12

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL

SCIENCES
QUARTER 2 – MODULE 2

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S TRADITION AND

CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

INTRODUCTION (What I Need to Know)

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 As part of maturity, there are some inquiries lingering in your mind that will started to
develop personal awareness. Social issues for instance happened and exist with different views,
and condition. You will become open-minded at all times for what is occurred in our
surroundings, adopt and relate to our day-to-day ways of living. Significantly, you could only
find solutions to both inquiries through interrogation and communication by means of social
integration.

In this module, you will study the roles and significance of Filipino’s indigenous social
ideas that contributes to national development.

(MELC) Most Essential Learning Competency:

Evaluate the roles and significance of Filipino’s indigenous social ideas to national
development.

At the end of the modules, you should be able to:

a. determine the notable roles of selected indigenous people;
b. understand the culture of the selected indigenous people that contributes to national
development;
c. value indigenous traditions and culture among Filipinos towards social development.

DISCUSSIONS AND ACTIVITIES (What is it)

Indigenous people’s tradition and culture in the Philippines

Indigenous peoples, also referred to as First peoples, Aboriginal peoples, Native peoples,
or autochthonous peoples, are ethnic groups who are native to a particular place on Earth and
live or lived in an interconnected relationship with the natural environment for many generations
prior to the arrival of non-Indigenous peoples. It also refers to a group of people sharing common
bond of language, customs, and traditions and other distinctive cultural traits. (wikipedia.org)

Indigenous peoples’ communities can be found in the interiors of Luzon, Mindanao and
some islands of Visayas. They continued to live in their relatively isolated, self – sufficient
communities at the time when most lowland communities had already been integrated into a
single colony under the Spain in the 1700s and 1800s.

They were able to preserve the culture and traditions of their “ethnos” or “tribe” as
reflected in their communal views on land, their cooperative work exchanges, their communal
rituals, songs, dances, and folklore. Instead of hierarchical governments, each of these
communities had its own council of elders who customarily settled clan or tribal war to restore
peace and unity.
But with the long years of colonial rule in the Philippines, from 1700s to 1900s and the influx of
migrants into indigenous peoples’ territories, many influences have been introduced that
gradually changed indigenous way of life. (Valdeavilla, 2018)

Cordillera Peoples: An indigenous population of the Cordillera mountain range, which covers
six provinces in the middle of Northern Luzon – Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, and
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Mountain Province. They are collectively called Igorots, meaning “mountain people”. There are
eight ethno – linguistic groups in the Cordillera, namely, Bontoc, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanaey,
Tingguian, and Yapayao, Ibaloi, Ifugao.

People from Cordillera Mountains in Luzon are broadly known as Igorot. They are from
the northern part of the country.

They are popularly known for being rice cultivators. An

assortment of the group called the Ifugaos built the Banaue
Rice Terraces – designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in
1995 as “a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty”.
Igorot is a primitive ethnic group in the Philippines. The
Igorots' culture and traditions are popular because of their
clothes, living among the root crops, and the many prayers
for marriage, travel, and farming.

Luzon the “IGOROT”

COSTUME AND TRADITION

We are familiar with their clothing. In their attire, women
wear colorful skirts or long skirts, necklaces, and pots. Men
wear long strips of handwoven loincloth.
It is important for them to have "tattoos" on the body as they
symbolize the bravery and reputation of one of their society.
They are very careful in choosing modern clothes. Since they
were raised, they would love their custom more. The Banaue village cluster-part of the Rice Terraces
of the Philippine Cordilleras © rweisswald /
Shutterstock

POLITICS
The Igorots are seeking autonomy from the Philippine archipelago of 7,107 island. Their
reasons for seeking autonomy in the Northern Cordillera region includes:

 The establishment of a stronger identity among the people of the Northern Cordillera
Region
 Non-compensation for natural resources
 Stringent government control of abundant natural resources

