SECTION VI: SPECIFICATIONS

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PRESIDENT’S OFFICE REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND
LOCAL GOVERNMENT

TANZANIA RURAL AND URBAN ROADS AGENCY

(TARURA)

Standard
Specifications
for
Maintenance Works

2010
Standard Specification for Maintenance Works- 2010

Acknowledgements

This Standard specifications for Maintenance Works – 2010 has been prepared in co-
operation between Tanzania National Roads Agency (TARURA) and the Consultant
Company RAMBOLL Danmark A/S in association with FINROADS, under the Institu-
tional Support Component of Road Sector Programme Support, Phase 3 (RSPS3).
It has been financed by The Government of United Republic of Tanzania under a grant
from the Danish International Development assistance (DANIDA).
The work has been finalized thanks to the significant contribution from people in the
regional offices and in TARURA Head office, giving critical comments an advice
during the preparation of this document.
Standard Specification for Maintenance Works- 2010

Table of contents

1 PRELIMINARY AND GENERAL 1

1.1 Provision for Sureties and Insurance 2
1.1.1 Sureties 2
1.1.2 Insurance 2
1.2 Mobilisation/Demobilisation of Plant and Equipment 2
1.3 Site Establishment and running cost 2
1.4 Accommodation of Public Traffic During Construction 4
1.4.1 Safety and Convenience of Existing Traffic 4
1.4.2 Construction of Detours 5
1.4.3 Barricades and Signs 5
1.4.4 Maintenance of Detours 5
1.4.5 Signs 5
1.5 Exploratory Excavations and Laboratory Testing 5
1.6 Provision of Information Board 5
1.7 Provision for Compensation 6
1.8 Provision for Royalties for materials extraction 6
1.9 HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaign 7
1.10 Environmental Compliance 7

2 EARTHWORKS AND GRAVEL LAYERS (other than bituminous work) 8

General Description 8
Definitions 8
2.1 Site Clearance 9
2.2 Establishment and Reinstatement of Borrow Areas 10
2.2.1 Establishment of borrow areas: 12
2.2.2 Reinstatement of borrow areas: 12
2.3 Cut and Borrow to Fill 13
Compaction 14
2.3.1 Fill from cut or borrow 19
2.3.2 Fill Potholes with fill material 19
2.3.3 Fill Potholes with Gravel Wearing Course Materials 19
2.4 Cut and spoil 20
2.5 Light and Heavy Grading 21
2.5.1 Light Grading 21
2.5.2 Heavy Grading 21
2.6 Shoulder Repair 22
2.6.1 Reshaping Unpaved Shoulders 22
2.6.2 Replacement of Shoulder Material 22
2.6.3 Shoulder repair - sealed 23
2.7 Reshaping 23
2.7.1 Light Reshaping 24
2.7.2 Heavy Reshaping 24
2.7.3 Scarification, levelling and compaction 25
2.8 Gravel Wearing Course 26
2.9 Overhaul 28
2.10 Various earthworks 29
2.10.1 Rock Excavation 29
2.10.2 Rock Fill 30
2.10.3 Gully Fill 30
2.10.4 Geotextile 31
2.10.5 Subsoil Drains 31

3 VEGETATION CONTROL 33
3.1 Grass Cutting 33

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3.2 Bush Clearing 33

3.3 Tree Felling 34
3.4 Grubbing 34
3.5 Supply and Apply Weed Killers 35

4 DE-SILTING of EXISTING DRAINS, CULVERTS and STRUCTURES 36

4.1 Side Drains 36
4.1.1 Light De-Silting of Side Drains (depth not exceeding 0.20 m) 36
4.1.2 Heavy De-Silting of Side Drains (depth exceeding 0.20 m) 37
4.2 Mitre Drains 37
4.2.1 Light De-Silting of Mitre Drains (depth not exceeding 0.20 m) 37
4.2.2 Heavy De-Silting of Mitre Drains (depth exceeding 0.20 m) 37
4.3 Catch Water Drains 37
4.3.1 Light De-Silting of Catchwater Drains (depth not exceeding 0.20 m) 38
4.3.2 Heavy De-Silting of Catchwater Drains (depth exceeding 0.20 m) 38
4.4 De–silting/clearing of Culverts inlet/outlets 38
4.5 De-silting/Clearing of Culverts/Structures 39

5 PAVED ROAD MAINTENANCE 40

5.1 Prepare Potholes for Patching 40
Prepare Pothole for Patching 40
5.2 Fill Pothole with selected Granular base material 41
5.3 Fill Pot hole with Natural Gravel Bas Material 42
5.4 Fill Pothole with Crushed Stone base material 42
5.5 Fill Pothole with Cement and Lime Stabilized Base Material 45
5.5.1 Fill Pothole with Cement Stabilised Base Material 46
5.5.2 Fill Pothole with Lime Stabilised Base Material 46
5.6 Potholes filled with Bituminous Premix 46
5.6.1 Pothole filled with bituminous premix 47
5.6.2 Pothole filled with upper 30 mm bituminous premix 48
5.6.3 Pothole filled with upper 50 mm bituminous premix 48
5.7 Provision of Prime Coat on base Layer (MC30 or MC 70) 48
5.8 Provision of re-sealing Surfacing Layer (Repairs to Existing Pavements) 49
5.8.1 Resealing Surface Layer – Single Seal 49
5.8.2 Resealing Surface Layer – Double Seal 49
5.9 Provision of New Surface Dressing Layer (New Pavement Works) 50
5.9.1 New Surface Dressing Layer – Single Seal 50
5.9.2 New Surface Dressing Layer – Double Seal 51
5.10 Levelling of existing asphalt surface 51
5.10.1 Tack Coat 51
5.10.2 Levelling of existing asphalt surface 51
5.11 New Asphalt Concrete (AC) Layer 52
5.12 Crack sealing 55

6 OTHER ROAD WORKS 56

6.1 Milling of surface layer 56
6.2 Humps and Rumble Strips 56
6.2.1 AC Humps 56
6.2.2 Concrete Humps 57
6.2.3 AC Rumble Strips 57
6.2.4 Concrete Rumble Strips 57
6.3 Edge stone Repair 57
6.3.1 Edge stone repair with concrete blocks 57
6.3.2 Edge stone repair with cast in situ concrete 58
6.4 Kerb Stone Replacement 58
6.5 Edge Repair 59

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6.6 Removal of Debris 59

6.7 Land slide Removal 59

7 ROAD SIGNS and MARKINGS 61

7.1 Road Signs 61
7.2 Marker and Kilometre Posts. 62
7.2.1 Marker Posts 62
7.2.2 Kilometres Posts 62
7.2.3 Road Reserve marker Posts 62
7.3 Road Markings 63
7.3.1 Retro-reflective road marking paint 63
7.3.2 Thermo-plastic road marking paint 64
7.4 Guard Rails 64
7.5 Repair Traffic Signals/Street Lights 65
7.6 Poles for Traffic Lights 65
7.7 Poles for Traffic Signals 65
7.8 Cobra Head Traffic Light 65
7.9 Electric Cables 65
7.10 Traffic Signals 65

8 DRAINAGE WORKS 66
8.1 Open Drains Excavation 66
8.1.1 Side Drains 66
8.1.2 Mitre Drains 66
Mitre Banks 67
8.1.3 Catch water Drains 67
8.1.4 Inlet and outfall Drains 67
8.1.5 Provision of Drainage Bund 67
8.2 Excavation and Backfilling for Drainage Structures Other than Culverts 68
8.2.1 Excavation for drainage structures, other than culverts 68
8.2.2 Backfilling for drainage structures, other than culverts 69
8.3 Concrete Pipe Culvert 69
8.3.1 Plain concrete pipes 70
8.3.2 Reinforced Concrete Pipes. 71
8.3.3 Internally Formed Pipe Culverts (Cast in situ) 71
8.4 Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts 72
8.5 Extension of Existing Pipe Culverts 73
8.6 Removal of existing drainage structures 73
8.6.1 Removal of concrete structures 74
8.6.2 Removal of masonry structures 74
8.6.3 Removal of existing culvert pipes 74
8.7 Vented/Unvented Drifts 75
8.7.1 Excavation for Vented/unvented drifts 76
8.7.2 Gravel Bed to Slabs 77
8.7.3 Pipes 77
8.7.4 Concrete 77
8.7.5 Reinforcement 77
8.7.6 Masonry 77
8.8 Concrete in Drainage Structures 77
8.9 Reinforcement 81
8.10 Stone Masonry 82
8.11 Loose Stone Pitching 83
8.12 Grouted Stone Pitching 83
8.13 Erosion Checks 84
8.14 Gabions and Mattresses 85
8.14.1 Gabions 85

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8.14.2 Mattresses 85
8.15 Grating 86
8.16 Lined Ditches 86
8.16.1 Lined ditches- concrete 87
8.16.2 Lined ditches – masonry 87
8.16.3 Line ditches – Grouted stone pitching 87
8.16.4 Precast elements 87

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

1 PRELIMINARY AND GENERAL

The specification is to be read in conjunction with the General Conditions of contract to

which the Contractor is referred for the full meaning of each clause and allowance must
be made in the tender prices, for compliance therewith

Specifications and Drawings

The Tender Drawings, together with such other drawings as may be issued by the engi-
neer, form part of the Specifications. The specification and workmanship shall be gov-
erned by the following in order of preference:

(i) Specifications as detailed on the Contract Drawings

ii) Specifications and workmanship as detailed in this document.

Where the Specifications and Drawings describe portions of the works in general terms,
but not in complete detail, it is understood that only the best general practice is to prevail
and that only materials and workmanship of the first quality are to be used. Unless oth-
erwise specified, the Contractor shall furnish all labour, material, tools, equipment and
incidentals, and do all the work involved in executing the Contract in satisfactory and
workman like manner.

If there is a Special Specifications which form part of the contract document, these Spe-
cial Specifications shall be regarded as additions, amendments and modifications to this
Standard Maintenance Specifications for Smaller Works.
The special Specifications shall prevail over the Standard Maintenance Specifications for
Smaller Works.

The present specifications and descriptions constitute inter alia the ultimate criteria for
acceptance or rejection of the constructed works. Due to the limited facilities for full im-
plementation of some of the common control and standard tests, the specifications are
supplemented by guidelines, which contain suggested procedures or techniques known by
experience to result in acceptable construction works.

The Engineer may from time to time issue supplementary guidelines, or substitute exist-
ing guidelines, as required. It must be noted that the guidelines in no way replace the
specification demands.

Scope of Works
The Works comprised in the contract include all operations, labour, materials and works,
both temporary and permanent, which may be necessary for the construction and main-
tenance of the works, together with modifications and substitutions, all in accordance with
the Contract Documents.

The Contractor compliance with all clauses of the general conditions of contract will not be
paid separately but any cost shall be covered by the pay item in general.

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

1.1 Provision for Sureties and Insurance

1.1.1 Sureties
The Bond of Surety, in conformity with Clause 55 of the General Conditions of contract,
shall be submitted to the Engineer by the Contractor at the time of signing the Contract
or at such time as stated in the Tender Documents.
The sum tendered in Pay Item No. 1.1.1 for the provision of the bond of surety will be
paid in full in the first interim certificate.

1.1.2 Insurance
A certificate from an approved Insurance Company to the effect, that the Contractor has
taken out all the insurances required in terms of Clause 14, of the General Conditions of
Contract within 14 days of the award of the tender, or such period as stated in the Tender
Document.

The lump sum tendered in Pay Item No. 1.1.2 for the provision of the insurance will be
paid in full in the first interim certificate.

1.2 Mobilization/Demobilizations of Plant and Equipment

The Contractor shall mobilise all plant and equipment agreed in the Contract Agreement
following the commencement date of the Contract.
The duration of mobilization is specified in the Special Conditions of Contract.
The Contractor shall demobilise their plant and equipment prior to issuing the certificate
of final completion.

Pay item 1.2 included in the Bills of Quantities is provided to reimburse the Contractor
for the cost of transporting his plant and equipment to the work site at the commence-
ment of work and for demobilising the plant and equipment after the works are com-
pleted.

The Sum of bid for mobilization of plant and equipment will be paid 80% upon comple-
tion of mobilization of the plant and equipment and 20% upon demobilization.

1.3 Site Establishment and running cost

The requirements for site establishment and running cost for the project will be clearly
stated in the Special specifications, if some of the items below are not applicable.

The Pay Item No. 1.3 included in the Bill of Quantities is provided to reimburse the Con-
tractor for the cost of all operations necessary for and directly related to the establish-
ment on site and the running cost during the execution period. The item includes full
compensation for:

a) erection of adequate and suitable accommodation for the Contractor‟s labour force
on site;
b) supply of drinking water and provision of sanitary facilities to the satisfaction of
the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare;
c) erection of works office for the Contract, adequately furnished and of appropriate
size;
d) erection of an equipment workshop adequately furnished and equipped and of ap-
propriate size.

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e) Office accommodation and facilities for the Engineer. The Contractor is to allow in
his rates for attendance on the Engineer including provision of labour, materials
and instruments necessary to enable him to carry out checks on the setting out
and control of the Works. The Engineer will not require a separate office but the
Contractor shall make available facilities in his own offices for the Engineer‟s use.
Among the facilities to be provided to the Engineer shall be at least two rooms,
each at least 15 square metres in area. The rooms shall have an external en-
trance/exit separate to that of the Contractor‟s quarters. The following minimum
furniture shall also be supplied for the use of the Engineer:
 2 desks 1.5 x 1.0 with drawers
 6 chairs
 1 steel filing cabinet with 4 drawers
 1drawing table
f) Instruments, watching and lighting, protection of existing services, structures,
and any other operation necessary for establishment on site and to enable work
to commence on the project.

Which also includes the following:

Possession of Site
The operations of the Contractor shall be confined to the area of and immediately adjoin-
ing the works included in this Contract, Clearance shall be kept to the satisfaction of the
Engineer to permit the statutory authorities or other Contractors to enter the site to carry
out other works and to maintain the free flow of traffic so far as is practical with safety on
the existing carriageway.

The Contractor shall obtain the approval of the Engineer for the setting of all camps, of-
fices, workshops, sheds, temporary roads, deviations, paths etc., necessary for the exe-
cution of the Contract.

The Contractor must allow for safe crossing by construction traffic of existing roads and
tracks.

Where it is necessary to work outside the road reserve and to enter either private or oc-
cupied land during the course of road construction or maintenance for the purpose of
making temporary road diversions, setting road construction or maintenance materials or
for any other reason, the land owner or occupier shall first be consulted by the Contractor
and his written permission obtained.

In the event of the owner or occupier withholding their permission, the full circumstances
of the case shall be referred to the Engineer and no further action shall be taken until his
instructions are received.

When the Contractor intends to move his camp to a new location during the construction
period, advance notice of at least one month must be given to the Engineer. The Contrac-
tor must allow in his rates for such intended moves.

Water and Power Supply

The supply of water for construction purposes and water and power supply for the Con-
tractor‟s office and camp will be the Contractor‟s responsibility.

If an approved independent source for water supply is used the Contractor will be respon-
sible for all costs, and be called upon to provide analysis of the water to prove its suitabil-
ity.

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Instruments
The Contractor shall provide all survey and measuring instruments of every kind neces-
sary for their use in execution of works. The survey instruments shall include level in-
strument, Abney levels, staffs, ranging poles, tapes, camber boards and other basis sur-
vey equipment, while theodolite shall not be required.
The cost of providing these survey and measuring instruments must be included in the
tender rates. The ownership of the instruments will remain with the Contractor at the end
of the Contract period.

Watching and Lighting

The Contractor shall provide and maintain all light, watchmen and protective fences or
barricades as may be necessary in connection with the works.

No separate payment will be made for watching and lighting and the cost of providing this
must be included in the tender rates.

Protection of existing Services and Structures

Before commencing any section of the works, the Contractor shall obtain at his own cost
full information with regard to the position of all existing services and structures and shall
exercise the utmost care when working in their vicinity. He must serve notice of his inten-
tion to work near the services or structure to the responsible authority, and obtain their
written approval before commencing work, which must be carried out in accordance with
the responsible authority‟s requirements. The Contractor‟s tendered rates shall include for
all costs arising out of the protection of existing services and structures.

The Contractor shall also bear the full cost of remedial work to existing services which are
damaged by the Contractor during construction.

Removal of site
Upon completion of the work in accordance with the contract and after approval from the
Engineer the contractor shall removed all buildings, installations etc. in connection with
his site establishment including reinstatement of the sit occupied to the satisfaction of the
Engineer

Payment
The sum of bid for establishment on site will be paid 60% upon completion of the Con-
tractor‟s establishment on site in terms of all establishment operations, but not before
work has commenced on the project, and to the satisfaction of the Engineer; 30% to be
paid in monthly instalments for operation and maintenance of the camp; and 10% upon
completion of reinstatement of the site and to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

1.4 Accomodation of Public Traffic During Constrution

1.4.1 Safety and Convenience of Existing Traffic

Any measures necessary for the safety and convenience of the public will be the responsi-
bility of the Contractor who shall treat them as of prime importance.

The Contractor shall provide flagmen, signs, fences, barriers and lights for the proper
direction of traffic, as directed by the Engineer and shall comply with all regulations gov-
erning such matters.

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1.4.2 Construction of Detours

Where it is necessary to divert traffic from an existing road, detours shall be constructed
on the alignment indicated by the Engineer.

The Contractor will be given possession of the site in sections, sufficiently ahead of road
construction works to enable detours to be built in good time and to the Engineer‟s satis-
faction, before the need for them occurs.

The standard of construction and the vertical and horizontal alignment shall be specified
by the Engineer.

1.4.3 Barricades and Signs

Barricades shall be substantially made and painted in alternate bands of yellow and black
and shall extend across the road. Gaps shall not be left in the barricades for the entrance
of construction traffic.

1.4.4 Maintenance of Detours

The maintenance of detours will be the responsibility of the Contractor and shall ade-
quately provide for the comfort, convenience and safety of the public

1.4.5 Signs

All signs shall be in a form prescribed in the Traffic Signs Manual issued by Ministry of
Works or SATTC standard signs Manual issued in the SADC countries

Payment
The sum tendered in Pay Item No. 1.4 for Accommodation of Traffic shall include for all
plant, labour and materials necessary to carry out the work including placing and removal
of barricades and signs to different locations as the work proceeds and for all other work
incidental and necessary thereto. The sum tendered for this item will be paid in equal
monthly instalments over the contract period.

1.5 Exploratory Excavations and Laboratory Testing

The Contractor shall upon the Engineer‟s request carry out exploratory excavations and
take samples for testing at the Regional Coordinator‟s Office Laboratory, TARURA, or any
other laboratory acceptable to the Engineer.

Such exploratory excavations will be paid for by the Day Work rates and a provisional
sum in respect of such anticipated work have been included in the Bills of Quantities as
Pay Item 1.5.

1.6 Provision of Information Board

The contractor shall provide and erect two sign boards of sound weather proof construc-
tion, painted by an approved firm of sign writers. The board, with suitable inscription,
shall at least include the names of the project, the Employer, the Financing Institution,
the Consultant and the Contractor. The board approx. 3.30 m x 3.20 m size, shall be ap-
proved by the Engineer, before erection.

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The two sign boards shall be erected on approved locations, at the starting and ending
points of the Works.

Payment

The lump sum Pay item 1.6 for provision of Information Board shall include labour, mate-
rials, tools and transport necessary to carry out the described work and maintenance of
the board during the whole construction period.

1.7 Provision for Compensation

All land to be permanently used or occupied by the Works will be provided by the Em-
ployer, but the approval of the Engineer must be sought before entry upon the land.

In all cases the Contractor shall be required to make all necessary arrangements with the
local authorities and owners or legal occupants of the land and to pay the cost of compen-
sation on behalf of the Employer. For this purpose, the Contractor will liaise with the re-
gional administration or appropriate authorities and advice of intention to commence work
of any kind.

If the Contractor wishes to use land outside the provided area for Works, compensation
for these area will be on the Contractors own cost and responsibility. The Engineer shall
approve any such areas and the arrangement with local authorities, owners and/or legal
occupants, in accordance to prevailing government regulations.

A percentage of the refunded compensation shall cover the cost and overhead for the
Contractor.

Payment

Pay Item 1.7.1: The Employer will refund to the Contractor the net cost for compensation
and purchase of land subject to the agreement of the Engineer and upon production of
receipts as provided in the government procedures. A provisional sum has been included
in BOQ covering the compensation.

Pay Item 1.7.2: The percentage inserted by the Contractor shall be for the Contractor
overheads and costs.

1.8 Provision for Royalties for materials extraction

Extraction of materials may be object to royalties which will be covered by the Employer.

In all cases the Contractor shall be required to make all necessary arrangements with the
local authorities and owners of the land and to pay the cost of royalties on behalf of the
Employer. For this purpose, the Contractor will liaise with the regional administration or
appropriate authorities and advice of intention to commence work of any kind.
A percentage of the refunded royalties shall cover the cost and overhead for the Contrac-
tor.

