12

Discipline and Ideas in

the Applied Social
Sciences
First Quarter: Module 6
THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES,
SETTINGS, PROCESSES, METHODS AND
TOOLS IN SOCIAL WORK

Prepared by:

GRACE B. CALIPJO
Teacher III
Sarrat National High School

1
 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

This module was specifically developed and designed to provide you fun and
meaningful learning experience, with your own time and pace The module is then
divided into three topics which follows:

A. Clientele and Audiences in Social Work;

B. Settings, Processes, Methods and Tools in Social Work; and
C. The Social Work Services, Processes, and Methods.

Learning Competencies:

1. Describe the clientele of social work. HUMSS-DIASS 12-Ig-24

2. Distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations and
communities. HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ig-25
3. Illustrate the different processes and methods involved in
undertaking social work. HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ig-27
Objectives:

At the end of the module, the learners should be able to:

1. Describe characteristics of clientele and audiences of social work;
2. Explain needs of various types of clientele and audiences of social work;
3. Describe the individuals as client of social work;
4. Describe the group and organization as client of social work;
5. Describe the community as client of social work;
6. Describe social work in a government setting;
7. Describe social work in a private sector setting;
8. Describe social work in a civil society setting
9. Describe social work in a school setting
10.Describe social work in a community setting;
11.Understand how to conduct social work needs assessment for
individuals, groups, organizations, and communities; and
12.Understand how to perform monitoring and evaluating for social work
effectively.

WHAT I KNOW

Pre-Test
I. Direction. Read and understand each item carefully. Encircle the
letter of your answer.
1. Which of the following situations is not a characteristic of a clientele in
social work?

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 A. Individuals, families, groups, and communities experiencing being left
out
B. Neglected child
C. Sexually, physically or mentally abused child
D. Individuals with regular permanent occupation.
2. Which of the statement will best describe the characteristics of a clientele
and audience in a social work?
A. Every citizen who has the right to vote, has contribution to the income of
the government and has the power to mingle with the government
leaders.
B. All people with various social concerns.
C. Only those people who are discriminated in the society
D. None of the above
3. The following statements explains the needs of various types of clientele and
audience of social work EXCEPT:
A. To be able to receive the necessary care he/she deserves
B. To have the rights to be respected
C. To be provided with social respect
D. To have the capacity to claim what he deserves from the government
4. The group and organization as client of a social work has this characteristic:
A. Collectivities in terms of level of services they have to receive
B. Someone who has been deprived space by a larger environment
C. Families who are not fortunate to provide their necessities
D. A child being abused by one member of his/her family
5. Which of the following has the largest share in the clientele and audience of
social work?
A. community B. group C. individual D. organization
6. Which of the following is no TRUE about the setting of a social work in the
government?
A. The government as an employer needs occupational social workers.
B. It offers the widest space for a variety of social work.
C. Social work is present almost everywhere.
D. Social work is not important in the government.
7. The following are range of government settings in which social workers
practice EXCEPT:
A. Settings that serve older adults, such as nursing homes
B. Agencies serving children and families, such a s foster care agency
C. Schools
D. All of the above
8. Which of the following is the program /project that involves social workers in
the implementation and monitoring of social welfare and social development
of our country?
A. Sulong De Kalidad sa Edukasyon
B. Tuwid na Daan
C. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
D. Kabataan para sa Bayan
9. What is considered as the locus of social work challenges?
A. Community B. school C. civil society D. private
sector

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 10.Which of the following statements best describe the function of social work
in the school setting?
A. Ensures delivery to concerned sectors of universal basic needs
B. It generates interventions: employees assistance programs, labor union
social services…
C. Its embedded structures see to it that where violations occur, social
workers can respond appropriately.
D. All of the above
II. True or False. Read and analyze every statement, then write T if the
statement is true and F if it is false. Write your answer before the answer.
__________11. Social work services are not launched without careful and proper
planning.
__________12. Social work intervention is planned, implementation is
accompanied by a detailed process documentation.
__________13. Social work set to link the service recipient systems with the
needed resources.
__________14. Social work strives to promote respect for human rights and
social justice through the development of social policy and legislation.
___________15. Social work is not vital to the individuals, groups or
communities.

WHAT’S IN

Activity 1: Check your Knowledge!

A. What do you think are the clientele and audiences of social work”?

B. Based on what you know or have experienced, how would you describe
the settings, processes, methods, and tools of social work?

C. Based on what you know or have experienced, how would you describe
the settings, processes, methods, and tools of social work?

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 WHAT’S NEW

Activity 2: Go and See!

