =
 = 75 
  =   

Properties of water at 75 oC:

 = 1.0145 kg/m3 
v = 20.55 x10  m /s
-6 2

Pr = 0.693
k = 30.06 x 10 – 3 W/mK
We know

  
=
1
 
 

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 =
75 + 273
1  = 2.87 × 10  

We know

ℎ      ∆

  , =
× × ×
 


9.81 × 2.87 × 10  × (0.08) × (120 30)
= (20.55 × 10 )
 
= 4.80 × 10  
  −  

 
= 4.80 × 10   × 0.693 

9
  = 3.32 × 10  
Since GrPr>10 , flow is turbulent.
For turbulent flow, from HMT data book
 = 0.10(   
) .
 
.
= 0.10(3.32 × 10 )  

We know that,

 Nu = 318.8

   ℎ   , =  

ℎ 
318.8 =
×2
30.06 × 10
 

   ℎ  

    , = 4.79 /  

Heat loss, = × ×
 ℎ  ℎ   ∆  − 
= × × × ×(
 
) 
= 4.79 × − × 0.080 × 2 × (120 30) 
Q = 216.7 W
Heat loss Q = 216.7.
November 2012
6. Derive an equation for free convection by use of dimensional analysis.
= ( . )  

Assume, h = f {ρ, μ, Cp, k, Σ,(β, ΔT)} 

    
The heat transfer co efficient in case of natural or free convection, depends upon the
variables, V, ρ, k,μ, Cp and L, or D. Since the fluid circulation in free co nvection is owing to
difference in density between the various fluids layers due to temperature gradient and not by
external agency.
Thus heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ may be expressed as follows:

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ℎ  ρ μ  β Δ 
= , L, , c , k,  g T   ……….(i)

  ρ μ  β Δ 
  , L, , k , h , c ,  g T   ……….(ii)
 -2
[This parameter (β g ΔT) represents the buoyant force and has the dimensions of LT .]
Total number of variables, n = 7
Fundamental dimensions in the problem are M,L,T, θ and hense m = 4 
 Number of dimensionless π- terms = (n –m) = 7-4= 3
The equation (ii) may be written as
    
 ( , , ) = 3 
ρμ
We close , L,  and k as the core group (repeating variables) with unknown exponents. The
groups to be formed are now represented as the following π groups. 
     ℎ = . . . .  
= . . . .  

       ∆

= . . . .      
               
- term:
           
=( ) .( ) .( ) .( ) .( ) 
Equating the exponents of M,L,T and θ respectively, we get

  
For M: 0 = a + c + d + 1 
For L: 0 = −3a + b − c + d  
For T: 0 = −c + 3d − 3  

For T:   = d 1
θ −   
−  
Solving the above equations, we get
a = 0, b = 1, c = 0, d = −1  

 = ℎ ()  ℎ

 

   

 - Term:
 = (). (). (). (). ()  
Equating the exponents of M, L, T and θ respectively, we get

For M: 0 = a + c + d  

For T: 0 =
−− −    −− 
For L: 0 = 3a + b
c
c + d + 2 
3d 2 

For T: θ −  −
 = d 1 
Solving the above equations, we get

  
a = 0, b   = 0, c = 1, d =  − 1 

       
= . .  ( )   =  

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 - Term:
         
=( ) .( ) .( ) .( ) .( ) 
Equating the exponents of M, L, T and θ respectively, we get

  
For M: 0 = a + c + d  
For L: 0 = −3a + b − c + d + 1  

For T: 0 = c 3d 2
For T: θ  = −d −  −
   
 

Solving the above equations, we get

 
a = 2, b   = 3, c =  −    
 2, d = 0 
       ∆ = . .( ) 

  ∆  ∆ 
    =
( ) .
=
( )
 

  = ( )( ) 

  = ( ) ( ) (   =   ) 
   ∅  
  ,  
  ℎ
       ℎ
  
         exp . 

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UNIT - III
1.  Two large plates are maintained at a temperature of 900 K and 500 K respectively.
2
Each plate has area of 6 . Compare the net heat exchange between the plates for the
following cases.
(i)  Both plates are black
(ii)   Plates have an emissivity of 0.5
Given:
T1 =900 K
T2 = 500 K
2
A=6m 
To find:
(i)  (Q12) net  Both plates are black Є = 1 
(ii)   (Q12) net  Plates have an emissivity of Є= 0.5 
Solution
Case (i) Є1 = Є2 = 1
 
  ∈ ∈  −
( )
  − 
  =
1 1
 
+ 1
 
      −  
(   ∈ ∈  −
)   =
× 5.67
1
100
+
1
1
100
 
 
900 500
(  
)   =  − − 
6 × 5.67
100
1 1
+ 1
100
 
1 1
 
( )  
 = 201.9 × 10  
Case (ii) Є1 = Є2 = 0.5

   

(
 − 
∈ ∈  −
)   =
1 1
 

+  1

6 × 5.67 900 500

(  
)   =  −− 
1
+
100
1
0.5 0.5
1
100
 

(  
)   
= 67300  

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2.  The sun emits maximum radiation at λ = 0.52 μ. Assuming the sun to be a black
body, calculate the surface temperature of the sun. Also calculate the
monochromatic emissive power of the sun’s surface.
Given:
 -6
λ  max = 0.52 μ = 0.52 x 10  m

To find:
(i)  Surface temperature, T.
(ii)   Monochromatic emissive power, E bλ  
(iii)  Total emissive power, E
(iv)  Maximum emissive power, Emax 
Solution:
1.  From Wien’s law,
 -3
λ  max  T = 2.9 x 10  mK

[From HMT Data book, page no 82, sixth editions]

=
2.9 x 10 3
0.52 x 10 6
 
−−
 = 5576   
2.  Monochromatic emissive power, ( Ebλ )
From Planck’s law,

E
 λ 

 e  − 1
=
c
 

[From HMT Data book, page no 82, sixth editions]

