Computer Networks

The network basically provides a connection with different devices and

resources for sharing purposes. Let us know about the evolution of the
network.

Observe the following picture to understand the evolution of networking.

Evolution of Networking
ARPANET – 1960

In the 1960s, the U.S. Department Of Defence had started a project named
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) to provide an
interconnection between academic and research institutions for research
purposes. They have started communication and the first message was
communicated between the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
and Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Later on, other organizations had also
joined ARPANET gradually and formed small networks.

Email – 1971

In 1971, Roy Romlinson develops a networking message popularly known

as E-mail. With this, the symbol @ is used the first time with the
network. Click here to read more about E-mail.

Internet – 1974

In 1974, the commercial use of ARPANET started in the name of TelNet.

Later on, the word internet was coined.

TCP/IP – 1982
By using the ARPANET project, now it is almost spread over countries with
TelNet. In 1982 they have started using TCP/IP protocol in ARPANET. This
protocol was developed by Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf.

Domain Name System – 1983

In 1983, the Domain Name System was started. It was created by Paul
Mockapetris in November 1983 to use some simple names rather than
using the traditional addresses used in the ARPANET.

NSFNET – 1986

NSFNET program was launched by National Science Foundation in 1986 to

bring connectivity to more people. It was popularly used to promote
advanced research and education networking in the United States.

WWW – 1990

In 1990, Tim Berners Lee worked with European Organization for Nuclear
research developed a program to make information readily available to
users with different URLs and create relationships between websites, thus it
gives birth to World Wide Web.

WiFi – 1997

In 1997, the first version of WiFi was introduced. Later on, so many changes
and evolution took place and modern hi-speed internet came into the
existence.

Data Communication Terminologies

There are a few important terminologies you need to understand for data
communication. These terminologies are as follows:
1. Node/Host/Workstation: A computer that is attached to a
network is known as node or host or workstation. Sometimes it is
considered as a client as well.
2. Server: A server plays an important role in the network. The server
is the leader of the pack. It serves all the services as the requests of
the client.
3. Network Hardware: A device is used to established a network
between various devices or connected to the network. There three
main devices required to connect a computer with a network.
1. NIC or NIU: It stands for Network Interface Card or
Network Interface Unit. Every computer is having a built-
in NIC. You can also install external NIC into the
computers.
2. Connecting Device: There are certain connecting devices
available to connect different devices. These are the hub,
switch, router, repeater etc. We will discuss them later.
3. The communication Channel: It is the way of connecting
network hardware with each other. A communication
channel is the type of cable used to connect the various
devices into the network. We will discuss all types of
cables later.
4. Bandwidth: Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies use into
network data transmission. This bandwidth is available in Hz, KHz,
MHz etc.
5. Data Transfer Rate: The data transfer rate refers to the amount of
data transmitted per second from one device to another. It is
measured in bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps, etc.
6. Internet: Thousands of computers connected together globally is
known as the internet. It is also considered as Network of
Networks.
7. Switching Technique: This term is associated with a large
network. In a large network, there are multiple paths from sender
to receiver. The switching technique will decide the best route for
the network and connect system for making one-to-one
communication. There are three types of Switching techniques:
1. Circuit Switching: In this technique, two network nodes
establish a dedicated communication channel (circuit)
through the network.
 2. Packet Switching: In the packet switching technique,
data is divided into small packets, not in a single unit.
3. Message Switching: Data choose a specific route from
source to destination one hope at a time.

Transmission media

Transmission media or communications channel refers to the cables or links

used in networking. Basically, the transmission media or communication
channels are classified into two categories:

1. Guided Media or Wired communication Channel

• Twisted Pair Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Optical Fibres
2. Unguided Media or Wireless communication Channel
• Microwave
• Radio Wave
• Satellite
• Infrared
• Laser transmission
• Bluetooth

Guided Media or wired communication channel

The guided media refers to the different types of cables used in the
network. As you have seen above list, now let us talk about all types of
guided media.

Twisted Pair Cable

As you have seen the above picture. This picture includes twisted-pair
cables. These cables are twisted together in pairs of two wires wrapped
together in helix form.

Types

It is also available in two types:

1. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) – have a braided wired mesh that

encases each pair of insulated wires
2. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) – comprise of wires and insulators
Used in

The twisted-pair cables are used into telephone lines, DSL lines, and LAN
(Local Area Network)s. As in LANs so it is also known as an ethernet cable.

