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BCA - Composite Concrete Bridge Superstructures

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BCA - Composite Concrete Bridge Superstructures

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Heirwire
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COMPOSITE CONCRETE BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES A. Kumar 8,40, can. 9 mova Acknowledgements | am most grate othe Presteaed Concrete Assoiton (PCA) of Great Bah who gave permission to reproduce the inormatn nthe afi, PestessedConcele ridge Bearsntispublcaton lam also grated {Site varoue member companies athe PCA and ther epreseiatives or roid sme esting ales hd Fer use inmston about te production of precast bige Dears Tram most gett we tv EM Jones of Ceveland County Counet (ormery 2 Stafordshire County Counc) andi. Whe o Safedahie County Counelfor reading ie manuscript andmabing constvcve rls Tals who tank many former coleagues athe Cement end Concrete Aasocaor® wha hate corr2ured indirect thous, ter dacussons wah se. lam pacar ingebted to Or Tom Hrs, Ms ick Tiler and Del Cranston forte cantan interest ana encouragement rts wok: My thanks ae abo ue to mary ‘ge engines eth whom have had dacussions durin the Assoiao’s Wainng courses end serine, Fly I woud keto thank MA. Brooks for hs eto coun tote tex. ‘Avind Kuma ‘Row cated the ‘Kumar Assorites Bi Cement Associaton sexes babe by Feat planes 1988 Btiah Cement Associaton 'SaN0 7210136 9 Wenham Spgs Soup 513.67. Pree Group “elpoe Pur (028 18) 2727 {Bien Comers tsocaton 1988 ax (02816) 2251 Telex 48352 ‘Aad or hrmaton hom the Bic Cement Ascii intend ar thar he wl vate te sgncnce and tort of scott end ite rape fr true anc aplication. Ne lbily (ncn Wet realign for ‘Syste tach ce oration nce, Ren shoud nth BCA passion a jet {2 anlon rn inet inetd stl reese tht yee pesvesin oe ate von. COMPOSITE CONCRETE BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES A. Kumar 9¢, mo, cEn Mee text Contents Introduction coe Standard beam sections Basic ype and dimensions ‘Tonspae ‘Techniques of fectng and debonding tendons ‘Deflecing Mancfoctire : Veratons trom i standard Hybed beams Secondary renoicement inks Westies Further etalng cnsiertions Preliminary supersructare design ‘Typlcolinvened T-beam supertuctres Typical beam superrotires| ‘Typical beam aupertctues “Typical bor beam aupersucures ‘ypleal beam superctares Edge beams ‘Skew-brige superstructure a ‘continaty ‘Continaty wh spy supported Spay apen conston Erbucmant of precast ess Bearings oe 5 Ageotbeam Hosging moments ate suppor Sagging meonment at the support ‘Atemative constuction sequence Span/éepth raion Coatinty wh overnaging tered diaphragms ‘Basic srchra sangeet Designof transverse daphregrs onsen sequence Spanidepth rates : Road alignment Bridge arscuauon : is 8 6 "7 19 13 1% 1% 3 2% be 25 26 2 2 3r 2 2 3 3 onrity wie ed deck constrction 2 Contry with structurally continuous topeab Po oman within sts concrte span 20. 38 Ferweends 35 Design... 38 Prilosophy of deson 3 Probab bass of material seh and portal eft factors 236 Probable besiof ods En Leadeambinaons 36 Parl safety factor forloeds 2 Analysis structre 3 Elaic analysis andcedstiion ofmements 37 Matrods of anal 238 Basisof stress vali 3» Componteseton properties 2 Stlage dealastion 3 rte or sacar edequacy a ‘Sericebity imitate eral Cracking era a Presuesied concrete 2 imate tate 2 2 Verfeaton m2 Other conideraions 2 Docay uray 222 2 Para prestressing ca ‘Theovesvers approach fpastpractce so. Inproverentinroaucedinthenew Coge 2... 