Payment
Pay Item 1.8.1: The Employer will refund to the Contractor the net cost for royalties for
materials extraction subject to the agreement of the Engineer and upon production of
receipts. A provisional sum has been included in BOQ to cover royalties for materials ex-
traction.

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Pay Item 1.8.2: The percentage inserted by the Contractor shall be for the Contractor
overheads and costs.

1.9 HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaign

The Contractor shall advise all Site staff and labour (including all the Contractors employ-
ees, all Sub-Contractors and Consultants‟ employees, and all truck drivers and crew mak-
ing deliveries to Site) of the danger and impact of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) in
general and HIV/AIDS in particular. To this end, Institutions for Information, Education
and Consultation (IEC) campaign at least every month, addressed both to the aforemen-
tioned Site staff and labour and the immediate local communities.
All of the above provisions shall be provided free of charge to the participants.

Payment
Pay Item 1.9.1: The Employer will refund to the Contractor the net cost for the HIV/AIDS
Awareness Campaign subject to the agreement of the Engineer and upon production of
receipts. A provisional sum has been included in BOQ to cover the HIV/AIDS Awareness
Campaign.

Pay Item 1.9.2: The percentage inserted by the Contractor shall be for the Contractor
overheads and costs.

1.10 Environmental Compliance

The Contractor shall comply with the Statutory Regulations in force in Tanzania regarding
environmental protection and waste disposal and shall liaise with the responsible national
and local authorities.

This means in general that the Contractor shall deal with among others the following:

 Landscape preservation
 Soil erosion control
 Preservation of trees and shrubbery
 Prevention of water pollution
 Abatement of air pollution
 Dust abatement
 Noise abatement
 Light abatement
 Preservation of historical and archaeological data
 Avoid or minimize to a minimum use of pesticides
 Clean up all disposal and waste materials

The Contractor shall follow the Engineers instruction in relation to these environmental
matters. or contract documents.

Payment
No separate payment will be made for the environmental compliance unless otherwise
described in special conditions.
Any cost of these environmental requirements shall be included by the Contractor in his
rates in the BOQ for other items of work.

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2 EARTHWORKS AND GRAVEL LAYERS (other than bituminous

work)

General Description
The works described in the following sections of this Part 2 refer to the construction of
roadworks of major and minor gravel trunk and regional roads and include site clearance,
forming-up of road formation, earthworks, subgrade compaction and supply and construc-
tion of gravel wearing course in accordance with these specifications and in conformity
with the lines, grades and dimensions as shown on the drawings or as directed by the
Engineer.

Definitions
The following definitions of Earthworks materials shall apply to this specification:

(i) “Topsoil” shall mean the top layer of soil that contain humus material and can sup-
port vegetation.

(ii) “Suitable materials” shall comprise all that which is acceptable in accordance with the
contract for use in the works and which is capable of being compacted in the manner
specified in section 2.3 to form a stable fill having side slopes as indicated on the draw-
ings.

(iii) “Unsuitable materials” shall mean other than suitable material and shall mean:

(a) material from swamps, marshes or bogs

(b) peat, logs, stumps and perishable material

(c) material susceptible to spontaneous combustion

(iv) “Rock” shall mean that material which in the Engineer‟s opinion, cannot be broken up
or removed by means of crowbars and wedges and which is measuring not less than 0.20
cubic metres in volume.

(v) “Common excavation” shall mean all other than rock excavation

(vi) “Construction width” shall mean the overall width of the works measured between
the outer extremities of side drains, cuttings or embankment slopes, as the case may be.

(vii) “Formation” shall mean the top of construction immediately below the wearing
course (if any)

(viii) “Subgrade” shall mean the material in the top of construction immediately below
the wearing course (if any)

(xiv) “Subgrade width” or “formation width” shall mean the width of the roadway
measured between the points of intersection of side drain or embankment slopes with the
top of subgrade level.

(x) “Formation level” is synonymous with “top of subgrade level” and shall mean the
final compacted level of the surface of the subgrade.

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(xi) “Wearing course” shall mean the layer superimposed on the subgrade.

(xii) “Free haul” shall mean the distance which the fill or wearing course material must be
transported on any trip before qualifying for overhaul payment and is 200 m for fill and
10 km for wearing course material.
“Free haul” will only be relevant if overhaul is a pay item, i.e. if Overhaul is quantified in
BOQ or/and specifically mentioned in Special Condition.

(xiii) “Overhaul” is the total distance, which fill or wearing course material shall be
hauled minus the free haul distance.
“Overhaul” will only be paid if quantified in BOQ or/and specifically mentioned in Special
Condition.
That also means that if overhaul is not quantified in BOQ, all transport of materials shall
be included in the pay item for construction of the specific material.

2.1 Site Clearance

(i) Description of Work

Where the proposed alignment is in a new alignment or where it follows an existing road
and the existing clearance is too narrow, clearing shall be undertaken as shown on the
drawings or to a width as directed by the Engineer. The clearing shall consist of clearing
and removing from the designated areas of all trees (with girth up to and including 1.0
m), stumps, grass debris, fences and other obstructions interfering with the proposed
work. The clearing shall include grubbing up or burning of all stumps, roots and vegetable
matters.

Where directed, the excavations left by the removal of trees shall be backfilled and com-
pacted.
Removal of large trees with girth larger than 1.0 m is described in section 3.3

Logs and such materials as may be designated by the Engineer shall be salvaged. All
vegetable debris shall be disposed of by burning and incombustible debris shall be dis-
posed of as directed by the Engineer. Care shall be taken in the lighting and control of
fires to ensure that they do not spread. The Contractor shall be solely responsible for fire
damage resulting from this cause.

Inside the area of the permanent works the Engineer may designate and mark such indi-
vidual trees that are to be left standing and uninjured. Outside the area of the permanent
works the Contractor shall destroy only those trees directed by the Engineer.

The Contractor‟s rate for site clearance should allow for felling and disposal of small trees
as required within the designated areas.

(ii) Measurement

Clearing for the road will be measured by the square metre and will be calculated by the
length of road acceptably cleared multiplied by the total average width of clearance as
shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer. The Contractor must allow for ar-
eas already cleared when pricing this item.

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(iii) Payment

The price paid per square metre for clearing and preparing the road reserve will include
full compensation for all labour, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete
the work described in this section. The Contractor will have no claim for extra payment
because he has been required to work around or leave undisturbed any trees in the
cleared area.

2.2 Establishment and Reinstatement of Borrow Areas

(i) Description of Work

All borrow materials required for the work under this Contract shall be obtained from
source approved by the Engineer and by clearing the borrow area, stripping excess or
unsuitable overburden, excavating selected material which is required for specific use in
the construction of the works, stockpiling if required, disposing of excess or unsuitable
overburden, trimming of borrow area on completion of operations all in accordance with
this specifications and as directed by the Engineer.

No borrow area shall be opened up without the approval of the Engineer.

Existing and potential borrow areas have been identified for the project areas.
The contractor can however carry out his independent exploration for searching for possi-
ble materials within economic haulage distance at his own cost.

The Contractor shall, upon the Engineer‟s request carry out exploratory excavations and
take samples for testing at the Regional Coordinator‟s Materials Laboratory, or other
labora- tory approved by the Engineer. Exploratory excavation will be paid for by the day
work rates and a provisional sum in respect of such anticipated work has been included
in the Bill of Quantities.

(ii) Materials

(a) Overburden

Overburden is topsoil or other material, which is unsuitable or not required for any con-
struction purposes.

(b) Borrow Materials

Borrow materials shall include soils and natural gravel used as fill and wearing course
material. Borrow material shall not include sand, rock and/or crushed stone used in the
construction of stone paving or pitching, retaining walls or concrete work unless otherwise
allowed and provided for by the Engineer.

Borrow material shall be material approved by the Engineer and meeting requirements
for particular fills, wearing courses or other use for which the material is intended. Un-
suitable material brought on-to the works shall be removed and disposed off as directed
by the Engineer at the Contractor‟s expense.

The Contractor shall conduct his operations in any approved pit or borrow area or portion
thereof which may include mixing of various types of material available in the pit so as to
produce acceptable material.

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(iii) Control

(a) Opening Borrow Pit

The decision as to which source of supply the Contractor shall operate from at any time
shall rest with the Engineer, and Contractor shall at any stage of the work operate from
that approved source of supply which in the opinion of the Engineer is most suitable, hav-
ing regard to the quality and quantities of the various types of materials available and the
ultimate cost of the work to the Employer. No allowance will be made for moving the Con-
tractor‟s plant etc. from one to another of the designated sources, or from one location to
another at any of the individual sources named or subsequently approved by the Engi-
neer.

(b) Clearing

The site of the borrow area shall be cleared of all trees (trees with girth larger than 1.0 m
shall be paid separately, see section 3.3), bush, stumps, grass, debris etc. before excava-
tion is commenced. Any trees felled on the site shall remain the property of the land-
owner/occupiers or the Employer, in the case of acquired land.

Grass and topsoil, where present, shall be stripped and stockpiled adjacent to the borrow
area in such a manner that on rehabilitation of the borrow pit, this material may be
spread as final cover to the affected area.

(c) Overburden

Removal of overburden shall be carried out to the depths ordered by the Engineer and
shall be placed outside the perimeter of the borrow area in an approved manner.

The Contractor shall advise the Engineer in good time of his intention to operate from any
source of supply before any clearance or excavation at such source is commenced and
shall, on receipt of the Engineer‟s authority to proceed, excavate trial pits for measure-
ment purposes to a depth sufficient to assess the thickness of the gravel seam. Such trial
pits shall be located on a 10m x 10m grid over the area concerned. Overburden removal
beyond the limits of selected borrow excavation will not be paid for.

(d) Excavation of Borrow Material

After removal of the overburden, borrow materials required for fill may be removed with-
out stock piling but the Contractor must ensure that all material removed is approved for
use by the Engineer.

The Engineer shall take samples of borrow material for laboratory testing to determine its
suitability; at the minimum rate of 1 test for every 500m3 excavated. Laboratory testing
shall consist of sieve analysis, Atterberg Limits and Standard Proctor Density.

(e) Reinstatement of Borrow Pits.

On completion of operations at the borrow pits, all piles of waste material or overburden
which have accumulated on the natural ground surface by reason of the Contractor‟s op-
erations shall be replaced in the pit, and excavations shaped off to slopes not exceeding
one (1) vertical in two (2) horizontal and the borrow pit drained to the satisfaction of the
Engineer. Where borrow pits shall remain in use, the Engineer may direct that excava-

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tions shall not be or only partly shaped off. Borrow pits shall as far as possible be exca-
vated in such a manner that no water will collect or stand in them.

Topsoil, where present in the original excavation shall be spread to a uniform depth and
finished off in a clean presentable condition to a standard normally associated with trim-
ming operations.

Fencing displaced by the Contractor‟s shall be replaced and made good to the satisfaction
of the landowner/occupier and the Engineer.

(f) Haul Roads

Haul roads to borrow areas shall be constructed in approved positions and shall
be the shortest route possible. After completion of operation haul roads shall if
not instructed otherwise by the Engineer be shaped up and remain for future
use.

(iv) Measurement

For establishment of the borrow area measurement shall be per cubic metre of overbur-
den measured in place before clearing and shall be based on the depth of overburden
revealed after the completed and accepted removal of overburden over the whole area
concerned.
For reinstatement of the borrow area measurement shall per cubic metre of waste mate-
rial and overburden replace and shaped. This measurement might be different from
measurement of the establishment of the borrow area as the borrow area may remain in
use or partly shaped off.

(v) Payment

2.2.1 Establishment of borrow areas:

The rate quoted in Pay Item No. 2.2.1 shall include for clearing the site of the borrow
area and removing the overburden prior to the excavation of borrow material and con-
struction of haul roads all in accordance with the description.

2.2.2 Reinstatement of borrow areas:

The rate quoted in Pay item No. 2.2.2 shall include for replacing the overburden and
waste material in the borrow pit after completion of borrowing operations and for level-
ling-off the overburden so replaced and as described.

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2.3 Cut and Borrow to Fill

(i) Description of Work

In general the road will be constructed longitudinally to the ruling natural grade, and
transversely in accordance with the typical cross sections by balancing the Earthworks
within the cross section. The earthwork involved in forming up the road prism will there-
fore in general be limited and uniform along the road except on certain sections of the
roads where cut and fill operations with longitudinal haulage of material are required.
These section of road defined as “cut sections” and “fill sections” on the drawings - occur
for instance where improvement of sight distance over crests is required, in hilly and
mountainous terrain where extensive earthworks are needed to establish the typical cross
section or at waterway crossings where fill may be required to suit knew drainage struc-
ture levels or where the road needs to be raised due to low bearing capacity of the natu-
ral soil or in areas liable to flooding.

Only for these “cut sections” and “fill sections” as defined on the drawings will the Earth-
works be carried out and paid for on a cubic metre basis, while the term “form-up road
formation” (see section 2.7) will apply for the remaining sections of the road and paid for
by the linear metre for the different types of typical cross sections specified on the Draw-
ings.

The earthworks will be carried out and paid for on a cubic metre basis only for those sec-
tions of the roads defined as “cut section” or “fill sections” on the drawings. The Contrac-
tors shall, for these sections of road, carry out a longitudinal profile and cross section sur-
vey at intervals as directed by the Engineer and using local datum. Two level pegs shall
be set out at each cross section point, one in each side of the carriageway and clear of
construction.

These shall be used for each stage of construction and shall remain in position until the
road construction is complete. Any pegs destroyed during construction shall be immedi-
ately replaced.

No work shall commence upon such section before ground levels have been taken by the
Contractor in an approved manner, and checked and accepted by the Engineer to ensure
that a firm basis has been established for measurement and setting out purposes. Should
the Contractor fail to comply with this requirement the Engineer reserves the right to
base the final measurement on other survey data.

In general terms excavation shall be measured under two items.

The first is a cut or borrow to fill item which will be measured as compacted fill as de-
scribed in this section.
The second is a cut to spoil item which will be measured as an in-situ volume before ex-
cavation, see section 2.4.

Fills shall be constructed to the lines, grades, cross section, and dimensions etc. Shown
on the drawings and as directed by the Engineer. The material used for fill construction
shall be selected approved soil and shall be free from all deleterious matter.

Fills shall be constructed in layers of materials in loose thickness not exceeding 200 mm
and each layer shall be compacted as specified below in this Section. Where possible the
quality of material used in fill construction shall improve with each successive layer up-
wards.

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The Engineer reserves the right to control excavation and to direct where materials aris-
ing from cut shall be deposited and how and where it shall be used, and also to direct
where borrow materials which may be essential for fill shall be obtained.

Before commencing work on any section of the road, the Contractor shall ensure that he
has adequate instructions concerning the use of soil from cut. No claims for double han-
dling will be considered. Excess excavation beyond the net outline detailed or directed
shall be made good at the Contractor‟s expense in a manner acceptable to the Engineer.

Where there is a shortage of excavated materials to achieve the required formation lev-
els, the side drains may be widened as instructed on site or additional material may be
obtained from local borrow as the Engineer may direct and on the assumption that side
drains always shall be maintained clean and true in line and capable of continuous dis-
charge of storm water without pending.

Where embankments exceed 1.5 metre in height in sidelong ground the Engineer may
direct the excavation of horizontal benches in bank foundation. Side drains emptying from
cuts to embankments and all other drains shall be so constructed as to avoid damage to
embankment by erosion.

The Contractor shall take all risks from water, clean or foul, stream, river, surface, storm
or ground water, whatever the source or sources may be. Water shall not be allowed to
accumulate at any point in the earthworks. The Contractor shall, at his own expense, ef-
fectively drain and keep dry all the works during the period of construction and shall take
particular care to prevent surface water accumulating, soaking in, and softening the for-
mation during construction.

Any loss of shape or compaction resulting from water affecting the earthworks shall be
rectified by the Contractor at his own expense. All side drains, sumps or temporary exca-
vations for dewatering shall be formed, maintained and used outside and clear of the
main works and shall be properly filled in if so directed by the Engineer when their use
ceases. The rates tendered must allow for all risks from dewatering of the earthworks
during construction.

Excavation of material due to slips and falls in cuttings and banks attributable to careless-
ness of the Contractor shall be made good at the Contractor‟s expenses in a manner ac-
ceptable to the Engineer.

Compaction
There will be no separate payment for compaction. The payment for compaction shall be
included under the item where the compaction is described to be carried out.

(i) Description of Works

(a) Fill and Subgrade

Each layer of fill and subgrade shall be moistened or dried to uniform moisture and then
thoroughly compacted to minimum of 95% of the maximum dry density as determined by
BS-Heavy Compaction. Other types of field density tests may be used for control pur-
poses after density values corresponding to those obtained by BS-Heavy compaction have
been established. All subgrade and fill material shall as soon as practicable after deposi-
tion be compacted uniformly over the full width to the required compaction degree.

(b) Gravel Wearing Course

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Compaction of wearing course material shall comply with the requirements of minimum
98% of the maximum dry density, as determined by BS-Heavy compaction.

The natural moisture content of the material varies, depending on soil type, location, sea-
son, evaporation and precipitation. The natural moisture content shall not be higher than
the optimum moisture content (OMC)measured at BS-Heavy compaction and is normally
a pre-requisite to achieve satisfactory compaction. A soil, which is too dry, cannot be ex-
pected to achieve the required compaction degree, whereas a soil, which is too wet nor-
mally, will require only a short period of exposure to sun and wind until it is dried suffi-
ciently.

Necessary application of water shall be included in the tendered rates covering the com-
paction operations required.

Compaction may be carried out by use of various types of plant. Table 2.1 and Table 2.2
show the minimum number of passes required to obtain the specified compaction densi-
ties for fill and gravel course respectively using different type of compaction plant and
depending on the type of material and thickness of the compacted layer.

If the Contractor complies with the requirements of Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 he can nor-
mally expect approval of the compaction by the Engineer.
Note: Compliance with the “Guide-lines” of Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 does not relieve the
Contractor of the responsibility for achieving the Maximum Dry Densities indicated in (a)
and (b) above. Although the Contractor must carry out quality control tests and attach
results to the Engineer upon submission of payment requests for justification.
The use of plant not included in the tables will be permitted only if the Contractor demon-
strates at site trials that a state of compaction is achieved by; the alternative method
equivalent to that obtained using the equipment listed in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2. The
procedure to be adopted for these site trials shall be agreed with and approved by the
Engineer.
The Engineer shall carry out field density tests on all sections and layers of formation fill
and gravel wearing course prior to approving the works for payment. The frequency of the
density tests is at the discretion of the Engineer, but will occur in minimum intervals of
100m.

The Contractor shall if the test results shown insufficient compaction carry out such fur-
ther work as the Engineer may decide, in order to comply with the specified compaction
requirements.

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TABLE 2.1 COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS FOR FILL

[D = Maximum depth of compacted layer (mm) N = Minimum number of
passes]

TYPE OF SIZE OF COMPACTION PLANT COHESIVE WELL UNIFOMLY

COMPACTION SOILS GRADED GRADED MA-
PLANT GRANULAR TERIALS
AND DRY
COHESIVE
SOILS
D N D N D N
SMOOTH WHEELED (Mass per metre width of roll)
ROLLER
Over 2100kg up to 2700kg 125 8 126 8 125 10*
Over 5400kg up to 5400kg 125 6 126 6 125 8*
Over 5400kg 150 4 150 4 Unsuitable
GRID ROLLER Over 2700kg up to 5400kg 150 10 Unsuitable 150 10
Over 5400kg up to 8000kg 150 8 125 12 Unsuitable
Over 8000kg 150 4 150 12 Unsuitable
TAMPING ROLLER Over 4000kg 225 4 150 12 250 4
PNEUMATIC TYRED (Mass per wheel)
ROLLER
Over 1000kg up to 1500kg 125 6 Unsuitable 150 10*
Over 1500kg up to 2000kg 150 5 Unsuitable Unsuitable
Over 2000kg up to 2500kg 175 4 125 12 Unsuitable
225 4 125 10 Unsuitable
Over 2500kg up to 4000kg 300 4
Over 4000kg up to 6000kg 125 10 Unsuitable
350 4 150 8
Over 6000kg up to 8000kg 400 4 Unsuitable
150 8
Over 8000kg up to 12000kg 450 4 175 6 Unsuitable
Over 12000kg Unsuitable
VIBRATING ROLLER (Mass per metre width of vibrating
roll)
Over 270kg up to 450kg Unsuitable 75 16 150 16
Over 450kg up to 700kg Unsuitable 75 12 150 12
Over 700kg up to 1300kg 100 12 125 12 150 6
125 8 150 8 200 10*
Over 1300kg up to 1800kg 150 4 225 12*
Over 1800kg up to 2300kg 150 4
175 4 175 4 250 10*
Over 2300kg up to 2900kg 200 4 200 4 175 8*
Over 2900kg up to 3600kg 225 4 225 4 300 8*
Over 3600kg up to 4300kg 275 4 275 4 300 4*
Over 4300kg

* The roller shall be towed by track-laying tractors. Self-propelled rollers are unsuitable.