ECONOMICS

Economic poverty is just one type of poverty that the Igorots are facing -- where land is
considered to be a valuable asset and the Igorots don't have access to their land. The Igorots also
face social poverty, where they are socially excluded and considered to be very a primitive and
backward tribe due to their occupation that includes planting and harvesting, trading, howling,
hunting, sale, weaving, farming. They consider themselves to be a tribe who are able to “address
invisible powers, ancestors and gods” (Kohen, 70). The third dimension of poverty that they are
facing is political poverty – where it is very difficult for them to participate in democratic systems
of the country such as voting. This is a reality that the tribe faces. (Lopez, 2020)

SOCIAL
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 Like other ethnic groups, the Igorot are also rich in rituals. Many of their prayers are
about abortion, wedding rituals, and procreation. There are parts in it that spirits think they are
saving in one. In addition, warfare, worship devotion, career choice, or travel have a list of
prayers or Cultural elements common to the Igorot peoples as a whole include metalworking in
iron and brass, weaving, and animal sacrifice. They believe in spirits, including those of
ancestors, and have complex rituals to propitiate them. There are no clans or tribes, and political
organization is generally limited to the village level. Kinship is traced on both the paternal and
the maternal sides, extending as far as third cousins. Orientations that need to be done through
their leader.
(Mark012207, 2020)

The Igorot tribes of the Mountain Province have a wedding practice called the “trial
marriage.” The Sagada Igorot, for instance, have a ward or “Dap-ay” where boys at an early age
live and sleep with their agemates. This ward is connected to one or more girls’ dormitories
called “ebgan” used for courtship. In this dormitory, the girls gather at night to sleep and to be
visited by their suitors. When a boy develops a real attachment to a girl, they live together in a
trial marriage until the girl becomes pregnant. The young man then sends gifts to the girl’s
family. Chickens are sacrificed and omens are read. When all the signs are favorable, the
wedding ceremonies take place. In these ceremonies, the couple drink from the same cup, eating
rice together, and make rice offerings. (Herrera, 2000)

Successful Igorot

A new recruit in the Philippine military who battled in Marawi back

in 2017 were among the three recipients of the second highest
military medal for combat.  Private Jerry N. Wassig from Kalinga
was awarded with the The Distinguished Conduct Star (DCS) which
is the second highest military award in the Armed Forces.  Source:
inquirer.net

Whang-od Oggay, also known as Maria Oggay, is a Filipino tattoo

artist from Buscalan, Tinglayan, Kalinga, Philippines. She is often
described as the "last" and oldest mambabatok and is part of the
Butbut people of the larger Kalinga ethnic group. Source: ptama.net

A Cordilleran Captain was awarded the Distinguished Conduct

Star by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte during the 84th
Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) at the
Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo in Quezon City on December 17,
2019. Captain Rico Tagure led the successful rescue of a British
man and his Filipina wife who were abducted by ASG last month .

Rhicel Gonzales Sapasap of Saint Louis University graduate

topped the Architect Licensure Examination held on January 24
and 26, 2020 with a rating of 84 percent. Source: GMA News

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Caraballo Tribes: These are the five ethno linguistic groups – Ibanag, Ilongot, Gaddang, Ikalahan
and Isinai – who together with the Agta peoples inhabit the Caraballo mountain range in Eastern
Central Luzon. This range connects the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino and Nueva Ecija.

SOCIAL
Also known for their cultures and beliefs, their traditions were passed on through
generation to generation that until now our generation still believe and apply it to our everyday
life. And as this millenials enlarge, their knowledge become more vast and these beliefs are:  the
night before the wedding the man should go to the house of the woman and bring: Banig, bigas,
baboy, kabinet, and kabang. The man should bring all of these because they said that the man
should provide their needs as a married couple. The night before the wedding the man should go
to the house of the woman and the man should ask for the approval of the parents of his soon to
be wife and they also said that the man should provide the needs of his family. (Gatan, 2017)

AGTA and AETA/NEGRITO:

The term Negrito is a Spanish word, a diminutive of the word

Negro. In this case, Negritos refers to a large group of
indigenous tribes in Philippines. It includes the subgroups
called the Agta, Aeta, Ati, Ayta, Dumagat, and 25 more tribes
from the Philippines. Although the Negritos of the Philippines
possess some physical similarities with the pygmies of Africa,
alamy stock photo they are completely unrelated in terms of genetics.