Categories

The twisted pair cables are classified into the following categories. These
categories referred as CAT1, CAT2, and so on…

Category Type Speed Used in

CAT1 UTP <0.1 Mbps Telephone Lines

CAT2 UTP 2 Mbps Transmission Lines

CAT3 UTP 10 Mbps LANs

 CAT4 UTP 20 Mbps Token Ring

CAT5 UTP 100 Mbps LANs

CAT6 UTP 200 Mbps LANs

CAT7 STP 1000 Mbps LANs

Advantages

• Reduces the crosstalk

• It is simple
• Easy to install and maintain
• It is very flexible
• It has low weight
• It can be connected easily
Disadvantages

• Unable to provide connection over long distances

• Low bandwidth
• Not suitable for broadband applications
Coaxial Cables

This types of cables you have seen with your TV and Set-top boxes. These
cables consist of a solid wire core surrounded by one or more foil or wire
shields. Each foil or shield is separated by some kind of plastic insulator.
Used in

The coaxial cable is used in a telephone network that carries 10,000 voice
signals, digital telephone network with 600 Mbps data transfer rates, in
cable TVs, ethernet LANs and MANs.

Categories

The coaxial cables are classified into three categories as per Radio
Government (RG) ratings:

Category Watts Used in

RG – 59 75 TV Cables

RG – 58 50 thin Ethernet

RG – 11 50 thick Ethernet
Advantages

• Suitable for high-speed communication

• Segment length 185 to 500 meters
• Can be used in shared cable network
• Can be used for broadband transmission
• Offers bandwidth up to 400Mbps
Disadvantages

• Expensive than twisted pair cable

• Not compatible with twisted pair cable

OPTICAL FIBERS
It consist of thin strands of glass or glass like material. These cables carry
light from sources used from one end to another. The first end is
considered as source and second is considered as detector.

The light sources are LEDs or LDs. These type of cables used frequency
modulation for data transfer. These cable consists of three pieces:

1. The core – It is made up of glass or plastic that is responsible for

travel of lights
2. The cladding – It is there to reflect the light back to the core
3. Protective coating – provide protection to the cable
Used in

Fiber optic cables are used in cable TV, and high speed network
transmissions.

Categories

The fiber optic cables are classified into two categories:

1. Single-mode fiber
2. Multi-mode fiber
Advantages

• Provides high-speed data transmission

• Strong and protected cables
• Provides secure transmission
• Can be used for broadband transmission
Disadvantages

• The installation process is not easy

• virtually impossible to to tap
• Connection losses are more common problem
• Most expensive cables
Unguided media or Wireless Communication
Channel
The unguided or wireless communication channels referred to a wireless
connection to the network. There is no physical connection given through
wires in this channel. The connection will be done through either sensors,
antenna or any other component.

Microwave

This type of unguided medial is used for long distance networking. It

consists of the following components:

1. Transmitter
2. Receiver
3. Atmosphere
The microwave has a parabolic antenna mounted on towers to send a
beam to other antennas which are tens of kilometres away. As much as the
tower is high, the range is greater. With 100 meters high tower, 100 km
distance range will be achieved.

Advantages

• Cheaper than cables

• Land is required to fix towers only, saves the space of land to
spread the cables
• It can provide easy communication over difficult terrain
• It can communicate over oceans
Disadvantages

• Insecure connection
• The network can be affected by weather effects such as rains,
thunderstorms etc.
 •Limited bandwidth
• Very high-cost maintenance
Radio Wave

It is using the radio frequency modulation for data transmission. It has two
parts:

1. Transmitter – take data or message, encode it into sine wave and

transmit into a radio wave
2. Receiver – decodes the data or message from sine wave it receives
In radio wave both transmitter and receiver antennas to radiate and capture
the radio signal.

The advantages and disadvantages are similar as micro wave

Satellite

It is just a relay system of the microwave. It provides voice, fax, data, video,
email, file transfer, and WWW internet applications. It can provide
emergency backup facility when cable communication network crushed by
a disaster. In satellite, dish functions as an antenna and the communication
equipment to transmit and receive data.

The stationary orbits placed about 22,300 miles above the earth’s surface.
These satellite act as relay system for the communication signals.

Advantages

• Covers a large area

• Best alternative of cables
• It provides good option for commercial use
Disadvantages

• over-crowding at low antennas

• High cost
• Significant probability of failure
Infrared

It uses an infrared lights send data. You are using these infrared at your
home.

Guess where and how?