143 leconsistency with reinforced conree design | 43 Sussexperence a Celestion tses a évantagee ce a Reterences . M4 Introduction ‘During he at 25 year of expansion fhe motorway Sndtrinroedaetwork inthe OK the compose dye Stperstucure ving precast pre-tensoned bdge Seamahas becomes widely accepedalerative tn Shu deck consvton, The reese for ths oe not “tic to doce: tey emanate ftom shape ston (ardnation, resuting in five basic pes of beam Stabe tor a variety of bridges upto 28! span, Such Stondardestion hes made posable the adoption of thicent structural forms combined wih materials and \resamenip of conatery high cualy Repth Une of fora in Ue precasting Yar, considerable Fecbcton imate formwork and falework ond apd ‘Speedo consracton al lead to economies esting in very compatve tender prices fr such const “ere are now severalthousand bridges ofthis type inthis county. They hove pete setsfactorly Chrying the tae, have exhibted igh cura ‘huveterstcs and eequred minimal expend ot ‘maintenance andrepei: Despite cena sandardaed ‘ipeca uch constrains fe consent Net Diy and acopeforinnoveton, Tse vienced by & umber of rece pews, some of wich are rely descrbedhere ‘Aesthetically. experience indicates thet this stan ordination of bige superstucure eran has rok Tented tne scope forvoraty inte mote visti fcets ‘he bridge, such asthe lsh on levator, the oping, andthe shepe.frmand veammetsof bridge pie sbutrents sd wing a “the 2 pars ofthe tt state Cade of Practice Be 100 ant 21978!" on Lacing and Part: 1908” on the Design of concrete biges (feteinatertermedthe Code] have been adopted Sy the Deparment of Transport fr sl coneete ‘lege design from 1988." The purpore of ths Fandbook Isto replace the Assocation's ealer Table 1 Section propenie of iveted Teams ‘publications on ths set, to ntoduce then Eateconcepischetew bidge Code anata promate ‘he ncorporti of anit ine supestutare at ‘pultspan compose badges. Corinay In such idges afters advonnges over convertiona sims, ‘Sipported spon consvucon perc inthe de biky often region A separte pubes ue {ates numerical hedesign procedures forsaisying the regarements of be Cose a smply supported Inge rupenrctre and otwo-span suport prondngcontnaty snes eed. Theoppaity Fatal been token to Incorporate recent develo. ‘nts a ths el, ado coe comments on seh {be dealing and constuction. The Prestressed ence Asrociton (PCA) of Gest Britain se ‘Sony publaned sandadaee secon end reinforce: trent deals forthe thee most popular pes of rar estectsromufichareeprodocedinvarcu Parts of hs publeaton to heb the bridge desigret Titers scone designs, "Tere ae rr fee precast concrete sec tions, pnspally the double T sections, wich ae sften used for pvatey owned oss, fotbrdges and fo on. These may ler oavoriages over Une PCA andar section) garter ve lads ae rele {ively tightendendneomlanot constant, Detaliat ch sectors shouldbe abarned fom te manufac ‘hres ety ore not acused further nthe pubes Standard beam sections Basic types and dimensions Five taderd ig bars have been develope, to ‘cover ide variety of applatons Altnough there it ‘Stecognaed ange ot apes for which exch andord Wei ot “lore, cone umes) Som ment of nee Te Tren Tope atom ive Set-welgt* Sexton (om) drm) (mn) (me) RR cum 7 ‘500 ao 2 105200160 3 Haze ie u ne) 3 toes he we oes Bsr % tie Sie , ese be To nso vale age at te 6% nose 20 3m 53768 2 9B St u3e net 3 0 0 tess 3ar im be es 3 wm ws eto 15 aay Maa asso wag pr var a Do ake 2B WN 2 ‘Table 2 Seton properties of M beams seal ecto moda resect em) ne ye Tren Topfike Bator ve Selwiht* section (om) dat) camecioy “Pg RY SE a ee ee ry St asego, oases dee at be bens ssa) arta Bosses sr Sas} fe tm ros oa) Hnaad tm he Bat No two saga, 518 aoe nea io taco tsraoo_ Soe sos ones ae Devan sone pra volun bs Deeiaken af 23S RNIDE section Is generally use, the elds of application for the various types overlap and te final section oe Danica ype largely amatter of expevence eet. [gto a specie stunton. The basic standard shopes re ihate nore forthe ve types of