Where
 = 0.374 × 10    
 = 14.4 × 10    
λ 
  = 0.52 x 10   m  
T = 5576 K

E =
0.374 × 10 [0.52 x 10  ]
    
.
. ×
       ×
 

e  1
    
E = 6.9 × 10 W⁄m
   
−   
3.  Total emissive power

 E    T 4  5  .67  10 6  (5576) 4   W/m2 

4.  Maximum emissive power
-5 5 -5 5 2
Emax = 1.28510   T  = 1.285 10 (5576)  W/m  

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3. A 70 mm thick metal plate with a circular hole of 35 mm diameter along the thickness
is maintained at a uniform temperature 250   o  C. Find the loss of energy to the
surroundings at 27 o , assuming the two ends of the hole to be as parallel discs and the
metallic surfaces and surroundings have black body characteristics.
Given:

 = ( =  = 17.5  = 0.0175 

L = 70 mm =0.07 m
)  

T1 = 250 +273 = 523 K

Tsurr = 27 +273 = 300 K

Let suffix 1 designate the cavity and the suffices 2 and 3 denote the two ends of 35
mm dia. Hole which are behaving as discs. Thus,
0.07
= 0.0175 = 4 

=
0.0175
0.07
= 0.25 

The configuration factor, F 2-3 is 0.065

 Now, F 2-1 + F 2-2 + F 2-3  = 1 …….By summation rule
But, F 2-2  = 0
F 2-1 = 1 - F 2-3 = 1 – 0.065 = 0.935

Also,
A1 F1-2 = A2 F2 – 1 ….. By reciprocating theorem

     
= =
  × (0.0175 ) × 0.935
  × 0.035× 0.07

= 0.1168 

   = = 0.1168  ………. By symmetry

           

        =            

= A  F   T T + A  F   T T  
  σ   −    σ   −  
   

therefore ( F   = F )

   

  σ   − 

= 2 A  F     T T  
 
π   −  
= 2 (   × 0.035 × 0.07) × 0.1168 × 5.6
523
100
300
100
= 6.8 W 

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November 2011
4. The filament of a 75 W light bulb may be considered as a black body radiating into a
black enclosure at 700  C. the filament diameter is 0.10 mm and length is 5 cm.
considering the radiation, determine the filament temperature .
Given:

Q = 75W = 75 J/s
T2 = 70 +273 = 343 K
d = 0.1 mm
l  = 5 cm
Area = π dl 
Solution:
Є = 1 for black body 

 =      

    −      −

75 = 5.67 × 10 ×1×

=
×0.1×10
75
×5×10

+ (343)  

  (343)  

8.906 × 10
   = 3029  
 − = 3029  273 = 2756  

November 2011 (old regulation)

5.  Two parallel plates of size 1.0 m by 1.0 m spaced 0.5 m apart are located in a very
large room, the walls of which are maintained at a temperature of 27 0 C. one p[late
0 0
is maintained at a temperature of 900  C and other at 400 C. their emissivities are
0.2 and 0.5 respectively. If the plates exchange heat between themselves and the
surroundings, find the net heat transfer to each plate and to the room. Consider only
the plate surface facing each other.
Given:
Three surfaces (2 plates and wall)
= 900  = 1173  

==40027 ==300673  
 

  =  = 1.0   

∈= 0.2  
∈= 0.2  
Room size is much larger than the plate size

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  ∈− ∈  ℎ   

   
1  
=0     =  

1. To find the shape factor F1-2.

Ratio of smaller side to distance between plane.
1
= = 2 
0.5
Corresponding to 2 and curve 2 in HMT Data book
F1-2  = 0.4
By summation rule
F1-2  + F1-3 = 1
F1-3  = 1 - F1-2 
F1-3  = 1 – 0.4 = 0.6
F1-3  = 0.6
F2-1  + F2-3 = 1
F2-3  = 1 - F2-1
F2-3  = 1 – 0.4
F2-3  = 0.6
The resistances are

 ∈−∈  −
=
1
=
1
0.2×1
0.2
= 4.0 

 ∈−∈  −
=
1
=
1
0.5×1
0.5
= 1.0 

1 1
  
= =
1×0.4
= 1.0 

  
=
1
=
1
1×0.6
= 1.67 

  
=
1
=
1
1×0.6
= 1.67 

To find radiosities J1J2 and J3, find total emissive power (E b)

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  
= = 5.67   
= 107.4 /  

  
= = 5.67   
= 11.7 /  

    
=  = 5.67
300
100
= 0.46  /  

Node J1 :
∈     +   =  +   +  
+
.  
   .
 
∈   . . .

J1 in terms of J2 

Node J2 
  −  −   − 
+ +  

Here J1 in terms of J 2
J2 = 11.6kW/m2 
And J1 = 25.0kW/m2 
The total heat loss by plate (1) is

 ∈−∈  − 
=
1
=
107.4
4.00
− 25
= 20.6   
 
The total heat loss by plate (2) is

 −∈ − 
=
1
=
11.7
1.00
− 11.6
= 0.1   
 
The total heat received by the room is
∈       = +  
 = 20. 6+ 0.1 
  = 20.7  
 Net energy lost by the plates = Absorbed by the room.
6.  Two large parallel planes with emissivities of 0.3 and 0.5 are maintained at
temperatures of 5270  C and 1270C respectively. A radiation shield having
emissivities of 0.05 on both sides is placed between them. Calculate
(i)  Heat transfer rate between them without shield.
(ii)  Heat transfer rate between them with shield.
Given:
Є 1 = 0.3
Є2 = 0.5
Є = 0.05 
T1 = 527 +273 = 800 K

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T2 = 127+ 273 = 400 K

Find:
Q w/o shield and Q with shield

Solution:

( )

    ∈ ∈  −
 
  − 
    =
1 1
 
+ 1
 
5.67 800 400
  −− 
=
100
1
+
1
0.3 0.5
100
1
 

      

( )       = 5024.5 /  

(    ∈ ∈  −   −∈  ∈  − 

)      =
1
+
1
1 +
1
+
1
1
 

   
=
 −  5.67(8 4 )
 
1 1 1 1
+ 1 + + 1
0.3 0.05 0.05 0.5

November 2012
   −    − 
( )      = 859.45 /  

o 0
7. Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800  C and 300  C are 0.3 and
0.5 respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square meter of the plates. If a
polished aluminium shield (Є = 0.05) is placed between them. Find the percentage of
reduction in heat transfer.
Given:
o

T1 = 800o C +273 = 1073 K

T2 = 300  C +273 = 573 K
ε1 = 0.3
ε2 = 0.3
Radiation shield emissivity ε3= 0.05

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To find:

(i)   Net radiant heat exchange per square meter    

(ii)   Percentage of reduction in heat transfer due to radiation shield.