These short, dark-skinned and kinky-haired peoples are

considered the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines. Aside from
having been perpetually pushed into the hinterlands of Central
Luzon, mainly in the provinces of Zambales, Bataan and
Pampanga, and in other parts of country, they also suffer from
racial discrimination. With a population of about 160,000, they are
the most widely distributed among indigenous people. As for their
clothing, they wear plain and simple attire. Traditional Aetas, wear
alamy stock photo
wrap around skirts or bark cloth (for women) and loin cloths for
men.
CULTURE AND TRADITION
Traditionally, Aetas are hunting and gathering indigenous people. They’re actually among
the most skilled when it comes to jungle survival – they are even able to make use of plants as
herbal medicine and possess tools and weapons. While they’re nomadic, they are able to build
temporary houses made of sticks. They are also into music and the arts – making use of
ornaments as accessories and have ensembles of instruments to create melodious rhythms.
Because they are usually scattered in mountainous areas, the Spaniards had a hard time
introducing Catholicism to their population. They mostly resisted to change, which made it
difficult for the Spanish to colonize their areas. This is also one of the reasons why they were
able to preserve their cultural traditions and beliefs through to today. Most Aetas also go to
school nowadays. In the Philippines, Aetas as well as other indigenous groups, belong to the
marginalized sector of the country. They’re often displaced because their homelands have been
destroyed due to illegal logging, mining, and slash-and-burn farming. Thus, these situations
have forced them to relocate and leave their ancestral lands. (iwgia.org, 2019)

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SOCIAL
Most Aetas practice monotheism and are animists. They worship a Supreme Being and at
the same time, also believe in environmental spirits. They believe that various places in our
environment are being governed by both good and evil spirits. The Aetas of Zambales, have a
totally different set of wedding practices. In the wedding ceremony, the couple eats from the
same plate and they take turns feeding each other. Although monogamy is the rule in the Aetas’
culture, a man is allowed to have more than one wife if he can accumulate enough “bandi” or
bride price. This bride price may include arrows, bows, bolos or large knives, cloth, and money.
The wedding day can only be fixed when the bride’s family is paid the bride price.The Aetas
practice divorce. The bride price is returned to the man if the bride is at fault. However, it is
forfeited if the man is responsible for the marital break-up. (Gatan, 2017)
Successful Aeta

A young man-made history after he mounted the stage

of the University of the Philippines-Manila as the first
Aeta who graduated from the prestigious state-run
school.
Norman King, who recently earned his degree in
Behavioral Sciences, proudly wore the famous bahag or
clothing used by indigenous tribes during
commencement ceremonies.
(https://www.manilatimes.net/2017/06/28/news/top-stories/meet-first-aeta-graduate-manila/
335274/

PHOTO BY AXL CAESAR MARCELO OFRECIO

Teacher Gennie Panguelo achieved her dreams as she

passed the Elementary LET on her 25th try in 
Photo Courtesy: Facebook/ Gennie Panguelo
March 2016 exam. She is beyond grateful for her CBRC
and DepEd families. The inspiring teacher also gave a
message to those aspiring LET examinees who have failed
the board too. (www.summitexpress.com)

Photo Courtesy: Facebook/ Gennie Panguelo

Visayas the “Mangyan” People

The indigenous groups in the Visayas – mostly in

Mindoro – are called Mangyan. Again, there are many
ethnic groups such the Tadyawan, Tagbanwa,
Palawano, Molbog and Kagayanan.
MANGYAN: It is a common name used to refer to eight
ethnic tribes in the Philippines. The Mangyan people
come from the Mindoro islands and their population is
around 100,000.
alamy stock photo