beam ogee ‘tihthersractra properties, For the tee most popu: types -iaveed'T, M ana beams seme othe PCA™ sandarded data bre presented in Figures Io 12 and Tables 03 ‘These recommendetions Indicate the baie econ shapes andthe prefered postions of stand, types of links, postion ond spcing of we> hols, and the rangement forthe powson of dowel at beam ence. ‘The rmomentofneria valor ote vero secon, which are sometimes needed nthe design cleo {Sao, are nl given inthe PCA pubication Bt have been inserted Inthe tables ef sructural properties (Tables 13) or completeness. Aon informs Honaboutthe etiingendmanfactre ofthese tree Table 3 Section prope of U beams ‘ypes team as published by the PCA is presentedin ‘eoke forthe guidance of the designer an the contacto. shouldbe noted that, Baca of manu facturing dices, beam type Mi has been dropped tom the oxgal seis end types Ma and MY Rave ‘beenmodiedta possess slaigertopangeinthe ne ge “The ute of box-beam and beam sections as de ‘lined ove te yeas end ony the base section dete fandatocra properties arelncuded in Figures 1310 1 and im Tabies 5 end 6 respecvly. Box beam section are unique in that they ate precest ith Inteal daphrogms of 200 mm of so thickness st _2440mmspacing wbicheontainholesatthe postions ‘equtedtor the eventual tanevetse post teoningal ‘hesuperstucure. The actusimethod of obtanngthe ‘oid in the box beam fers between the varus ‘manufoctrer, some usng Wek own patented sy Ta “Soe Sacnd ‘oon Desh Ae yen Tope Betom feel Section (om) (am) (mm) (mmx 10) % om) Gl wees mp Sop fagaso gk geass to Saaso us Seon ammo Toate ti 565450 fo) itera tae ‘dey 1200 88430 Sa aoa tus tak fe gies bebe ims) bie a Gir i500 gorge egos tose bars tae, Giz igo oases one 90 soya * Dasign se weg pre vate hs boon an 19 296A ote 100 an G8-1200 (bth lore) re mca he Dip Standard edge deslo 1 Secon poperien feet orm se enc! fr lipase arose. Since two webs are avelable foreach box bes, same engineers have found "wide box bee wth euSDfwidervoidtobe more economical tes are ‘ow avelabe ae andar fom some monuactr's ‘Aroner variety of box bears, krown Top ha beams", have projecting batom fanges and ren {Srcument fom the sides of he beams 8 shown In Figs 17. ‘Since superotres formed er uc bewmedonctrequretranverse dophragms ander. tenwoning these ae parsley stable over avy Then Secoune ofthe difeuteseasocnted with ars ‘erelyprjecing reinforcement inthe manulat Ing pecees auch beara may reso in a marginally rmorwenpensve superstructure “The ben eactons ar intended to be sed with ‘eansvers in sty daptragms ed provision fr hese Inthe precet section ia aly made a 3050 rm Spacing, Some manufacturers ony produce modified fomroftyese beams whiner ownscneme of Products and folate. Prospecve users of beers dd therefore be well advised to consul the Trenutecturers about the ange of beams avaiable ‘much of the Information in Table 4 can also be etetionegeway pphcmietthne pet Transport ‘recat beams for beige constrction of up ta about ‘35m feng ave been erapoted on Bah vos. ‘The Deparment of Transport normally permits pas. sagect ends upto 29 mon public ends and hereore Reams of up to 275 m are regula tanapoted ‘tout requiring special pert om the Depa ‘nent For vansportation by read of lenge lng ‘peril arvangemens have tbe ade between the olen, te Department of Tanapet and te leat pale: ther aerstves open tothe contactor are Flanspor, ste manufactur of bears x precasing ‘hebems nsegens Economic ate manctre ot {he bears wil only be posible fa sufctenlylrge ‘ornbe of beara isrequedfo he pojctandiand's ‘vaible for such manuacture end stacking. Pe Casting the beams in segmens, 0 that only sheer Btaaaas ' | 1 wo + Lit sete \ | 2 Tes a 3 pergec i penrerco df ‘Figure 1 Sender ioe Tea eto ana stand posto (mensions) (Cowart “OSes ampenoape ‘Semieseret