Solution:
Case I: Heat transfer without radiation shield:
Heat exchange between two large parallel plates without radiation shield is given by
 ⃗  − 
=    

Where

⃗    −
=
1
+
1
1
 1
 
 
1
=  
1 1
+  1
0.3 0.5

 = 0.230 × 5.67 × 10

⃗   −
= 0.230 
× × [( 1073)  − (573)]
 

Heat transfer without radiation shield      = 15.8 X103W/m2

Case II: Heat transfer with radiation shield:

Heat exchange between plate I and radiation shield 3 is given by
 ⃗  − 
=    
Where

1
⃗   − =
1
+
1
 1
 


 
    −
=
  − 
 
1 1
  … … … … . . ( 1 ) 
+  1
 
Heat exchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by

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 ⃗  − 

=    

Where

⃗    − =
1
+
1
1
 1
 
 
 
 
= 1 1   … … … … . . ( 2 ) 

We know that,
  
  − − 
+  1

      
=  

   −      −  
   

  −   −
1
+
1
 1
=
1
+
1
 1
 

(1073)  (573) 
= 1 = 1
+ −−   − − 
1
0.3 0.05
 1 +
1
0.05 0.5
 1
 

(1073) −    − (573)

= =  
22.3 21
= 2.78 × 10 − 21   = 22.3   −  2. 4× 10  
= 3.02 × 10 = 43.3   
 = 913.8 
Shield temperature  
Heat transfer with radiation shield Q 13  =

=  
  
  +  −
1 1
   − 1 
  

5.67 × 10 ×  × [( 1073) − (913.8) ]

 =
1
+
1
0.3 0.05
−  1
 

 = 1594.6 ⁄   …………….(3)

%           =
  −  ℎ ℎ  
 


   
 ℎ
 ℎ
     

=
 −  

15.8 × 10  − 1594.6

=
15.8× 10   

= 0.899 = 89.9 % 

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8.  Two rectangular surfaces are perpendicular to each other with a common edge of 2
m. the horizontal plane is 2 m long and vertical plane is 3 m long. Vertical plane is at
1200 K and has an emissivity of 0.4. the horizontal plane is 18 0  C and has a
emissivity of 0.3. Determine the net heat exchange between the planes.

Solution:
Q 12 = ?

    − 

= ( )  

  

(  ∈−∈   ∈−∈   

) =
1
+
1
1

+
1
 

    2
A1 = Area of horizontal plane = XY = 2x2 = 4 m
2
A2 = Area of vertical plane = ZX = 3x2 = 6 m  

Both surfaces have common edge for which

  =
3
2
  = 1.5     =
2
2
 = 1

From HMT data book the shape factor F 1-2 = 0.22

 4 × 5.67 1200

  −  
18 + 273

  −
1 0.4
0.4
+
100
1
0.22
+  −  
100
1 0.3 4
0.3 6
 

    61657.7  

9.  Determine the view factor (F14) for the figure shown below.
From Fig. We know that
A5  = A1+A2
A6  = A3+A4
Further,
A5 F5  = A1 F1-6 + A2 F2-6
[A5 = A1 + A2; F5-6 = F 1 – 6 + F 2 – 6 ]

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= A1 F1-3 + A1 F1-4 + A2 F2 – 6
[A5 = A1 + A2; F5-6 = F 1 – 6 + F 2 – 6 ]
A5 F5-6  = A5 F5-3 – A2 F2-3  + A1 F1-4 + A2 F2-6
[A1 = A5 + A2; F1-3 = F 5 – 3 - F 2 – 3]
 A1 F1-4  = A5 F5-6 – A5 F5-3  + A2 F2-3 - A2 F2-6

 F1 – 4  =  A5 [ F   F  ]    A2 [ F   F  ]   ......(1)

56 53 2 3 26
 A1  A1

[Refer HMT Data book, page No.94 (sixth Edition)

Shape factor for the area A5 and A6 

 L2 2
Z =   2 
 B 1
 L1 2
Y =   2 
 B 1
Z value is 2, Y value is 2. From that, we can find corresponding shape factor value is
0.14930. (From tables)
F5-6  = 0.14930

Shape factor for the area A5 and A3 

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 L2 1
Z =   1 
 B 1
 L1 2
Y =   2 
 B 1
F5-3  = 0.11643

Shape factor for the area A2 and A3 

 L2 1
Z =   1 
 B 1
 L1 1
Y =   1 
 B 1
F2 - 3  = 0.20004

Shape factor for the area A2 and A6 

 L2 2
Z =   1 
 B 1
 L1 1
Y =   1 
 B 1

F2 - 6  = 0.23285
Substitute F5-6, F5-3, F2-3, and F2-6  values in equation (1),

 A5  A2
 F1 – 4  = [0.14930  0.11643]  [0.20004  0.23285]  
 A1  A1

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 A5  A2
= [0.03287]  [0.03281]  
 A1  A1
F1 – 4  = 0.03293
Result :
View factor, F1-4 = 0.03293

10.  Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m  area for two large parallel plates at
2

0 0
temperatures of 427  C and 27 C. Є (hot plate) = 0.9 and Є (cold plate) = 0.6.If a polished
aluminium shield is placed between them, find the % reduction in the heat transfer
Є (shield) = 0.4

 Net radiation heat transfer (Q 12)net = ?

