ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Module 2-
Example Problem
Compressibility of
Soil

Prepared by: Engr.

PREPARED Jan Lhester
BY: ENGR. Navasca
NAVASCA

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 1

Example 1.
A 3m thick clay layer is beneath a 7m sand layer with a groundwater table located 2m below the ground surface. If
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
a uniformly distributed load, Δ𝜎𝜎 ′ = 75 is applied at the ground surface. What will be the settlement of the clay
𝑚𝑚2

layer caused by primary consolidation?

1
We are given that 𝜎𝜎𝐶𝐶′ for the clay is 125 kN/m^2 and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
5

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Sand: 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 18 , 𝛾𝛾 = 16
𝑚𝑚3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑚3

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Clay: 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 19 , 𝑒𝑒 = 0.8, 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 40
𝑚𝑚3 𝑜𝑜

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 2

 Given:
1
𝜎𝜎𝐶𝐶′ for the clay is 125 kN/m^2 and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
5
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Sand: 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 18 3 , 𝛾𝛾𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 16 3
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Clay: 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 19 3 , 𝑒𝑒𝑜𝑜 = 0.8, 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 40
𝑚𝑚

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Δ𝜎𝜎 ′ = 75 2
𝑚𝑚

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2m Sand 𝛾𝛾𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 16
𝑚𝑚3

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
5m Sand 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 18
𝑚𝑚3

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
3m Clay 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 19 3 , 𝑒𝑒𝑜𝑜 = 0.8, 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 40
𝑚𝑚

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 3

 𝝈𝝈′𝑪𝑪 =125 kN/m^2
𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪;
𝟓𝟓

Solution:
𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜′ = 𝛾𝛾𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) ∗ 2 + (𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 −𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 ) ∗ 5 + (𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 ) ∗ 1.5 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐′ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜′ + Δ𝜎𝜎 ′
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = log ′ + log( )
𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜′ = 16 ∗ 2 + 18 − 9.81 ∗ 5 + 19 − 9.81 ∗ 1.5 1 + 𝑒𝑒0 𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜 1 + 𝑒𝑒0 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐′
𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜′ = 86.74 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2
We are left to find Cc and Cs
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 𝜎𝜎0′ = 86.74 2 < 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐′ = 125 2
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0.009 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 10 = 0.009 40 − 10 = 0.27
Therefore Over-consolidated 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = 0.054
5
We need to check if case 1 or case 2
0.054(3) 125 0.27(3) 86.74 + 75
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = log + log
𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜′ + Δ𝜎𝜎 ′ ? 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐′ . 1 + 0.8 86.74 1 + 0.8 125
86.74 + 75 ? 125. 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
161.74 > 125 ; 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 2.

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 4

Example 2.
The Soil Profile shown at the site is given in the figure. The moist and saturated unit weight of sand are 17.0 kN/m^3 and 20
kN/m^3, respectively. A soil specimen was taken from the middle of the clay layer and subjected to a consolidation test, and the
following properties are reported.

Natural Moisture content of the clay = 22.5%

Specific Gravity of the soil grains = 2.72
pre-consolidation pressure = 110 kN/m^2
compression index = 0.52
swelling index = 0.06
a.) Is the clay normally consolidated or over-consolidated? What is the over consolidation ratio?
b.) If a 2-m high compacted fill with a unit weight of 20 kN/m^3 is placed on top of the ground,
What would be the final consolidation settlement.

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 5

Given:
𝑤𝑤 = 22.5% 𝛾𝛾 = 17
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = 2.72 𝑚𝑚3
′
𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐 = 110 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0.52 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) = 20
𝑚𝑚3
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0.06

𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =? ? ?

