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Advanced Design of Steel Structure: Civil Engineering Department, NUCES, Lahore Pakistan

The document discusses bolted connections in steel structures. It covers various types of bolts and their designations, tensile and shear strengths of bolts and rivets, and different types of bolted connections including bearing-type and slip-critical connections. The key points are: 1) It describes bolts, rivets, and welding as common structural fasteners and provides details on bolt grades. 2) It discusses snug-tight and high-strength bolts, explaining the difference is the level of pretension achieved. 3) It outlines different failure modes for bolted connections including shearing of bolts, bearing failure of plates, and tearing at plate edges.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
105 views23 pages

Advanced Design of Steel Structure: Civil Engineering Department, NUCES, Lahore Pakistan

The document discusses bolted connections in steel structures. It covers various types of bolts and their designations, tensile and shear strengths of bolts and rivets, and different types of bolted connections including bearing-type and slip-critical connections. The key points are: 1) It describes bolts, rivets, and welding as common structural fasteners and provides details on bolt grades. 2) It discusses snug-tight and high-strength bolts, explaining the difference is the level of pretension achieved. 3) It outlines different failure modes for bolted connections including shearing of bolts, bearing failure of plates, and tearing at plate edges.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Advanced

Design of Steel Structure

By:
Dr. Tauqir Ahmed 24th May 2021

Topics:
Connections-II
Week No. 12

1
Civil Engineering Department, NUCES, Lahore Pakistan
Bolted/Riveted Connections
Structural Fasteners
Non-Structural
(A-307)
Bolts
Fastener A325
s Heat-treated medium carbo
Structural Structural
Rivets steel (σy=550-630MPa)
Connections
(obsolete) A490
Welding
Heat-treated alloy steel
(σy=800-900 MPa)
Note: A449 are used when dia over
38mm

Most common dia for:


- Building = 15,18 and 20mm
- Bridges = 22, 25 and 28mm
Hot Driven Rivets
Cold Driven Rivets
Bolt Designation

Shank
Bolt Threaded
Head Section

Most common uses of:


• Type-1: elevated temperature application
• Type -2: atmospheric temperature application
• Type 3: Weathering steel (corrosion resistance comparable)
Tensile and Shear Strength of Bolts and Rivets
Snug Tight and High Strength Bolts
1- Snug Tight Bolts:
Bolts arbitrarily tightened are called as
snug tight bolts

2- High Strength Bolts:


Bolts subjected to a predefined torque
producing pretension in the bolts and
compression in the joining plates are
known as high strength bolts.
Snug Tight and High Strength Bolts
1- Snug Tight Bolts: 2- High Strength Bolts:
Bolts arbitrarily tightened Bolts subjected to a predefined torque
are called as snug tight bolts producing pretension in the bolts and
compression in the joining plates are
known as high strength bolts.
Types of Bolted Connections
The AISC specifications recognize two types of high-strength bolted connection:

A) Bearing Type Connection


 Bearing type connection is the most widely used general type connection in which the
load is resisted by the bolt body without any friction between faying surfaces.
 Where connected parts are allowed to bear directly on the bolt shank.
 Both shear strength and bearing strength need to be checked.
 High slip resistance at service load is unnecessary.
Types of Bolted Connections

B) Slip-Critical Type Connection (formerly known as friction-type)


 Connected parts are not allowed to slip, and shear forces are transmitted by friction forces
rather than direct shear.
 Connection requires high pre-tensioning force of bolts up to their “proof load” which
equals  70% of tensile strength.
 High slip resistance at service load is desired.
 Slip-critical connections are recommended for joints subjected to stress reversal, severe
stress fluctuation, impact, vibration or where slip is objectionable
Proof Load of bolt in Slip Critical connections

• When slip resistance is required, the pre-


tensioning of bolts should be as high as their
“Proof Load” ≈ σy of the bolt (obtained by the 0.2%
“offset method” or the 0.5% “extension method”.

