CLASS 12TH PHYSICS

PRACTICAL VIVA QUESTIONS

PREPARED BY SHASHANK TYAGI
Live Example--- SEMICONDUCTOR PRACTICAL
Suppose you are assigned P-N Junction
1. E: What are you doing?
S; Sir I am finding relation between current and voltage for P-N junction in
forward and reverse bias
2. E: OK, what is P-N junction?
S; P-N junction is a semiconductor device in which a P type semiconductor is
joined with N type semiconductor
3. E: What is depletion layer?
S: It is a thin region around the junction which is free from holes and electrons
4. E: Good, can you explain me how we can join two semiconductors, is there
any specific way?
S: Yes, sir we have various ways by which we can join P type semiconductor
with N type such as grown junction diode, fuse junction diode.
5. E: What is ideal junction diode?
S: Ideal junction diode is that which conduct only in forward bias
6. E: Good, tell me why it is so that current is flowing so easily in forward bias
whereas not so easily in reverse bias?
S; sir in forward bias depletion region is thin so resistance is low hence current
flow due to majority carrier where as in reverse bias depletion region is thick
so resistance is so high hence no current flow due to majority carrier current
only flow due to minority carrier
7. E: Is P-N junction is ohmic device?
S; No, it is non ohmic devices; current is not varied linearly with potential.
8. E: What is knee voltage?
S; Sir knee voltage is that below which graph in forward bias is non –linear or
non ohmic and above which it is linear or ohmic.
9. E: Which elements are used as intrinsic semiconductor?
S; Si and Ge are used as semiconductor. It is because it has four electrons in its
valance shell and form covalent bond
10.E: carbon also has four electrons in valance shell then why it is not used as
semiconductor?
S; Electricity can conduct through carbon, but carbon does have a significant
resistance, and much of the electrical energy will be lost as heat energy when
it passes through carbon and it forms diamond crystal structure so when we
add impurity atoms it will not make any significant change...+ Carbon is not
used as semiconductor it has 4 valence electrons in it valence shell but the
energy gap is very small it will conduct electricity even at room temperature,
the size of carbon is very small . It depends upon the structure of carbon. In
case of germanium and silicon they have d orbits in the outer shell and they
have greater mobility.
11. E: Tell me various types of P-N junctions?
S: P-N junction is also called diode, such as photo diode, light emitting diode,
tunnel diode, Zener diode, varactor diode etc
12. E: What is value of the potential barrier of a silicon and germanium?
S; 0.7V and 0.3 V
13.E: What is difference between P-N diode and Zener Diode?
S: Zener is highly dopped and work in reverse bias
14. E: What is Zener breakdown?
S; When a very high reverse voltage is applied across a semiconductor diode, a
large amount of current flows through it. This effect is called Zener breakdown.
15. E: What is charge on P type or N type semiconductor?
S: it is charge less
16. E: What is donor impurity?
S: The pentavalent impurity atoms like Sb, As
17. E: What is acceptor impurity?
S: The trivalent impurity like B, Al
18. E: What is dopping?
S: Addition of impurity to pure semiconductor
19. E: How does conductivity of semiconductor varies with temperature?
S; The conductivity of the semiconductor increases with time
20. E: Why a large electric current flow, the semiconductor gets damaged?
S: It is because it gets heated
21. E: What are two important processes involved in the formation of a P-N
junction?
S; Diffusion and Drift, when a PN junction is formed due to concentration
gradient, the holes diffuse from P side to N side and electron diffuse from N
side to P side. the drift of charge carriers occurs due to electric field due to
build in potential barrier an electric field directed from n region to p region is
developed across the junction. This field causes motion of electron on p side to
n side and motion of holes on n side to p side thus a drift current start which is
opposite to diffusion current.
OPTICS

1. Define refractive index?

It is defined as ratio of velocity of light in rarer medium to velocity in denser
medium

2. What is the least value of refractive index possible?

One

3. What can you infer if someone says that he has a medium of refractive
index less than one?
Through that medium light travel faster than its speed through vacuum

4. Define focus?
The point on the principal axis at which the parallel rays after
reflection/refraction converge or appear to converge

5. Define pole of a spherical mirror?

The centre of curved and reflecting surface of a spherical mirror
6. Define optic centre?
It is the geometrical centre of the lens. A ray of light passing through this point
does not suffer any deviation.

7. What is the type of lens in an air bubble formed inside water?

Convex lens

8. Is your eye a lens?

It is convex lens

9. What is the focal length of a lens?

The distance between the principal focus and the optical centre of a lens is
called as the focal length of the lens

10. What is linear magnification of plane mirror, concave mirror, and

convex mirror?
It is 1 for plane more than 1 for concave and less than 1 for convex

11. What are the differences between convex lens and concave lens?
Concave lens has diverging property and convex converging
Concave is thin at the middle whereas convex thick

12. What is dispersion?

The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent colours on
passing through a glass prism is called dispersion of light.

13. Why a glass slab does not produce dispersion whereas a prism does?
Since a rectangular glass slab is equivalent to two similar prisms placed with
their base inverted. The dispersion and deviation produced by the two prisms
are equal but in opposite direction so net deviation and dispersion are zero+`

14. Define refractive angle of the prism?

It is angle between two refracting surfaces

15. What is parallax?

It may be defined as the relative shift between the two objects placed at
different distances from the eye when eye is moved to and fro.

16. What is index correction?

It is difference between observed distance and actual distance because of sharp
edges of needle
17.How is parallax removed?
By making two objects coincident
18.What are the practical uses of a concave mirror?
In torches, search lights, reflector, reflecting telescope, shaving mirror, solar
appliances, solar cooker
Concave mirror is used:
i) In torches, search lights etc. as reflector,
ii) In reflecting telescopes,
iii) As a shaving mirror,
iv) In solar appliances such as solar cooker etc.

19.In which situation, a convex lens behaves as a concave lens?

When a convex lens is placed in a medium of refractive index greater than that
of the material of the lens

20.Distinguish real image and virtual image?

Image which can be obtained on screen is real, which can’t is virtual

21.Define power of a lens?

It is ability of a lens to converge beam of light towards its principal axis

22.Define angle of deviation?

It is angle between incident ray and emergent ray

23.Which type of lens has negative power?

Concave

24.Which lens is called as diverging lens?

Concave

25.What is angle of minimum deviation?

It is the angle at which angle of incidence becomes equal to angle of emergence
so that the ray of light will be parallel to the base of the prism

26.What is the cause of dispersion?

Different colour travel with different velocity when passes through the prism

27.Does refractive index depends on wavelength?

Yes, the refractive index depends on the wavelength of light inversely
proportional

28.What happens to prism if it is placed in water?

It will remain unchanged
29.Why travelling microscope is called so?
Travelling microscope is called so because it can be moved in horizontal and
vertical directions to take measurements while seeing the magnified image of
the object under study. It can be used to determine the diameter of capillary
tube, to determine the refractive index of the material of a glass slab by
measuring real depth and apparent depth etc.

30. When water is filled on the concave mirror, then how will it behave?
It will behave as a plano-convex lens

31.What type of eye-piece is used in a travelling microscope?

Ramsden’s eye piece

32. What is role of lycopodium powder on the upper surface of glass slab
while determine refractive index by travelling microscope?
So that we can focus over the surface of glass slab

33.What is SI unit of refractive index?

It has no unit