Mangyan of Mindoro: This is a generic name for the six ethno – linguistics groups spread over
the mountains and foothills of Mindoro, an island southwest of Luzon, namely, Batangan, Iraya,
Hanunoo, Alangan, Ratagnon, Buhid, and Tadyawan. They are described as the first inhabitants
of the island, and until today, they are one of the few groups that still practice a pre – Spanish
form of writing. Their present population is about 150,000. ([email protected], 2020)

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CULTURE AND TRADITION
Mangyans lived in peaceful societies as compared to the head-hunting tribes of North
Luzon and the brave defiant warrior tribes of the South. Social scientists theorized that some
societies become peaceful because their system of norms and values reward peaceful behavior
but disapprove of aggressive and impulsive behaviors. Peaceful societies are characterized by the
egalitarian social organization without status competition between men and without the
asymmetric relationship between men and women. Another theory posited that populations
adapt, therefore, offering a more logical explanation of why Mangyans preferred to retreat in the
hinterlands. They accept peaceful submissiveness when they encounter lowland settlers,
missionaries, traders and government officials. (Valdeavilla, A Guide to the Indigenous Tribes of
the Philippines, 2018)

SOCIAL
Mangyan is mainly subsistence agriculturalists, planting a variety of sweet potato, upland
(dry cultivation) rice, and taro. They also trap small animals and wild pigs. Many who live in
close contact with lowland Filipinos sell cash crops such as bananas and ginger.
Their languages are mutually unintelligible, though they share some vocabulary and use
Hanunó’o script to write: Tawbuid and Buhid are closely related, and are unusual among
Philippine languages in having an /f/ phoneme; Tawbuid is divided into eastern and western
dialects; Western Tawbuid may be the only Philippine language to have no glottal phonemes,
having neither /h/ or /ʔ/.
Their traditional religious world view is primarily animistic (Animism); around 10% have
embraced Christianity, both Roman Catholicism and Evangelical Protestantism (The New
Testaments have been published in six of the Mangyan languages).
Successful Mangyan

Patrick Yanhigan Reyes was one of the native scholars of Project

Malasakit foundation that was founded by Broadcast Journalist
Kara David in 2002 passed the Licensure Examination for Teachers
(LET) in 2019. (https://www.whatalife.ph/mangyan-native-passed-2019-let-board-exam/

Palawan hill tribes:

These are the non – Muslim tribal people of Palawan Island
located further west of Mindoro. This group is composed of
four ethnic groups – Tagbanua, Batak, Kalamianes, Cuyonin,
and Ken-uy, and they number at least 120,000.
alamy stock photo

SOCIAL
They practice different sets of wedding arrangements. At the actual wedding ceremony,
the couple sits on a mat laid on the ground. Between them sit a dish of cooked rice, a coconut
shell filled with water, and two cigars. The bride’s maid and the best man take turns handing
handfuls of rice shaped into balls to the bride and groom respectively. The couple then feeds
each other and drinks from the same cup and smokes the same cigar. The marriage is thus
solemnized and the wedding follows. Their choices of clothing were g-strings for men and patadyong
for women or the so-called native wraps similar to the more popular malong. (Gatan, 2017)

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Mindoro the Lumad and Moro: There are some differentiation of the indigenous people in
Mindanao. The Moro and the Lumad. Moro is Spanish for the word Moor. Lumad means
indigenous or native.