Given:
T1 = 427 +273 = 700 K
T2 = 27+ 273 = 300 K
Є 1 = 0.9

Є2 = 0.6
Є = 0.4 
Solution:

(     ∈  ∈− −

)       =
1
+
1
1
 
 
=
  − 
5.67
 700
100
300
100
 
1 1
+ 1
0.9 0.6

  −  
(
Percentage reduction in the heat transfer flow
)   = 7399.35 /  

  ℎℎ    ℎ

=
   
 
 
 
     
  × 100 

  ℎ    ℎ   −  

            = ( ) ( )  

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(      

)  
 − 
∈ ∈ −     =
1
+
1
1
 

To find T3 shield temperature (    

) = ( )  

  − −   − −
∈ ∈ ∈ ∈
1
+
1
1
=
1
+
1
1
 

Let
 =   

  −      − 

700
100 100 100
300
100
1
+
1
0.9 0.4
−1 − =
1
+
1
0.4 0.6
1
 

2401  81  
−−  − −
1.11 + 25 1
=
25 + 1.67 1

 = 1253.8 


100
= (1253.8)
     = 5.95 ( ) 

  = 595  

(
 − 
)   =
1 1
 
+ 1
  ∈ ∈ − 
  −  
5.67
700
100
595
100
=
− 1
+
1
0.9 0.4
1
 

 
( )     = 2492.14 /  

  ℎ    ℎ   −  

            = ( ) ( )  

= 7399.35 -2492.14

  = 4907.21 /  

  

Percentage reduction =
.
.
   100 = 66.32% 

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11. There are two large parallel plane with emissivities 0.3 and 0.8 exchange heat. Find
the percentage reduction when an aluminium shield of emissivity 0.04 is p[laced
between them. Use the method of electrical analogy.
Solution:
Given:

Є 1 = 0.3
Є2 = 0.8
Є = 0.04 
Percentage reduction in heat transfer

=
  ℎ
ℎ 
 
   
 
  ℎ
 
 
 
 
   
  × 100 

  ℎ    ℎ   −  

            =
( )
( )
( )
 

( ) = 1 = 1 =
     ∈   ∈− −   − −  − 
  /    
+
1
1 +
1
0.3 0.8
1 3.58
 

(     ∈   ∈− −    − −   −  

)       =
1
+
1
1
=
1
+
1
1
=
27.33
 

  0.3 0.04
Percentage reduction in heat transfer

−  =1
(
(
)
)
 

Here T3 = in terms of T1 and T2

To find the values of T3
  
( ) = (   
)  

  −    − 
∈ ∈ − 
1
+
1
1
=
∈ ∈ −
1
+
1
1
 

  − 27.33
=
  − 
25.25
 

  = 27.33 25.25
 (   )  

Percentage reduction in heat transfer

 − =0.48 ( + 1.08
  −)  

− 
=1
(
(
)
)
 

=1
  −− ⁄⁄
−  27.33
 
  27.33

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−   −− 
=1
3.58
27.33
 

=1 −  −  −  

0.131
0.48 + 1.08
 

0.52  
=1 0.131
−   − − 
  

−=1 0.131 (0.52) 

= 0.932 

= 93.2%

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Unit - IV
1.  Consider a two dimensional steady state heat conduction in a square region of
side ‘L’ subject to the boundary conditions shown in the figure
Calculate T1, T, T3  and T4 considering ∆x = ∆y = L/3. Calculate the heat transfer
rate through the boundary surface at x= L per 1m length perpendicular to the plane
of figure for L=0.1m, k=20W/mK.

400

2 1

200 3 4 600

800

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Solution
Rearrange the questions and apply Gauss-seidel Iteration method;
  1000 + T2 + T4 – 4T1 = 0
600 + T3 + T1 – 4T2 = 0

1000 + T2 + T4 – 4T3 = 0

1400 + T1 + T3 – 4T3 = 0

 No. of iteration (n) T1  T2  T3  T4 

0 (assumed value) 500 300 500 700
1 500 400 525 606.25
2 501.56 406.64 503.22 601.95
3 501.95 401.29 500.81 600.69
4 500.49 400.33 500.26 600.19
5 500.13 400.09 500.07 600.05

The fourth and fifth iteration have approximately equal values

o o o o
  T1=500.13 C; T2=400.09 C; T3=500.07 C; t4 = 600.05 C
To find heat transfer rate at x=L
dT 
Q  k  x dy    y  1]  
[ Here

 500  800   600.05  800 

 20  0.03333  
  0.03333  
Q = -10,000 W
2. The figure shows the temperature in a part of a solid and the boundary conditions.
Estimate the thermal conductivity of the material and also find the heat flow over
surface 1.

Solution:
To find heat flow from surface 1 (mode of heat transfer is convection)

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Q = hA(∆T) 

or Q  hA   T , Hear

A = ∆x.∆y 
( Vertical heat flow i.e heat flow from bottom face  unit thickness ∆y = 1) 

 1 
      
C     D
Q h  x T  T   T  T   2 500 300  

Q = 193W
 We know that, heat transfer is same for the material
Q = kA(∆T) 
Q  k  xT  A  T  D    T  B  T C   T 
 E   T 
 F    

193 = kx0.1[(435-356)+(454-337)+(500-500)]
193
 k   

0.1 196
k = 9.847 W/mK
3. A small cubical furnace 50 x 50 x 50 cm on the inside ISV constructed of fire clay
brick (k = 10W/mK) with a wall thickness of 10 cm. The inside furnace is maintained at
500° C. Calculate the heat loss through the wall.
Given
Size of cubical furnace 50 x 50 x 50Cm.
k  b = 1.04 W/mK
-2
L = 10cm = 10x10 m
o
Ti = 500 C
To = 50oC
Find Q=?
Solution
We know that Q = kS (Ti - To)
Cubic furnace, having 6 wall sections, 8 corners and 12 edges.
 A 0.5   0.5
Conduction shape factor for (s) wall = = =2.5 m
 L 0.1
Conduction shape factor for corner = 0.15L = 0.l5.X 0.1 = 0.015m
Conduction shape factor for edges = 0.54 D= 0.54 x 0.5 = 0.27 m
Total conduction shape factor (s) = (62.5)+(8x0.015)+(12x0.27)
S = 18.36 m
 Q = kS∆T
= 1.04x18.36(500-50)

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Q = 8.592 W
4. What is meant relaxation method? Explain in detail.
  It may also be solved by “Gauss-seidel Iteration” method (For large node)
  In this method, a combined volume of the system is divided into number of sub-
volumes.