tam] | i} “Tt (ons oth tage (gore and Sapte screens Figure Unk shape fr sonar ered Tara (rego no pe wan 0 Imumdienrinntaing, ewot| HH | —— = ercoe ‘igure 3 Eton song pion race hale ond rian pal eras Tm iy yu a oe - : ‘Figure 4 Sundar dal a fd nd beings ‘taser potanas bteen nerd T beans Figure 5 Sanaa vans ‘gare 6 Sanda Mam actos Hand pers € (Arg bata ange ‘Sap ped ae ee] stem - Inrange tS as Figure 7 Link shapes or ean bare fo “tL | Figure 9 Typical def end anaes hls for es igre 1 Sra a satan a arpa Figure 12 Tarsose hole at endeFbean Table 4 Addons information about stand sections enw ce stop rien) oe —— aes a || a ‘Seana pyrdeatm vs 11.55 KN initial force ‘162 KN initia force re tat an ee tai See, Say ose ee bese —_ sciomnan aioe [Statens] 2eismm denier esmeza, | tgtnsaree | Eieemaee) ata Pe Ee Leaeee aS poe tee orden he le et fester Seecatarmsres te arene as nea mia | ortaecrmape seats protien fete eee ne =a areca cre cnn yp end cf Ge fap tomnmes canoer Mirmmmcinenevatosrepetee ante rs SE ee on feo ws | fimo ttn | Sec tgy | Sats ep apt Ze Te | a meas Tea aaig ng pani gem amet Digi imran | ierarstnapetutt rceare wenn ct nd ORL EE as jaseaeoroee ae tens nna nen en i fe een Seen cere prem aelice fene are Sasereoe ome a a fs ee a Table A continued Jb Sb U nds every ne she st 40 he ano ba, Wi enn os ‘ond mm te ik trons spiningct be web ese Besiogs Bewtngs big bears shouldbe considered onthe — ustedes ion 15 imino e ane Seman sec a Seated nde anf be stove beans cnr ule ut ped Gop eo sitet ln da sen he sano gy etenng mt "ach maplacethahi pfred met of oieg Se it parr echcie ftv Sum nna an fe sm endings dene Se ed an Seale on how an hema te ends’ essay bet weit ‘seceded he wet of a pn ning nd ton “* ‘eta gen he erste PLS on sadvon 15 rw rcmest oan ah Sings eens ony coe Sct uy cn pce cred td ny ceric cee ‘aeons Heng cine es ra a tan Bed Siere ‘Stove nds beams we epee md hod dwar pone, ater {mera en ates wey hve soar conte eae amine ‘he ad bein ncermers OS pecs scontane th skec tee ‘Whee steve exces oe shown below ae spectea drape oa ee nay Fes Reifrcement Oly remtorcurent nthe te sone tw eh saddle ee ‘A thereon ne bd of he Beam soul be dtd sume he serton ‘Projecting enorme! on Uber ca be deed cements seck “Table 5 Secon ropes of box bears Figur 13 Sundars tans BI 10 mers ‘gre 4 Sunda wong 1 97 (amensions ie “able 6 Section propeies of ears ei ot ‘ented Sectn modu 108) sore baton Det ee © Topfice Bot fire Salih Seton (om) (am) % z ‘etm mo iga3r3, er san ae iS ne ne seat n3 Sa Sis aes a ia Saas 300 biases ar 22 ee ee we es et Soe s6 ea ii ese for ad eas esr i Sepa sp a ose 570 ia Seog Sas es nant ea ees San aan aa oa ms nes BS wae Sra 536 a foe aad Hous 337 is isa Sor iaat 15078 1050 1350 Mtoe Tag ie sear oa woo Sogo Tas tee m3 rd iss 3600 70 ina dere tase im Seus00 er ioe Brae 16 we Sonam Tas 2403 inn id twos Gisars ar ose aos 1a eo Staats baa ear 5 wa “SF “1D ¥ g| al a gee te = Flore 15 Standard sects 1011 mensions nm) 4 I 7 : ~ quae are 16 Sanded sts 2 u "fe aiff Tt ning cor ange und font ‘igure 7 Topas beacon des lengths have to be trospoted for subsequent pos ‘ersoning on the se egutes ose luson between the designer end the manufactures and fects fl spect of design, detalng and comsrecton of he Inldge. Fort reson, sch an approach i ae Stdoptes when stended beame ae being ed Toe Bridge constuction Techniques of deflecting and debonding tendons Precast bears wh slg fly bonded tendons ace ‘very convenient ft detang snd manulactre ow: re, one ofthe advarages of prestessing, namely Uingthedeediea oft unttoreduce vans terete stveees Inthe conere, is lst In such members, ‘ecausets tension becomes most tcl atte ends othe beams, where the relving afc due to Seed lead is ero. The tectigues of deecing and de bonding tendons are ferfore often used In ore