Mindanao Lumad:
A generic term embracing all non-Muslim hill tribes of Mindanao.
Lumad is a Visayan term that means “born and grown in the
place”. The Lumad peoples are composed of some eighteen ethnic
groups and they form the largest grouping of indigenous peoples in
the country. They have a total population today 2.1 million and are
concentrated in varying degrees in the hilly portions of the
provinces of Davao, Bukidnon, Agusan, Surigao, Zamboanga,
Misamis, and Cotabato. Thay can be found in almost all provinces
of Mindanao and they include the Subanen, Manobo, B’laan, T’boli,
Mandaya, Mansaka, Tiruray, Higaonon, Bagobo, Bukidnon,
alamy stock photo
Tagkaolo, Banwaon, Dibabawon, Talaandig, Mamanua, and
Manguangan.
The Moro or Muslim
Groups:

They are the Muslims in Mindanao composed of

fourteen groups, namely, Maranao, Maguindanao,
Tausug, Samal, Yakan, Sangil, Palawani, Badjao,
Kalibugan, Jama-Mapun, Ipanun, Kalagan, Molbog,
and Muslim.

alamy stock photo

SOCIAL
Practices and Beliefs Different inhabitants in Mindanao result in big differences of
practices and beliefs. Discrimination is common and this happens everywhere. Lumads have not
succumbed to the modern ways of living. They prefer to live in the mountainsides of Mindanao,
living the traditional life. Their beliefs can be seen through the ornaments of every woman and
the woven dresses they wear. They believe in spirits and gods. There’s a god for land, another for
water, another for harvest, to name a few. For them, the mountain is sacred. Death and illness
or bad faith is believed to be the god’s way of showing anger. Offering of live animals like pigs
and chicken are common during tribal ceremonies for a good harvest, health and protection, and
thanksgiving, pray and meditate in mosques. Congregational prayer is traditionally on Friday.
They follow the five pillars of Islam, which requires them to pray five times a day. Another global
practice of Islam is the Ramadan, where Muslims abstain from food, drink, and sex. However,
this practice is not binding to all Muslims; pregnant and old Muslims are exempted. Probably
one of the most important practices of Islam is the pilgrimage to Mecca. In addition, Muslims
also practice the charity tax. Islamic clothing and the wearing of hijab is a must for Muslim
women.

The Muslims of Mindanao, like in many other Oriental cultures, pre-arrange marriages. A
betrothal is arranged by a man from the boy’s side. This man visits the girl’s parents and
informs them of the boy’s honorable intentions. If the girl’s parents agree to the union, the village
headman is informed and he relays the news to the boy’s parents. The headman then presides
over the negotiations for the settlement of the dowry. The dowry includes money, clothes, and
jewelry.The engagement period and the actual wedding ceremony begin and end with a lavish
celebration highlighted by a feast, a parade, music and dancing. (Gatan, 2017)

8
Successful Lumad

The lone living woman warrior and chieftain of the “lumad” community
received this year’s Gawad Bayani ng Kalikasan (GBK) Awards.
Abiok Ligkaian Bigkay, also known as Bai Bibiaon, was conferred the
most distinguished award at the University of the Philippines Diliman in
recognition of her leadership in asserting the rights of the Talaingod
Manobo to their ancestral domains in the Pantaron Mountain Range in
Mindanao.
(https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/975731/lumad-woman-warrior-hailed-as-hero-for-environment#ixzz6ghXb22kF)

Joeffrey Mambucon is earning praises on social media

after he announced he is the first Tigwahanon-Manobo
Lumad to graduate with degrees in nursing and
medicine. The 31-year-old Mambucon, who lives in Sitio
Opis, Namnam, San Fernando, Bukidnon, said he was
sent to Davao to study nursing after graduating from high
school. He enrolled at the University of Mindanao where
he passed the board exam in 2010.
(https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/bukidnon-lumad-graduates-double-degrees-nursing-
and-medicine-a00289-20200703)

IMAGE Joeffrey Mambucon Facebook page

ACTIVITY 1: FACT OR BLUFF

Directions: Write FACT in your answer sheet if the statement is correct and BLUFF if it’s not.
1. Mangyan practice different sets of wedding arrangements.
2. People from Cordillera Mountains in Luzon are broadly known as Igorot.
3. Moro actually among the most skilled when it comes to jungle survival.
4. The Muslims of Mindanao, like in many other Oriental cultures, pre-arrange marriages.
5. The indigenous groups in the Visayas mostly in Mindoro are called Mangyan.