Solution:
a. NC or OC ? 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝜎𝜎0′ ?
𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐′ ? 𝜎𝜎0′ ?
𝜎𝜎0′ = 𝛾𝛾 ∗ 2.0 + (𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 ) ∗ 3.0 + (𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 ∗ 1.5
𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =? ? ?
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺+𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝛾𝛾𝜔𝜔
𝛾𝛾 = where S=1 when saturated 𝜎𝜎0′ = 17 ∗ 2.0 + (20 − 9.81) ∗ 3.0 + (20.3 − 9.81) ∗ 1.5
1+𝑒𝑒
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑤𝑤𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝝈𝝈′𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
1 𝑒𝑒 = 0.225 ∗ 2.72 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 𝜎𝜎0′ = 80.3 2 < 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐′ = 110 2
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑒 = 0.612
Therefore Over-consolidated
2.72 + 1.0(0.612) ∗ 9.81 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐′ 110
𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) = = 20.3 3 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = ′ = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
1 + 0.612 𝑚𝑚 𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜 80.3
ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 6
b. With a 2m high compacted fill

∆𝜎𝜎′ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
∆𝜎𝜎 ′ = ℎ ∗ 𝛾𝛾𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2.0 ∗ 20 = 40
𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝛾𝛾 = 17 3 𝜎𝜎0′ = 80.3 2
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐′ = 110 2
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚
𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) = 20
𝑚𝑚3
We need to check if case 1 or case 2
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 20.3 𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜′ + Δ𝜎𝜎 ′ ? 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐′ .
𝑚𝑚3
80.3 + 40 ? 110.
120.3 > 110 ; 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 2.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐′ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜′ + Δ𝜎𝜎 ′
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = log ′ + log( )
1 + 𝑒𝑒0 𝜎𝜎𝑜𝑜 1 + 𝑒𝑒0 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐′
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡: 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0.52, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0.06
0.06(3000) 110 0.52(3000) 80.3 + 40
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = log + log
1 + 0.612 80.3 1 + 0.612 110
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 7

Example 3.
For a normally consolidated soil with 3 m thick of clay layer in the field is subjected to an induced stress Δ𝜎𝜎 ′ =
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
50 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔.

• In-Situ Void Ratio = 0.8

• Compression Index , Cc=0.28
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
• Average effective pressure on the clay layer 𝜎𝜎0′ = 130 𝑚𝑚2

• Secondary Compression Index, 𝐶𝐶𝛼𝛼 = 0.02

What is the total consolidation settlement of the clay layer five years after completion of primary consolidation settlement? ( It
was found that the time of completion of primary settlement takes up about 1.5 years)

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 8

 Given:
Solve for 𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑝 (new void ratio at end of primary consolidation
𝑒𝑒0 = 0.8
Cc = 0.28
𝐶𝐶𝛼𝛼 = 0.02 𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑝 = 𝑒𝑒0 − Δe
𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 3𝑚𝑚 𝜎𝜎0′ + Δ𝜎𝜎 130 + 50
Δ𝑒𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 log = 0.28 log = 0.04
𝜎𝜎0′ = 130 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝜎𝜎0′ 130
Δ𝜎𝜎 = 50 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑝 = 0.8 − 0.04 = 0.76
𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 1.5 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝐻𝐻𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
Solution 0.28 3000 130 + 50
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = log
1 + 0.8 130
Note It is NC clay thus; 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 67𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 3000 − 67 = 2933 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜎𝜎0′ + Δ𝜎𝜎 ′
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = log
1+𝑒𝑒𝑜𝑜 𝜎𝜎0′ 0.02(2933) 5
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = log
1 + 0.76 1.5
And for Secondary Consolidation Settlement 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 17 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Therefore the total consolidation settlement
𝐶𝐶𝛼𝛼𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = log
1+𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕 = 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 + 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 9

Example 4:

The time required for 50% consolidation of a 25-mm-thick clay layer (drained at both top and bottom) in the
laboratory is 3 min 15 sec.
a. Determine the Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv of the soil
b. How long (in days) will it take for a 2-m-thick clay layer of the same clay in the field under the same pressure
increment to reach THE SAME 50% consolidation? In the field, sand layers are present at the top and bottom of the
clay layer.
c. How long (in days) will it take in the field for 30% primary consolidation to occur?

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 10

Given:
U=50%
Hdr = 25/2 mm (H/2 drained both)
𝑡𝑡50% = 3𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 15𝑠𝑠 = 195𝑠𝑠

Solution:

a.
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 =
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑟𝑟 2

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(195𝑠𝑠)
0.197 =
12.52 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = . 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒔𝒔

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 11

b. If 2000 mm thick clay with same degree of consolidation
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡50%
𝑇𝑇𝑣𝑣50% =
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑟𝑟 2