Yes, infrared is used in your remotes like TV, set top box, AC, wireless
speakers, automotive doors etc.

It transmits data through the air and propagates within a range. It cannot
penetrate the walls. It is suitable for a short distance.

Laser

It requires direct light-of-sight. Provides high speed than microwaves. It

requires the use of a laser transmitter and a photo-sensitive receiver at
each end. It requires point-to-point transmission and affect by weather.

Bluetooth

The Bluetooth is very famous for PDAs and sharing files over PDAs like
mobiles, smartphones, laptops and palmtops. Now a day a variety of
devices can be connected through Bluetooth for file sharing. These devices
can be printer, speaker, TV, and so on.

Network Devices for Class 12

Network devices are a very important topic of networking. As these devices
help to connect various communication channels with each other. We will
talk about following network devices:

1. Modem
2. RJ45 connector
 3. Ethernet Card
4. WiFi Card
5. Hub
6. Switch
7. Repeater
8. Router
9. Gateway
Modem
The first device for Network Devices for Class 12 is the modem. A modem
stands for MOdulator/DEModulator. It works on the function process of
Modulation and Demodulation.

As you know that computers accept the signals in form of 0s and 1s,
considered as digital data. When signals are exchanged between various
communication channels and devices, needs to be converted into analogue
and digital signals and vice. So the modem helps in this conversion and it is
connected at both ends.

The modem at the sender’s side works as modulator and receiver’s side as a
demodulator.

RJ45 Connector
This connector is used to attach with twisted pair or ethernet type cables. It
connects both ends of the cable. It is a small plastic plug that fits on RJ 45
cables.
RJ45 Connector

Ethernet Card
It is popularly known as Network Interface Card or Network Interface Unit.
It provides an interface between the computer and the network.
ethernet card

It is a small circuit board attached to the computer’s motherboard.

However, you can also attach expansion NIC for your computer. This NIC
has a port to connect ethernet cables using ethernet connectors.

Every ethernet card has its own physical address. This address is known
as MAC (Media Access Control) Address.

MAC Address

A MAC address is a unique address that is assigned by the manufacturer of

the NIC Card. It is a 6-byte address. Each byte in MAC address is separated
by a colon. It looks like:

20:CY:01:58:4d:LK

In this address, first three bytes are manufacturer-id and rest three bytes
are card-no. The manufacturer-id is assigned by an International
Organization IEEE.

Wifi Card
It is similar like ethernet card that enables a Wi-Fi connectivity for the
computers. The Wi-Fi Card is coming wit a small antenna. It is known as
wireless NIC.

Hub
A hub is a device which is used to connect more than one device in the
network. It contains a few ports on it to connect the cables for various
device. It is placed at the central position in the network location. It
connects devices like workstations, servers etc. It is best suitable for LAN.

Hub – Network Devices for Class 12

These hubs can be either active or passive.

An active hub can extends the network signals using repeaters in the
network over geographical distance where as passive hub pass the signal
from one computer to another computer without change in short distances.

A hub can have 8,12,or 24 ethernet ports, usually.

Switch
A switch can connect different subnetworks. These subnetworks
abbreviated as SubNets or LAN segments. By using switch devices the
network traffic can be controlled in different segments. It filters, transfers
data in a specific way and forward packets between LAN. A switch has more
ports compared to a hub.

Switch – Network Devices for Class 12

Repeater
Sometimes you need to spread your network over geographical distance.
The repeater is a device that amplifies the network over geographical
distance. It extends the network in long distances for a single run.

These repeaters are of two types:

1. Amplifier: It just amplifies the the incoming signals over the long
distance network.
 2. Signal repeater: It amplifies the signal as well as concurrent noise.
It collects the inbound packet and then transmits the data as its
coming from the source.
Router
A router is more powerful and intelligent than hub or switch. It has
advanced capabilities as it can analyze the data and decide the data is
packed and send it to the other network. It can handle huge packets. It can
be wired or wireless, both. A wireless router can provides access to many
devices like smartphones, and connected devices.

Its looks like a Modem.

router

Gateway
It is a device which connects dissimilar networks. It expands the
functionality of routers. It is not a device but a node or workstation or
computer connected to the network.
In the enterprise, the gateway gives a direction to the traffic from
workstation to outside network that is serving the web pages. In homes, the
gateway is the ISP that connects the user to internet.

