Index 401

Thermodynamics, 210 Tube pitch, 127, 132, 301

practical use of, 201–206 Tubes fouling, 128–129, 131
Thermosyphon circulation, 93, 100–101, 100f, Tube side fouling deposits, 299
113 Tube spacing, 127, 132
increasing, 118 Turbine efficiency, 215
lack of, 116 Turbine governor function, 214
Thermosyphon reboiler, 114–115, 114f Two-stage distillation process, 22–23, 22f
Thermowell, 291–292, 292f
Throttling mode, 171 U
Top dead center, 269, 272 U-235 heat release, reduction of, 366–367
Tramp air leaks Union Carbide, Bhopal disaster,
in convective section, 378 358–359, 358f
finding, 378–379 Unocal, Chicago
radiant section, 378 coke drum, 333–334
Tray deck, 28–29, 375 LPG amine extraction tower, 334, 356–357,
bubble cap, 31 356f
holes, 30 “U” tube bundles, hydroblasting, 300
levelness, 383 UTX tank cars, 53
liquid leakage, 30 oil-water separation (see Oil-water
restriction of caps, 29 separation)
vapor flow, 30 steam condensate recovery system, 54f
weight of foam, 29
weight of liquid, 29 V
Trayed towers, 298–299 Vacuum condenser, 179–180, 193–194, 194f
Tray efficiency selection, 138 Vacuum ejector. See also Steam ejectors
Tray fractionation efficiency, 27, 375, 383 field observations, 204
calculations, 8–9 motive steam velocity, 215
distillation tower design, 145–146 steam flow, 215–216
entrainment and, 27–28, 29f steam in, 201–203, 202–203f
function of, 27 steam loss, 216
jet flood, 30 steam temperature, 216
nature of, 11–12 Vacuum limits, 197, 197t
optimization, 10–11 Vacuum residue, 154
maintenance, 14, 15f Vacuum system, 184–185, 379, 380f
operations, 15–16 Vacuum tower, 41
process design perspective, 14 bottoms composition, 143–144
out of levelness, 30 converging-diverging steam jet, 170, 171f
pressure drop calculation, 30 ejectors, nonlinear performance of, 171
process engineering, 16–17 erratic pressure, 169
surging, 7–8 observations, 169
tray deck, 30 performance
Tray levelness, 145 cooling water flow, 179–180
Tray thickness, 81–82, 81f drain leg leak, 180–181
True boiling point (TBP) distillation, 154 flash zone temperature, 175–176, 178f
Tube leak, consequences of, 343 gas oil recovery, 175
402 INDEX

Vacuum tower (Continued) Vapor pressure of water, 197, 197t

resid gas oil content reduction, 175, Vapor recycle temperature control, 257
176–177f Vapor venting, 107
spare steam ejector commission, 176–177, Variable speed compressor, 255, 386
178f Velocity
steam nozzle, silicas in, 177–179, 179f to pressure conversion, hydraulic surge,
tube material selection, 180 69–70
wet steam, 179 settling, 57–58
pressure survey, 169 vapor, 35–36
problem fixing, 171–172 water settling, 36
steam turbine vacuum surface condensers Vertical thermosyphon reboiler, venting from,
condenser “B” function, 173 121, 121f
jet discharge condensers, 172, 173f Visbreaker fractionators, 41
partition baffle, 172–173, 173f Visbreaker vacuum heater, 163
system components, 169, 170f Viscous polypropylene, 259
wash oil grid, 44–45, 45f Vortex tube clusters, 35
water vapor pressure limitation, 172
Valve caps, 30–31 W
Valve tray, 9–10, 10f Wash oil grids
Valve unloaders, 277 “C” factor selection, 44
Vapor binding, 106–107, 106f, 115, coker fractionators, 41
119, 120f crude flash zones, 41
Vapor de-entrainment delayed coker wash oil section,
“C” factor, 33 41–42, 42f
coalescers, 36–38 excessive coker grid height, 42–43, 42f
entrainment factor of droplets, 33 gravity settling de-entrainment, 44
foam/froth, 38, 38f optimum depth of packing, 41
hydrocarbon liquid phase, settling water of, vacuum tower, 41, 44–45, 45f
36, 37f visbreaker fractionators, 41
liquid-liquid separation, 33–34 wash oil distribution problems, 43
tendency of droplets, 33 Wash oil sprays, 35
vapor distribution, 36 Water circulation, 90f
vapor-liquid separators, 34–35, 35f flow calculation, 98–99
vortex tube clusters, 35 lines, 86
wash oil sprays, 35 rates, 89
Vapor distribution, 36 Water coalescing, 37–38
Vapor horn, 34, 35f Water hammer, 69–70
Vaporization, 291 dampener, 70–71, 70f
in heater, 284–285 suppression device, 75, 75f
partial, 100 Water pH control, 89
Vapor-liquid channeling, 13 Water settling velocity, 36
Vapor-liquid separators, 4, 34–35, 35f Water vapor pressure limitation, 172
Vapor lock, 71–72, 72f, 101 Water wash, 357–358
in emulsion line, 78–79, 79f Waxes, 4
steam reboiler, 114, 117–118 Weir levelness, 145
 Index 403

Wellhead compressor, 183, 189 adiabatic expansion of, 108, 108f

Wet bulb Wilcox formation, 183
approach to, 90–91
temperature, 85–86, 90–91 Z
Wet steam, 179 Zyme solution, 298