tensioned beams > acieve e presse ditbuton Similar to that acheved>y the caped priest post tenstonedsytema Thnretains some ote dese oed sdvantage sung nfevertenconsinthebeamacrs Sight smal dep ofbeem thon would be posible ‘wr suai ily bonds tendons, Deflecting “Te tecnigue of defacing sme of the tendons ‘pwords toverds the ends 9 beam ata suede Poston along the san shia the ical secon at Err to ts pstion where signa rebeving stresses dutabeom den loscbendng moment) beavalabie. The numb of tendons be ected rte pstonel the deecson poe are aided by thedesgengner one bas Satenr calculations fortneerdregions of hebeam, The Gefecion pl tually In Se neighbowocd of the Suan open ston wheres qurtesastnend- spruce [sedad mamas alle countsact be en Sle stress (op Me) deo pretest west The re of detection of thee tendons shouldbe a: {anged sch tht the eect cccaay and Oe irenresing lores of te tendons dona scare 9 {erate stesofgrestrtian 3 Hime ltentera he ‘cal ectonta imitate Goce This ehgue of defect enone pricy stable where ceninaty rive dss ote enas isan he shes cre ccc page 2) bec oe, by tecing ome the tenonsypesésonase cs ofa beam some compreive sess conte ‘ratedintetopfbvetineendsTholsadretoges Intesiingtensin ners noesthrehy wc hegaing ‘ores esuling om he pang oe lash the pester Ths das rues te bulapo mpresive sess inthe nto re doe to pestese fv ond o anyother oes at heen te ‘com ‘Abcther advantage of defects tendons thet he ode permis the veil eosponet af Ye enon {ore tobe uedinvessingthe posed hes ocean thebesmsinatens whch emainfensalyunected te ubimat hat wate: Some engines evs Sued the ths componert seid soe be egy {Eecve in te Merely cased regions and ft {hecking the maximum saa ates condone tsrber Secsureoaumelinitedtestevaence hs {ste Code ows not pom et sgt shen theslatercseamstances nrc esheets tone f any secon determined beth Rear “tacked a incacked modes snd th owe vue ‘doped The sherinkaarehen Sage toca he ‘ermine ofthe npoved shea fees Tse opese ae hut ne calctons of Exonpie Sof ‘elerence 7 anh bail he shen’ canes Cogeiducurednrlrsce 1, ‘Shee ony the tendon tht se located win he web wah cen be delete, he sand pete fr Pe ‘hole enone 10 be coeuly belted wo Ue rough sands oe wvalbie for efectng ups towards the ends t0 sally the ste fodiens {rough te lengtelthe Dam Fue 18 indeaes the casting sequence ands common ‘or brome ih deectedtendons vee Debonding ‘An atemative technique for redicing undesate ‘wafer stresses so Gabon some! he tendon ins teduatecmanneriowardstneende ofthe Besrn, Bond etwoen the tendons and concrete preverted ty shething the tendons pati ubing, the eds bing taped to prevent the ingress of grout note tae Fal stress inte tendon with occur ata ditance {othe ranamisin eng fom te inward endo be sheathing. By proper cutie of the deboning tubes, the tla elecive presresting force and eccertcy canbe vaned over he eng the bear th ter sanimum velues in the midspon regs, Figure 19 ndleates the actual and esined er ord ccenrcty along the length ofa beam. Wdelacd ‘diagrams in which varaons over the trnsmissien leogts are gnored are usualy adequate fr ane ) ‘aang tein its conrete sapiens ontop Sl) ‘Berra shtkage and creep could be appro ‘mately tae a 5,54 and expect oe Ting term vats (coresponding to tansler at be tween tres andfve days after concreting, a given in ‘he Code), Atematvely, the spect cree values or ‘Bevatow ogesol concrete rom cating occuring ‘Spaticlar prod of oeding maybe calculated em Figure 37 eprodicea here rom reference 12). The ‘Htcive age of concete wl vay. reflecting diferent ‘ronulcturers” paces, bot k would appear et ‘anubetotake the base value for reset be 12 SO'zperNinen-Toothe tothe redial eeep o> ‘otal reat 106 dye wil be (60-#4)/60-12)= 023. Hogging moments atthe support “The greatest longitudinal hogging