Network Type and Topologies Class 12

So first we will discuss about network types. So now you are familiar with
the network. The network can be small in size or huge in size. Small
networks links few computers together whereas huge network can link
thousands of computers together. So the network types are classified into
following types based their size, geographical distance and complexity.

1. PAN – Personal Area Network

2. LAN – Local Area Network
3. MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
4. WAN – Wide Area Network
We will see each of them in brief.

Topologies are the types of network layout. It provides the interconnection

to the network using cables and network devices. These factors are
considered while choosing the appropriate topology for the network.

1. Cost – As many of the companies are always thinking about cost-

cutting and cost-effectiveness. So the network administrator has to
try to minimize the cost of network devices and cables installations
and maintenance.
2. Flexibility – Many times the office layout and structure may be
modified. So as network layout can be also flexible any change
physical office structure changes. The network administrator
should add or remove or reconfigure the network layout easily.
3. Reliability – A network failure happens quite often in the network.
There are two forms of network failure.
1. Individual node failure – A node connected to the
network which is malfunctioning. It should be isolated to
avoid further problems until the network failure gets
repaired.
 2. Entire Network – Sometimes entire network may fail due
to uncertain results. This leads to the detection of the
fault and gets repaired. Topology offers the location and
some solutions based on the network layout to get it
repair.
There are many network topologies in the existence. In your syllabus the
following topologies given, so we will cover them in this article.

1. Star
2. Bus or Linear
3. Ring or circular
4. Tree
5. Mesh
6. Fully Connected
We will see each of them in detail one by one.

Network Types
PAN – Personal Area Network

Personal Area Network refers to the network created by persons or

individuals. Let’s understand with this example. If you are sending files from
your smartphone to another smartphone using Bluetooth or any other app
is considered as Personal Area Network. Mostly people using their own
devices like PDAs, Smartphones, Tablets etc. to share the data using
Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.

LAN – Local Area Network

Local area networks are limited to one specific area and cover limited
distance. A network that spreads up to a building, office, organization or
institute is known as Local Area Network. In this type of network all the
devices are connected through a central device. This connectivity is done by
means wires or using Wi-Fi.

It provides short range network with high speed data transmission. It can
be extended up to 1 KM in the range. It provides speed up to 10 Mbps
known as Ethernet and 1000 Mbps is known as Gigabit Ethernet.

MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

This is an extended form of LAN. It can be spread over cities of one country.
It can connect different cities of a country. It provides less speed compared
to LAN. If you are using an internet connection using cable TV is considered
as MAN. One MAN network can be extended up to 30-40 KM. Certains LAN
can form a MAN quite often.

WAN – Wide Area Network

The WAN is the next type of network we are going to cover under Network
Type and Topologies Class 12. It covers the longest geographical areas. It
can spread over countries. Many LANs and MANs can be connected in the
WAN. Internet is an example of WAN. In this network, LANs and MANs are
connected using Wires or Wi-Fi. It is mostly used in large organizations,
businesses, institutions having various branches across the world. Millions
of computers are connected together in WAN.

Network Topologies
The star topology

We will start the discussion of topology for Network Type and Topologies
Class 12 with the star topology. This is the most popular topology in the
LAN. A central device (hub or switch) is required to connect all the devices
with cables. Each device communicates with each other via a central device.
This topology uses ethernet cable for the network establishment. The
reasons behind its popularity are:

1. Cost
2. Efficiency
3. Speed
If any problem arise at any device won’t affect the network too much
except central device. The advantages of star topology are as following:

• Easy Access – In start topology, the devices are connected with

points that access any device easily.
• Easy Configurations -The configuration of star topology is very
simple and easy. As the cable is connected to the device and
central device.
• Problem Diagnoses – The problem diagnoses process is very
simple and easy. As you can remove the faulty device from the
network and repair it won’t impact on the network.
• Simple Protocols – It accesses simple protocols in the network.
The disadvantages of star topology are as following:

• Cable Length – The star topology requires long length cables to

establish a network. All the devices require a cable to connect with
a central device.
• Difficult to expand – The expansion of the network is very difficult
as it has a limited length.
• Central node dependency – The entire network is dependent on
the central node.
The bus or linear topology

The next topology of Network Type and Topologies Class 12 is bus

topology. The bus or linear topology uses a single length cable to connect
the devices. This single length cable has a terminator at both the ends.
Mostly this topology uses coaxial cable. The data travels in both directions.
The advantages of a bus or linear topology are as follows:

• Short cable length – The bus topology uses a short cable length
compared to a star topology.
• Installation Cost – As the only single cable is used to establish a
network, it will reduce the cost of cables installation.
• Easy to extend – The extension of the network becomes very
using a single length cable with repeater over geographical
distance.
The but or liner topology has following disadvantages:

• Difficult to diagnose a fault – If any problem arises, it is very

difficult to diagnose the fault in bus topology.
• A node failure, entire network failure – In bus topology is any
node fails, the entire network fails as data travels in a single path or
direction.
• Repeater configuration – The repeater configuration is difficult to
process when any changes occure.
• Add/Remove node – It is difficult to add/remove the node in bus
topology.
Ring or circular topology

The next topology of Network Type and Topologies Class 12 is ring or

circular topology. In this topology the devices are connected in a ring with
two neighboring nodes. The data transfer from one device to another
device with adjacent node. The data transfers in one direction inside the
ring. The advantages of ring topology are as following:

• Short cable length – The ring topology requires short cable length
compared to star or bus topology.
• Wiring closet required – All the devices are connected with two
neighbour nodes which do not require closet space.
The disadvantages of ring or circular topology are as following:

• Node failure results to network failure – If a single node fails,

the entire network fails. The defective device must be remove or
repair from the network to resolve the problem.
• Difficult to Diagnose a fault– Like bus topology, in ring topology
also it is very difficult to diagnose a fault.
• Difficult to reconfigure a network – In the ring topology, the
network configuration process is very difficult.
The tree topology

The next topology of Network Type and Topologies Class 12 is the tree
topology. The tree topology is similar to bus topology. In tree topology, the
network shapes like a tree with different nodes connected together. One
node is connected with the different branches. It offers similar advantages
to a bus topology.

Mesh Topology

The last topology for Network Type and Topologies Class 12 given in your
syllabus is the Mesh topology. The mesh topology offers excellent
connectivity over long distances. In this, each node is connected to more
than one device. These devices provide alternative routes. It offers the
following advantages:

• The data load is carried by the node.

• It is more secure and offers privacy.
• The process of fault diagnoses is very easy.
The disadvantaged of Mesh topology are as following:

• The installation and configuration of network is difficult.

• As each node is connected more than one device, the cost is more
compared to other topologies.
• It required more number of cables.
What is a network protocol?
Set of rules and regulations that governs communication is called a
Protocol. The protocols are responsible for communication between sender,
receiver and all other stakeholders in the network.

Need for protocol

To establish a good network and communication we need protocols. The
points may consider as need for protocols:

1. Flow Control
2. Access Control
3. Addressing
Flow control

We have different users at different locations having different speeds of

data transfer. The data transfer may depends on the many factors. So in this
case a device has to adjust this speed barrier otherwise some data will be
lost.

For example, Workstation X sending data at 1 Gbps and Workstation Y

receiving data at 512 Mbps. So here Workstation Y must intimae the
Workstation X about the speed mismatch, hence Workstation X adjust the it
accordingly.

Access Control

To save loss or corruption of data in the network, access control plays a

vital role in this. Access control decides which nodes in a communication
channel will access the link shared among them at a particular instance of
time. If it’s not done then the data packets may collide when data will be
sent by the same link simultaneously.

Addressing
Addressing is also one of the important factors when we are working with
the network. Every node or workstation in the network has its own and
unique logical address. This address defines the source and destination of
data in the network. This address is a numeric address which identifies the
node or workstation in the network.

In nutshell, protocols are responsible for:

• How computers are identified?

• The conversion of data
• Decide the source and destination
• Ensure that all data reached to its destination without any loss
• Rearrange the packets and process them
Now in the next section of Comprehensive Notes Network protocol Class
12, let’s discuss the protocols given in the your curriculum document.

TCP/IP
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. It uses
client-server model for the communication. In this protocol a client send a
request to the server in the network.

The Internet Protocol defines a numeric address for each computer in the
network, by this IP address, only each computer or node in the network is
identified.

On the other hand, TCP ensures that data packets are properly divided into
small units or not. It also ensures the path of the route from source to the
destination. TCP guarantees the delivery of packets on the designated IP
address. It is also responsible for ordering packets so they are delivered in
the sequence.

Sometimes two packets can have different routes depending on the data
traffic on the route and other factors. When it reaches to the destination
these packets reassembled into the original message at the receiver’s end.

Our next protocol is FTP for Comprehensive Notes Network protocol Class
12.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
As the full form of FTP, it is responsible for file transfers in the network from
one device to another device i.e. client to server and vice versa. It also
works on client-server model just like some other protocols.