A. Look at the following characteristics of some individuals or groups of
people: elderly and retired, staying in a health-care facility or a drug
rehabilitation center, living in a home for the elderly , being minority,
migrant, a neglected child, an abused child, and suffering from any type
of discrimination. Do you personally know or have encountered anyone in
any of these would you describe what they are going through? How
situations? How would you describe what they are going through? How
do you think their needs can be addressed by a social worker?
B. Have you met a professional social worker? Are you aware of what he/she
does a s a practitioner? Visit the barangay hall nearest you and inquire
about their social work services and what their social workers do on a
regular basis.
C. Look at the following social work processes:
 Needs Assessment
 Intervention/Program Design
 Implementation
 Monitoring
 Evaluation

What do you think is the most important process among them? Why do you
think so? Or if you did not choose any, why do you think there is none that is most
important among the listed social work processes?

WHAT IS IT

Activity 3: Read and Learn!

A. THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF SOCIAL WORK
This module tried to look at the historical divide in the philosophical
orientation of social work practice that actually needs complementation of
each other. The first, being focus at changing the individual so that the
person, family, group, or community, may fit well and productively within a
larger environment. The second one, one is that focusing on transforming
the environment so that the individual, family, community, and group can
thrive well. Either way, social work encompasses several activities that are
directed at individuals, families, groups, community, and the larger
environment to improve human and social conditions, alleviating human
distress, and social problems. The clientele and audience of social work are
very broad regardless of the economic status of a nation. Certain human

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 conditions are universal and transcend all socio-economic, cultural,
political, and religious spectrums.
Marginalization, a social justice, and universal human rights and dignity
as a starting point, displays right away several classes of people to qualify as
clientele and audience of social work: the minorities, elderly, women,
children, the poor, people with disability, people with mental health issues,
the terminally ill, people in conflict with the law, those with substance abuse
and addiction, and people in workplaces who are affected internally or
externally with issues that reduce their productive capacities. All of them
and many more may constitute the clientele and audience of professional
social.
Characteristics of Clientele and Audience of Social Work

All people with various social concerns (in terms of being marginalized
or experiencing social injustice or having their rights violated or disrespected) share
characteristic qualities of the clientele and audience of social work: individuals,
families, groups, and communities experiencing being left out or having some
personal social problems like loss a job, getting sick especially becoming terminally
ill, all those deserving of social welfare benefits and so on. It is not just about being
old and retired, being employed and having concerns in that place of work, being in
a health-care facility, home for the elderly, home for street children, drug
rehabilitation center, mental health facility, or having conditions that would
warrant one to be in such facilities. Being a minority, a migrant, a divorced woman,
neglected child, sexually, physically, or mentally abused child, suffering
discrimination of any kind characterize one as clientele and audience of social
work.

Needs of Various Types of Clientele and Audience of Social Work

The needs are generally that of wearing to be empowered, to be

socially included by way of insuring that one receives what is legally due him/her
and that one receives the necessary care he/she deserves. Some people need their
right respected, some need justice, and other need social welfare help to put them
on their feet. Each context of social work discussed in this book reflects a unique
type of clientele and audience. However, commonalities do exist.

The Individual as Client of Social Work

We have pointed out the social work can happen on one, two, three,
or four levels. The individual level is generally work on an individual who has to be
assisted to fit in a larger environment or someone who has been deprived space by
the larger environment calling for change in the very environment or simply
improving one’s ability to cope with it.

The Group and Organization as Client of Social Work

Groups are people existing with similar or common identity. Gay men
and lesbians, migrants, women, abused or neglected children, elderly, pensioners,
veterans, military service men and women, people in conflict with the law,
unemployed, people with substance abuse and addiction represent groups that
social work may focus its services on. There are also groups such as members of an
organization or place of employment, or pupils and students in school setup. We

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classify them as groups because they form collectivities in terms of level of services
they have to receive.

The Community as Client of Social Work

Community has the largest share in the clientele and audience of

social work because individuals and families are essentially members of the
community. Everything happens in a community and everyone claims membership
in the community. A community may exist as a marginalized sector, and in which
case, the social work services may gear toward their emancipation and
empowerment. In some cases, they may constitute the majority imposing general
norms that seek to marginalize minorities and those different from them. In this
case, social worker may focus on community transformation to cause
environmental change so as to make it possible for individuals and groups on the
minority to achieve social well-being or social justice and respect for their rights.