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COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS FOR GRAVEL WEARING COURSE

TABLE 2.2

TYPE OF COMPACTION PLANT SIZE OF COMPACTION PLANT NUMBER OF PASSES FOR LAYERS
NOT GREATER THAN:

100 MM 150MM 225 MM

SMOOTH WHEELED ROLLER (Mass per metre width of roll)
Over 2700 kg up to 5400 kg 16 Unsuitable
Over 5400 kg 8 Unsuitable

PNEUMATIC TYPE (Mass per wheel)

Over 4000 kg up to 6000 kg 12 Unsuitable Unsuitable
Over 6000 kg up to 8000 kg 12 Unsuitable Unsuitable
Over 8000 kg up to 12000 kg 10 16 Unsuitable
Over 12000 kg 8 12 Unsuitable

VIBRATING ROLLER (Mass per metre width of vibrating

roll
Over 700 kg up to 1300 kg 16 Unsuitable Unsuitable
Over 1300 kg up to 1800 kg 6 16 Unsuitable
Over 1800 kg up to 2300 kg 4 6 10
Over 2300 kg up to 2900 kg 3 5 9
Over 2900 kg up to 3600 kg 3 5 8
Over 3600 kg up to 4300 kg 2 4 7
Over 4300 kg up to 5000 kg 2 4 6
Over 5000 kg 2 3 5

VIBRATING PLATE (Mass per unit area of base plate)

COMPACTOR Over 1400 kg/m2 to 1800 kg/m2
Over18900 kg/m2 to 2100 kg/m2 8 Unsuitable Unsuitable
Over 2100 kg/m2 5 8 Unsuitable
3 6 10

VIBRO-TAMPER (Mass)
Over 50 kg up to 65 kg 4 Unsuitable
Unsuitable
Over 65 kg up to 75 kg 3 6
10
Over 75 kg 2 4
8

POWER RAMMER (Mass)

Over 100 kg up to 500 kg 5 8 Unsuitable
Over 500 kg 5 8 12

Definition and Requirements Associated with Table 2.1 and 2.2

(a) The depth of compacted layer is the height by which the embankment is raised by
each successive compacted layer.

(b) The number of passes is the number of times that each point on surface of the layer
being compacted has been traversed by the item of compaction plant.

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(c) The compactive effort of each COMPACTOR is a function of the mass of the machine
and the compaction plant in the table listed in terms of their masses. The mass per metre
of roll is the total mass on the roll divided by the total roll width. Where a smooth-
wheeled roller has more than one axle the one giving the highest value of mass per metre
width will be considered.

(d) A tamping roller, for the purpose of this specification, is a machine with rolls from
which “feet” project. The projected end area of each “foot” shall exceed 0.01 m2 and the
sum of areas of the feet shall exceed 15 percent of the area of the cylinder swept by the
ends of the feet. The requirements for tamping rollers apply to machines that have 2 rolls
in tandem. If only one tamping roll traverses each point on the surface of the layer on
any one pass of the machine, the minimum number of passes shall be twice the number
given in Table 2.1.

(e) For pneumatic tyred rollers mass per wheel is the total mass of the roller divided by
the number of wheels. In assessing the number of passes of pneumatic tyred rollers the
effective width shall be the sum of the widths of the individual wheel tracks together with
the sum of the spacing between the wheel tracks provided that each spacing does not
exceed 230 mm. Where the spacing exceeds 230 mm the effective width shall be the sum
of the widths of the individual wheel tracks only.

(f) Vibrating rollers are self-propelled or towed smooth-wheeled rollers having means of
applying mechanical vibration to one or more rolls.

 The requirements for vibrating rollers are based on the use of the lowest gear on
a self-propelled machine with mechanical transmission and a speed of 1.5-2.5
km/h for a towed machine, or a self-propelled machine with hydrostatic transmis-
sion. If higher gears or speeds are used an increased number of passes shall be
provided in proportion to the increase in speed of travel.
 Where the mechanical vibration is applied to two rolls in tandem, the minimum
number of passes shall be half the number given on the tables for the appropriate
mass per metre width of one vibrating roll. If one roll differs in mass per metre
width from the other the number of passes shall be calculated as for the roll with
the smallest value.
Alternatively the machine may be treated as having a single vibrating roll with a
mass per metre width equal to that of the roll with the higher value.
 Vibrating type rollers operating without vibration will be classified as smooth-
wheeled rollers.

 Vibrating rollers shall be operated with their vibratory mechanism operating only
at the frequency of vibration recommended by the manufacturers. All such rollers
shall be equipped or provided with a device automatically indicating the frequently
at which the mechanism is operating.

(g) Vibrating-plate compactors are machines having a base-plate to which is attached a

source of vibration consisting of one or two eccentrically weighted shafts.

 The mass per unit area of base-plate of a vibrating plate COMPACTOR is calcu-
lated by dividing the total mass of the machine in its working condition by its area
in contact with compacted soil.

 Vibrating-plate compactors shall be operated at the frequency of vibration rec-

ommended by the manufactures. They shall normally be operated at travelling

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speeds of less than 1 km/h but if higher speeds are necessary the number of
passes shall be increased in proportion to the crease in speed of travel.

(h) Vibro-tampers are machines in which an engine-driven reciprocating mechanism acts

on a spring trough which oscillation are set up in a base-place

(i) Power rammers are machines which are actuated by explosions in an internal com-
bustion cylinder, each explosion being controlled manually by the operator.

(j) In the case of power rammers and dropping-weight compactors one pass will be con-
sidered as made when the compacting shoe has made one strike on the area in question.

(k) For items marked * the rollers shall be towed by track-laying tractors. Self- propelled
rollers are unsuitable.

(l) Where combinations of different types of categories of plant are used, the compac-
tion requirements shall be:

 the depth of layer shall be that for the type of plant requiring the least depth of
layer and

 the number of passes for each type shall be such proportion of the appropriate
number in the table as will together produce the same total compaction effort as
any type operated slightly in accordance with the tables.

2.3.1 Fill from cut or borrow

(ii) Measurement

The unit for measurement of fill from cut or borrow shall be the cubic metre of material
measured in place after compaction.

The volume measured shall be the compacted volume between the ground profile includ-
ing the volume of excavation of benches and shall be computed by the method of average
end areas from levelled cross sections. The Contractor must allow in his rates for any ad-
ditional work, working space and the like, that he may require.

(iii) Payment

The rate offered for material in fill must include for removal of grass roots-and other dele-
terious material from the surface and for excavation to level (including side drains where
necessary) in cut or borrow and loading, hauling, unloading, spreading, shaping, watering
and maintaining to camber, grades and levels, mixing and compacting all as described
and control of level in both cut and fill.
Overhaul will only be paid as described and specified in section 2.9.

2.3.2 Fill Potholes with fill material

and
2.3.3 Fill Potholes with Gravel Wearing Course Materials

Potholes in a gravel road

Potholes in a gravel road shall be repaired as directed by the Engineer

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As directed by the Engineer, remove failed area completely and cut back road to sound
material removing any standing water. If necessary deepen hole to solid ground. The
sides and bottom of the hole should be squared off to provide a firm coherent surface.
The sides should be dressed so that they are vertical and the bottom of the hole such that
it is flat and horizontal. The bottom of the hole shall be compacted and a tack coat of hot
80/100 penetration grade bitumen applied to the bottom and all sides of the prepared
hole. All unsuitable material should be removed away from the road and disposed as di-
rected by the Engineer. Material should not be placed in a position that is likely to inter-
fere with the road drainage system.

The newly prepared pothole shall be filled with selected fill or gravel wearing course ma-
terial as directed by the Engineer and compacted.
The gravel wearing course material shall comply with the requirements given in section
2.8.
The area to be repaired should be sprinkled with water, in addition the fill material may
require damping to achieve the required compaction as detailed in Table 2.1, above. The
OMC will be established on site by the RM‟s Soils Laboratory. The patch shall be filled in
layers of 50-70 mm with each layer compacted with hand rammers or a plate vibrating
compactor.

(ii) Measurement:

The measurement for the potholes shall be the volume in cubic metres of compacted ma-
terial in place.

(iii) Payment.

The unit rate for potholes shall be full compensation for the preparation of the pothole
according to above, removal of unsuitable material, curing, provision and placing of all
materials, compaction, all labour, equipment and transport and all incidentals necessary
to carry out the work prescribed

2.4 Cut and spoil

(i) Description of Work

Where anthill or other inferior material (this may include topsoil) is encountered in the
construction of the formation, or where there is an excess of excavation over fill, the ma-
terial concerned shall where directed be cut to spoil in positions directed by the Engineer.
Anthill material shall be excavated to a depth of 0.5 m below subgrade level over the full
subgrade width and replaced with selected fill which shall be measured and paid for as cut
or borrow to fill.

No spoiling shall take place on private land without the authority of the Engineer and the
consent of the owner or occupant. Spoiling shall be carried out in such a way that natural
drainage is not impeded or impaired.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for cut to spoil shall be the cubic metre of material measured in
place before excavation, and computed by the method of average end areas from levelled
cross sections taken both before clearance and after excavation.

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(iii) Payment

The rate for each cubic metre of cut material spoiled shall include for excavation to grade
and level (including side drains where necessary), loading, haulage not exceeding 200
metres, unloading, spreading and trimming as directed.
Excavation of rocks or boulders occurring in the cut and measuring not less than 0.20m 3
in volume will be paid for as extra over the pay item cut to spoil, under Item 2.10.1.

2.5 Light and Heavy Grading

Definition:

 Light grading - is a light trimming (< 40 mm) with spreading and removal of
loose material. The operation is done without the application of water and without
compaction.

 Heavy grading - consist of scarification and cutting to the bottom of deforma-

tions and then reshaping the surface including watering and compaction.

The Engineers decision is final regarding the designation between (a) Light Grading and
(b) Heavy Grading and will be reflected in the BOQ supported by strip map clearly identi-
fying where light and heavy grading is required.

2.5.1 Light Grading

(i) Description

Maintaining surface condition and correcting defects on gravel / earth road surfaces by
removing high spots and drawing loose material from the road side back across the road-
way using a grader. After grading, the road cross-section will conform to the typical
cross-section shown in the Contract Documents. The grading also includes reshaping of
the side drains. The final road surface shall contain no loose material.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for grading and earth roads shall be linear kilometers.

(iii) Payment

The quantities, determined as provided above, shall be paid for at the Contractor unit
price per unit of measurement. Prices and payment shall be full compensation for all la-
bour, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed above.

2.5.2 Heavy Grading

(i) Description

Maintaining surface condition and correcting defects on gravel / earth road surfaces by
scarification, removing high spots and drawing loose material from the road side back
across the roadway using a grader. The material should as necessary be watered and
compacted in compliance with Table 1.2 in section 2.3. After grading, the road cross-
section will conform to the typical cross-section shown in the Contract Documents. The

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grading also includes reshaping of the side drains. The final road surface shall contain no
loose material.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for grading of gravel earth roads shall be linear kilometers.

(iii) Payment

The quantities, determined as provided above, shall be paid for at the Contractor unit
price per unit of measurement. Prices and payment shall be full compensation for all la-
bour, equipment, tools, scarification, watering, compaction and incidentals necessary to
complete the work prescribed above.

2.6 Shoulder Repair

 Reshaping Unpaved Shoulders

 Replace Shoulder Materials
 Shoulder repair - sealed

2.6.1 Reshaping Unpaved Shoulders

(i) Description

Reshaping of unpaved shoulders using grader or labour to restore a free draining slope.
Where depressions occurs filling material shall be borrowed from the back of the side
drains where suitable and spread to the required lines, levels and grades. Material shall
be watered to achieve the optimum moisture content and compacted with compaction
complying with Table 2.1 section 2.3. Where unpaved shoulders are elevated above
grade, they shall be trimmed to restore a free draining slop with all excess material dis-
posed as directed by the Engineer.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement will be the square metre of shoulders repaired.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate shall be full compensation for labour, equipment and materials for work pre-
scribed above, including excavation, loading, haulage, spreading, shaping, watering and
compaction to the lines, levels and gradient of the existing shoulders.

2.6.2 Replacement of Shoulder Material

(i) Description

For replacing (reconstruction) lengths of unpaved shoulder surface, and where local mate-
rials are found unsuitable for shoulder filling, the contractor will be required to provide
from sources approved by the Engineer, suitable material to restore the shoulders to their
original profile, shape, level and line. The suitable material is to be placed in layers and

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water shall be added until the optimum moisture content for compaction is achieved.
Compaction shall then be undertaken in accordance with Table 2.1 section 2.3.

(ii) Measurement

The volume of compacted material will be calculated in cubic metres in place.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate per cubic metre of compacted material provided shall be full compensation
for labour, equipment, transportation and materials for works prescribed above including
excavation, loading,haulage, spreading, shaping watering and compaction.
Overhaul will only be paid as described and specified in section 2.9.

2.6.3 Shoulder repair - sealed

(i) Description

When significant lengths of sealed shoulders are affected by potholes, vegetation and
longitudinal cracks greater than 3 mm wide the shoulder needed to be repaired.
The potholes shall be squared up and loose material removed, vegetation shall be re-
moved and cracks clear from grass and dirt. The contractor shall provide suitable material
for repair of the shoulder from sources approved by the Engineer to level and line on the
original profile. The suitable material shall be placed ,watered if necessary and compacted
to the requirements for compaction, see section 2.3.

For sealing and surface dressing see the respective sections for these activities.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement will be the square metre of shoulders repaired.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate shall be full compensation for labour, equipment and materials for work pre-
scribed above, including excavation, loading, haulage, spreading, shaping, watering and
compaction to the lines, levels and gradient of the existing shoulders.

Overhaul will only be paid as described and specified in section 2.9.

Sealing and surface dressing shall be paid under the respective sections for their activi-
ties.

2.7 Reshaping

Definitions:

Light Reshaping is when there is severe scour, some potholes and up to 2m3 per linear
meter will be necessary for re-forming the road.

Heavy Reshaping is when there is almost no camber and the surface is average or
worse and between 2 m3 and 5 m3 is necessary to re-form the road.

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The Engineers decision is final regarding the designation between (a) Light Reshaping and
(b) Heavy Reshaping and will be reflected in the BOQ supported by strip map clearly iden-
tifying where light and heavy grading is required.

2.7.1 Light Reshaping

Same description, measurement and payment as for heavy reshaping below

2.7.2 Heavy Reshaping

(i) Description of Work

The forming up of road formation is essentially and side haul or grading operation and
virtually no longitudinal haulage of any kind is envisaged. The formation preparation shall
include the following:

(a) Removal of grass roots and humus topsoil present in the full construction width be-
tween the outside edges of the side drains. No material should be left in the formation
construction, which if incorporated in the formation construction, would adversely affect
the stability of the compacted Earthworks. Removed topsoil, humus, grass etc. shall be
placed on side drain slopes in a manner such that drainage into the side drains is not im-
peded; or it may be disposed of as waste as directed by the Engineer.

(b) Rip up the surface to a depth below defect to be treated or as directed by the Engi-
neer.

(c) Carry out the Earthworks necessary to produce the completed profiles of side drains
and formation to the specified standards, lines, level, grades and dimensions detailed or
directed. This will include the excavation of material from side drains, existing formation,
borrow or elsewhere as directed by the Engineer. This operation will provide the complete
side drains and formation as detailed and specified.

The full width of the subgrade shall be compacted as specified in Section 2.3.

The Drawings may sub divide the forming operation into

 “light reshaping” being sections with Earthworks of less than approximately 2 m3
per linear metre of road; and
 (b) “heavy reshaping” being sections with Earthworks between 2 m3 and 5 m3 per
linear metre of road.

This division into light and heavy reshaping is based entirely on a visual estimate by the
Engineer and should only be considered as guidance for the Contractor‟s estimate of la-
bour and plant input required to carry out the forming up operation.

(ii) Measurement

Measurement shall be by the linear metre of road formation prepared to the horizontal
and vertical alignments, cross falls, cambers, super elevations, etc., for the Typical Cross
Section types as detailed on the drawings and shall include for side drain construction.

(iii) Payment

The rate offered shall allow for all items of work detailed or implied in the cleared con-
struction width between the outer extremities of the side drains and shall include removal

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of grass roots and humus topsoil, scarification, forming up to final cross section, including
cut to fill, detailed herein and excluding rock excavation but including subgrade compac-
tion, and all other ancillary items to provide a completed formation as detailed or di-
rected.

Excavation of rocks or boulders occurring within the carriageway and measuring more
than 0.20 cubic metre in volume will if ordered to be removed by t he Engineer be paid for
as extra over the rate for form-up road formation.

Overhaul will only be paid as described and specified in section 2.9.

2.7.3 Scarification, levelling and compaction

(i) Description of Work

This work activity shall apply for smaller areas having defects and where the repairing can
not be covered by light or heavy reshaping.
The formation preparation shall include the following:

(a) Removal of grass roots and humus topsoil present in the area concerned. No material
should be left in the formation construction, which if incorporated in the formation con-
struction, would adversely affect the stability of the compacted Earthworks. Removed
topsoil, humus, grass etc. shall be placed on side drain slopes in a manner such that
drainage into the side drains is not impeded; or it may be disposed of as waste as di-
rected by the Engineer.

(b) Rip up the surface to a depth below defect to be treated or as directed by the Engi-
neer.

(c) Carry out the Earthworks necessary to produce the completed profiles and formation
to the specified standards, lines, level, grades and dimensions detailed or directed. This
will include the excavation of material from side drains, existing formation, borrow or
elsewhere as directed by the Engineer.
The area shall be compacted as specified in Section 2.3.

(ii) Measurement

Measurement shall be by the square metre of road formation prepared to the horizontal
and vertical alignments, cross falls, cambers, super elevations, etc., for the Typical Cross
Section types as detailed on the drawings.

(iii) Payment

The rate offered shall allow for all items of work detailed or implied in the cleared con-
struction area and shall include removal of grass roots and humus topsoil, scarification,
forming up to final cross section, including cut to fill, detailed herein and excluding rock
excavation but including subgrade compaction, and all other ancillary items to provide a
completed formation as detailed or directed.

Excavation of rocks or boulders occurring within the carriageway and measuring more
than 0.20 cubic metre in volume will if ordered to be removed by t he Engineer be paid for
as extra over the rate for form-up road formation.

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Overhaul will only be paid as described and specified in section 2.9.

2.8 Gravel Wearing Course

(i) Description of Work

Wearing course construction shall include the supply and compaction of suitable material
laid on the compacted and approved subgrade in the final thickness detailed and in con-
formity with the lines, grades and typical cross sections shown on the drawings. Gener-
ally, gravel wearing course material shall be applied on all sections to a minimum depth of
150mm. Section where the subgrade has a low bearing capacity or steep gradients may
require thicker layers of wearing course material.

The wearing course shall be constructed in the following manner:

(a) Excavate, load and haul, to a maximum free haul distance of 10 km, suitable gravel
of approved quality from nearest source and dump in either a continuous windrow at one
side of the carriageway or in separate heaps properly spaced and controlled by a compe-
tent person.

(b) Spread the material over the carriageway width and break up large pieces to give a
material of uniform quality and thickness, to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Oversized
pieces of more that 50-mm in diameter shall be hand picked or knapped. Work must be
programmed so that lengths of 0.5 km are constructed at any one time and so that the
Engineer may inspect the windrowed or dumped material before it is spread. Care must
be taken that the subgrade is not damaged. Mixture of wearing course material with the
subgrade material is not allowed unless directed by the Engineer in order to achieve a
satisfactory composition of the entire in-situ and supplied material.

(c) Spread and level wearing course material to sufficient loose depth to give a final
compacted thickness as shown on the drawings or as may be directed. Maximum thick-
ness of un-compacted material in one layer shall not exceed 200mm. Where a greater
compacted thickness than 150 mm is required, the wearing course shall be constructed in
separate layers not less than 75mm in compacted thickness. Each layer shall be shaped
to the specified camber and superelevation and compacted before the succeeding layer is
placed.

(d) During the spreading and levelling, water shall be added as necessary to provide
uniform moisture content to secure that the material can be compacted to the specified
density.

(e) Immediately following the spreading and levelling, each layer shall be compacted to
the full width as specified in Section 2.3 and to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The com-
paction shall progress gradually from the sides to the centre parallel with the centreline of
the road. Any irregularities or depressions that develop shall be corrected by loosening
the material at their places and adding or removing material until the surface is smooth
and uniform.