ACTIVITY 2: Make me a match!

Directions: Match the indigenous people in Column B with their description in Column A.
Answer the guide questions and write your answer in the answer sheet.
A B
1. A Visayan term that means “born and grown in place” a. Igorot
2. Mountain people b. Cordillera people
3. Short, dark-skinned and kinky haired people c. Lumad
4. Practice a pre – Spanish form of writing d. Moro
5. Indigenous groups found in Visayas e. Mangyan of Mindoro
6. Non-Muslim tribal people located in west Mindoro f. Caraballo tribes
7. From the Spanish word Moor g. Aeta
8. A large group of indigenous tribes in Philippines h. Palawan hill tribes
9. Ibanag, Ilongot, Gaddang, Ikalahan and Isinai groups i. Mangyan
10. Bontoc, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanaey, Tingguian, and j. Negrito
Yapayao, Ibaloi, Ifugao. k. Iloilo Tribe

Guide Questions:
1. How can you describe the economic activities of the different indigenous people?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. What do you think is the significant contributions of the different indigenous people to
national development?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 3: Share your thoughts!

Directions: Cite the tradition and culture of the following indigenous people and state your
opinion on how the government protect and preserve it.

IGOROT _____________________________________________________________
1. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

MINDANAO LUMAD ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________

NEGRITO ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________

PALAWAN HILL TRIBE ____________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

MANGYAN OF ___________________________________________________________
5. MINDORO ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

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ASSESSMENT

I. Directions: Identify what is being asked in every item and write the answer in your answer
sheet.

1. Has a total population of 2.1 million and are concentrated in varying degrees in the hilly
portions of the provinces of Davao, Bukidnon, Agusan, Surigao, Zamboanga, Misamis,
and Cotabato.
2. Composed of four ethnic groups – Tagbanua, Batak, Kalamianes, Cuyonin and Ken-uy and
they number at least 120,000.
3. A Filipino tattoo artist from Buscalan, Tinglayan, Kalinga and the “last” and old mambabatok.
4. A generic term embracing all non-Muslim hill tribes of Mindanao.
5. Composed of many ethnic groups such as Tadyawan, Tagbanuwa, Palawan and Molbog.

II. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the answer in your answer sheet.

1. Refers to as First peoples, Aboriginal peoples, Native peoples, or Autochthonous peoples, are
ethnic groups who are native to a particular place on Earth and live or lived in an
interconnected relationship with the natural environment.
A. ancestor B. ethnic groups C. Indigenous people D. modern people
2. Popularly known for being rice cultivators.
A. Aera B. Igorot C. Lumad D. Mangyan
3. The following belongs to the ethno-linguistic groups in Cordillera EXCEPT,
A. Ibanag B. Isneg C. Kankanaey D. Yapayao
4. It is important for them to have "tattoos" on the body as they symbolize the bravery and
reputation of one of their society.
A. Aeta B. Igorot C. Mangyan D. Lumad
5. Short, dark-skinned and kinky-haired peoples are considered the earliest inhabitants of the
Philippines.
A. Aeta B. Igorot C. Mangyan D. Lumad
6. Which group of indigenous people follow a religion called Animism?
A. Aeta B. Igorot C. Mangyan D. Lumad
7. Ibanag, Ilongot, Gaddang, Ikalahan and Isinai belongs to what tribe?
A. Caraballo tribe B. Cordillera tribe C. Mangyan of Mindoro D. Palawan hill tribe
8. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage site as a “living cultural landscape of unparalleled
beauty”.
A. Banaue Rice Terraces C. Taj Mahal
B. Great Wall of China D. The Roman Collosseum
9. Believe in spirits, including those of ancestors, and have complex rituals to propitiate them.
A. Aeta B. Igorot C. Mangyan D. Lumad
10. Batangan, Iraya, Hanunoo, Alangan, Ratagnon, Buhid, and Tadyawan belong to what
tribe?
A. Caraballo tribe B. Cordillera tribe C. Mangyan of Mindoro D. Palawan hill tribe