B. GOVERNMENT SETTING

The government setting offers the widest space for a variety of social work
services. Social work is present almost everywhere, from social policy formulation
and analysis, advocacy and implementation to enhance the well-being of societal
members, to providing social services through appropriate government departments
and agencies. The government as an employer needs occupational social workers.
As manager of several agencies as well as mental and health institutions and
systems, implementer of social welfare programs, as provider of pensions, and in its
capacity as enforcer and manager of justice and correctional systems and
institutions, the government needs social workers. The range of government
settings in which social workers practice include (National Association of Social
Workers 2011):
 Agencies serving children and families such as foster care agencies;
 Health -care settings, including community-based clinics and
hospitals;
 Schools;
 Federal, state, or local or correctional facilities;
 Settings that serve older adults, such as nursing homes; and
 Agencies serving military veterans and active duty military personnel

In the Philippines professional social work tends to be associated with the

welfare field. This has to do with its inception where social work is used to
implement government initiatives to provide public welfare assistance to
economically deprived individuals, families and groups. This type of social work
often focused on determining whether a person is poor enough to deserve public
assistance. To date, DSWD does a lot of work mostly in the areas of woman and
child welfare. In child welfare, social workers provide services to children who are
abused and neglected by their parents and those from lower-income families who
cannot afford to adequately care for them. Child welfare social workers normally do
case management, that is, meeting regularly with the child and his/her family to
assess conditions in the home and report on the care that the child is receiving.
When a child is in danger, appropriate measures are taken.

However, there are many other areas in which professional social workers
play a vital role such as in the implementation and monitoring a social welfare and

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social development projects under the DSWD or those devolved to the local
government (LGUs) such as the National Household Targetting System for Poverty
Reduction (NHTS-PR), Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4 Ps) and Kapit Bisig
Laban sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Intagrated Delivery of Social Services
(KALAHI-CIDSS). Particularly, professional social workers provide research-based
evidence regarding effectiveness of certain initiatives and socio-economic measures
that are designed to alleviate, reduce, or eradicate poverty in the country.

Private Sectors Setting

In the private sector, particularly corporate setting, occupational social work

is practiced. The type of social work typically has five structures within which it
generates interventions: employee assistance programs, labors union social
services, human resources management officers, community relations offices, and
organizational development initiative (Segal, Gerdes, & Steiner 2005).

Civil Society Setting

The civil society sector sees itself as a champion of the people with regard to
ensuring accountability in government services, hence social workers in civil
society tend to work for advocacies of human rights and social justice. Their work
ensures the delivery to concerned sectors of universal basic needs that may range
from physical needs, intellectual development, emotional development, social
growth and spiritual growth. In some cases, civil society work fosters delivery of
motivational needs such as psychological necessities, security, belongingness,
esteem needs, and self-actualization as advocated by Abraham Maslow’s (1970)
hierarchy of needs. Others align their commitments to personal development needs
as identified and articulated by Charlotte Towle (1957), that is biological,
psychological, interpersonal, social, and cultural. Civil society is generally
organized by the social sector, representing any marginalized individuals and
groups. There are those who work with and for street children and other children
who are in danger.

School Setting

The school is a social service and within it lies similar situations that arise
elsewhere: violation of human rights, injustice, violence, sexual harassment,
discrimination, and so on. Internally, social work embedded structures see to it
that where violations occur, social workers can respond appropriately.
A school social worker is a liaison between the school and students’ families,
sustainer of effective communication among parents, teachers, and students, and
essentially bridging the children’s personal lives and education to ensure that
students’ needs are being met. In some case, the responsibilities crisscross with the
functions of guidance counselors when qualified social workers take care of special
needs of children to facilitate their integration into mainstream classes.

Community Setting

A community consists and represents all kinds of social work services. It is

the locus of social work challenges. It is in the community where human rights of
individuals and groups are denied or violated; it is in the community where
injustices are made and committed; it is in the community where marginalization
for individuals and groups occur. Racism, sexism, homophobia (fear of lesbians

8
and gay men), classism, ableism (discrimination of people with disability, ageism
(discrimination based on age), anti-Semitism (oppression of Jews), and
islamophobia (fear of followers of Islam) exist in the community caused generally by
the presence of mainstream or dominant groups who tend to enjoy certain
privileges which are built I their lives (Segal, Gerdes, & Steiner 2005).

Majority of government and non-government institutions designed to deliver

social services and other services with social work component are embedded in the
community. Social work in community settings is essentially defined by social
policy and realities.

The community setting orients social work to a generalist framework that

divides work into micro-practice and macro-practice. Whereas micro-practice social
workers target their service at helping individuals, families, and small groups to
function better in a larger environment in ways that benefit individuals, families,
and groups (Segal, Gerdes, & Steiner 2005).