FTP provides two ways for data transfer:

1. With login: Username and password based service

2. Without login: Direct service without any login
When the request for file transfer, a connection will be set up between
client and server. The user enters the username and password and then
specifies the filename and location of the desired file. This will create
another connection for file transfer. FTP also handle some issues like
different convention for filenames, representation of data in different
formats, and different directory structure.

The next protocol in Comprehensive Notes Network protocol Class 12 is

PPP.

PPP (Point to Point Protocol)

Point to Point Protocol creates a direct connection between two devices in

the network. The authentication and direct link will be defined by this
protocol. For example, Two devices like routers have a direct connection
using PPP. In this scenario the direct connection will be established
between internet users and the server of ISP through Model.

To use this protocol the network devices should have the duplex modes.
PPP protocol maintains data integrity ensuring that the packets arrive in the
proper order. If any data is damaged or any packet is lost while data
transfer, will be intimated and asked to resend by this protocol.

After gettiing familiar with PPP, now we are going to talk about HTTP in
Comprehensive Notes Network protocol Class 12.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

Whenever you are using a website, the address of website starts with http
or https because it is the protocol which is used for access of World Wide
Web. Tim Berners-Lee played a crucial role in development of HTTP at
CERN in 1989 in collaboration with Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
and World Wide Consortium (W3C).

As you know HyperText means a document which contain text or images

linked together with another document. It is also one of the client-server
based protocol. It plays an important role between web browser and web
server by providing the access of HyperText from WWW with the format
and transfer mechanism along with how the web server and browsers
should respond to various commands.

A web page written in HTML is stored on a web server for access via its
URL. When the user opens a browser and types the URL of a particular
webpage, a link is created between a web browser (User Machine) and the
webserver using HTTP. For example, when you enter
https://www.tutorialaicsip.com in your browser, it sends a request to the
web-server of our website where it is hosted. The HTTP response fetches
the requested web page and serves to your browser.

In the next section of Comprehensive Notes Network protocol Class 12 we

are going to discuss SMTP.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

This protocol is used for mail transfer. It works on the message header and
going into the outgoing mails. There one SMTP sender program take the
mail from the outgoing mail list and send to the destinations. When the
mail is delivered to the destination, it removes the corresponding receivers
email address from the destination list and outgoing list. The SMTP receiver
program accept each mail arrived from other emails and place them at
appropriate user mailbox.

In the next section of Comprehensive Notes Network protocol Class 12 we

going to discuss remote login (Telnet) protocol.

Remote Login – Telnet

The remote login – TelNet stands for Terminal Network. This is one type of
application program that allows user to access the remote computer. It is
also one client-server based program that allows local terminals to be the
at the remote side.

World Wide Web(WWW)

With the introduction of WWW in 1989, the use of Internet has totally
changed. Earlier it was only used for communication and research purposes.
But now a days it is used for so many purposes. Just think about it why you
are using internet?

The above question will give so many answers, some of them are as
following:

1. Education
2. Shopping
3. Communication
4. Sharing
History of WWW

The WWW was proposed between 1989-1991 by Tim Berners Lee. Later on,
it becomes reality with the invention of HTML and a browser.

Difference between WWW and Internet

As you have seen in the above section of internet and web Class 12 IP,
WWW and internet both are not same. There are certain differences
between them.

WWW is a part of internet. Whenever you type any web address or URL it
starts with WWW. So one is container and another is an item inside it. So
the internet is container and www is item. WWW consists of so many
websites, these websites have one or more webpages.

URLs
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is an address of a particular
website. Every website on internet has a unique address. The URL starts
with http or https.

What is HTTP?

HTTP is a protocol that defines some rules and standards for WWW and
website. Every web page made with a descriptive language i.e. HTML. HTTP
follows a specific URL pattern as follows:

type://address/path

Where

1. type is the type of server

2. address is the address of server
3. path is the location of website file
Elements of URL

The URL has following elements:

1. The server type or protocol

2. WWW
3. Domain Name
4. Top-level domain
5. File address on server
The server type or protocol

This is a basic type of protocol like http or https or ftp or gopher or any
other protocol to define some rules and web server type.

WWW

Generally the web address or domain starts with WWW. It is also known as
W3C, W3Consortium.
Domain Name

It is a unique name for a website on internet. It can be hosted on a

particular server by hosting providers.