  Each sub volume has a temperature distribution at its centre.

  Each sub volume has heat conducting rod. The center of each sub- volume having

temperature distribution is called “nodes”.

Various Steps involved in Relaxation Process
1.  Subdivide the system into a number of small sub volumes and assign a reference
number to each.
2.  Assume values of temperatures at various nodes.
3.  Using the assumed temperatures, calculate the residuals at each node.

4.  Relax the largest residual to zero by changing the corresponding nodal temperature by
an appropriate amount.
5.  Change the residuals of the surrounding nodes to correspond with the temperature
change in step (4).
6.  Continue to relax residuals until all are equal to zero

Fig. 4.5 Conducting Rod Mesh

Q1-0 + Q2-0 + Q3-0 + Q4-0 = 0 

k . y(T 1  T 0 ) k . x(T 2  T 0 ) k . y (T 3  T 0 ) k . y(T 4  T 0 )

    0 
 x  y  x  y
 y  x
T 1  T 3  2T 0   T 2  T 4  2  T 0   0 If X  Y  
 x  y
Here ∆x=∆y 
 T1+T3+T2+T4-4T0 = 0
To find the temperature at an interior node T0 (or) Tmn is

T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 - 4T0 = 0 

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7/23/2019 T m 1, n  HMT  1   T m 1, n Solved
T m , n University  T m , n Problems
T mn   
1

4
 
5. A square plate of side L is fully insulated along the surfaces. The temperature
maintained at the edges are given as:
T (x, 0) = 0
T (0, y) = 0
o
T (x, L) = 100 C
and T(L,y) = 100 oC
Find the expression for steady state temperature distribution.
Solution:
o
y  100 C
o
0 100 C

 
0 
From HMT Data book
1
T m, n  T m1,n  T m,n 1  T m1,n  T m,n1   
4
Here
T m 1,n  = 100 oC

T m ,n  1  = 100 oC

o
m 1, n
T   = 0 C
T m ,n  1  = 0 oC

1
T m, n  100  100  0  0  
4
Tm,n = 50oC
6. The temperature distribution and boundary condition in part of a solid is shown
below; Determine the temperature at nodes marked A, B and C. Also determine the
heat convected over surface exposed to convection. (k = 1.5W/mK).

Solution 
1. Node A is an interior node

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,To find the temperature at node A

T m  1, n  T m 1,n  T 
  m , n 1  T m, n 1
T  A   
4

132 .8  172  .9  137  200

=  
4
o

TA =
160.68 C
2. To find temperature at node B (it is at the insulated boundary)
T m , n  1  T m, n 1   2T m 1, n
 TB  =  
4
(Refer HMT data book)
129 .4  45
  .8  2(103 .5)
=  
4
o
TB = 95.55 C
3. To find temperature at node C (It is at convection boundary)
h x 1
T   ( 2T m 1, n  T m , n 1  T m , n 1 )
 T C   k  2  
h x
2
k 
(Refer HMT data book)
h x 500  0.1
 Bi    33.33  
k  1.5
1
33.33  30  ( 2  103 .5  45.8  67 )
2
  T C   33.33  2  

T C   37.35o C  

4.18 Heat and Mass Transfer

4. Let the heat convected over surface exposed to convection.
Q Conu   hAT   

= h x  y  (T   T  )  

 1 
C 
     
= h y (T  T  )  (T   T  )  (T  T  )  2 (T   T  )  

(Unit thickness    x  1)  

 1 
= 5001 0.1 (45.8  30)  (37.35  30)  (67  30)  (200  30)  
 2 
Q  7257 .5W   

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UNIT-V
1.  Water flows at the rate of 65 kg/min through a double pipe counter flow heat
exchanger. Water is heated from 50o C to75oC by an oil flowing through the tube.
o
The specific heat of the oil is 1.780 kj/kg.K. The oil enters at 115 C and leaves at
o
70 C.the overall heat transfer co-efficient is 340 W/m2K.calcualte the following

1. Heat exchanger area

2. Rate of heat transfer
Given:
Hot fluid – oil, Cold fluid – water
(T1 , T2) (t1 , t2)

Mass flow rate of water (cold fluid), mc = 65 kg/min

= 65/60 kg/s

mc = 1.08 kg/s

Entry temperature of water, t1 =50o C
o
Exit temperature of water, t2 =75  C
Specific heat of oil (Hot fluid), C ph = 1.780 KJ/kg K
3
= 1.780 x 10 J/kg K
o
Entry temperature of oil, T1 =115  C
Exit temperature of water, T2 =70o C
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 340 w/m2 K
To find:
1. Heat exchanger area, (A)
2. Rate of heat transfer, (Q)
Solution:
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = mc c pc (t2 – t1) (or) mh c ph (T1 - T2)
Q = mc C pc (t2 – t1)
Q = 1.08 x 4186 x (75 – 50)
[Specific heat of water, c pc = 4186 J/kg K]
Q = 113 x 103 W
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = U x A (ΔT) m …….. (1)
[From HMT data book page no:152(sixth edition)]

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Where
ΔTm – Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD)
For counter flow,

T
 −  −  − 
=
[( )  ( )
 

Δ Δ    − 

T = .  