In general, community setting social work interventions include a wide array

of approaches with different theories and emphasis that social workers have to
comfortably employ on two or three levels: individuals and families, groups, and
communities.

C. THE SOCIAL WORK SERVICES, PROCESSES, AND METHODS

DuBois and Miley (2008) argue that the purpose of social work services,
processes and methods is wide. Primarily, they enhance social functioning of
individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. They also serve to
link the service recipient systems with the needed resources. They likewise seek to
improve the operation of social service delivery network and systems. They strive to
promote respect for human rights and social justice through the development of
social policy and legislations. To attain success in these endeavors, social work set
goals that include enhancement of people’s capacities to resolve problems, cope
and function effectively; create connections between the social work service users
and the needed resources; prove mechanism for accountability in effective end
efficient delivery of social services; and advocating social policy through public
awareness campaign ang political lobbying.

Conducting Needs and Assessment for Individuals, Groups,

Organizations, and Communities
Social work services are not launched without careful and proper planning.
Anticipation of needs and the scale as well as allocating necessary resources is part
of guarantying effective and efficient delivery of social work services. Needs
assessment for individuals, groups, organizations, and communities is a step taken
to systematically identify the actual needs. This is done through interviews,
observation, and surveys that are done in a setting. The results of analysis of the
collected information become the basis for planning, identifying the kinds of social
work needed, the processes, methods, and tools needed to deliver efficient and
effective services. Where there is heavy drug addiction and care, and prevention
that are supported by social policy of any form. This ends in the planning phase.

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The phases that come next would be the implementation and post implementation
phases.
Monitoring and Evaluating Social Work Effectively
When social work intervention is planned, implementation is accompanied
by a detailed process documentation to be able to explain what is happening on
both sides, the social work, and on the recipients of services. Hence, this is called
monitoring. After a certain period of implementation, or after accumulating a
number of services recipients, or at the very end of the intervention program, a
more comprehensive examination of the impacts and influence of the services on
the recipients is done to determine the efficacy and effectivity of the program and
services and to make an informed decision of what to do next about the program. It
can be phased out or the need to expand it may be found necessary. This is the
meaning and intent of the evaluation of social work services.

WHAT’S MORE

Activity 4: Explore and Discover!

A. 1. Approach someone you are close to, such as family member, who you
know has undergone a life-challenging situation. Interview him/her and
discern how a social worker would have helped him/her go through those
difficult times.
2. Go online and search for groups or communities who have sought the
service of social workers. Describe how they benefitted from it.
B. Interview a to organize your interview notes. social worker in your barangay
or community. Find out the specific setting to which he/she has rendered service,
then describe the process, methods, and tools that he/she undertook and used.
Use the table below to organize your interview notes.

Barangay

Name of Social
Worker

Setting

Process

Methods

Tools

C. Illustrate in a simple diagram or a flow chart below the different processes and
methods involved in undertaking social work. Use the space below for your diagram
and include a brief description.

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 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Activity 5: Test Your Knowledge!

A. 1. Describe at least three types of clientele for counseling and briefly
describe their characteristics. Use the table below.

Clientele Characteristics

2. List down specific needs of the types of clientele you mentioned above (Exercise 1

Clientele Needs

B. Supply what are being asked in the following items. Write your answers in
the space provided.

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 1. Give three government settings where social workers practice.
a.
b.
c.
2. Give two settings in the private sector where social work is needed.
a.
b.
3. Give two settings in civil society where social work is needed.
a.
b.
4. Give three school settings where social workers practice.
a.
b.
c.

5. Give two community settings where social workers practice.

a.
b.
c.

C.1. Name three ways of performing needs assessment in social work.

a. __________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________
2. What phase comes after needs assessment? ___________________
3. Describe the monitoring phase within the process of social work.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. What is the main intention in doing evaluation at the end of a social work
endeavor?
_________________________________________________________________

ASSESSMENT

Activity 5: Check Your Understanding!

A. 1. Describe the individual as client of social work. Give three instances
when an individual would benefit from social work.
________________________________________________________________________

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 2. Describe the group ang organization as client of social work. Give three
instances when a group or an organization would benefit from social
work.
________________________________________________________________________
3.Describe the community as client of social work. Give three instances
when a community would benefit from social work
___________________________________________________________________________
B. Describe the social work process in the following settings. Write your answers on
the lines after each item.
1. Government____________________________________________________________
2. Private sector___________________________________________________________
3. Civil Society____________________________________________________________
4. School _________________________________________________________________
5. Community____________________________________________________________
C. Give a brief description for each process and describe its importance in
social work. Fill out the chart below.