Top-level Domain

The top level domain defines the type of website such as .com, .edu, .org
etc.

File address on server

This is a specific web page name saved into particular web server.

For example,

https://www.tutorialaicsip.com/xii-ip/informatics-practices-class-12-python

Here,

• https – is a type of server or protocol. S stands for secure.

• www – it is www consortium
• tutorialaicsp – is a unique domain name
• .com – is a top-level domain
• /xii-ip/informatics-practices-class-12-python – is a folder and file
stored on web server
Some common top level domains

The following table represents some common top level domains

Top-Level
Meaning Used for
Domain

.com Commercial For commercial purpose

.edu Education For educational purpose

.org Organization For organizational purpose

 .mil Military For military purpose

.gov Government For government organizations

.co Company Represents a company

Company Represents an Indian company, simlary .co.uk for uk, co.us for us,
.co.in
India co.au fo australia

top-level domains

URL types

There are two types of URLs.

1. Absolute – A web address represents both the domain name and

the folder/page
2. Relative – A web address exclude the domain and represents only
the filename
In the next section of internet and web Class 12 IP we are going to discuss
about internet applications.

Internet Applications
Internet is used for so many purposes widely. In your syllabus three
applications are given, so we will discuss them.

1. Email
2. Chat
3. VoIP
Email

The most common and popular tool on the internet is E-mail. It stands for
Electronic Mail. It is a simple message service where the message can be
sent to or by an individual or in groups anywhere. It just works like a simple
mail sent and received by post office.

In email, e-mail servers are used to send and receive a message. For
sending an email, you need an account to send an email. Similarly you also
need recipient email ID. It is the best and economical way of
communication.

The email address has a specific format like:

username@domainname

Where the username is the name with a combination of letters and

numbers and the domain name is the website domain where the account is
created. For examples, [email protected]

Advantages of E-mail

• cost
• Speed
• Waste reduction
• Easy to use
• Record maintenance
Limitations E-Mail

• Required Internet
• Required training
• Hard to convey emotions
• Impermanent
CC and BCC

While using email, you may hear these words. CC stands for Carbon Copy.
CC emails can be sent a copy to multiple recipients. BCC stands for Blind
Carbon Copy. BCC emails are not visible to other recipients of same email.

Spam Mail

Spam mail is an email sent for marketing purpose or to generate a lead or

irrelevant or inappropriate mail to a huge number of people. The SPAM can
be referred as Send People Alotta Mail.

Junk Mail

Junk mail is unwanted or unsolicited advertising mail or promo mail.

Protocols used in Email

There are certain protocols used in Email listed below:

1. IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) – This protocol is

responsible for accessing emails from server.
2. POP (Post Office Protocol) – It just work like as a Post Office.
3. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) – It used to send an email.
Chat

Now a days you are using WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and other app
to do chatting. Chatting refers to an online text based conversation using
such app or IM (Instant Messaging) software.

There are four types of chat:

1. Instant Messaging – As we are using a few messenger software to

chat. This software is capable to send or receive any text-based
messages or send/receive files. ex. WhatsApp, Facebook
Messenger, WeChat etc.
2. ICQ (“I Seek You”)– It offers to chat through ICQ software. This
software is capable to chat, e-mail, file transfers, play computer
games etc. It is owned by a company and an ICQ number is
generated when you download it.
3. IRC (“Internet Relat Chat”) – IRC software provides an IRC client
program. IRC can spread through many networks. through IRC
server.
4. Web-Based Chat– These types of chat done through the browser
and online on the website. For example, when you log in with any
social media account like Facebook, Google a web based chat is
integrated into the account itself.
The next topic is the last topic of internet and web Class 12 IP.

VoIP

VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. This technology is used to
make audio and video calls through microphone and speakers. You must
have used WhatApp call, Telegram Call, Facebook Messenger Call, Google
Duo etc. VoIP allows transferring the call and data using Internet Protocol.
The audio and video can be accepted as input and converted into digital
information and transferred to another IP.

Advantages

• You can make a call over internet without any extra tool or app or
charges
• You can call a meeting using VoIP apps
• Live interactions can be done using videos
• User can present their screen and explain the topics using PPT or
image or photo
Disadvantages

1. Both the sender and receiver should meet the software and
hardware requirements of the tool or app
2. There is no guarantee of audio or video calls
3. If any packets dropped during the call, voice quality drops
4. Poor voice quality due to network issues
Website
An internet is a big library and website can be considered as a book in that.
As you visit your school library you will get different books there, similarly
internet is a library and a website is a book.