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑡𝑡50 )
0.197 =
2000
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 ∶ 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = . 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 from prev. obtained in lab.
𝒔𝒔
.157853(𝑡𝑡50% )
0.197 =
2000 2
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝑡𝑡50% = 1248000𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 12

c. How long (in days) will it take in the field for 30% primary consolidation to occur?
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡30%
𝑇𝑇𝑣𝑣30% =
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑟𝑟 2

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑡𝑡30% )
0.0707 =
2000
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 ∶ 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = . 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 from prev. obtained in lab.
𝒔𝒔
.157853(𝑡𝑡30% )
0.0707 =
2000 2
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝑡𝑡30% = 447886.2944 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

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Other Solution, Only applicable if U are both U<60%

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Reference; Principles of Geotechnical Engineering 8th Ed. – Das

Example 5: Calculation of Consolidation Settlement under a Foundation

Calculate the settlement of the 3-m-thick clay layer (Figure) that will result from the load carried by a 1.5-m-square
footing. The clay is normally consolidated. Use the weighted average method to calculate the average increase of
effective pressure in the clay layer.

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 15

Solution:
For normally consolidated clay

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜎𝜎0′ + 𝚫𝚫𝝈𝝈′

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = log
1 + 𝑒𝑒𝑜𝑜 𝜎𝜎0′

Will be from Simpson’s eq. Δ𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

Δ𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡′ + 4Δ𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚
′
+ Δ𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏′
𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
6
Where Δ𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡′ , Δ𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚
′
, Δ𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏′ Below the center of the footing can be obtained from the 2:1 method

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 16

 Cc = 0.009(LL -10) = 0.009(40 - 10) = 0.27
H=3000 mm
eo = 1.0

3
𝜎𝜎0′ = 3 ∗ 𝛾𝛾𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 3 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 + 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾
2
′
𝜎𝜎0 = 3 ∗ 15.72 + 3 18.87 − 9.81 + 1.5 17.3 − 9.81
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝝈𝝈′𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟐
𝒎𝒎

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 17

 Δ𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡′ + 4Δ𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚
′
+ Δ𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏′
𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
6
Where Δ𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡′ , Δ𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚
′
, Δ𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏′ Below the center of the footing can be obtained from the 2:1 method

𝑄𝑄
Δ𝜎𝜎 ′ =
(𝐵𝐵 + 𝑧𝑧)(𝐿𝐿 + 𝑧𝑧)

@𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻
890 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Δ𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 ′ = = 24.72 2
1.5 + 4.5 1.5 + 4.5 𝑚𝑚
@𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
4.5 ′
890 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Δ𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚 = = 15.82 2
1.5 + 6.0 1.5 + 6.0 𝑚𝑚
@𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩
6 890 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Δ𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏 ′ = = 10.99 2
1.5 + 7.5 1.5 + 7.5 𝑚𝑚

7.5
24.72 + 4(15.82) + 10.99
𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
6
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟐
𝒎𝒎

ENGR. JAN LHESTER NAVASCA (ADAMSON UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING) 18

 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝜎𝜎0′ + 𝚫𝚫𝝈𝝈′𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = log
1 + 𝑒𝑒𝑜𝑜 𝜎𝜎0′
0.27(3000) 85.58 + 16.5
𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = log
1+1 85.58

𝑺𝑺𝒑𝒑𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

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Homework 1: Duration 1week

1. The time for 65% consolidation of a 19-mm clay specimen (drained at top and bottom) in the laboratory is 10
minutes. How long will it take for a 4-m-thick clay layer in the field to undergo 40% consolidation under the same
pressure increment? In the field, there is a rock layer at the bottom of the clay. Ans. 511 days

2. A 3.75 m clay layer in the field (drained on one side) is normally consolidated. When the pressure is increased
from 50 kN/m2 to 150 kN/m2 , the void ratio decreases from 0.9 to 0.75. The hydraulic conductivity, k, of the
clay for the above loading range was found to be 6 x10^-7 cm/sec.
a. How long (in days) will it take for the clay layer to reach 50% consolidation?
b. What is the settlement at that time (that is, at 50% consolidation)? (hint see definition of U)

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3.

Ans. 13.8 cm

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References

B. Das and N. Sivakugan (2017), “Fundamentals of Geotechnical

Engineering” 5th Edition

R. Holtz, T. Sheanan and W. Kovacs (2010), “Introduction to

Geotechnical Engineering” 2nd Edition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_consolidation

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 QUESTIONS???

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