Process Description Importance

Needs assessment

Intervention

Implementation

Monitoring

Evaluation

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

Activity 6: Apply Your Learning!

A. Recall the facts and events surrounding the recent tragic earthquake that
badly hit Nepal on April 25, 2015. Here are some websites of news and
feature articles to help you recall the event:
 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asi-32845515
 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/11562782/
Nepal-earthquake-live.html
 http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/25/world/gallery/nepal-eartquake/
index.html
 http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/22/world/gallery/nepal-disabled-girls-
fate/index.html
 http://www.nepalschoolofsocialwork.org/news
Apply your learning of the different audiences of social work by
determining who among the affected ones can be considered as individual

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 clientele, group clientele, and community clientele. Briefly describe why they
are potential audiences of counseling and how they can be helped through
social work.
B.1. Using the outer circles, identify the unique needs that are recognized
and addressed in each setting given. Then, in the center circle, describe the
needs that are commonly recognized and addressed among the different
settings of social work.

School
Government

Common Needs
Commuity
Private Sector

Civil Society

2. If you
were a social worker, what setting would you choose? What would you choose it?
Describe the process, methods and tools you expect to utilize in your chosen
C.Using the information, you put in the chart in Assessment C, discuss now the
method of carrying out each process to ensure effectivity in social work.

Process Method

Needs Assessment

Intervention

Implementation

Monitoring

Evaluation

FINAL TASK

Post Test
I. Direction. Read and understand each item carefully. Encircle the letter
of your answer.

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1. Which of the following situations is not a characteristic of a clientele in social
work?
A. Individuals, families, groups, and communities experiencing being left out
B. Neglected child
C. Sexually, physically or mentally abused child
D. Individuals with regular permanent occupation.
2. Which of the statement will best describe the characteristics of a clientele and
audience in a social work?
A. Every citizen who has the right to vote, has contribution to the income of the
government and has the power to mingle with the government leaders.
B. All people with various social concerns.
C. Only those people who are discriminated in the society
D. None of the above
3. The following statements explains the needs of various types of clientele and
audience of social work EXCEPT:
A. To be able to receive the necessary care he/she deserves
B. To have the rights to be respected
C. To be provided with social respect
D. To have the capacity to claim what he deserves from the government
4. The group and organization as client of a social work has this characteristic:
A. Collectivities in terms of level of services they have to receive
B. Someone who has been deprived space by a larger environment
C. Families who are not fortunate to provide their necessities
D.A child being abused by one member of his/her family
5. Which of the following has the largest share in the clientele and audience of
social work?
A. community B. group C. individual D. organization
6. Which of the following is no TRUE about the setting of a social work in the
government?
A. The government as an employer needs occupational social workers.
B. It offers the widest space for a variety of social work.
C. Social work is present almost everywhere.
D. Social work is not important in the government.
7. The following are range of government settings in which social workers practice
EXCEPT:
A. Settings that serve older adults, such as nursing homes
B. Agencies serving children and families, such a s foster care agency
C. Schools
D. All of the above
8. Which of the following is the program /project that involves social workers in the
implementation and monitoring of social welfare and social development of our
country?
A. Sulong De Kalidad sa Edukasyon
B. Tuwid na Daan
C. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
D. Kabataan para sa Bayan
9. What is considered as the locus of social work challenges?
A. Community B. school C. civil society D. private sector

10.Which of the following statements best describe the function of social work in
the school setting?
A. Ensures delivery to concerned sectors of universal basic needs
B. It generates interventions: employees assistance programs, labor union social
services…

15
C. Its embedded structures see to it that where violations occur, social workers can
respond appropriately.
D. All of the above

II. True or False. Read and analyze every statement, then write T if the
statement is true and F if it is false. Write your answer before the answer.

11. Social work services are not launched without careful and proper
planning.
12. Social work intervention is planned; implementation is accompanied by
a detailed process documentation.
13. Social work set to link the service recipient systems with the needed
resources.
14. Social work strives to promote respect for human rights and social
justice through the development of social policy and legislation.
15. Social work is not vital to the individuals, groups or communities.

ANSWER KEY

Pre-Test & Post Test

Pre-Test & Post Test

1. D
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. A
6. D
7. D
8. C
9. A
10. D
11. T
REFERENCES 12. T
13. T
Sampa, Elias M. 14. T Disciplines and Ideas in the
15. M
Applied Social Sciences. (First
Edition). Rex Book Store, 2017.
Bernardo, Richel B and Ranche, Christian R. Discipline and Ideas in the Applied
Social Sciences. JFS Publishing Services,
K TO 12 MELC

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