A website is a collection of webpages related through hyperlinks and

saved on a web server. – NCERT Textbook
A website is a collection of web pages and related content that is
identified by a common domain name and published on at least one
web server. – Wikipedia
A website is hosted on a particular server and links the different pages. A
page of the website is known as a webpage. This webpage is created
by HTML, client-side scripting and server-side scripting. All of these
webpages are linked to each other by different hyperlinks.

For example, My website is having different pages like Artificial

Intelligence, Computer Science, Informatics Practices etc.
These links allows users to navigate through the website. These webpages
are stored under a unique domain name and a common theme. As you
know to access a website you either you need to enter a website URL into
address bar or you can search in google and you can can open it.

Purpose of the website

There are certain purposes of website as follows:

1. To share the information and knowledge to the public (Blogs)

2. Communication (Email, Chat, Video Calls)
3. Entertainment (Web Series)
4. Education (Through PDFs, PPTs, Videos)
5. Supply software, services and products (Amazon, Flipkart)
Webpage
As you have created many documents in MS word or other documentation
software, your page contains various styles and formatting of text and all.
Similarly, A webpage is also a page of HTML document with different types
of formatting and contents created with the help of HTML and CSS.

A typical webpage can have text, hyperlinks, images, audio, and video files.
There are two kinds of webpages:

1. Static
2. Dynamic
Static Webpage

A static webpage is created by HTML with text, images, audio, video and
links. These pages do not contains any animated contents. All are just
hyperlinked and the user could not interact on these pages with button
clicks or any other input. User can just click on the links.

A static webpage rendered to the the client or user as it is saved on the

server. All users access the same contents. These pages are saved with .html
or .html.

Dynamic Webpage
Dynamic webpage provides better user experience as different users can
access their own version of webpage or their own data saved in the
website. It is available with different kinds of animation and user interaction
controls. User can interact with them by clicking a buttons and other
controls.

There are certain programming languages used to create a dynamic

webpages. For example, JavaScript, VBScript, ASP (Active Server Pages), JSP
(Java Server Pages), PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor), Python, Ruby etc.

These programing languages allowed to change the the web page contents
when they are loaded into the web browser. These type of dynamic
webpages have the contents linked with the databases. So that whenever
pages are loaded it renders the updated data from the database.

In the next section of Basics of Website Class 12 IP we will discuss about

webserver

Webserver
A webserver serves all the contents of a website. Just take an example of a
mall. A mall is serving all kinds of products we need. Similarly a webserver is
serving the contents on the internet.

The webserver is just like a hardware or computer with a software and

website contents. A webserver accepts the requests from different users
from their browsers and give them response accordingly. Each server has its
unique domain name.

Every server is capable to handle the HTTP requests from the client
computers. There are HTTP requests sent by clients
and HTTP response received by the server on webserver and this way a
page is server to the user. If a page is having issue with URL or any other,
the Error 404 – Page not found raised by the webserver and displayed to
the client’s browser.

The next section of Basics of Website Class 12 IP talk about how you can
host your website.
Hosting a website
Hosting a website is a process of making a website online. There are
hosting service provider who provides this service either free of cost or paid
hosting. Hosting refers to a space provided on a specific server to store the
website data.

Web hosting service providers gives access to the server’s resources such as
RAM, hard disk, bandwidth etc. The hosting providers have their webservers
with a numeric address called IP address. This IP address will be mapped
with a domain name of the website because every user do not remembers
the numeric address while accessing the website.

Now in the next section of Basics of Website Class 12 IP you will learn the
process how to host a website.

How to host a website?

Following steps needs to followed to host a website:

1. Go and search for the hosting provider companies online

2. Find a suitable domain name for your website
3. Register your domain name with the Domain Name Registrar
4. Once you get to space, create your login
5. Upload your localhost website files on the allocated space
6. Map you domain name with IP address

WEBBROWSER
A web browser is a program or software or application that renders a web
page for the user. User need to provide a website address or URL.

In other words, A web browser helps users to get the data and information
from the webserver. Some commonly used web browsers are Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, Apple Safari etc.
Basically web browsers are capable to retrieve hypertext documents, links,
images, and other media from the webserver. It can also access the local file
from file explorer.

Cookies

Generally, cookies are text files which store the browsing-related

information on user’s computer. You can enable or disable cookies from
these settings. You can either allow or block third-party cookies on your
browser.