The thickness of the completed wearing course shall not be more than 10 mm less than
the thickness shown on the drawings. After the final compaction, the thickness shall be
measured at one or more points at random locations within each 100-metre section.
Whenever a measurement indicates a variation from the thickness shown on the drawings
of more that the allowable tolerance, additional measurements shall be taken at intervals

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of approximately 10 metres until the measurements indicate the thickness is within the
allowable tolerance. Any irregularities shall be corrected by adding material as necessary
and shaping and compacting as specified. The already compacted surface shall be ripped
up in the area before adding material and re-compaction. The cutting of test holes and
refilling with materials properly compacted shall be done by the Contractor under the su-
pervision of the Engineer.

It is desirable to compact the material while it is damp. The content should not be so high
as to cause instability or excessive movement under the compaction plant employed.

The construction traffic should be routed carefully over the wearing course so that the
maximum possible compaction is achieved in this way. If adequate care is taken with this
operation the use of conventional compaction equipment will be limited.

(ii) Materials

Wearing course material shall be obtained from sources approved by the Engineer. Exist-
ing and potential borrow areas have been identified for the project area and their location
is shown on the drawings, but the Engineer may request the Contractor to carry out ex-
ploratory excavations for locating additional suitable sources in accordance with Section
1.5.

The gravel wearing course material shall meet the requirements given in the table 2.8.1
below:

Material class GW
Material properties CML Tests
CBR: CML1.11
CBR (%) wet or moderate Minimum 25 after 4 days soaking 2)
climatic zones 1)
CBR (%), dry climatic zones 1) Minimum 25 at OMC 2)
Grading and Atterberg limits: 3)
% passing the 37.5 mm sieve Minimum 95
Shrinkage product, SP Minimum 120, Maximum 400 4)
Grading coefficient, GC Minimum 16, maximum 34
1) The climatic zones for the project, or respective parts of the project, shall be in accordance
with the Drawings or Special Specification or as directed by the Engineer.
2) CBR values shall be measured at 98% of MDD for BS-Heavy compaction. For minor gravel
roads the required CBR value may be reduced to 15% on the approval of the Engineer.
3) It is emphasized that the Atterberg limit shall be measured according to the CML test methods
1.2 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow British Standard (BS) procedures and utilize BS equip-
ment. Other laboratory test procedures and equipment do not give comparable results and
shall not be used unless proper correlation to CML/BS has been carried out to the satisfaction
of the Engineer. All grading parameters must be normalised for 100% passing 37.5 mm.
4) In built up areas the maximum SP value shall be 270 or as directed by the Engineer in order to
minimize dust problems.
Table 2.8.1

(iii) Measurement

Measurement for wearing course gravel shall be the cubic metre of compacted material in
place on the road calculated as the length of road acceptably gravelled multiplied with the
specified thickness of gravel times the average of the subgrade width and the carriageway
width as shown on the drawings
Additional material i.e. material exceeding the specified thickness is not paid for.

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(iv) Payment

The rate quoted for wearing course gravel shall be full compensation for excavation,
stockpiling and placing all materials including the labour, equipment, tools and incidentals
necessary for loading, hauling and delivering the material to the site of the work, placing,
applications of water if required, mixing, spreading and compacting all as specified.

Overhaul will only be paid as described and specified in section 2.9.

2.9 Overhaul

“Overhaul” will only be paid if quantified in BOQ or/and specific mentioned in Special
Specifications.
That also means that if overhaul is not quantified in BOQ, all transport of materials shall
be included in the pay item for construction of the specific material.

If overhaul is paid it shall comply with the following:

(i) Description of Work

This work shall consist of hauling of fill or wearing course material in excess of the free
haul distance.

The haul distance shall be measured along the shortest practical route determined by the
Engineer as feasible and satisfactory. Free haul is the distance which the material must be
transported on any trip before qualifying for overhaul payment. The free haul distance is
200 m for fill and 10 km wearing course gravel material.
Thus the overhaul distance is the length of haul less free haul.

The rate tendered and paid for material hauled will include allowance for free haul as well
as for loading time, waiting and unloading time etc.
Thus the overhaul rate shall therefore only include the extra cost related to the overhaul
distance.

(ii) Measurement

The overhaul distance shall be the distance between the centres of volume of the over-
hauled material in its original position and its authorised position of placing less the free
haul distance, measured to the nearest 0.1 km.
The haul route for measurement purposes shall be the shortest practical route determined
by the Engineer, irrespective of the actual route selected by the Contractor.

Overhaul shall be measured and paid for at a rate per cubic metre -km in excess of the
free haul distance, computed as follows:

Overhaul shall be the product of the number of cubic metres of overhaul material meas-
ured in its final compacted position and the overhaul distance in kilometres.

Example 1:
40 m3 fill is hauled 500 m.
Measurement for overhaul: 40 m3 x (0.500 km- 0.200 km) = 12 m3km

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Example 2:
50 m3 wearing course gravel is hauled 16 km.
Measurement for overhaul: 50 m3 x (16 km- 10 km) = 300 m3km

(iii) Payment

The rate for each cubic metre-kilometer of overhaul will include full compensation for all
supervision, labour, equipment, tools, fuel, and necessary incidentals.

The rate shall not include loading, unloading time, unloading and unloading time as these
are included in the rate under the free hauling rate.

2.10 Various earthworks

2.10.1 Rock Excavation

(i) Description of Work

In the course of construction large quantities of rock are not likely to be encountered; but
in the event of rock having to be removed for drainage or formation construction meas-
urement and payment of rock will be defined as follows:

Rock shall be that material which, in the Engineer‟s opinion, cannot be broken up or re-
moved by means of crowbars and wedges and which is measuring more than 0.20 cubic
metres in volume. The Engineer‟s decision of what constitutes rock in terms of the specifi-
cation is final. All other excavation shall be classified as Common Excavation.

Rock occurring within the formation width shall be excavated to 150 mm below subgrade
level and refilled with approved material and compacted as specified in Section 2.3.

Removal of rocks by use of explosives shall be carried out in strict accordance with cur-
rent explosives regulations and at all times be under the supervision of a fully qualified
person in terms of these regulations. If, in any situation blasting is considered dangerous,
the same shall not be resorted to. The Engineer‟s decision in this respect shall be final.

Should any damage of any kind occur, the Contractor shall, at his own expense, carry out
such work of repair or restoration as the Engineer may direct and shall be full and solely
responsible for such damage or any claims that may arise therefrom.

Care shall be taken that no undischarged cartridges are left in the excavation. Careless or
indiscriminate use of explosives will result in the Engineer withdrawing permission for
their use and under such circumstances the Contractor shall resort to other methods of
excavation. Safe and secure storage shall be provided for explosive on the site of the
works.

The Contractor shall seek the consent of the Engineer before using explosives and shall
take adequate precautions to warn road users and others that blasting is in progress.

(ii) Measurement

Measurement for Rock Excavation shall be the cubic metre of material removed measured
before excavation.

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(iii) Payment

The rate of rock excavation will be paid as extra and will include full compensation for
breaking up of a rock to suitable size and for removal from the road section to spoil areas
for a distance not exceeding 100m, refilling and compaction with suitable material includ-
ing provision of all labour, materials, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to com-
plete the work.

2.10.2 Rock Fill

Rock fill shall in the cases shown on the drawings or instructed by the Engineer be the
preferred type of material for earthworks.

(i) Description

Where shown on the drawings or as may be instructed by the Engineer, the roadbed shall
be treated with rockfill in order to achieve a uniform standard of compaction and
strength, or to prevent water-logging and improve drainage.
The maximum particle size in rockfill shall two thirds of the compacted layer thickness.
The maximum layer thickness is 1 m placed in one operation. The contents of fines shall
be sufficient low so that the larger particles rest against each other when placed in earth-
works layers. The Engineers decision shall be final in cases where doubt or disagreement
exists whether the material can be classified as rockfill

(ii) Measurement

Measurement for Rock Fill shall be the cubic metre of material placed and compacted.

(iii) Payment

The rate quoted for Rock Fill shall be full compensation placing all materials including the
labour, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary for loading, hauling and delivering the
material to the site of the work, placing, applications of water if required, mixing, spread-
ing and compacting all as specified.

Overhaul will only be paid as described and specified in section 2.9.

2.10.3 Gully Fill

(i) Description

Where shown on the drawings or as may be instructed by the Engineer, gullies shall be
treated as for potholes in section 2.3.2.

(ii) Measurement

Measurement for Gully Fill shall be the cubic metre of material placed and compacted.

(iii) Payment

The rate quoted for Gully Fill shall be full compensation placing all materials including the
labour, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary for loading, hauling to a maximum

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free haul distance of 200 m, and delivering the material to the site of the work, placing,
applications of water if required, mixing, spreading and compacting all as specified.

2.10.4 Geotextile
A sand filter blanket like geotextile filters, with clear specifications to reflect its quality,
shall be used if so shown in the drawings or directed by the Engineer to separate layers
from each other.

(i) Description

At bottom of fills, and sometimes at intermediate levels, the construction of sand filter
blankets may be required to facilitate the drainage of fills and to separate layers of mate-
rials where there is a risk of undesirable infiltration of fine material into the course mate-
rial.

The geotextile shall have such a quality that it can separate the two layers adjacent to the
geotextile. The manufacturer product specifications shall be followed in relation to grading
of the two layers.

(ii) Measurement

Measurement for geotextile shall be the square metre of material and placed.

(iii) Payment

The rate quoted for geotextile shall be full compensation providing and placing of materi-
also including the labour, equipment, tools and incidentals necessary for loading, hauling
and delivering the material to the site of the work.

2.10.5 Subsoil Drains

Where shown on the drawings or directed by the engineer drains comprising perforated
pipes shall be placed with surrounding filter material.

(i) Description

Perforated pipes:
The pipes shall be perforated or slotted unplasticised PVC pipes with diameter 100 mm
complying with SABS 791 or equivalent or as directed by the Engineer.
The pipes shall be jointed by means of couplings.
Perforated pipes shall be laid with the perforations at the top or bottom as may be pre-
scribed.

Permeable filter material

Permeable filter materials for bedding and surrounding of drain pipes shall consist of
crushed stone of suitable grading. Crushed stone shall be of hard, clean rock. If perme-
able filter material conforming to the criteria given below is not obtainable in the opinion
of the Engineer, then geotextile shall be used as shown on the drawings or directed by
the Engineer.
Geotextile is described in section 2.10.4 and shall also be paid under that pay item.

Excavation and backfilling shall be covered by and paid under section 8.2.

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Permeable filter material shall be free of organic material, silt or clay lumps and shall con-
form to the following requirements:
1. d85 for the permeable filter material shall be minimum 1.25 times the width of the
slots in the drainage pipe.
2. d15 for the permeable filter material shall be maximum 5 times d85 for the adja-
cent soils.
3. d50 for the permeable filter material shall be maximum 25 times d 50 for the adja-
cent soils.
4. d15 for the permeable filter material shall be minimum 5 times d15 for the adjacent
soils.
5. the permeable filter material shall have maximum 50 % passing the 2 mm sieve
6. the permeable filter material shall have maximum 3 % passing the 0.075 mm
sieve
where: d15 , d50 and d85 are the corresponding grain sizes which 15 %, 50 % and 85 %
respectively passes in the sieve analysis.
The filter criteria shall comply with for both the surrounding soil and the possible
pavement layers above the drain.

2.10.5.1 Perforated pipes

(ii) Measurement

The unit for measurement shall be the linear metre of pipe, measure in place along its
centre line, including the length of fittings.

(iii) Payment

The bid rate shall include full compensation for procuring, furnishing, laying and jointing
the pipes and fittings as specified

2.10.5.2 Filter Material

(ii) Measurement

The unit for measurement shall be the cubic metre of approved filter material in place in
the drains, calculated in accordance with the dimensions shown on the drawings or
agreed upon with the Engineer.

(iii) Payment

The bid rate shall include full compensation for procuring, furnishing, transporting from
the borrow areas and placingthe sand as specified.

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3 VEGETATION CONTROL

This section describes the following activities:

 Grass Cutting
 Bush Clearing
 Tree Felling
 Grubbing
 Supply and Apply Weed Killers

3.1 Grass Cutting

(i) Description

Grass Cutting is to be carried out from the edge of the carriageway to 3.0 m to the back
of the side drain or as directed by the Engineer. The Engineer may in addition identify
other areas where vegetation will cause a hazard to the road user, such as the inside of
sharp bends.

For vegetation other than grass all roots shall be removed. At no time or unless otherwise
directed by the Engineer shall the grass cover to the side drains and side slopes be totally
removed. As far as practically possible the cut height for vegetation is to be 50 mm
maximum. Cut vegetation shall be removed from the side drains, placed away from the
road. Burning of vegetation after cutting might be accepted but only after approval from
the Engineer. It shall not be allowed to block any drains or drainage structures.
Care shall be taken in the lighting and control of fires to ensure that they do not spread.
The contractor shall be solely responsible for fire damage resulting from this cause.

(i) Measurement

The area of grass cutting shall be measured in square metres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate shall be full compensation for labour, equipment, tools and transport re-
quired to carry out the prescribed works.

3.2 Bush Clearing

(i) Description

Bush clearing shall consist of the removal of all trees with girth up to 1.0 m, bush, shrubs
and other vegetation all in accordance with the drawings and the Engineer.
Bush Clearing is to be carried out from the edge of the carriageway to 1.0 m to the back
of the side drain or as directed by the Engineer. The Engineer may in addition identify
other areas where vegetation will cause a hazard to the road user, such as the inside of
sharp bends.

For vegetation other than grass all roots shall be removed. As far as practically possible
the cut height for vegetation is to be 50 mm maximum. Cavities resulting from roots shall
be backfilled with approved material and compacted to comply with the Specifications for
the relevant layer.

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Cut vegetation shall be removed from the side drains, placed away from the road and
burnt. It shall not be allowed to block any drains or drainage structures.
Cut vegetation can only be burnt if approved by the Engineer. Care shall be taken in the
lighting and control of fires to ensure that they do not spread. The contractor shall be
solely responsible for fire damage resulting from this cause.

(i) Measurement

The area of bush clearing shall be measured in square metres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate shall be full compensation for labour, equipment, tools, materials, backfilling
and transport required to carry out the prescribed works.

3.3 Tree Felling

(i) Description

For trees with girth larger than 1.0 m, the Engineer may direct that individual trees be
removed. The timber shall be salvaged as directed by the Engineer and removed to a
place of storage. The tree stump and roots shall also be removed. Cavities resulting from
roots shall be backfilled with approved material and compacted to comply with the Speci-
fications for the relevant layer.

Excavations remaining from the removal of trees shall be backfilled with suitable material
and compacted. All vegetable debris shall be disposed or burnt if approved by the Engi-
neer. Care shall be taken in the lighting and control of fires to ensure that they do not
spread. The contractor shall be solely responsible for fire damage resulting from this
cause.

(ii) Measurement

Only trees with girth larger than 1.0 m are paid under this item. Trees with girth up to 1.0
m is paid under Site Clearance, see section 2.1.
Tree felling shall be paid based on the numbers of trees and the girth. The girth of trees
shall be measured at the narrowest point of the tree in the first meter of its height above
ground level.

(iii) Payment

The rate per tree felled shall be full compensation for all labour, equipment, tools, trans-
port and incidentals required to complete the works prescribed, including backfilling,
compaction and transport to place of removal and/or storage.

3.4 Grubbing

(i) Description

Where the soil is too hard the Engineer can request the Contractor to grub up to a depth
of 300 mm. In the grubbing areas all loose stone exceeding 50 mm in size to be mowed
and all stones exceeding 150 mm in size to be removed.

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(ii) Measurement

The area of grubbing shall be measured in square metres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate shall be full compensation for labour, equipment, tools and transport re-
quired to carry out the prescribed works.

3.5 Supply and Apply Weed Killers

(i) Description

The Engineer may request areas to be treated with weed killers.

The product for treatment with weed killer shall be a legalized product accepted by the
Engineer. Workers to spread and/or close to the area to treat shall wear protective
equipment as masks etc. It shall be spread with all sort of caution in order to prevent
contamination, and in accordance with the manufacturer‟s specifications.

(ii) Measurement

The area treated with weed killer shall be measured in square metres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate shall be full compensation for labour, equipment, tools, material and trans-
port required to carry out the prescribed works.

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

4 DE-SILTING of EXISTING DRAINS, CULVERTS and STRUCTURES

General Description
This section is only covering de-silting of existing drains, culverts and structures.
All other drainage works e.g. excavation for new drains, construction of culverts and new
structures are described in section 8, Drainage Works.

It shall also be underlined that de-silting of side drains on the unpaved roads shall only
apply on locations where grading and shaping has been undertaken, as the grading and
reshaping of the unpaved roads include reshaping of the side drains, see section 2.5 and
2.7.

The condition of the road and its lifetime is depending of a well functioning drainage sys-
tem.
The following drainage elements shall therefore be maintained.
 Side Drains
 Mitre drains
 Catch water Drains
 Culvert inlets/outlets
 Culverts/Structures

Measurement and payment for drains there is a distinction between „Light‟ de-silting with
depth of deposits not exceeding 0.20 m and „Heavy‟ de-silting with depth of deposit ex-
ceeding 0.20 m.

4.1 Side Drains

(i) Description

Deposited material such as silt and other obstructions shall be removed from the side
drains as directed by the Engineer. Material is to be removed to a place where it can no
longer cause silting and obstruct the free flow water such as the downhill side of the road
or to a suitable location as directed by the Engineer. On completion of de-silting the origi-
nal drainage profile should be fully restored.

4.1.1 Light De-Silting of Side Drains (depth not exceeding 0.20 m)

(ii) Measurement

The quantity of side drain de-silting undertaken shall be measured in linear metres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate per linear metre of side drain de-silting shall be full compensation for labour,
equipment and transport necessary to carry out the prescribed works including all excava-
tion to specific lines and levels and haulage and unloading where directed.

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4.1.2 Heavy De-Silting of Side Drains (depth exceeding 0.20 m)

(ii) Measurement

The quantity of side drain de-silting undertaken shall be measured in cubic metres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate per linear metre of side drain de-silting shall be full compensation for labour,
equipment and transport necessary to carry out the prescribed works including all excava-
tion to specific lines and levels and haulage and unloading where directed.

4.2 Mitre Drains

(i) Description

Deposited materials and other obstructions shall be removed from mitre/catch-water

drains as directed by the Engineer. Excavated materials is to be removed to the down hill
side of the drain profile and shall be shaped to a trapezoidal section as per the original
cross section or according to the directions provided by the Engineer. On completion of
de-silting the original drainage profile should be fully restored.

4.2.1 Light De-Silting of Mitre Drains (depth not exceeding 0.20 m)

(ii) Measurement

The quantity of Mitre drain de-silting undertaken shall be measured in linear metres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate per linear metre of mitre drain de-silting shall be full compensation for la-
bour, equipment and transport necessary to carry out the prescribed works including all
excavation to specific lines and levels and haulage and unloading where directed.

4.2.2 Heavy De-Silting of Mitre Drains (depth exceeding 0.20 m)

(ii) Measurement

The quantity of Mitre drain de-silting undertaken shall be measured in cubic metres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate per linear metre of mitre drain de-silting shall be full compensation for la-
bour, equipment and transport necessary to carry out the prescribed works including all
excavation to specific lines and levels and haulage and unloading where directed.

4.3 Catch Water Drains

(i) Description

Deposited materials and other obstructions shall be removed from mitre/catch-water

drains as directed by the Engineer. Excavated materials is to be removed to the down hill

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

side of the drain profile and shall be shaped to a trapezoidal section as per the original
cross section or according to the directions provided by the Engineer. On completion of
de-silting the original drainage profile should be fully restored.

4.3.1 Light De-Silting of Catchwater Drains (depth not exceeding 0.20 m)

(ii) Measurement

The quantity of Catchwater drain de-silting undertaken shall be measured in linear me-
tres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate per linear metre of catchwater drain de-silting shall be full compensation for
labour, equipment and transport necessary to carry out the prescribed works including all
excavation to specific lines and levels and haulage and unloading where directed.

4.3.2 Heavy De-Silting of Catchwater Drains (depth exceeding 0.20 m)

(ii) Measurement

The quantity of Catchwater drain de-silting undertaken shall be measured in cubic metres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate per linear metre of catchwater drain de-silting shall be full compensation for
labour, equipment and transport necessary to carry out the prescribed works including all
excavation to specific lines and levels and haulage and unloading where directed.

4.4 De–silting/clearing of Culverts inlet/outlets

(i) Description

Both the inlet and outlet of culvert structures shall be free of silt, vegetation and other
obstructions, and where required material should be excavated to return the drains to
their original profile. Structure inlets/outlets are defined as area covering the structure
opening plus one metre either side, or, the area between the ends of the wing-walls
(which ever is the greatest) and extending for a distance of 20 linear metres up and down
stream. As directed by the Engineer material is to be removed to a place where it can no
longer cause silting.

(ii) Measurement

The quantity of excavated material in its original position shall be measured in cubic me-
tres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate per cubic metre shall be full compensation for labour, materials, equipment
and transport required to carry out the prescribed works, including excavation to lines
and levels specified and loading, haulage and unloading where directed.

