DMCD 2512

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 1
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this lecture, students will be able to:
i. Define the importance terms and concept in Occupational Safety & Health (OSH).
ii. Understand the application of OSH in mechanical engineering industries.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 2
OSH
Occupational Safety and Health in respect of “place of work” or a “person at work” is, the
“state of being safe” or “the absence of factors that could lead to accidents, injuries or
interruptions to work.”
◦ State of being safe.
◦ Ensure the continuous absence of factors that could lead to undesired events or
consequences.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 3
OVERVIEW
Safety movement – started in 1900s in U.S.
3,200 killed in mining accidents in 1907.
Legislation preferred to the top management.
Improvement resulted from pressure for legislation to promote safety and health
condition in workplace; increasing cost associated with accidents and injuries &
professionalization of safety as an occupation.
How it improve?
1. Introduction of inanimate power to replace people and animal power (boiler);
2. Substitution of machine for people;
3. Introduction of new methods for converting raw materials; and
4. Organization and specialization of work, resulting in a division of labor.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 4
EVOLUTION (How safety evolve?)
Employer liability in workplace accidents – connection between employer with employee
– efficiency, productivity & profitability.
Introduction of workers’ compensation.
Safety awareness.
Definite connection between quality & safety.
Off-the-job accidents have a negative impact of productivity.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 5
TRAGEDY
Bhopal Disaster Hawk’s Nest Tragedy

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 6
 Milestones in Safety Movement

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 7
ROLES OF ORGANIZED LABOR
Fight for safer working condition.
Fellow servant rule “employer were not liable for workplace injuries that resulted from
the negligence of other employee”.
Contributory negligence.
Assumption of risk.
Need for non-employer-based rules.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 8
ROLES OF SPECIFIC HEALTH
PROBLEMS
Workplace hazards.
Example
lung disease in mining industry
head injury in sports
etc.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 9
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
PROGRAM
Improved engineering could prevent accidents.
Employees were willing to learn and accept safety rules.
Safety rules could be established and enforced.
Financial savings from safety improvement could reaped by savings in compensation
and medical bills.
3Es – Engineering, Education & Enforcement.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 10
INTEGRATED APPROACH TO
SAFETY & HEALTH
Providing appropriate medical treatment for injured ill workers;
Regularly examining workers who exposed to toxic substances; and
Having qualified first-aid person available during all working hours.

CURRENT ISSUES
New materials, new process, new problems; and
Rapid growth in the profession.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 11
ACCIDENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS
What is accident? Type of accident
 Motor vehicle.
What is associated with accident?
 Falls.
What are the cost associated with  Poisoning.
accident?  Drowning.
 Lost wages.  Fire-related .
 Medical expenses.  Suffocation.
 Insurance administration.  Firearms.
 Fire-related losses.  Medical complication.
 Property damage.  Mechanical suffocation.
 Indirect cost.  Falling objects.
 Time

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 12
INJURIES
Body injured during on the job.
Chemical burn injuries.
Heat burn injuries.
Repetitive strain/soft tissue injuries.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 13
DOMINO THEORY OF ACCIDENT
CAUSATION
Domino theory of accident causation;
1. Negative character.
2. Fault of person.
3. Unsafe act/mechanical or physical hazard.
4. Accident.
5. Injury.

“Injuries are caused by the action of

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 14
HUMAN FACTORS THEORY OF
ACCIDENT CAUSATION
Overload.
Inappropriate response and incompatibility.
Inappropriate activities.

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Accident/Incident Theory

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ACCIDENT/INCIDEN THEORY OF
CAUSATION
The system can fail due to:
Not establish a comprehensive safety
policy.
Responsibility not clearly defined.
Insufficient attention to safety procedure.
Employees do not receive proper
orientation.
Employees are not given enough safety
training.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 17
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL THEORY OF
ACCIDENT CAUSATION

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 18
SYSTEM THEORY OF ACCIDENT
CAUSATION

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 19
OTHER THEORY OF ACCIDENT
CAUSATION
Combination theory of accident causation.
Behavior theory of accident causation.
Drug and accident causation.
Depression and accident causation.
Management failures and accident causation – roles of supervisor in workplace.
Obesity and accident causation.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 20
CONSTRAINT FOR S&H

Constraint

• Lack of commitment
• Productivity vs safety
• Cost
• Response Time
• Service
• Image
• Quality

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 21
ENGINEERS & SAFETY
Design Process:
1. Problem identification.
2. Synthesis.
3. Analysis & evaluation,
4. Document & communicate.
Type of Job
5. Produce & deliver.
Safety Engineer.
Industrial Hygienist.
Health Physicist.
Occupational Physician.
Occupational Health Nurse.
Risk Manager.
Certified Safety Officer.

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 22
OSH in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING INDUSTRY

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 23
THANK YOU
[email protected] | 011-1579 7932

DMCD 2512 | OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH | MOHAMED HAFIZ BIN MD ISA 24