Substitute (ΔT)lm , Q and U values in Equn (1)

(1)  Q = UA (ΔT)lm 
3
113 x 10 = 340 x A x 28.8
2
A = 11.54 m  
2.  A parallel flow heat exchanger is used to cool 4.2 kg/min of hot liquid of specific
heat 3.5 kJ/kg K at 130 o C. A cooling water of specific heat 4.18 kJ/kg K is used
o
for cooling purpose of a temperature of 15   C. The mass flow rate of cooling
water is 17 kg/min. calculate the following.
1.  Outlet temperature of liquid
2.  Outlet temperature of water
3.  Effectiveness of heat exchanger
Take
2
Overall heat transfer co-efficient is 1100 W/m  K.
2
Heat exchanger area is 0.30m  
Given:
Mass flow rate of hot liquid, mh = 4.2 kg/min
mh = 0.07 kg/s
Specific heat of hot liquid, c ph = 3.5 kJ/kg K
3
cph = 3.5 x 10  J/kg K

0
Inlet temperature of hot liquid, T1 = 130 C

Specific heat of hot water, C pc = 4.18 kJ/kg K

3
Cpc = 4.18 x 10 J/kg K

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  Inlet temperature of hot water,  t1 = 150 C

Mass flow rate of cooling water, mc = 17 kg/min

mc = 0.28 kg/s

2
Overall heat transfer co – efficient, U = 1100 w/m  K
Area, A = 0.03 m2 
To find :
1.  Outlet temperature of liquid, (T2)
2.  Outlet temperature of water, (t 2)
3.  Effectiveness of heat exchanger, (ε) 
Solution :
Capacity rate of hot liquid, Ch = m h x C ph

= 0.07 x 3.5 x 103 

Ch = 245 W/K……… (1) 
Capacity rate of water, Cc = mc x C pc
= 0.28 x 4.18 x 10 3 
Cc = 1170.4 W/K ……… (2)
From (1) and (2),
Cmin = 245 W/K
Cmax = 1170.4 W/K

=>  

  
 =
.
 = 0.209

 = 0.209 …………. (3)


 Number of transfer units, NTU =
  

[From HMT data book page no. 152]

=> NTU =
  
    .
 

NTU = 1.34 ……………(4)

To find effectiveness ε, refer HMT data book page no 16 3

(Parallel flow heat exchanger)
From graph,
Xaxis  NTU = 1.34

Curve

   = 0.209

Corresponding Yaxis value is 64 %

i.e., ε = 0.64 

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from HMT data Book

mhcph (T 1  T 2 )
  
C min (T 1  t 1 )

130  T 2
0.64 =  
130  15
T2 = 56.4 oC
To find t2 
mh cph(T1-T2) = mcCpc (t2-t1)
3
0.07 3.510  (130-56.4) = 0.284186 (t2-15)
t2 = 30.4 oC

Maximum possible heat transfer

Qmax  = Cmin (T1 – t1)
= 245 (130 - 15)
Qmax = 28.175 W
Actual heat transfer rate
Q = ε x Q max 
= 0.64 x 28.175
Q = 18.032 W
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = mc C pc(t2 – t1)
=> 18.032 = 0.28 x 4.18 x 103 (t2 – 15)
=> 18.032 = 1170.4 t2 - 17556
o
=> t2 = 30.40 C
o
Outlet temperature of cold water, t2 = 30.40 C
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = mh C ph(T1 – T2)
3
=> 18.032 = 0.07 x 3.5 x 10  (130 – T2)
=> 18.032 = 31850  - 245 T2 
o
=> T2 = 56.4 C
o
Outlet temperature of hot liguid, T2 = 56.4 C

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o
3.Hot chemical products (Cph = 2.5 kJ/kg K) at 600  C and at a flow rate of 30 kg/s are
used to heat cold chemical products (Cp = 4.2 kJ/kg K) at 200 o C and at a flow rate 20
kg/s in a parallel flow heat exchanger. The total heat transfer is 50 m2 and the overall
2
heat transfer coefficient may be taken as 1500 W/m   K. calculate the outlet
temperatures of the hot and cold chemical products.

Given: Parallel flow heat exchanger

o
Th1 = 600  C ; mh = 30 kg/s
C ph = 2.5 kJ/kg K
Tc1 = 100 oC ; mc 28 kg/s
C pc = 4.2kJ/kg K
2
A = 50m  
2
U = 1500 W/m K
Find:

(i)  Th2 (ii) Tc2 ?

Solution
The heat capacities of the two fluids

Ch = mhc ph = 30 x 2.5 =75 kW/K

Cc = mcc pc = 28 x 4.2 = 117.6 kW/K

The ratio

 =   = 0.64 .
 

 NTU =
 = 
        
     = 1.0

For a parallel flow heat exchanger, the effectiveness from Fig. 13.15 corresponding to
  

and NTU

∈  = 0.48

We know that

   

∈ 
 =

=

.

   
 
  
 

 
   

   

   

∈ 
 =
(
(
 
  )
)
 

0.48 =

  
 

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  Th2 = 360oC

We know that

Heat lost by the hot product = Heat gained by the cold product
mhc ph ( −  − 
  ) = mcc ph (   ) 
75(600 – 360) = 117.6 ( 100) 

    −

=
4. Estimate the diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a tube of 10mm diameter and
.    

15cm long into dry air 25oC. Take the diffusion coefficient of water through air as 0.235
-4 2
x 10 m /s
Given:
-4 2
D = 0.255 x 10 m /s

Area (A) =  
  =    (0.01) = 7.85  10  m2  

R o = 8314 J/kg – mole K

T = 25 + 273 = 298 K
Mw = molecular weight of water = 18
P = Total pressure = 1.01325 x 105 N/m2 
X2 – X1 = 0.15m
o 5 2
Pw1 = partial pressure at 25  C = 0.03166 x 10  N/m  
Pw2 = 0
Find:
Diffusion rate of water (or) Mass transfer rate of water.
Solution
We know that
Molar rate of water (Ma)

Ma  =
 .     In 
 
 

=
                   
.         .    
     
    .
.
   
 x
.
.
.
 