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

4.5 De-silting/Clearing of Culverts/Structures

(i) Description

Structures should be free from obstructions such as silt, vegetation or other deposited
material throughout their length. Material is to be removed to a location specified by the
Engineer where it can no longer cause silting or obstruct the free flow of water.

(ii) Measurement

The quantity of excavated material in its original position shall be measured in cubic me-
tres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate per cubic metre shall be full compensation for labour, materials, equipment
and transport required to carry out the prescribed works, including excavation to lines
and levels specified and loading, haulage and unloading directed.

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

5 PAVED ROAD MAINTENANCE

The works described in this section 5 refer to the maintenance works on paved roads and
include preparing of potholes for patching, filling of potholes with different sort of materi-
als, surface dressing and asphalt works in accordance with these specifications and in
conformity with the lines, grades and dimensions as shown on the drawings or as directed
by the Engineer.

5.1 Prepare Potholes for Patching

Repair of potholes consist of preparing the potholes by removing of materials and then re-
fill the holes with selected materials and finish with bituminous premix or a surface dress-
ing. For small (in depth) potholes are filled up only with bituminous premix.
This section describes the preparation of potholes and the different materials used for re-
filling. The bituminous premix is described in section 5.3.

The selected materials used for filling will depend on those present in the existing road
pavement. The following are acceptable.

Existing Material Repair Material

Gravel Similar to existing

Cement stabilised Graded crushed rock plus fines, soil cement or

Lime Stabilised lime or premix macadam
Crushed stone
Bitumen Macadam, etc.
Table 1

In the following the work activities in connection with pothole patching is described.

 Prepare Pothole for Patching

 Fill Pothole with selected Granular Base Material
 Fill Pothole with Gravel Material
 Fill Pothole with Crushed Stone Base Material
 Fill Pothole with Cement Stabilized of Base Material
 Fill Pothole with Lime Stabilised Base materials
 Fill pothole with Bituminous Premix

Prepare Pothole for Patching

(i) Description

As directed by the Engineer, remove failed area completely and cut back road to sound
material removing any standing water. If necessary deepen hole to solid ground. The
sides and bottom of the hole should be squared off to provide a firm coherent surface.
The sides should be dressed so that they are vertical and the bottom of the hole such that
it is flat and horizontal. The bottom of the hole shall be compacted and a tack coat of hot
80/100 penetration grade bitumen applied to the bottom and all sides of the prepared
hole. The pothole shall be approved by the Engineer before patching. All unsuitable mate-

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

rial should be removed away from the road and disposed as directed by the Engineer.
Material should not be placed in a position that is likely to interfere with the road drainage
system.

Payment for preparing potholes for patching shall be included in the pay item for patching
material, see section 5.2-5.6

5.2 Fill Pothole with selected Granular base material

(i) Description

The newly prepared pothole shall be filled with selected granular material and compacted
to a depth of 30 or 50 mm below the surface of the existing sealed pavement layer unless
otherwise specified by the Engineer. The area to be repaired should be sprinkled with wa-
ter, in addition the fill material may require dampening to achieve the required compac-
tion as detailed in Table 2.1, section 2.3. The OMC will be established on site by the
RM‟s Soils Laboratory. The patch shall be filled in layers of 50-70 mm with each layer
compacted with hand rammers or a plate vibrating compactor.
The granular base material shall be G45 or better. A G45 is natural gravel with nominal
CBR value of minimum 45

The requirements for G45 materials is as below:

Material class G45

Material properties CML Tests Coral rock, calcrete or other pe-
General requirements
dogenic materials
CBR: CML1.11
CBR (%) wet or moderate cli-
Minimum 45 after 4 days soaking 2)
matic zones 1)
CBR (%), dry climatic zones 1) Minimum 45 at OMC and also minimum 25 after 4 days soaking 2)
CBR-swell (%) Maximum 0.5 measured at BS-Heavy compaction
Atterberg limits: 3)
Climatic zone 1) Wet or moderate Dry Wet Dry or moderate
Max Liquid CML1.2 40 45 45 50
Max Plasticity Index CML1.3 14 18 16 20
Max Linear Shrinkage CML1.4 7 9 8 10
Grading: CML1.7
Requirements: Grading modulus, GM shall be minimum 1.5
1) The climatic zones for the project, or respective parts of the project, shall be in accordance with
the Drawings or Special Specification or as directed by the Engineer.
2) CBR values shall be measured at the specified field density for the layer
3) It is emphasized that the Atterberg limit shall be measured according to the CML test methods
1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow British Standard (BS) procedures and utilize BS equip-
ment. Other laboratory test procedures and equipment do not give comparable results and shall
not be used unless proper correlation to CML/BS has been carried cut to the satisfaction of the
Engineer.
Table 5.2.1 G45 specifications
CML: central Materials Laboratory

(ii) Measurement:

The measurement for the potholes shall be the volume in cubic metres of compacted ma-
terial in place.

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

(iii) Payment.

The unit rate for potholes shall be full compensation for the preparation of the pothole
according to section 5.1, removal of unsuitable material, curing, provision and placing of
all materials, compaction, all labour, equipment and transport and all incidentals neces-
sary to carry out the work prescribed.

5.3 Fill Pot hole with Natural Gravel Bas Material

(i) Description

The newly prepared pothole shall be filled with natural gravel base material and com-
pacted to a depth of 30 or 50 mm below the surface of the existing sealed pavement layer
unless otherwise specified by the Engineer. The gravel material meet the requirements for
above G45 in accordance standard specifications for major Works 2000.
The area to be repaired should be sprinkled with water, in addition the fill material may
require damping to achieve the required compaction as detailed in Table 2.1, section
2.3. The OMC will be established on site by the RM‟s Soils Laboratory. The patch shall be
filled in layers of 50-70 mm with each layer compacted with hand rammers or a plate
vibrating compactor.

(ii) Measurement:

The measurement for the potholes shall be the volume in cubic metres of compacted ma-
terial in place.

(iii) Payment.

The unit rate for potholes shall be full compensation for the preparation of the pothole
according to section 5.1, removal of unsuitable material, curing, provision and placing of
all materials, compaction, all labour, equipment, transport and all incidentals necessary
to carry out the work prescribed.

5.4 Fill Pothole with Crushed Stone base material

(i) Description

The newly prepared pothole shall be filled with crushed stone material and compacted to
a depth of 30 or 50 mm below the surface of the existing sealed pavement layer unless
otherwise specified by the Engineer. The area to be repaired should be sprinkled with wa-
ter, in addition the fill material may require damping to achieve the required compaction
as detailed below. The OMC will be established on site by the RM‟s Soils Laboratory. The
patch shall be filled in layers of 50-70 mm with each layer compacted with hand rammers
or a plate vibrating compactor.
The Crushed Stone material can either be CRS or CRR meeting the requirements shown in
the tables next pages.

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The crushed stone CRS shall meet the below requirements:

Material properties CML Tests Material class: CRS
Atterberg limits: 1)
Max Liquid limit CML 1.2 35
Max Linear Shrinkage CML 1.4 4
Grading: CML 1.7
Grading limits – CRS
Sieve size (mm) (% passing sieve)
Coarse type Fine type
50 100
37.5 90-100 100
28 75-95 90-100
20 60-90 65-95
10 40-75 40-70
5 29-65 29-52
2 20-45 20-40
1.18 17-40 15-33
0.425 12-31 10-24
0.075 5-12 4-12
Particle strength and shape:
Minimum TFV dry CML 2.7 110KN
Ratio dry to soaked value of TFVsoaked shall be minimum 60% of the corresponding
TFV CML 2.7 TFVdry value
Maximum flakiness index CML 2.4 35%
Nominal value minimum 100% MDD of BS-Heavy compac-
Minimum field density CML 1.9
tion

1) It is emphasized that the Atterberg limit shall be measured according to the CML test meth-
ods 1.2 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow British Standard (BS) procedures and utilize BS
equipment. Other laboratory test procedures and equipment do not give comparable results
and shall not be used unless proper correlation to CML/BS has been carried cut to the sati s-
faction of the Engineer.
Table 5.4.1 Requirements for Crushed stone CRS

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The crushed stone CRR shall meet the below requirements:

Material properties CML Tests Material class: CRR
Atterberg limits: 1)
Max Liquid limit CML 1.2 30
Max Linear Shrinkage CML 1.4 3
Grading: CML 1.7
Grading limits – CRR
Sieve size (mm) (% passing sieve)
Coarse type Fine type
37.5 100
28 87-97 100
20 75-90 87-97
10 52-68 62-77
5 38-55 44-62
2 23-40 27-45
1.18 18-33 22-38
0.425 11-24 13-27
0.075 4-12 5-27
Particle strength and shape:
Minimum TFV dry CML 2.7 110KN
Ratio dry to soaked value of TFVsoaked shall be minimum 75% of the corresponding
TFV CML 2.7 TFVdry value
Maximum flakiness index CML 2.4 35%
Nominal value minimum 88% MDD of BS-Heavy compac-
Minimum field density CML 1.9
tion 2)
1) It is emphasized that the Atterberg limit shall be measured according to the CML test meth-
ods 1.2 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow British Standard (BS) procedures and utilize BS
equipment. Other laboratory test procedures and equipment do not give comparable results
and shall not be used unless proper correlation to CML/BS has been carried cut to the sat-
isfaction of the Engineer.
2) The Engineer may allow that the BS-Heavy compaction is used as reference value with a
minimum nominal field density of 100% MDD of BS-Heavy.
Table 5.4.2 Requirements for Crushed stone CRR

(ii) Measurement:

The measurement for the potholes shall be the volume in cubic metres of compacted ma-
terial in place.

(iii) Payment.

Pay item 5.4.1 and 5.4.2 for Crushed stone base material RCS and CRR respectively.
The unit rate for potholes shall be full compensation for the preparation of the pothole
according to section 5.1, removal of unsuitable material, curing, provision and placing of
all materials, compaction, all labour, equipment and transport and all incidentals neces-
sary to carry out the work prescribed.

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

5.5 Fill Pothole with Cement and Lime Stabilized Base Material

(i) Description

Once a pothole has been prepared for patching (Section 5.1) and where required by the
Engineer, cement or lime stabilized base coarse material shall be placed and compacted
to a depth of 30 or 50 mm below the surface of the existing sealed pavement layer unless
otherwise directed by the Engineer.

The materials are classified according to their nominal unconfined compression strength
(UCS):
C2: stabilised material with a nominal UCS value of minimum 2 MPa
C1: stabilised material with a nominal UCS value of minimum 1 MPa
CM: stabilised material with a nominal UCS value of minimum 0,5 MPa

The requirements for materials before and after treatment are given blow:
Material class
Material Properties CML Tests
C2 C1 CM
After stabilization:
Minimum UCS (Mpa) CML 1.21) 1) 2 1 0.5
Plasticity index (%) CML 1.2 and 1.3 2) Maximum 8
Before stabilization: 3)
CBR (%) soaked at 95% MDD of BS-
Minimum 30 Minimum 20 (no requirement)
Heavy (%) CML 1.11
Plasticity index (%) CML 1.2 and 1.3 2) Maximum 20 Maximum 25 Maximum 35
Aggregate strength TFVdry CML 2.7 Minimum 50 kN (no requirement) (no requirement)
Grading modulus, GM CML 1.7 Minimum 1.5 Minimum 1.2 (no requirement)
Max. particle size CML 1.7 2/3 of compacted layer thickness

1) The unconfined compression strength (UCS) shall be measured after 7 days curing and 4 days
soaking in accordance with laboratory test CML 1.21
2) It is emphasized that the Atterberg limit shall be measured according to the CML test methods 1.2
1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow British Standard (BS) procedures and utilize BS equipment.
Other laboratory test procedures and equipment do not give comparable results and shall not be
used unless proper correlation to CML/BS has been carried cut to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
3) The content of organic matter should preferably not exceed 0.5%. 1% and 2% for C2, C1 and CM
materials respectively.

Table 5.5.1 requirements for stabilized materials

GM shall be calculated as follows:

GM = (3 – (% pass 2mm + % pass 0.425 mm+ % pass 0.075 mm)/100)
The Engineer shall identify the source of material to be stabilized for base course use. The
material shall then be excavated and crushed to a fine tilt.
The rate of cement or lime to add shall be decided by testing or as directed by the Engi-
neer.

The selected material and cement or lime shall then be mixed to form a homogenous mix.
To this mixture water should be added until the optimum moisture content (OMC) for
compaction is reached and again mixed to form a consistent material. The OMC will be
determined on site by the RM‟s Materials Laboratory.

Within one hour of the addition and mixing of the required amount of cement or lime and
water the material has to be placed in the prepared pothole with compaction undertaken
in order to meet the above requirements.
The mixing operation should therefore be carried out close to the pothole.

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

Immediately after compaction, the premix surfacing layer (section 5.1.6 below) should be
placed. If however, this is not to be carried out, the contractor must prohibit traffic cross-
ing the stabilised material and “cure” (cover with a blinder and sprinkle with water) the
patch such time as surfacing material is placed or spray the surface of the stabilised ma-
terial with bitumen emulsion or cut back asphalt to form a “vapour layer” and sand this
layer. Prior to spraying the vapour layer the stabilised material should be sprinkled with
water to prevent excessive penetration of bitumen into the base.

(ii) Measurement:

The measurement for the potholes shall be the volume in cubic metres of compacted ma-
terial in place.

(iii) Payment.

The unit rate for potholes shall be full compensation for the preparation of the pothole
according to section 5.1, removal of unsuitable material, curing, provision and placing of
all materials, compaction, all labour, equipment and transport and all incidentals neces-
sary to carry out the work prescribed.

The Pay Item for cement and lime stabilised base material is the following:

5.5.1 Fill Pothole with Cement Stabilised Base Material

5.5.2 Fill Pothole with Lime Stabilised Base Material

5.6 Potholes filled with Bituminous Premix

(i) Description

Patching of potholes with bituminous premix is required when the existing pavement sur-
face material is premix or surface dressings which have built up to several centimetres in
thickness. Below the bituminous premix other materials (see section 5.2-5.5 above) have
been built in.
For smaller potholes (in depth) the Engineer can require the potholes patched only with
bituminous premix.

The bituminous premix materials to be used appear in the Table below. Any divergence
from the specification must be agreed in writing with the Engineer prior to commence-
ment of the contract works.

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

REQUIREMENTS FOR PREMIXED MACADAM USED FOR PATCHING MATERIAL

14 mm nominal size

BS Sieve % passing
(mm)
20 100
14 90-100
10 55-75
6.3 25-45
3.35 15-25
75 um 2-6
Binder Content 4-5%
Table 5.6.1
The binder to be used for premix patching is to be 80/100 penetration grade bitumen.
Mixing of premix material must be carried out with a mixer although in some cases hand
mixing may be acceptable. Prior to the addition of bitumen heated to about 1500 centi-
grade, the aggregates should be heated (until hot to hold in the hand) so as to improve
mix-ability and workability of the pre-mixed material. Where mixing is carried out by
hand, the mixing surface must be free from dirt and dust and the material able to be
mixed thoroughly. At no time shall mixing be carried out on bare ground.

The sides and base of the prepared patch should be lightly coated with hot 80/100 pene-
tration grade bitumen binder to provide a good bond for the fill material. The premix ma-
terial must be placed in the hole to a minimum compacted depth of the completed patch
should be slightly higher (minimum of 3 mm) than the existing road surface so as permit
final compaction by traffic.

Measurement and payment for potholes filled with bituminous premix is divided into 3
items
1. pothole filled only with bituminous premix (used for shallow potholes)
2. upper 30 mm bituminous premix in pothole
3. upper 50 mm bituminous premix in pothole

5.6.1 Pothole filled with bituminous premix

(ii) Measurement:

The measurement for the potholes shall be the volume in cubic metres of compacted ma-
terial in place.

(iii) Payment.

The unit rate for potholes shall be full compensation for the preparation of the pothole
according to section 5.1, removal of unsuitable material, curing, provision and placing of
all materials, compaction, all labour, equipment and transport and all incidentals neces-
sary to carry out the work prescribed

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

5.6.2 Pothole filled with upper 30 mm bituminous premix

(ii) Measurement:

The measurement for the upper layer of premix in the potholes shall be the area in
square metres of compacted material in place.

(iii) Payment.

The unit rate for potholes shall be full compensation for curing, provision and placing of
all materials, compaction, all labour, equipment and transport and all incidentals neces-
sary to carry out the work prescribed

5.6.3 Pothole filled with upper 50 mm bituminous premix

(ii) Measurement:

The measurement for the upper layer of premix in the potholes shall be the area in
square metres of compacted material in place.

(iii) Payment.

The unit rate for potholes shall be full compensation for curing, provision and placing of
all materials, compaction, all labour, equipment and transport and all incidentals neces-
sary to carry out the work prescribed.

5.7 Provision of Prime Coat on base Layer (MC30 or MC 70)

(i) Description

This activity involves sealing a newly prepared granular base layer surface.

The area involves sealing primed surface using low viscosity medium curing Cut Back Bi-
tumen (MC 30 or MC 70) which is sprayed on to the surface of the base material at a rate
of approximately 0.9 l/m2. The surface should be left for minimum of 24 hours to allow
the primer to penetrate into the base material. After this time there should be no pools of
excess bitumen on the surface. If the initial base layer surface is damp then penetration
of the primer will be improved.

(ii) Measurement

The total area of primed base will be measured in square metres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate for priming shall be full compensation for labour, materials, equipment and
transport required to carry out the prescribed works including preparation. Provision of
the prime coat shall be paid only after the same has been covered with the first seal coat.

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

5.8 Provision of re-sealing Surfacing Layer (Repairs to Existing

Pavements)

(i) Description

The treatment is required to repair an area of cracking or where the surface dressing has
broken up. The Engineer will define the extent of the work with all areas to the treated
clearly marked with paint. The area shall be cleaned with brooms or compressed air and
dry prior to the application of re-sealing. A layer of binder or tack coat shall be distributed
evenly using spray lance or watering cans.

The approximate rates of application are as follows: 1.5 It/m2 for sealing areas
of cracking and 1.2 It/m2 for local surface repairs.

The types of binders that are acceptable are 55% bitumen emulsions, MC 3000 Cut Back
Bitumen or penetration grade 80/100 Bitumen.

The area of binder should be sealed with stone chipping or in some circumstances coarse
sand. The approximate rate of application of chipping should be sufficient to achieve full
coverage of the binder; examples are given under Section 5.9 below.

The chipping for surface dressing have to be single size crushed rock, roughly cubical in
shape, clean and free from dust, strong and durable. The rate application for binder and
aggregate may vary depending on local conditions and material; the Engineer will advise
where necessary.

After the application of binder and chipping the area must be compacted with a mechani-
cal roller; preferably four to six ton in weight and rubber tyred. Excess chipping must be
removed at a latter date after trafficking.

In some circumstances, and as directed by the Engineer, the surface layer may require
building up by repeated layers of re-sealing. In such circumstance the size of aggregate
will range from 6-20 mm and be applied in single size layers.

(ii) Measurement

The total area resealed will be measured in square metres. For double or triple sealed
areas, each layer will be measured individually.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate for sealing shall be full compensation for labour, materials, equipment and
transport required to carry out the prescribed works including, preparation, heating,
spraying, spreading and compactions the removal of excess material if so required.

5.8.1 Resealing Surface Layer – Single Seal

Description, measurement and payment see above, section 5.8.

5.8.2 Resealing Surface Layer – Double Seal

Description, measurement and payment see above, section 5.8.

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 Standard Specification for Maintenance Works

5.9 Provision of New Surface Dressing Layer (New Pavement Works)

(i) Description

Once the surface has been primed (section 5.7) a suitable binder such as MC 800 and MC
3000 Cut Backs. 180/200 or 80/100 penetration grade Bitumen‟s shall be applied at an
approximate rate of 1.3 It/m2. The area of binder shall be sealed with stone chipping. The
approximate rate of application of chipping is given below.

Table 5.8.1: APPLICATION RATE VARIOUS SIZES OF AGGREGATE CHIPPING

2
Size of Chipping – mm Rate of Spread - Kg/m
6 8
8 10
10 12
12 13
14 14
20 18

The chipping have to be single size crushed rock, roughly cubical in shape, clean free
from dust, dry, strong and durable.

The actual application rates of binder and aggregate may vary depending on local condi-
tions and materials; the Engineer will advise where necessary.

After application of the binder and chipping the area must be compacted with a mechani-
cal roller, preferable four to six tones in weight and rubber tyred.

For double surface treated bases the second layer should be deferred for at least two
days, however, the second layer may be placed immediately with the written approval of
the Engineer. The size of the second layer shall differ from the initial layer by 50%. Prior
to placing of the second layer the area shall be clean and dry. Again a layer of binder shall
be sprayed into the surface at a rate of approximately 1.1 It/m 2 and sealed with the
specified size of chipping. The surface shall then be immediately rolled.