III. Directions: Select one topic below and explain it in one paragraph. Be guided by the
given rubrics.

1. Extra judicial killings of Indigenous peoples

11
 2. Illegal arrest of Indigenous peoples since 2016
3. Mining and energy projects in indigenous lands

Rubrics for Essay

CRITERIA DESCRIPTION POINTS
Organization The concept was clearly and descriptive conveyed. 5
Content The content was clearly discussed. 5
Presentation The idea was clearly presented based on topic selected. 5
TOTAL 15

Answer Key to Activities

Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3
1. FALSE 1. c. 6. h. Answers may vary.
2. TRUE 2. a. 7. d.
3. FALSE 3. g. 8. j.
4. TRUE 4. e. 9. f.
5. TRUE 5. i. 10. b.

REFERENCES
https://read.cash/@Mark012207/culture-and-traditions-of-igorot-1e93ba85
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/a-guide-to-the-indigenous-tribes-of-the-philippines/
https://badjaoculturecom.wordpress.com/2017/07/20/culture-of-badjao-2/
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/a-guide-to-the-indigenous-tribes-of-the-philippines/
https://www.slideshare.net/jhayrmoja/ung-kauri-mo-teh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21513732.2015.1124453
https://www.iwgia.org/en/philippines/3416-iw2019-philippines.html
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-aeta-the-first-philippine-people/
https://mnlop.com.ph/2019/09/11/mangyans-life-and-culture/#:~:text=The%20indigenous%20Mangyans%20offer
%20a,pottery%2C%20and%20system%20of%20writing.
https://www.travel-palawan.com/cultural-heritage/indigenous-peoples/#:~:text=Palawan%20is%20the%20largest
%20province,in%20mountains%20and%20coastal%20areas.
https://www.travel-palawan.com/cultural-heritage/
https://pishbook.weebly.com/culture-and-belief.html#:~:text=Lumads%20have%20not%20succumbed%20to,believe
%20in%20spirits%20and%20gods.
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~lopez26a/classweb/World%20politics%20website/Newsarticles.html
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/975731/lumad-woman-warrior-hailed-as-hero-for-environment
https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/bukidnon-lumad-graduates-double-degrees-nursing-and-medicine-
a00289-20200703
www.summitexpress.com
https://cathcattt.wordpress.com/2017/03/09/a-glimpse-of-the-unique-culture-of-the-ibanags/

DIVISION QUALITY ASSURANCE MANAGEMENT TEAM IN HUMSS

WRITER: ROSEMARIE B. ALVIOR

VALIDATORS:
DR. MARILEX A. TERCIAS DR. EUGENE M. TORALBA
DR. ALBERTO O. RABANG DR. VIRGINIA B. FREGILLANA
JEANNEROSE M. ACOSTA ZOSIMA IRENE H. FERNANDEZ
MA. JOCELYN J. SOTONG DANILO T. SIBLAG
VICTOR B. ABAN JAMELIE M. CRISPINO

CONSULTANTS:
DR. DANILO C. SISON DR. TEODORA V. NABOR
DR. CORNELIO R. AQUINO DR. JEROME S. PARAS
DR. MAYBELENE C. BAUTISTA

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 Answer Key to Assessment

Identification Multiple Choice Essay

1. Mindanao Lumad 1. B Answers may vary
2. B
2. Palawan hill tribe 3. A
4. B
3. Whang-od Oggay/Whang-Od 5. A
6. C
4.Mindanao Lumad. 7. A
8. A
5. Mangyan 9. B
10. C

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