Here Pa2 = P – Pw2 , Pa1 = P – Pw1

    
Ma = 1.72 x 10
-11
  
kg-mole/s
Mass transfer rate of water
(or) = Molar rate of water X molecular weight of steam
Diffusion rate of water
-11
Mw = 1.72 x 10  x 18
-10
Diffusion rate of water (Mw) = 3.1 x 10  kg/s

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5. A vessel contains a binary mixture of O 2 and N2 with partial pressure in the ratio of
0.21 and 0.79 at 15oC. The total pressure of the mixture is 1.1 bar. Calculate the
following
1. Molar concentration
2. Mass densities

3. Mass fractions
4. Molar fractions.
Given:
T = 15 + 273 = 288 K
5 2
P = 1.1bar = 1.1 x 10  N/m


P  = 0.21 bar

P  = 0.21 bar

Solution
1.  To find Molar concentration (C  and C  )
 
C  =
 =      
.     .      
 
    

 =  .    /  

C
 =   
 =
.     .
   
   
 

 = .   /  

 
2. To find mass densities (
 P = MC    and   )

Where, M: Molecular weight

P = M  x C = 32 x 0.00965  

 = .  /  

P = M  x C = 28 x 0.0363  

= .   /   

3.  To find mass fractions (

We know that
 and       )

 ρ =  +   = 0.309 + 1.016

 ρ = 1.375 kg/    

   

=
 
 
 =
.
.
 

 = .   

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   

=
 
 
 =
.
.
 

    = .  

4.  To find molar fraction (    and  )

We know that
C= + = 0.00965 + 0.0363

     

C  = 1.375 kg mole/   

   
=
 
 
 =
.
.
 

     

= .  

    =
 
 
 =
.
.
 

    = .  

6. A counter flow heat exchanger is employed to cool 0.55 kg/s (C p = 2.45 kj/kg oC) of oil
o o

from 115 C oto 40 C by

o
the use of water. The inlet and outlet temperature of cooling
water are 15 C and 75 C respectively. The overall heat transfer coefficient is expected to
2o
be 1450 W/m C.
Using NTU method, calculate the following:
(i)  The mass flow rate of water.
(ii)   The effectiveness of heat exchanger.
(iii)  The surface area required.
Given:

Counter flow HE
Mh = 0.55 kg/s
 = 2.45kj/kgoC
o
T1 = 115 C
o
T2 = 40 C
t 1 = 15oC
t 2 = 75oC
2o
U = 1450 W/m C

To find:
1.The mass flow rate of water. (mc)
2.The effectiveness of heat exchanger. ( ) ∈
3.The surface area required.(A)
Solution:
For ∈ −
   method from HMT date book
Q= ∈   − 
   ( ) 

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To find mc
Use energy balance equation.
Heat lost by hot fluid = Heat gained by cold fluid

  −T) mC(t −t )
m C (T  =  

0.55 x 2450 (115 - 40) = mc x 4186 (75 - 15)

mc = 0.40kg/s
Heat capacity rate of hot fluid = Ch = mh - C   
= 0.55 x 2.45
Ch = 1.35 kw/K
Heat capacity rate of cold fluid = C c = mc - C   
= 0.40 x 4.186
Cc = 1.67kw/K
Ch  < Cc
Ch = C min

∈   ( )
 =
   ( )
 

=

  

∈ = 0.75 = 75% 
Q = 0.75 x 1350 (115 – 15)
Q = 101.250W
Q = UA (ΔT)lm
A=
    
/ ( )
(
 
)  ( )
(ΔT)lm =
  
(
(
)
)
 

=

(  

   ) ( )
 

(ΔT)lm = 31.9 oC

A=
 
   
.
.
 

A = 2.19 m2
7. A pan of 40 mm deep, is filled with water to a level of 20 mm and is exposed to dry air
0
at 30   C. Calculate the time required for all the water to evaporate. Take, mass
 -4  2
diffusivity is 0.25X10 m /s.
Given:
Deep, (x 2 – x1 ) = 40 – 20 = 20 mm = 0.020 m
Temperature, T = 30 0 C + 273 = 303 K
Diffusion co- efficient , Dab =0.25X10 -4 m 2 /s.

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To find:
Time required for all the water to evaporate, t.
Solution:
We know that, for isothermal evaporation

Molar flux,
 =       × ln 
  ( )
 ………….(1)

Where,    

G – Universal gas constant = 8314 j/kg – mole-K
P – Total pressure = 1 atm = 1.013 bar = 1.013 X 10 5
2
 N/m  

 pw1  - Partial pressure at the bottom of the pan

Corresponding to saturation temperature 30 oC
At 30oC
  pw1  = 0.04242 bar (From steal table page no.2)

  pw1  = 0.4242 105 N/m2 

Pw2 – partial pressure at the top of the pan, which is zero.
  Pw2  = 0

ma 0.25  10 4 1 .013  10 5  1 .013  10 5  0 

(1)      5 
 
 A 8314  303 0 .020 1 . 013  10 5
 0 . 04242  10 
ma   kg  mole
 2.  15  10
6
 
 A  s
2
For unit Area, A = 1m  

kg  mole
Molar rate of water, ma=2.15  10-6   
 sm2
We know that,
Mass Rate of Molar Rate of Molecular weight
=  
water vapour water vapour of steam

= 2.1510-618.016
-5 2
Molar rate of water vapour = 3.8710   kg/s-m  
2
The total amount of water to be evaporated per m  area
= (0.20 1) 1000
2
=20 kg/m  Area