Note: Excess chipping must be removed at a later date after trafficking.

(ii) Measurement

The total area of new surface dressing will be measured in square metres and no separate
measurement will be made for alternate layers.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate for new surface dressing shall be full compensation for labour, materials,
equipment and transport required to carry out the prescribed works including preparation,
heating, spraying, spreading and compaction together with the removal of excess mate-
rial if so required.

5.9.1 New Surface Dressing Layer – Single Seal

Description, measurement and payment see above, section 5.9.

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5.9.2 New Surface Dressing Layer – Double Seal

Description, measurement and payment see above, section 5.9.

5.10 Levelling of existing asphalt surface

This section covers works in connection with levelling an uneven surface of a new bitumi-
nous asphalt concrete layer.

Where the road surface is uneven or contains slacks, bumps or minor rutting caused by
deformation of the pavement layers, but not by failure of these layers, the surface shall
undergo a treatment to levelling the surface.

(i) Description

The surface to be treated shall, after having been cleaned and prepared, be given a tack
coat of 30% bitumen emulsion at rates directed by the Engineer.
Asphalt shall consist of medium or fine–grade asphalt surfacing mix with 6 % of 80/100
penetration-grade bitumen and 1.0% active filler. The actual composition of the mix shall
be as dictated by the required thickness of the asphalt layer or as directed by the Engi-
neer.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for the tack coat shall be the litre of emulsion applied measured
at spraying temperature.
The unit of measurement for levelling of existing asphalt surface shall be the tonne or
cubic metre of asphalt laid in accordance with the instruction from the Engineer or shown
on the drawings.
The unit of measurement will be described in the Special Specifications or directed by the
Engineer.

(iii) Payment

The pay items will then be:

5.10.1 Tack Coat

The bid rate for tack coat shall include full compensation for procuring, furnishing and
applying the tack coat and demarcating the areas to be sprayed, and for all incidentals
necessary to complete as specified.

5.10.2 Levelling of existing asphalt surface

The bid rate for levelling of existing asphalt surface shall include full compensation for
procuring, furnishing and mixing of all the materials required for applying the asphalt, and
for all transport and other incidentals necessary to complete the work as specified.

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5.11 New Asphalt Concrete (AC) Layer

This section covers works in connection with construction of a new bituminous asphalt
concrete layer.

(i) Description

Materials:
Bituminous binders shall comply with the specifications in the below Table.
Type of binder Specification
Penetration grade bitumen AASHTO designation M20-70
Cutback bitumen AASHTO designation M82-75
Bitumen emulsions anionic AASHTO designation M140-88
Bitumen emulsions cationic AASHTO designation M208-96

Aggregates and mix design requirements for continuously graded asphalt con-
crete surfacing (AC20 AC14, AC10):
Strength: The TFV of the course aggregate used in asphalt concrete surfacing, when de-
termined in accordance with CML Method 2.7 or equivalent, shall not be less than 110 kN.
The wet/dry strength ratio shall not be less than 75%.

Absorption: When tested in accordance with CML Method 3.9 or equivalent, the water
absorption of the course aggregate shall not exceed 2% by mass.

Grading: The grading of the combined aggregate including any filler added in an approved
working mix shall be within the limits stated in the table below for the respective mixes.
The approved grading shall de designated as the target grading. The mean grading of
each lot of the working mix ( minimum of 6 tests per lot) determined from samples ob-
tained in a stratified random sampling procedure, shall conform to the approval target
grading within the tolerances specified in the table xx below.

Design requirements: The Contractor shall, by conducting the necessary tests, prove to
the satisfaction of the Engineer that he will be able to produce a mixture meeting the
design requirements in table below, using the aggregate he propose to supply, within the
limits specified.

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Table 5.11.1: GRADING LIMITS FOR COMBINED AGGREGATE AND MIX PROPOR-
TIONS FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE SURFACING (CML TEST NUMBER)

Sieve size (mm) Asphalt Concrete,

CML 1.7 Continuously graded
AC20 AC14 AC10
28 100
20 80-100 100
14 60-80 85-100 100
10 50-70 72-94 85-100
5.0 36-56 52-72 56-72
2.36 28-44 37-55 38-57
1.18 20-34 26-41 27-42
0.600 15-27 16-28 18-32
0.300 10-20 12-20 13-23
0.150 5-13 8-15 9-16
0.075 2-6 4-10 4-10
Aggregate 96% 94.5% 94%
Bitumen 5% 5.5% 6%
content *
CML 3.5
The nominal bitumen content is for bidding purposes. Exact percentage to use shall be de-
termined after the Engineer’s approval of mix design and result of field trials. The type of bi-
tumen shall be 60/70 or 40/50 penetration grade or according to the Special Specifications or
as directed by the Engineer.

Table 5.11.2: DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE SURFACING

Property of mixture and laboratory test method (CML Asphalt Concrete, continuously
test number) graded, (AC20, AC14, AC10)

Marshall flow (mm) CML 3.18 2-4

Marshall stability (Newton), all severely loaded areas *) Minimum 9000
CML 3.18
Marshall stability (Newton), Traffic Load Class TLC20 8000 – 18000
and TLC50 *) CML 3.18
Marshall stability (Newton), Traffic Load Class TLC10 7000 – 15000
and TLC3 *) CML 3.18
Marshall stability (Newton), Traffic Load Class TLC1 4000 – 10000
and lower *) CML 3.18
Air voids (%) CML 3.18 36
Voids in Mineral Aggregate (%) CML 3.18 For AC20
Minimum 14
For AC14
Minimum 15
For AC10
Minimum 16
Requirement after refusal laboratory compaction (se- Air voids shall be minimum 3%
verely loaded areas only) CML 3.20 *)
0
Indirect tensile strength (kPa) CML 3.21 Minimum 800 tested at 25 C
Immersion index (%) CML 3.21 3–6
*) The appropriate Traffic Load Class, and whether requirements for severely loaded areas
apply to any location, shall be as given in the drawing or Special Specifications. Where such
information is not given, the decision of the Engineer shall apply

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Table 5.11.3: AGGREGATE AND FILLER GRADING FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE SUR-
FACING
Size of aggregate: Permissible deviation from the approved
Material passing through the following target grading
sieves (mm)
37.5 ±4.0
28 ±4.0
20 ±5.0
14 ±5.0
10 ±5.0
6.3 ±5.0
5 ±4.0
2.00 ±4.0
1.18 ±4.0
0.600 ±4.0
0.300 ±4.0
0.150 ±3.0
0.075 ±1.5

Before placing the asphalt concrete the surface shall be cleaned and a tack coat shall be
applied to the surface to be paved. The tack coat shall consist of a stable-grade bitumi-
nous emulsion diluted to have a 30% bitumen content and shall be applied at a rate of
0.55 l/m2 or as directed by the Engineer.

The asphalt concrete layer shall be mixed and placed in accordance with all standard and
normal procedures and within the tolerances for asphalt works and to the satisfaction of
the Engineer.
The Contractor shall provide all necessary documentation for his work in relation to mate-
rials, execution and the final product.

(ii) Measurement

The measurement shall either be the square metres or cubic metres as defined below.

Square metres: The unit of measurement for asphalt concrete shall be the square metres
constructed to the thickness specified, compacted on the road as specified, calculated as
the length instructed to be laid and the compacted cross-section width shown on the
drawings or as instructed by the Engineer.

Cubic metres: The unit of measurement for asphalt concrete shall be the cubic metres
constructed, compacted on the road as specified, calculated as the thickness specified,
the length instructed to be laid and the compacted cross-section width shown on the
drawings or as instructed by the Engineer

(iii) Payment

The bid rate for asphalt concrete shall include for procuring, preparing the surface to the
satisfaction of the Engineer, providing, heating, drying or adding water as required, mix-
ing, transporting, laying and compacting the mix in accordance with the specifications and
to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The rate shall also include for process control testing,
protecting and maintaining the work and all materials including tack coat.

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5.12 Crack sealing

(i) Description

This is used where single cracks have occurred. The aim is to fill the cracks as completely
as possible with bituminous binder to keep out water.

The cracks shall be blown clean with compressed air ´, and all foreign and loose material
shall be removed from the cracks, so that cracks and surrounding road surface are clean
and dry. Distribution of the binder should be by spray lance or watering can. The nozzle
or spout must be held close to the road surface. The width of spread should be kept as
small as possible.

Allowable binder is 80/100 penetration grade Bitumen. The sealed crack shall be blinded
with crushed rock fines or sand to ensure a smooth tack-free surface.

(ii) Measurement

The total linear metre of crack sealed will be measured.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate will be full compensation for labour, equipment and transport necessary to
carry out prescribed works including preparation, heating of bitumen (if necessary),
spraying and supply and spreading of binder

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6. OTHER ROAD WORKS

6.1 Milling of surface layer

(i) Description

When directed by the Engineer the contractor shall remove irregularities in the surface by
milling. The Contractor shall follow the instruction from the Engineer regarding surface
and depth for milling.
The milled material shall be removed from the site to a placed directed by the Engineer.

(ii) Measurement

Measurement shall be the square metres milled area.

(iii) Payment

The rate for milling shall be the full compensation for labour, equipment, milling, removal
of materials and transport necessary to carry out the works prescribed .

6.2 Humps and Rumble Strips

(i) Description

The main purpose with humps is to reduce speed, and rumble strips are used to alert
drivers of a hazard ahead.
Humps and rumble strips shall be placed as shown on the drawings or as directed by the
Engineer.
The geometric design and other details are shown on the drawings.
The Humps and Rumble strips can either be constructed in asphalt concrete or concrete.
The rumble strips are normally placed in groups with 4 strips each.

The asphalt concrete used for humps and rumble strips shall meet the requirements given
in section 5.11.

The concrete used for humps and rumble strips shall meet the requirements given in sec-
tion 8.8.

6.2.1 AC Humps

(ii) Measurement

Humps shall be measured in linear metres across the road when drawings are available in
project.
Humps shall be measured in cubic metres if drawings are not available in the project.

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(iii) Payment

The unit rate per linear metre or cubic metre of humps shall be full compensation for la-
bour, equipment, materials and transport necessary to carry out works as described and
implied including placing to correct lines and levels and compaction

6.2.2 Concrete Humps

Measurement and payment as for AC Humps- section 6.2.1, above.

6.2.3 AC Rumble Strips

(ii) Measurement

Rumble strips shall be measured in linear metres across the road. The length of each strip
in a group of rumble strips shall be included in the total length.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate per linear metre of rumble strips shall be full compensation for labour,
equipment, materials and transport necessary to carry out works as described and implied
including placing to correct lines and levels and compaction

6.2.4 Concrete Rumble Strips

Measurement and payment as for AC Rumble strips, section 6.2.3, above.

6.3 Edge stone Repair

(i) Description

Edge repair is carried out either with concrete blocks or similar or with cast in situ con-
crete.
Similar material to concrete block shall be approved by the Engineer.
Edge repair shall be carried out as detailed in the standard drawings, to existing lines and
levels or as directed by the Engineer.

Any concrete placed prefabricated or cast in situ shall comply with the requirements as in
section 8.8.

6.3.1 Edge stone repair with concrete blocks

(ii) Measurement

The linear metres of new edging will be measured.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate shall be full compensation for all labour, materials, equipment and transport
required to carry out the prescribed work including shaping of subgrade.

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6.3.2 Edge stone repair with cast in situ concrete

(ii) Measurement

The linear metres of new edging will be measured.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate shall be full compensation for all labour, materials, equipment and transport
required to carry out the prescribed work including shaping of subgrade.

6.4 Kerb Stone Replacement

(i) Description

Any damaged kerb stone as directed by the Engineer shall be replaced by a new kerb
stone.
If convenient the Engineer may ask the Contractor to repair kerb stone. In such case the
works is paid as day works.

The contractor shall excavate behind the kerb stone and cut asphalt in front of the kerb
stone necessary to carry out a proper work. The damaged kerb stone shall be removed
and transported together with the asphalt to an approved stockpile with a written per-
mission of the Engineer.
A new prefabricated concrete kerb stone shall be laid or cast in situ kerb stone shall be
carried out in place of the removed kerb stone and with the support behind the kerbs, all
in accordance with the details shown on the drawings.

After completing the kerb work the space behind the kerb stone shall be backfilled with
approved material. and compacted in accordance with the requirements in section 2.3. In
front of the kerb stone the space shall be backfilled with bituminous premix in accordance
with section 5.6.

The completed kerbs shall be true to line and elevation and shall have an even and neat
appearance.

(ii) Measurement

Kerb Stone replacement shall be measured in linear metres.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate per linear metre of kerb stone replacement shall be full compensation for
labour, equipment, materials, removal of materials, backfilling, compaction and transport
necessary to carry out works the described and implied including placing to correct lines
and levels.

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6.5 Edge Repair

This section only deals with the extra work and cost which is related to the edge
repair.

(i) Description

Edge damages shall be repaired as for potholes see section 5.1 to 5.6.
The contractor shall assure a solid base on the shoulder for supporting one side of the
pothole.
The area for preparing the repair and the filling material shall be paid under the section
5.2-5.6 for potholes.

(ii)Measurement:

The measurement for the edge repair is the linear metre along the road where the edge
repair shall be carried out.

(iii) Payment.

The unit rate for edge repair is the EXTRA cost for supporting the edge in order to con-
struct a proper pothole.

6.6 Removal of Debris

(i) Description

The road carriageway and shoulders shall be cleaned of all debris such as dead animals,
rocks, sand, mud, and any other material that could cause a hazard to the road user. All
materials shall be moved away from the road formation and disposed off as directed by
the Engineer.

(ii) Payment

The lump sum shall cover full compensation for labour, materials equipment and transport
necessary to carry out the works prescribed.

If removal of debris is paid as dayworks instead of a lump sum, this will be stated in the
Special Specification, and a provisional sum will be included in the BOQ.

6.7 Land slide Removal

(i) Description

Land slide removal will normally be an urgent work to be carried out by the Contractor as
fast as possible.
The Engineer may instruct the Contractor to remove all materials after a land slide.
It is assumed that the material can be removed to areas directed by the Engineer in a
distance of up to 500 m from the position of the land slide material on the road.

For longer distances to deposit the materials the work shall be carried out by dayworks.

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(ii) Measurement

The measurement for land slide removal shall be the volume in cubic metres of materials
removed from the road.
The Contractor and the Engineer shall agree on the quantity of materials before moving it.

(iii) Payment

The unit rate for removal of land slide shall be full compensation for excavating and re-
moval of the material and transporting to area directed by the Engineer, all labour,
equipment and transport necessary to carry out the work prescribed.

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7 ROAD SIGNS and MARKINGS

7.1 Road Signs

i) General

The provision of road signs for roads will generally be limited to signs necessary to denote
sections of road constructed to lower standards of alignment than desirable. These signs
will be confined to the following:
Warning of Sharp Curve Ahead
Warning of Double Curve Ahead
Warning of Narrow Bridge Ahead
Warning of Steep Descent Ahead
Warning of Steep Ascent Ahead
Speed Limit and Warning of Weighbridge Ahead

All signs shall be in the form prescribed in the current Traffic Signs Manual issued by The
Ministry of Infrastructure and Development. The types of sign required and their locations
shall be as shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

(ii) Material

All sign plates shall be constructed of sheet steel, the surface of which shall be free from
rust and scale. The metal shall be not less than 16.S.w. Gauge.

The plates shall be cut accurately to the shapes and sizes prescribed, and the cut edges
shall be treated to give a smooth square finish free from jagged edges. The signs shall be
free from twist; buckle or blemish and the plates shall be substantially a plane surface.

Posts shall be galvanized circular pipes or concrete as shown on the drawings or as speci-
fied in the Special Specifications.

(iii) Finish

The surfaces of all sign plates shall be treated so as to be in condition suitable to receive
a priming coat and two finish coats of approved paint. All signs shall be reflective. The
reflecting materials shall have a durable smooth surface which will not collect or retain
dust. All paints and other materials used shall be of good quality so as not to fade or de-
teriorate unduly when exposed to the atmosphere. All paints shall have a hard, durable
and glossy finish.

(iv) execution
The foundations of the road signs shall be as shown on the drawings or as directed by the
Engineer.
Signs shall be erected at a distance from the edge of the carriageway depending upon the
design standard of the road, as directed by the Engineer, and at a height in accordance
with SATCC Road Traffic Signs Manual. And as directed or shown.

(v) Measurement

The unit of measurement shall be by the number of road signs erected irrespective of the
types listed in i) above.

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(vi) Payment

The rate for each road sign shall include for manufacture of the sign to the requirements
of the Ministry of Works, Traffic Signs Manual, the provision of and fixing to posts or other
supporting structures, transporting to site and excavation for posts and erection of signs
in positions and locations as shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer and all
other work incidental and necessary thereto.

7.2 Marker and Kilometre Posts.

This section covers the supply and erection of following:

7.2.1 Marker Posts

7.2.2 Kilometres Posts
7.2.3 Road Reserve marker Posts

The following description, Measurement and payment apply to all 3 marker posts.

(i) Description

Marker posts, kilometres posts and road reserve marker posts shall be provided as speci-
fied in the special specifications or on the drawings.The posts shall be erected in positions
as indicated in the contract drawings unless otherwise directed by the Engineer and fol-
lowing the standard details.

(ii) Materials

Concrete: As detailed in section 8.8.

Paint:
Paint for marker Posts shall be non-reflectorised road marking paint and conform to the
requirements of AASHTO M248, type F.
The recess in marker posts shall be Codit or a similar approved retro-reflective paint.

(iii) Measurement

The unit of measurement shall be the number of posts supplied and erected in accordance
with the specifications.

(iv) Payment

The unit rate shall be full compensation for supplying all materials and labour, making
and transporting the marker posts, setting out, excavating and backfilling all holes and
disposing of surplus of excavated material, including all haulage, placing and painting the
marker posts and all the equipment, the tools and incidentals necessary for completing
the works described.

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7.3 Road Markings

This section covers the permanent marking of the road surface with white, red or yellow
painted lines or symbols as indicated on the drawings or as specified by the Engineer

(i) Description

The paint might be either retro-reflective road marking paint or thermo-plastic road
marking paint and shall conform to AASHTO M248, type F.
Glass beads shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M247, type 1 or equivalent as
specified in special specifications. Glass beads shall be applied to both type of paint.

Before the paint is applied the surface shall be clean, dry and completely free from any
soil, grease, oil, acid or any other material which will be detrimental to the bond between
the paint and the surface.
Ordinary road marking paint shall be applied at a nominal rate of 0.42 litre/m2 or as di-
rected by the Engineer or as specified in the special specifications. The rate of application
of beads shall be 0.8 kg/litre of paint or as directed by the Engineer.

The contractor shall be responsible for erecting, placing and removing all warning boards ,
flags, cones, barricades and other protective measures which may be necessary in order
to protect the workers during the painting and also to secure the painting against damage
by traffic

The paint shall be applied in lines with the specified wide or surfaces for lettering, sym-
bols, at zebra crossing etc.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for painting line shall be linear metre of the actual length of line
painted, excluding the length of gaps in broken lines.

The unit of measurement for painting the lettering, symbols etc. shall be the square me-
tre, and the quantity to be paid shall be the actual surface area where the paint has been
applied.

(iii) Payment

The bid rate per metre or per square metre as the case may be for painting the road
markings shall include full compensation for procuring and furnishing all material and the
necessary equipment, and for painting, protecting and maintenance as specified, including
setting out

7.3.1 Retro-reflective road marking paint

The measurement and payment is valid for the following pay item:
Pay item 7.3.1.1 Retro-reflective road marking paint – 100 mm wide lines

Pay item 7.3.1.2 Retro-reflective road marking paint – 150 mm wide lines

Pay item 7.3.1.3 Retro-reflective road marking paint – 200 mm wide lines

Pay item 7.3.1.4 Retro-reflective road marking paint – 300 mm wide lines

Pay item 7.3.1.5 Retro-reflective road marking paint – 400 mm wide lines

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Pay item 7.3.1.6 Retro-reflective road marking paint – 450 mm wide lines

Pay item 7.3.1.7 Retro-reflective road marking paint – lettering, symbols etc.

7.3.2 Thermo-plastic road marking paint

The measurement and payment is valid for the following pay item:
Pay item 7.3.2.1 Thermo-plastic road marking paint – 100 mm wide lines

Pay item 7.3.2.2 Thermo-plastic road marking paint – 150 mm wide lines

Pay item 7.3.2.3 Thermo-plastic road marking paint – 200 mm wide lines

Pay item 7.3.2.4 Thermo-plastic road marking paint – 300 mm wide lines

Pay item 7.3.2.5 Thermo-plastic road marking paint – 400 mm wide lines

Pay item 7.3.2.6 Thermo-plastic road marking paint – 450 mm wide lines

Pay item 7.3.2.7 Thermo-plastic road marking paint – lettering, symbols etc.