toments atthe 30 erst tr i stomata Ereninmeen weet Scouser entra Senceromnassresrae Eaacgeeearae ren Eeaeaameetmes feeecececnae Bo maororeeny Eecaaemeece nme Sotronan ace aaaeeearese Sawn ewane ts 2S com comes eee in the precest beams tthe face of the hte naman aces ieee amie Sain conieore aoe toms Hoesen oc eae obsess oe Scns tacoma nih een bane seve renee Sees eee eee Soasmicahneee -Atthe intermediate support psions, the oad eect ‘ould be vested bythe nay relforced concrete Teton between the and othe adjacent spans, Sagging moments atthe support ‘The areata onatudin! scaing moments at the ‘Remedate phragm secions are colcaated by Coradeing be Dea abe relatively neat the ine feasting stu concrete (restened shrinkage pus {eep, carespanding tothe age of the bears) and ombined "wit poslve temperture ference {feough the superstar depth and relative coun ‘ard movernet of any Itemedite support due to ‘itereta setieren. Depending on the mune of spans nthe bridge, the combined flee of superin Posed dead ond with mort adverse hve dod pater. fag on the baage deck may produce some ter ‘ogging moments the Interest supports whieh ‘ould ls be taker nto account For 9 two-apan ‘ase, however, the presence of Wve load da the deck sltenato rede the sagging momenthere Relaforcement for sagging moments. Precastbeams ‘it normaly be found aie to surah hese soging ‘moments a the face ofthe ophregm without i= Ing the tes sess eter However, 0 rest hese ‘moment, rans longituina reiforcerert vil be ‘needed othe Soom of te in ty concrete atthe Stppor secon. fa sngleline of berings unde tela sStrconcrete i empayed o the intermediate sup. ‘ors, shear ante apsoclted with th Poggina end ogging moments at te vere! presen st) ‘tfece shuld ali becheched. These rquterets tre best sotied by proving longttina rforing Bare projcing from the ends of acjacent beams on ‘ier be ofthe Support belo the concrete a hein a dpivagm i places. These longi! bare ‘ould be bent up and anchored round anther Barat ‘ight angles or welded together to frm en efctive ‘Sagging moment connection a shown in Figs 38. "nchoragerequrerents can be sated, et propistary mbsf coanecing bars wi treed Eouplrs cst inthe endo the precast unto receive ‘headed L-shaped bars could also be employes. “Anotne aenative would be to swage smal met Sleeves atthe ends of tendons projecting fom the Storm fonge. ‘hese cout tn be prefed to Be ‘rchored in the in atu concrete ofthe dlsphregm fbove the boom flange of the opposing precast tear. Te dear and Bena ttengit of the Sapport Section shuld appropriately be caleubted by vet Ing. the tendong en otdnasy renlrcng ‘bors (Gp= 460 Nima’, or some other surable criterion [king deformations shou be apple "Tees have indicated tat sacral welding of roecng reinforcement i probably the most ec {ve method of veiling ultimate ments ths scion. However, potenti pobiems with aque Under sevice ads may render his option unsutabe (Conny bas shou be embeaded in precst con ete by at as fl anchorage length beyond the tYonsmisien zoe (assuming that hese bars re ot required to ress sagging moments thee and that Sdoquate stength i avaable inthe form of pre tensioned tendons) and the ouside prjeson shod belong enough for fll anchorage in en sh con Placemert of projecting canunaty bes inthe pre {Easing Yetne and ele comecton we opposing Bars'on the ste are afc operaons, Some eg. neers hove theefre argued again! the rovson of Sich bar, peering ta ace the ensuing cack st this inteoce Between the precast and the fae Concrete. Tne wich of such racks under sags ‘moments over the suppot could be inge and wit ependupen the age he precast bees atthe te ff easing tne deck conte notes to evold prob ems with shear warser at be suppor retention of Separate bearing under each beat tnd would be Prterabiewith ths option