20
Time required, t    
Mass rate of  water vapour 

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20
=  
3.87  10
3

 Result :
3
Time required for all the water to evaporate, t=516.7910 S

8. A heat exchanger is to be designed to condense an organic vapour at a rate of 500

kg/min. Which is available at its saturation temperature of 355 K. Cooling water at 286
K is available at a flow rate of 60 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 475
2
W/m C Latent heat of condensation of the organic vapour is 600 kJ/kg. Calculate
1.  The number of tubes required, if tubes of 25 mm otuer diameter, 2mm thick and 4.87m
long are available, and
2.  The number of tube passes, if cooling water velocity (tube side) should not exceed 2m/s.
Given:

do = 25 mm = 0.025
di  = 25-(22)= 21 mm = 0.21 m
L = 4.87 m
V = 2 m/s
o
Tc1  = 286-273 = 13 C
o
Tsat  = Th1  = Th2  = 355-273 = 82 C
2
U = 475 /m  K
h fg   = 600 kj/kg
500
mh   = = 8.33 kg/s
60
mc   = 60 kg/s
Find
(i)   Number of tubes (N)
(ii)   Number of tube passes (P)
Solution

Q = UAm=U( d oLN)m
Q = mhhfg  = mcC pc (Tc2 – Tc1)
i.e. Heat lost by vapour = heat gained by ater

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Q  8.33   600 10 3  

Q  mc c  pv (T c 2  T c1 )  

8.33 600103  = 604.18 (Tc2 – 13)

o
Tc2  = 32.9 C

    
1 2
   m        
ln  1 
  2  
(T h1  T c1 )  (T h 2  T c 2 )
 m   
  (T   T c1 )  
ln  h1 
 (T h 2  T c 2 ) 
(82  13)  (82  32.9)
  
  (82  13)  
ln  
(82  32.9) 
   
 m  58 .5 o C  

Heat transfer rate is given by

Q  mh h fg 
   UA m  

8.33 600103  = 475 (0.0254.87 N58.5)

 N= 470 Tubes
To find N. of tube passes (P)
 N = P N p 
Where
 N : No. of tubes
P : No. of tube passes
 N p  : No. of tubes in each pass
i.e. The cold water flow passing through each pass.
m c    AV  p N  p  

 
60 =      N  p  
di 2V 
4
 
60= (0.021) 2  2  1000  N  p  
4
 N p=95.5
We know that
 N = P  N p 

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 N 
 No. of passes (P) =  
 N  p

470
=  4.91  
95.5
P=5

Number of passes (P) = 5

o
9. An Open pan 20 cm in diameter and 8 cm deep contains water at 25 C and is exposed
to dry atmospheric air. If the rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.54   10-4  kg/h,

estimate the diffusion co-efficient of water in air.

Given
Diameter d = 20 cm = 0.20 m
Length (x2-x1) = 8cm = 0.08 m
Temperature ,T= 25oC+273 = 298 K
Diffusion rate (or)
-4
Mass rate of water vapour = 8.5410  kg/h

8.54  10 4 kg 
=  
3600 s
-7
= 2.37 10  kg/s
To find
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab

Solution
We know that
Molar rate of water vapour

ma  Dab  p  p   pw 2 

  ln   
 A GT  ( x 2  x1 )   p   p w1 

 Dab  p  p   pw 2 

 ma   ln   
GT  ( x2  x1 )   p   p w1 

We know that,
Mass rate of water vapour = Molar rate of water vapour + Molecular weight of steam

 Dab  p  p   pw 2 

2.37 x 10 -7  =  ln    18.016  ......... (1)
GT  ( x2  x1 )  p   p w1 
where,

 
Area, A = d 2  
4

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 
= (0.20) 2  
4
A = 0.0314 m2 

 J 
G- Universal gas constant = 8314  
kg   mole   K 

 p - Total pressure = 1 atm = 1.013 bar

5 2
= 1.013 x 10  N/m  
 pwl  = Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube corresponding to
o
saturation temperature 25 C
o
At 25 C
 pwl  = 0.03166 bar [From (R.S. Khurami) Steam table, Page no.2]
5 2
 pwl  = 0.03166 x 10  N/m  
 pw2  - Partial pressure at the top of the pan. Here, air is dry and there is no
water vapour. So, pw2 – 0.
  pw2 = 0
(1)  2.37 x 10  =
-7

 Dab  0.0314 1.013 105  1.013  105  0 

  in  5
 18.016  
8314  298 0.08 1.013  10  0.03166  10 
5

Dab  = 2.58 x 10 -5  m2/s

Result:
-5 2
Diffusion co-efficient, Dab = 2.58 x 10  m /s.

10. A counter flow double pipe heat exchanger using super heated steam is used to heat
water at the rate of 10500 kg/hr. The steam enters the heat exchanger at 180 oC and
leaves at 130 oC. The inlet and exit temperature of water are 30 oC and 80oC respectively.
2
If the overall heat transfer coefficient from steam to water is 814 W/m  K, calculate the
heat transfer area. What would be the increase in area if the fluid flow were parallel?

Given
Counter flow heat exchanger

10500
 w   m
m c   2.917 kg / s  
3600
o o
T1 = 180 C t1=30 C
o o
T2  = 130 C t2 = 80 C
2
U = 814 W/m  K

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Find
(i)  Area of heat transfer (A)
(ii)  Increase in area

Solution

(i) When the flow is counter:

   1   2
 m   
ln ( 1 /  2 )

 1  T 1  t 2   180  80  100 o C  

 2  T 2  t 1   130  30  100 o C  

LMTD = 0 oC
o
If LMTD = 0 C use AMTD

So, AMTD =  1  

   2   [AMTD: Arithmetic mean temperature difference]
2
100  100
AMTD =  
2
AMTD = 100oC
o
m  = 100 C
Here Tlm  = AMTD
 To find heat transfer rate
Q = U A Tlm 

 c c pc (t 2
Q= m  t 1 )  

3
Q = 2.9174.187 10  (80-90)
3
2.9174.187 10  50 = 814  A 100
A = 7.5 m

ii) When the flow is parallel

T 1  t 1   T 2  t 2 

T lm   
ln T 1  t 1  / T 2  t 2 

180  30  (130  80)

=  
ln 180  30 /130  80

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150  50
=  91 o C  
ln 150 / 50

Q = U A Tlm
3
or 2.917 (4.187 10 ) (80-30) = 814 A 91
2
A = 8.24 m  

8.24  7.5
Increase in Area =  0.0987 or  9.87%  
7.5

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