7.4 Guard Rails

(i) Description of Work

This work shall consist of steel beam-type Guard-rail furnished and erected on wooden,
steel or concrete posts in accordance with these specifications at the locations and design
shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

(ii) Material

The steel beam Guardrail shall be erected on wooden, steel or concrete posts.
The steel beam guardrail and the posts shall be of the type and size shown on the draw-
ings or described in the special Specifications.
Wooden posts shall be grade timber of sound wood, free from decay and subject to the
approval of the Engineer. The posts shall be impregnated with two applications of creo-
sote stain; the first coat being allowed to dry before the second is applied.

Concrete for anchor blocks and posts shall be of the class shown on the drawings and
shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Section 8.8 and reinforcement as pre-
scribed in section 8.9.

Rail elements shall be mild steel of the gauge shown on the drawings and supplied to site
galvanised. Bolts washers and nuts shall also be galvanised.

(iii) Construction

All posts shall be set vertically in the position shown on the drawings and as directed.
Postholes shall be back filled to the ground line with approved material tamped in place in
layers of not more than 100mm.
When end anchorages are required they shall be constructed according to the details
shown on the drawings. The rail shall be erected in a manner that will result in a smooth,
continuous taut rail closely conforming to the line and grade of the road.

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All bolts, except where otherwise required at expansion joints shall be drawn tight. Bolts
shall be sufficiently long to extend at least 6mm beyond the nuts. Except where required
for adjustments, bolts shall not extend more that 12-mm beyond the nuts.

(iv) Measurement

The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of linear meter of Guard-rail completed
and accepted, measured from centre to centre of end posts.

(v) Payment

The rate offered shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materials, includ-
ing all labour, equipment, tools and necessary incidentals.

7.5 Repair Traffic Signals/Street Lights

See Special Specifications

7.6 Poles for Traffic Lights

See Special Specifications

7.7 Poles for Traffic Signals

See Special Specifications

7.8 Cobra Head Traffic Light

See Special Specifications

7.9 Electric Cables

See Special Specifications

7.10 Traffic Signals

See Special Specifications

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8 DRAINAGE WORKS

General
This section is covering all new drainage works e.g. excavation for new drains, construc-
tion of culverts and new structures.
Maintenance work for the existing drains i.e. de-silting of existing drains, culverts and
structures is described in section 4.

The following storm water drainage work consists of excavation of roadside drains in the
preparation of the formation, excavation of mitre drains, catch water drains and outfall
drains, excavations for and the construction of culverts and vented drifts, concrete and
masonry works, stone pitching, gabions, erosion checks and such other ancillary works
necessary for their construction and completion of the works, as may be directed.

In the layout and construction of the drainage systems particular care shall be taken to
avoid conditions which may create soil erosion.

8.1 Open Drains Excavation

(i) Description of Work

8.1.1 Side Drains

Side drains shall generally be constructed simultaneously with the road formation, and
shall be excavated to a minimum invert gradient of 0.5 percent, if possible.

The completed drainage system must be freely operating and trimmed to a neat work-
manlike finish with no ponding. As the invert must follow the road grade as closely as
possible, conditions may arise in soft material on a steep grade that could cause erosion.
The Engineer may, under such conditions, direct that erosion checks be constructed
across the drain to reduce the effective grade of the drain invert to about 4% for highly
erodible natural soils.

Excavation of side drains is normally included in the forming up operation and paid for
under Pay Item No. 2.5 and 2.7.

New side drains shall be constructed when shown on the drawings or when directed by
the Engineer. Such side drain shall be paid for separately.

For measurement and payment see below in this section 8.1.

8.1.2 Mitre Drains

Mitre drains shall be considered as drains constructed at an angle to the centre line of the
road to divert water from the side drains. The size, shape and frequency of mitre drains
are as shown on the drawing or as directed by the Engineer. As a general rule mitre
drains shall be shallow and wide and constructed to the flattest grades consistent with
efficient discharge of water. Mitre drains shall normally discharge freely on natural ground
surface or into natural drainage or culvert outlet or inlet channels.

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Where necessary mitre drains shall be continued beyond the limits of the road reserve
provided the consent of the land owner/occuant is obtained through the correct channels.

Mitre Banks

Mitre banks shall be considered as the barrier in the normal side drain which diverts the
flow of water from the side drain into the mitre drain. Mitre banks shall be of adequate
size and shape to be effective at all times, and shall be constructed of approved soil or
gravel compacted in layers not exceeding 150mm in thickness, true to lines, levels and
cross sections shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer. Mitre banks may
also be constructed of hand-packed stone covered with a layer soil. The cost of construc-
tion of mitre banks shall be included in the rate of mitre drains.

For measurement and payment see below in this section 8.1.

8.1.3 Catch water Drains

Catch water Drains are constructed clear of the road so as to intercept water before it
reaches the road or side drain. Catch water drains are to be constructed to the typical
cross section as shown on the drawings and approximately along the contour at such
grades so as to discharge water without causing erosion or siltation into mitre drains or
culvert inlets or outfall drains.

For measurement and payment see below in this section 8.1.

8.1.4 Inlet and outfall Drains

Inlet and outfall drains shall be considered as channels leading into or discharging from
culverts. They shall be excavated with shape and at locations as shown on the drawings
or as directed by the Engineer.

(ii) Measurement

Measurement for side drains, mitre drains and catch water drains shall be by the metre of
new drains excavated to the typical cross sections shown on the drawings or as directed.
Measurement will be made of the total length of drains from its highest point to final point
of outfall.

Measurement of inlet and outfall drains shall be by the cubic metre of material excavated
measured in its original position.

(iii) Payment

The rate per metre for excavation of new side drains, mitre drains and catch water drains
shall be full compensation for, labour, equipment, excavation, shaping and trimming in-
verts and slopes as required and for disposal of all excavated material. The rates for mitre
drains shall include for the construction of mitre banks.
Payment for inlet and outfall drains shall be made under Pay Item No. 8.2 at the rate ten-
dered for excavation for drainage structures.
8.1.5 Provision of Drainage Bund
This section describes drainage bund along the road as shown on the drawings or as di-
rected by the Engineer.

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(i) Description

Soil shall be excavated and built in a drainage bund to the dimension as shown on the
drawings or as directed by the Engineer. The soil shall be compacted in layers as specified
in section 2.3.

(ii) Measurement

The unit for measurement of drainage bund shall be the cubic metre of material measured
in place after compaction.

(iii) Payment

The rate offered for drainage bund must include for removal of grass roots-and other
deleterious material from the surface and for excavation, placing, shaping, watering and
maintaining to grades and levels,and compacting all as described.

8.2 Excavation and Backfilling for Drainage Structures Other than

Culverts

This section describes and deals with excavation and backfilling for drainage structure
only and excavation for outlet and outfall drains.

Excavation and backfilling for culverts are described in the section dealing with culvert
works, section 8.3 and 8.4.

8.2.1 Excavation for drainage structures, other than culverts

(i) Description of Work

Excavation for foundations and structures for vented drifts, wing- and headwalls, or other
structures shall be to the required dimensions and depths as detailed on the drawings or
directed by the Engineer, together with any further excavation necessary for working
space.

Material arising from the excavation which is surplus to backfill requirements may be ap-
proved for use as fill or side fill, or neatly banked along the lower side of the drains, or if
required and approved, shall be used in the construction of mitre banks.

(ii) Measurement

Excavation for that structure other than culverts and inlet and outfall drains as specified
in Section 8.1, shall be measured in cubic metres to the dimensions shown on the draw-
ings or directed by the Engineer.

Excavation in rock will be measured and paid for in cubic metres as Extra Over in Pay
Item No 2.10.1

(iii) Payment

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The rates per cubic metre for excavation shall include full compensation for supervision,
labour, plant, equipment and materials for the work including all timbering and protection
of excavations, haulage, dewatering and disposal of surplus excavated.

8.2.2 Backfilling for drainage structures, other than culverts

All spaces excavated and not occupied by pipes or other permanent work shall be refilled
with selected material.

All material used for backfill shall be of a quality acceptable to the Engineer, and shall be
free from large lumps, wood or other extraneous matter.
Backfilling shall be carried out as soon as possible after the pipe work or concrete work
has been inspected and approved by the Engineer. Specially selected material without
stones and conforming in stability to cover requirements specified or shown on the draw-
ings, shall be placed along side the pipe or concrete in layers not exceeding 150mm in
loose thickness and the material shall be thoroughly and evenly compacted.

Where necessary the backfill material shall be uniformly moistened before being com-
pacted to ensure that compaction is to the Engineer‟s satisfaction.

The compaction shall meet the compaction requirement as specified in section 2.3.

(ii) Measurement

Measurement for Backfilling shall be the cubic metres, in place, as determined from the
theoretical limits as shown on the drawings.

(iii) Payment

The rates per cubic metre for backfilling shall include full compensation for supervision,
labour, plant, equipment and materials for the work including compaction and protection
of structures, watering and haulage.

8.3 Concrete Pipe Culvert

This section comprises description for the following culverts:
 Plain concrete pipes;
 Reinforced concrete pipes with concrete bed and haunch;
 Cast in-situ internally formed pipes;

Box culverts, aprons, wing- and headwall, stone masonry etc. shall not be included in
culvert work. These works will be described elsewhere.

If the Contractor wishes to use an alternative design concrete of pipe culvert he shall
submit details of the design and method of construction at the time of tendering

(i) Description of Work

The work for all culverts consists of the excavation, providing or construction, laying, and
backfilling of culvert

Pipe culverts shall be constructed in accordance with details shown on the drawings. The
Engineer may in addition order the construction of concrete bedding, haunching, concrete

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surrounds, drop inlets, aprons and headwalls. These addition constructions shall be in
accordance with the specifications for each construction item and thus also paid.

Culverts shall be constructed in trenched conditions, except where the Engineer has ap-
proved an alternative method.

Placing of Concrete Pipes

All concrete pipes shall be laid on a concrete bed. Pipes shall be uniformly supported
throughout their length and laid true to line and minimum grade of 1%. Pipe shall be
haunched as shown on the drawings. Pipes which deform or crack or are damaged before
or during the maintenance period shall be removed and replaced by the Contractor at his
own expense. The Engineer shall specify the invert elevations if these are different from
the existing channel elevation.
Special requirements for Cast in situ culverts are described below.

Backfilling
The material used for backfilling of those portions of culverts subject to traffic loads shall
be selected material of at least subgrade quality or such other lower quality as may be
permitted by the Engineer. Where the excavated material is not of adequate quality, se-
lected material shall be imported for this purpose.
The gravel wearing course shall comply with the requirements in section 2.8
The compaction of the backfilled material shall meet the requirements as given in section
2.3.

Where excavated materials does not comply with the requirements for backfilling material
as specified or is surplus material, such material shall be disposed as directed by the En-
gineer.

Minimum cover to culverts shall be 0.3 m in respect of all pipe culverts, but shall be in
accordance with the strength and traffic at the most critical point of the culvert.

8.3.1 Plain concrete pipes

The concrete shall comply with the requirements specified in Section 8.8 and the class of
concrete shall be as recommended on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

Plain concrete pipes shall be manufactured with class 20 or class 30 concrete.

Concrete pipes shall be smooth, straight, circular, free from cracks, honeycombing or
other defects.

Plain pipes shall have the minimum shell thickness given in the table below.

Internal Diameter Minimum Shell Thickness

mm mm

300 40
600 50
750 55
900 75

The use of plain concrete pipes of nominal internal diameter greater than 900mm is not
permitted.

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(ii) Measurement

Concrete pipes will be measured by the linear metre of pipe in position along the centre
line.

(iii) Payment

The rate for each linear metre of pipe in place will include full compensation for all exca-
vation, backfilling, laying of pipes, labour, materials and equipment for the supply, load-
ing, transport, and off loading of pipes and materials all as specified.
BOQ consists of sub pay items for the different diameters such as 8.3.1.1; 8.3.1.2 etc.

8.3.2 Reinforced Concrete Pipes.

Reinforced concrete pipes shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M170 for the size
and class shown in the Bill of Quantities or on the drawings. Unless a specific type is
called for, the pipe may be either the bell and spigot type or the tongue and groove type.

(ii) Measurement

Concrete pipes will be measured by the linear metre of pipe in position along the centre
line.

(iii) Payment

The rate for each linear metre of pipe in place will include full compensation for all exca-
vation, backfilling, laying of pipes, labour, materials and equipment for the supply, load-
ing, transport, and off loading of pipes and materials all as specified.
BOQ consists of sub pay items for the different diameters such as 8.3.2.1; 8.3.2.2 etc.

8.3.3 Internally Formed Pipe Culverts (Cast in situ)

Forms used in the construction of pipe culverts may be inflatable tubing or collapsible
metal sheeting.

The concrete shall consist of Class 20 concrete of minimum 200mm thickness.

Steel formers and inflatable tubing shall be laid on a concrete invert slab cast 150mm
thick. The formers shall be correctly aligned and securely anchored to prevent movement
during placing of concrete.

Formers shall not be deflated or removed from the concrete surround for at least 12
hours after placing concrete.

(ii) Measurement

Concrete pipes will be measured by the linear metre of pipe in position along the centre
line.

(iii) Payment

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The rate for each linear metre of pipe in place will include full compensation for all exca-
vation, backfilling, construction of pipes, labour, materials and equipment for the supply,
loading, transport, and off loading of materials.
BOQ consists of sub pay items for the different diameters such as 8.3.3.1; 8.3.3.2 etc.

8.4 Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts

(i) Description of Work

This work consists of excavating, the construction of galvanised corrugated sheet metal
pipe culverts of the sizes shown on the drawings, furnished and installed and backfilling in
accordance with these specifications and in conformity with the lines and grades given on
the drawings or by the Engineer.

Other works like aprons, wing- and headwall, stone masonry etc. shall not be included in
culvert work. These works will be described elsewhere

Materials

The galvanised corrugation metal pipes shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO
M36. The gauge for the designated sizes of pipes shall be as shown on the drawings or
specified in the Bill of Quantities.

Placing of Pipes

The pipes shall be bedded on a material consisting of sand or a sandy soil in which all of
the material passes a 9.5 mm sieve and not more than 10 percent passes a 0.075mm
sieve.

The separate sections of pipe shall be joined firmly together and with outside laps of
circumferential joints pointing upstream and with longitudinal laps on the sides. The pipes
shall be laid carefully and true to lines and grade as directed. Any pipe which shows any
undue settlement after being laid, or is damaged, shall be taken up and re-laid or re-
placed without extra compensation.

Backfilling
The material used for backfilling of those portions of culverts subject to traffic loads shall
be selected material of at least subgrade quality or such other lower quality as may be
permitted by the Engineer. Where the excavated material is not of adequate quality, se-
lected material shall be imported for this purpose.
The gravel wearing course shall comply with the requirements in section2.8
The compaction of the backfilled material shall meet the requirements as given in section
2.3.

Where excavated materials does not comply with the requirements for backfilling material
as specified or is surplus material, such material shall be disposed as directed by the En-
gineer.

Minimum cover to culverts shall be 0.3 m in respect of all pipe culverts, but shall be in
accordance with the strength and traffic at the most critical point of the culvert.
(ii) Measurement

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Corrugated metal pipes will be measured by the linear metre of pipe in position along the
centre line.

(iii) Payment

The rate for each linear metre of pipe in place will include full compensation for all exca-
vation, backfilling, laying of pipes, labour, materials and equipment for the supply, load-
ing, transport, and off loading of materials all as specified.
BOQ consists of sub pay items for the different diameters such as 8.4.1; 8.4.2 etc.

8.5 Extension of Existing Pipe Culverts

This section describes the works
 extension of existing culverts

Extension of an existing structure might require removal of an existing structure, but the
works to be carried out, measurement and payment shall be separately according to this
section and the below section 8.6.
Extension of existing drainage structures other than culverts shall be carried out in accor-
dance with specifications for structural concrete or Stone masonry.
This section also covers partial replacement of culverts.

(i) Description of Work

The extension of culverts shall be carried out in accordance with the specifications for
Concrete Pipe culvert and corrugated metal pipe culverts as described in section 8.3 and
8.4.

The new culvert section shall be placed at the same grade and where it joins the existing
structures at the same level as the existing structure.
Existing culvert ends shall not be damaged, but should damage occur, the repair work
shall be done before the placement of any fresh concrete or new culvert. Loose material
shall be removed and joint faces thoroughly cleaned to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
The joining between new and old culvert shall be done in accordance with the drawings or
as directed by the Engineer.

In the case of extensions to existing culverts the extension pipes may be laid prior to the
completion of the formation where such pipes have adequate cover but the Contractor
shall be entirely responsible for protecting such newly laid pipes against damage of any
kind and shall replace the damaged pipes at his own expense.

(ii) Measurement

Culvert pipes will be measured by the linear metre of pipe in position along the centre
line.

(iii) Payment

The rate for each linear metre of pipe in place will include full compensation for all exca-
vation, backfilling, construction/laying of pipes, labour, materials and equipment for the
supply, loading, transport, and off loading of materials all as specified.
BOQ consists of sub pay items for the different diameters.

8.6 Removal of existing drainage structures

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(i) Description of Work

Culverts and other drainage structures in use by traffic shall not be removed until satis-
factory arrangements have been made to accommodate traffic unless otherwise directed.
Existing inlets or outlets shall be broken down or demolished where necessary and waist
material or rubbish disposed of as directed by the Engineer. Existing pipes shall be re-
moved where necessary and salvaged for later re-use. All such work shall be carried out
in a manner to prevent damage to old work which is to remain. All removed pipes which
in the opinion of the Engineer are suitable for re-use shall be neatly stacked in the vicinity
of the place or removal in a position as directed by the Engineer.

The substructure of existing structures shall be removed down to natural stream bottom
and those parts outside of the stream shall be removed down to 0.3 metres below natural
ground surface

Where such portions of existing structures lie wholly or in part within the limits for a new
structure, these shall be removed as necessary to accommodate the construction of the
proposed structure.

Where any existing headwall requires special treatment to conform with the requirements
for headwalls as specified, it shall be repaired or replaced by a new structure as specified
or directed.

If existing headwalls constructed in stone masonry are removed, the stone may be
cleaned and re-used in grouted pitching or new masonry work, if suitable.

8.6.1 Removal of concrete structures

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for removal of concrete etc. in culverts and drainage structures
shall be the cubic metre of material measured in place before removal.

(iii) Payment

The rate per cubic metre for removal of concrete will include full compensation for the
execution of the work as specified, including demolition and disposal of waste material
and for all incidental and necessary thereto.

8.6.2 Removal of masonry structures

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for removal of masonry etc. in culverts and drainage structures
shall be the cubic metre of material measured in place before removal.

(iii) Payment

The rate per cubic metre for removal of masonry etc. will include full compensation for
the execution of the work as specified, including demolition and disposal of waste material
and for all incidental and necessary thereto.
8.6.3 Removal of existing culvert pipes

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(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for pipes removed and stacked for re-use shall be the linear
metre of pipes removed

(iii) Payment

The rate per metre for removal of pipes, irrespective of diameter, and stacking for re-use
will include full compensation for the execution of the work as specified including required
excavation and for all work incidental and necessary thereto. Pipes, which are damaged
on removal, will not be paid for.

8.7 Vented/Unvented Drifts

(i) Description of Work

Vented drifts shall be constructed in accordance with the details shown on the drawings
and as directed by the Engineer. The work comprises excavation, reinforced concrete
work for the provision of invert slabs, deck slabs and approach slabs, laying of 600mm,
750mm and 900mm pipes for the vents (in vented drifts only) and construction of ma-
sonry cut-of and return walls.

Materials

(a) Gravel

The gravel shall comply with the requirements specified in Section 2.8 and as recom-
mended on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

(b) Concrete

The concrete shall comply with the requirements specified in Section 8.8 and the classes
of concrete shall be as recommended on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

(c) reinforcement

The reinforcement shall comply with the requirements specified in Section 8.9 and as rec-
ommended on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

(d) Pipes

Pipes shall be either concrete pipes or corrugated metal pipes in accordance with the re-
quirements laid down in Section 8.3 and 8.4 respectively.

(e) Masonry

Masonry shall comply with the requirements in section 8.10 and as recommended on the
drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

Construction

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Construction shall be carried out in accordance with the notes and details shown on the
drawings and the other relevant sections of the specification dealing with excavation,
backfilling, pipe laying and concreting.

Approach and invert slabs for vented drifts shall be constructed on 200mm thick com-
pacted layer of wearing course or similar approved gravel to the dimensions shown on the
drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

Masonry in toe walls, cut off walls and return walls shall be constructed as follows:

A trench shall be excavated to the dimensions shown on the drawings and shall be back-
filled with natural rock of average size of not less than 200mm in any two dimensions
placed in layers with interstices filled with grout shall consist of one part cement and four
parts of sand.

(ii) Measurement

(a) Excavation

The unit of measurement for the excavation for vented drifts will be the cubic metre to
the dimensions shown on the drawings..