Adakonaly isa Grauate the consequences of Irge uncooled ‘racks at ths location for he durabiy fone ce phragm reinforcement (eg, Inks in the daptvagm ‘heh must cost these crcpones tthe end tne precest bem), Te sagging momenta socom [Bnd consequently the Saedl he cracks il gener ‘De somewhat leas atvere € the precst beans att ‘tively ldatthevmeafetablehmentofcentinaty, ole ee one igure 38 tof connecing bar irene pr) wrt tars ni endo pcataas ig cat be ipo an ‘nd f there ls no posslty of adverse diferent ‘Ettemenis Ine absence of kaown examples where ‘Stem bar have been exclded, he epproach ‘Alternative construction sequence Ics uualto place the who often ts conerete (oe the deck andes daptvagr) fortis type of ensue tloninasinglcpration The aernatve of casting ‘phragm fisrestsin reduced sagging moments at the supports reuring les contaty reer se bottom fange a the bears. This wl, weve, hecesstate some ongtcinly projecting rerorce. ‘rant fem bie top fang ofthe precast beast rest, ‘ogung momen aang fomtnerobeequent pace rent of the deck conrete This wl tn further ‘Complete the dapneagm deta and serease the ‘ogana motets athe end ofthe precast beams, ‘theresa leas re after clos tothe ts, These ‘onaderatons together wih he resulting longer toa ‘enatston pated tener thie approse les atoe te Span/depth ratios “Theneedto males conservative esimateofthrange fbanding moments which an aise other Sesuppote couple ith hefoct hat ead oad are Rupposed inthe simply supported mose, os Pat ‘lw any giant reduction nthe depth cf co Surucion The resuting supersrucues therefore have Jpanidepth rotor very slar to hose of Senply ‘oppored spor etnies Geng eslcustions require for two: span, Mbeam, continsour superstucte ere Hs [ted in Exampe Bo efrence 7. Continuity with overhanging intermediate diaphragms Basic structural arangement ‘Anos von of this span-by-spen construction, ‘hich fers forreradvorages,istenlargetheinstuy ‘daptvagms to teach almost as far asthe poms of onvafenue inthe span (piel up i201 pen) ‘hus prevents any sgiiart magetude of hogging ‘moments beng appld tothe ends ofthe precast beams Taesbtartal longitudinal hoggngrements ‘hat ae causedover the diaphragm length akong the ‘viol bag) re rested pacing the reinforce- mentin te topof the inst aptvagm. Temporary ‘Endauppora ote precast beams canbe proviced by falsewor rete om the ple cap oon the found ‘on sab forte piers. The ends ofthe beams are ‘enbeddedinthensit concrete ofthe dapragm and {he supertuctue fs made contnvour by pesing ‘eeforcement trough the holes the ends ofthe beams. Design of transverse diaphragms. In few cases, vansverse pos tensioning though pec holes nhe bears ahd the intervening In sts ‘concrete hasbeen apple to ensure long tem ites fy of the prcest trans connecton tsvrellos © {est uoneverse Rogge moments resting fom ‘mow por suppor unser the adopted uphvagrn ‘Tens onthe WoedlardIuerchange projet, cred Outen the Arscieton™,inicated athe anverse ‘estat force required x properlongtudnal beng ‘Sehaviourishotarge ard tha, tele prestessing {= not env, atinay Teblererent being ae" ‘unt fortis purpose. However, the designer chose Drestesing tore corgestion of enforcement and {ohepshetwansfer as locaton, ‘Since the longi dimension othe depen Iesiglicrt inition the lenght beara Should relcted inte metodo nays par Inly forthe differential evinkage ad rep endings, [Asa rest these ltt loadings ar aly to cause (Guar levels of atresnes inthe precest members han ‘woulbe the cas anne continsous, ull span pe ‘aetbeom superstructuesdscussedebove Construction sequence ‘lamoceusuel with histpeaf constuction ocestthe Subsall sppor dlapegm nly upto the evel tthe underside of the top slab. Depending on the ‘ength ofthe recast bers elt tothe watvethe

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