• Proof load stress is a minimum of 70% to 80%


of the minimum tensile strength bolts

• Proof load can be achieved by using the turn-of-


nut method, which is ½ turn of nut from the
“snug-fit” position.

• Otherwise, a “calibrated wrench” must be used


to achieve the proof load for bolts.
Pretension and Standard Hole Diameters
General Type of Bolted Connections
Most typical types of bolted connections:

Lap Joint Butt Joint


(single shear) (double shear)
(a) Shear Connections

W section
(d) Combined shear and tension connections

P
P

Structural tee
“Thread outside” (X)
(b) Eccentric shear
(c) Tension Connections
Connection.
P
In shear connection, threads could be: P

A) In the shearing plane (N), or


B) Outside the shearing plane (X). “Thread inside” (N)
Types of Connections Failure
1. Shearing Failure of Bolts.
2. Bearing Failure of plate.

3. Tearing failure at edge of plate.


Tensile Strength of Fasteners
Several “limit-states” or failure modes that may control the strength of a bolted
connection.
Nominal tensile strength of a bolt (Rn):
n R F A
u
b
n
Where
Fub = Tensile strength of the bolt material.
An = Bolt net area through threaded zone  0.75 to 0.79 of the bolt gross area Ab
(area of the shank).
Rn  Fub 0.75 Ab 
2
 0.9743 
Threaded cross section area  0.785 d b  
 n  Shank
db = dia. of bolt (shank) Bolt Threaded
n = number of threads per inch. Head Section

Note: Tensile strength values Fub are given in Table 4.4.1 (slide9) or LRFD table J3.2 page
(16.1)-104.
Shear Strength of Fasteners

Nominal-shear strength for one fastener, Rn: = m Ab u


Where,
= (1) for single shear
m = number of shear planes
= (2) for double shear
Ab = Bolt gross area.
u = Ultimate shear strength for the bolt material, found experimentally
to be around (0.62 Fub) of the ultimate tensile strength (Fub).

Rn = m Ab (0.62 Fub)
Bearing Strength of Fasteners

Bearing failure near the edge of the plate is related to the shear failure (tear-out).
Assuming angle () 0 :

Rn  2t Le  d2  up

up = Shear strength of plate material = 0.62 Fu


Fu = Ultimate tensile strength of plate material.
Le = Distance from center of last bolt to the edge
of plate along direction of force.
d = Nominal Bolt diameter.

 Le 1 
Rn  1.24Fu dt   
 d 2
Bearing Strength of Fasteners

LRFD recommends spacing of bolts in the direction of force to be (2.67d).


Consider (Le  2.67 d) above:

Rn = 2.4 Fu dt (When deformation of the hole at service load is a design


consideration). (Eq J3-6a)
or

Rn = 3.0 Fu dt (When deformation of the hole at service load is not a design


consideration). (Eq J3-6b)

The lower resistance value guarantees that no tear-out due to


bearing shall occur below this (Rn) value, and no deformation at the
hole shall occur at service load level. (AISC J3-10 Page16.1-111)
Minimum Clearances
Minimum Clear Distances are specified in the design code:

1- Minimum Edge Distance: From Center to edge should not less than 1.5xd
Usually this distance is = 2.5xd+2mm to get bearing strength equal to 2.4Fu

20
Minimum Clearances
Minimum Clear Distances are specified in the design code:

2- Minimum Spacing of Fasteners: The minimum longitudinal and transverse


spacing (pitch or gap) should not be less than 3xd. (code value is 2.67xd).
Note: And it is slightly increase to 3xd+3mm and it gives clear spacing = 2xd

3- Maximum Edge Distance and Spacing of Fasteners:


The maximum edge distance =lesser of 12xt and 150mm
The maximum longitudinal spacing
= lesser of 24xt and 300mm (if atmospheric conditions are not normal)
= lesser of 14xt and 180mm (if atmospheric conditions are agreessive and
chances of corrosion are high)

21
Discussion: Advantages of Bolts over Rivets and
Welding

22
Example:

23

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