(b) Gravel Bed to Slabs

The unit of measurement for the gravel bed shall be the cubic metre of material com-
pacted in place to the dimensions shown on the drawings or as directed.

(c) Concrete Pipes

Concrete pipes will be measured by the linear metre of pipe in position along the centre
line.

(d) Concrete

The concrete in approach slabs, deck slabs, invert slabs and surrounds to pipes will be
measured by the cubic metres in accordance with the dimensions given in the drawings.

(e) Reinforcement

The unit of measurement for bar reinforcement is the kilogram. The total mass of bar
reinforcement will be calculated from the total length indicated on the drawings multiplied
by the effective cross sectional area and the nominal density.

(f) Masonry

The unit of measurement for masonry is the cubic metre, measured in accordance with
the dimensions on the drawings.

(iii) Payment
To be paid under the following pay item:

8.7.1 Excavation for Vented/unvented drifts

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Payment for excavation will be as given in Section 8.2.1

8.7.2 Gravel Bed to Slabs

Payment for the gravel bed to slabs will be by the tendered rate in Pay Item No. 2.8 for
wearing course gravel and shall include for furnishing, placing, spreading and compacting
all materials to the Engineer‟s satisfaction including preparation of underlying surface to
receive the gravel layer after necessary excavation has taken place.

8.7.3 Pipes

The rate for each linear metre of pipe in place will include full compensation for all labour
and equipment, for the supply, loading, transport, and off loading of pipes and materials,
and laying the pipes.

8.7.4 Concrete

The rate for each cubic metre of concrete in approach slabs, deck slabs, invert slabs and
surrounds to precast pipes and pipes constructed with internal formers will be as defined
in section 8.8.
follows:

The rate for each cubic metre of concrete will include full compensation for the execution
of the following operations and for all work incidental and necessary thereto:

supply of all materials, excluding steel reinforcement;

provision, placing and removal of all formwork
mixing, transporting, placing and vibrating the concrete;
forming construction joints and shrinkage joints;
the provision of unformed surface;
curing and protection of completed concrete work.

8.7.5 Reinforcement

The rate per kilogram for bar reinforcement will include full compensation for supply and
delivery, cutting, bending, placing, provision of laps and for all work incidental and neces-
sary thereto.

8.7.6 Masonry

The rate per cubic metre of masonry work in toe-walls and return walls will include for the
supply of all materials; constructed as specified and for all work incidental and necessary
thereto.

8.8 Concrete in Drainage Structures

(i) General

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This section covers the manufacture, transport, placing and testing of concrete in the
works where plain or reinforced concrete is specified.

All structures as head- and wing walls, aprons, vented /unvented drifts, casting in situ
etc. where concrete is carried out shall be covered by this section.

(ii) Concrete Mixes

Concrete mixes required for various parts of the works are indicated on the drawings and
are designated by their characteristic strengths in N/mm2 (Mpa) in accordance with the
provisions of BS 5328. The table below, gives details of the prescribed concrete mixes
which may be used on the works.

Weights of cement and total dry aggregate in kg to produce approximately one cubic me-
tre of full compacted concrete, together with the percentage by weight of fine aggregate
in total dry aggregates are shown.

Table 8.8.1: Standard Concrete Mixes

CONCRETE TOTAL DRY FINE AGGRE- NOMINAL MAX

CLASS CEMENT KG GATE WORKABILITY SIZE OF
KG % AGGREGATES

7.5 210 1900 35-50 Medium 20mm

10 240 1850 35-50 Medium 20mm

15 280 1800 35-50 Medium 20mm

20 320 1800 30-40 Medium 20mm

25 360 1750 30-40 Medium 20mm

Unless otherwise directed the Contractor shall comply with the relevant provisions of BS
5328 for proportioning, whether by mass or by volume, and mixing concrete.

(iii) Placing

The Contractor shall give to the Engineer a minimum or 24 hours notice of his intention to
place concrete. The supervision employed should be such as to ensure the required stan-
dard of control of materials and workmanship. The Engineer should be afforded all rea-
sonable opportunity and facility to inspect the materials and the manufacture of concrete
and to take any samples or to make any tests. All such inspection, sampling and testing
should be carried out with the minimum of interference with the process of manufacture
and delivery.

All concrete shall be transported in a manner to avoid any segregation of materials and
placed as rapidly as possible after mixing and before initial set takes place. It shall be
deposited as nearly as possible in its final position in small quantities, so as to avoid re-
handling or flowing. In no case is concrete to be dropped from a height of more than 1.5
metres except when prior approval has been obtained from the Engineer.

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Care shall be taken to ensure that the reinforcement is not displaced from its correct posi-
tion and that the concrete entirely surrounds the rods. Once placed in position the con-
crete is to be left undisturbed and protected from vibration, loading, excessive tempera-
ture variations and rapid drying out. In walls, the concrete shall be placed in horizontal
layers about 150mm thick.

Construction joints shall be avoided as far as possible. Where they are necessary, the
surface of the old concrete shall be roughened and all laitance and scum shall be removed
immediately before placing the fresh concrete, the joint face shall be wetted and coated
with a thin layer of neat cement paste.

After concrete has been placed, appropriate measures must be taken, as approved by the
Engineer, to prevent the concrete drying out too rapidly.

All finished concrete must be sound, and any that is honeycombed or is in any other way
defective may be rejected by the Engineer. In such cases it is to be broken out and re-
placed at the Contractor‟s expense.

(iv) Weather Condition

Hot weather presents problems in the mixing, placing and curing of concrete. If the tem-
perature of the concrete at the time of placing exceeds 32 oC the Engineer may instruct
the Contractor to either suspend concreting or, alternatively the Contractor may cool the
constituent materials of the concrete. During hot weather, all exposed concrete surfaces
which have recently been cast, shall be suitably screened from the sun in an approved
manner. Arrangements shall be made to the satisfaction of the Engineer to prevent or
minimise the harmful effects of rain during placing of concrete.

(v) Testing

Where considered necessary by the Engineer he shall require tests to be carried out to
evaluate the consistency and strength of the concrete. All testing shall be carried out at
the Contractor‟s expense.

(a) Slump Test

When required, while concreting is in progress, the consistency of the mixture shall be
ascertained by carrying out a slump test in the form and manner described in B.S. 1881.

The results of the test shall be within the following limits: 25mm - 75mm slump.

(b) Test Cubes

The Contractor shall at his own expense cast concrete cubes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm
from concrete, as deposited in the work, as often as directed by the Engineer.

Such cubes must be casted in the presence of the Engineer and in the form and manner
described in B.S. 1881

The cubes are to be casted in groups of two, three or four and are to be tested as di-
rected. They shall normally be taken from each 20 cubic metre of concrete or from each
continuous pour of less than 20 cubic metres. They shall be marked with a distinguishing
sign which shall be entered in Concrete Cubes Log Book with origin of each cube and date
of casting also entered.

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(c) Acceptance Criteria

Compliance with the following characteristic strength shall be assumed if when tested at
28 days.

 the average crushing strength determined from the first 2, or the first 3 consecu-
tive test results, or from consecutive but non-overlapping, groups of 4 test results
complied with the appropriate limits in column A of the table below,

 any individual test result complies with the appropriate limits in column B of the
table below:

Table 8.8.2: COMPREHENSIVE STRENGTH COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

Average of Test Any individual test

results exceeds the result is not less
Concrete Class Test Results specified characteri- than the specified
stic strength characteristic
by at least strength minus

First 2 0 N/mm2 2 N/mm2

7.5 to 15 First 3 1N/mm2 2 N/mm2
Consecutive 4 2N/mm2 2 N/mm2

First 2 1 N/mm2 3 N/mm2

20 and above First 3 2 N/mm2 3 N/mm2
Consecutive 4 3 N/mm2 3 N/mm2

Sampling, compacting and curing of test specimens shall conform to B.S.1881. Cubes
must be despatched packed in damp sand in good time to arrive for testing. Storage,
packing and despatching to the laboratory shall be at the expenses of the Contractor.

(vi) Formwork

Forms shall conform to the shapes, lines, levels and dimensions of the concrete as shown
on the drawings. The centering, shuttering and casting of the concrete work shall be true,
rigid and properly braced and sufficiently strong to resist without bulging or distorting,
loads and shock. All joints shall be sufficiently tight to prevent leakage.

If in the opinion of the Engineer, the formwork is at any time insufficiently rigid or in any
way defective, then the Contractor shall strengthen and improve such formwork in such
manner as the Engineer shall direct.

No formwork shall be removed without the permission of the Engineer, and unless other-
wise instructed by the Engineer, it shall be left in position before easing and removal for
three days.

The Contractor shall be responsible for any injury to the work and any consequent dam-
age caused by or arising from the removal or striking of moulds, centering and supports,
and any advise, permission or approval given by the Engineer relative to the removal and

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striking of moulds, centering and supports shall not relieve the Contractor from the re-
sponsibility herein defined.

(vii) Reinforcement for concrete structure is described in section 8.9.

(viii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for cast-in-situ concrete is the cubic metre measured in accor-
dance with the dimensions given in the drawings.

(ix) Payment

The rate for each cubic metre of the various classes of concrete in headwalls, aprons,
drop inlets, concrete, bedding, haunching and surrounds to precast pipe culverts and cul-
verts constructed with internal formers will include full compensation including all labour,
equipment, and tools required for the execution of the following operations and for all
work incidental and necessary thereto:

 supply of all materials, excluding steel reinforcement;

 provision, placing and removal of formwork;
 mixing, transporting, placing and vibrating the concrete.
 forming construction joints and shrinkage joints.
 the provision of unformed surface
 curing and protection of completed concrete work.

There will be no separate payment for formwork and the Contractor must allow for this
item in his rate for concrete.
In BOQ there is sub pay item depending on the different concrete classes.

8.9 Reinforcement
This section covers reinforcement for structures.

(i) Description

Bends in bars shall be cold formed on an approved manually motor operated machine in
which the power is applied smoothly and evenly and at such a speed so as to cause no
fracture or damage in the reinforcement. Reinforcement damaged in any way shall be
removed form the site. Before being placed in position, the rods shall be thoroughly
cleaned of all grease, dirt, bituminous material, scale and loose rust.

Great care must be taken in placing the rods and mesh in their correct positions as shown
on the drawings and in retaining them during the placing of the concrete.

When the ends of bars are to be formed into a U-hook, they must be bent to a semi-
circular hook, the internal diameter of which is to be not less than twice the diameter of
which is to be not less than twice the diameter of the rod, with a straight end beyond the
semicircular portion having a length of not less than four times the diameter of the rod.

Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, all joints in reinforcing rods are to be lapped 24
times the diameter of the rod for compression laps and 30 times the diameter of the rod
for tension laps. The laps must be securely tied with 16 or 18 S.W.G annealed iron wire.

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Rods crossing one another are to be bound at every intersection, unless otherwise di-
rected with 16 or 18 S.W.G annealed iron wire.

All stirrups are to be properly fastened to the main reinforcement so as to retain their
position during the placing of the concrete. Welding will not be permitted in any rod.

The Contractor shall notify the Engineer when any section is ready for concreting and no
concrete shall be placed in position until the steel work has been inspected and approved
by the Engineer.

The concrete cover to the main reinforcement shall be 50mm or as stated on the draw-
ings.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for bar reinforcement is the kilogram. The total mass of bar
reinforcement will be calculated from the total length indicated on the drawings multiplied
by the effective cross sectional area and the nominal density.

The unit of measurement for mesh reinforcement is the square metre. The total area of
mesh will be calculated from the net plan area of reinforcement.

(iii) Payment

The rate per kilogram for bar reinforcement will include full compensation for supply and
delivery, cutting, bending, placing and fixing and for all work incidental and necessary
thereto and mentioned above.
In BOQ there is sub item for every different reinforcement materials.

8.10 Stone Masonry

(i) Description of Work

This work shall consist of the construction of stone masonry structures or portions of
structures in conformity with the dimensions and design shown on the drawings.

Stone for masonry shall be sound and durable and shall be subject to the Engineer‟s ap-
proval. In general, stones shall be angular and the length of any stone shall not exceed
three times it‟s height. The breadth on the bed shall be not less than one-quarter nor
greater than quarters of the thickness of the masonry wall.

Masonry in toe-walls and cut-off walls shall be constructed as follows:-

A trench shall be excavated to the dimensions shown on the drawings and the approved
stones placed in layers with interstices filled with grout. The grout shall consist of one
part cement and four parts of sand.

Masonry fence work shall be built up by stones free from depressions and projections. The
fence work must not be built to a height exceeding 400mm above the backing which shall
then be brought up level with the fence work. At no time shall the backing be built up
higher than the fence work. The fence work shall not be displaced by the placing of the
backing.

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Newly laid masonry shall be protected against the harmful effects of weather. Weep holes
shall be provided in walls with exposed face as shown on the drawing or directed by the
Engineer.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for masonry shall be the cubic metre measured in accordance
with the dimensions on the drawings.

(iii) Payment

The rate per cubic metre of masonry works shall be full compensation for furnishing and
placing all materials including mortar, for provision of weep holes and for all labour, tools,
equipment and incidentals necessary to complete the work as specified.

8.11 Loose Stone Pitching

(i) Description of Work

This work shall consist of placing loose stones for protection of embankment slopes and
the inlets and outlets to drainage structures at locations shown on the drawings or di-
rected by the Engineer. Stones shall be dumped into place so as to be reasonably uni-
form, free from humps or depressions and with no excessively large cavities below or in-
dividual stones projecting above the general surface.

The stones shall be hard and durable of such quality that they will not disintegrate on
exposure to water or severe weather conditions. Stones shall vary in weight from 10 to
100 kilograms each and not less than 25 percent shall weigh over 50 kilograms.
The thickness of the pitching, measured at right angles to the surface, shall not be less
than 200 mm.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for loose stone pitching shall be the number of cubic metres
measured in place.

(iii ) Payment

The rate for each cubic metre of loose stone pitching will include full compensation for
supply and placing of materials including all labour, equipment, tools and incidentals nec-
essary to complete the work

8.12 Grouted Stone Pitching

(i) Description of Work

This work shall consist of placing a stone and concrete grout protection on embankment
slopes, in drain inverts and at the inlets and outlets to drainage structures.

The area to be covered with stone pitching shall be trimmed to the line, level and slope
indicated on the drawings or as directed. The prepared surface shall be firm and well
compacted and must be approved by the Engineer before placing of rock commences.

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Stones shall then be placed in contact with each other and firmly bedded into the slope.
The thickness of rock normal to the slope shall be not less than 150 mm. Interstices be-
tween the large stones shall be filled with grout.

The grout shall consist of one part of cement to three parts of sand unless otherwise di-
rected. Before final set of grout, the surface shall be swept with a stiff broom. The
grouted surface shall be kept moist for at least four days. Weep holes must be provided in
the surface at a frequency of one per square metre unless otherwise directed.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for grouted stone pitching shall be the square metre of com-
pleted surface.

(iii) Payment

The rate for each square metre of pitching will include full compensation for all slope
preparation, supply of materials, construction of the surface as specified and all work inci-
dental and necessary thereto.

8.13 Erosion Checks

(i) Description of Work

Erosion checks are to be constructed as shown on the drawings or as instructed by the

Engineer. They may be concrete, stone masonry, or loose stone pitching.
All concrete work will be in accordance with Section 8.8.
All stone masonry work will be in accordance with Section 8.10.
All loose stone pitching will be in accordance with 8.11.
Excavation shall be carried out to prepare for the erosion checks. Surplus of material shall
be removed as directed by the Engineer.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement for erosion checks is the cubic meter.

(iii) Payment

The rate of payment for erosion checks will include full compensation for all excavation,
provision of materials, formwork and for all work incidental and necessary thereto.
The pay item will be the following:

Pay item 8.13.1: Erosion checks – concrete

Pay item 8.13.2: Erosion checks – stone masonry
Pay item 8.13.3: Erosion checks – loose stone pitching

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8.14 Gabions and Mattresses

This section covers the construction of gabion walls and aprons for constructing retaining
walls, lining channels, revetments and other erosion structures.

8.14.1 Gabions
8.14.2 Mattresses

(i) Description of Work

This work shall consist of furnishing and placing wire mesh gabions in accordance with all
requirements of the drawings and these specifications and as directed by the Engineer.
Gabions shall be flexible galvanised steel-wire mesh cage packed with rock.
The cages shall be subdivided into cells by wire mesh diaphragms and there will be two
types.

 Gabions - Boxes which are generally used for the construction of gabion walls.
 Mattresses which are generally used as single-layer aprons only in revetments,
channel linings etc.

Subgrades for gabions shall be firm and well compacted and must be approved by the
Engineer before placing of wire mesh baskets commences. Prior to placing of rock fill,
gabions shall be tensioned in such manner as will permit perfect shape, alignment and
compaction of fill.

(ii) Materials

Fill for gabions shall consist of hard, durable rock pieces that will not deteriorate when
submerged in water or exposed to severe weather conditions. Rock pieces shall be gener-
ally uniform in size and shall be of proper dimensions to be retained by the specified
mesh size. No rock fragment shall exceed the maximum size given in the table below, and
at least 85% of the rock shall be of a size equal to or above the average least dimension
Rock size according to the largest dimension of rock
Depth of cage (m) Average least dimension Maximum (mm)
(mm)
0.2 125 150
0.3 125 200
0.5 125 250
1.0 125 250

Gabions shall be made of galvanised steel wire and shall be supplied to site folded flat to
facilitate handling and transportation.

Body wire shall be of metric gauge 17 (3.05mm). Selvage perimeter wire shall be metric
gauge 19 (3.75mm). Tying and connecting wire shall be metric gauge 15 (2.5mm).

(iii) Measurement

The measurement of wire mesh gabions and mattresses shall be the cubic metres com-
prising the volume of the gabion and mattresses baskets furnished, placed, filled and ac-
cepted.
Excavation for gabions and necessary backfilling shall be paid under excavation and back-
fill for drainage structures section 8.2.

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(iv) Payment

The rate for each cubic metre of wire mesh gabions mattresses shall include full compen-
sation for all labour, materials equipment and incidentals necessary for furnishing and
placing gabions including rock fill, tying and connection, levelling and compaction of sub-
grade and all other related work.

Gabions are paid in pay item 8.14.1.

Mattresses are paid under pay item 8.14.2.

8.15 Grating

(i) Description of Work

Grating can either be of metal or concrete.

Grating shall be constructed in accordance with the drawings or as directed by the Engi-
neer.

(ii) Measurement

The unit of measurement will be the numbers of gratings.

(iii) Payment

The rate of payment for grating will include full compensation for, provision of materials
and placing and for all work incidental and necessary thereto.
The pay item will be the following:
Pay item 8.15.1: Grating of metal
Pay item 8.15.2: Grating of concrete

8.16 Lined Ditches

(i) Description of Work

The construction of lined ditches may be included in the project. The lined ditches shall
then be constructed in accordance with the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

The lined ditches might be construction in concrete, stone masonry, grouted stone pitch-
ing or precast elements.

The requirement to material and performance for lined ditches are those described for
concrete, reinforcement, stone masonry and Grouted stone pitching in section 8.8, 8.9,
8.10 and 8.12 respectively.

(ii) Measurement
The unit for measurement of lined ditches will be the square metre.

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(iii)Payment

8.16.1 Lined ditches- concrete

The rate for each square metre lined ditch in concrete will include full compensation in-
cluding all labour, equipment, and tools required for the execution of the following opera-
tions and for all work incidental and necessary thereto:

 supply of all materials, including steel reinforcement;

 provision, placing and removal of formwork;
 mixing, transporting, placing and vibrating the concrete.
 forming construction joints and shrinkage joints.
 the provision of unformed surface
 curing and protection of completed concrete work.

There will be no separate payment for formwork and the Contractor must allow for this
item in his rate for lined ditches in concrete.

8.16.2 Lined ditches – masonry

The rate per square metre of masonry lined ditch works shall be full compensation for
furnishing and placing all materials including mortar, for provision of weep holes and for
all labour, tools, equipment and incidentals necessary to complete the work as specified.

8.16.3 Line ditches – Grouted stone pitching

The rate for each square metre lined ditch in grouted stone pitching will include full com-
pensation for all slope preparation, supply of materials, construction of the surface as
specified and all work incidental and necessary thereto.

8.16.4 Precast elements

The rate for each square metre lined ditch in precast elements will include full compensa-
tion including all labour, equipment, and tools required for the execution and placing of
the elements either the precast element is casted at site or somewhere else and trans-
ported to site. As for the concrete lined ditches the rate shall include for the execution of
the following operations and for all work incidental and necessary thereto:

 supply of all materials, including steel reinforcement;

 provision, placing and removal of formwork;
 mixing, transporting, placing and vibrating the concrete.
 forming construction joints and shrinkage joints.
 the provision of unformed surface
 curing and protection of completed concrete work.

There will be no separate payment for formwork and the Contractor must allow for this
item in his rate for lined ditches in concrete.

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