DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

DIRE DAWA INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
STREAM: ELECTRICAL POWER
TITEL: LOSS MITIGATION OF LONG
TRANSMISSION LINE BY USING SERIES
COMPANSETER DEVICE
NAME ID NO
1. SHAMBEL DAGNEW 0904686
2. SHIKUR WORKU 2202/08
3. KASSAHUN MAREW 0903126
4. MULATU DESSALEGN 0904062
ADVISED BY:
GIRMA M. (MSC.)
FEBRUARY2014 E.C
0
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to thank the almighty God for his provision of grace to overcome
trials and temptation to complete the entire work. Secondly, we would like to express our
deepest gratitude to our advisor Mr. Grima Moges for his expert guidance, constructive
comments, suggestions and encouragement without which this work could have not been
completed. We are grateful to his motivation for the timely completion of the thesis and his
dynamic suggestions for solutions to any challenges during the work of this thesis.
Finally, this paper would not have been successful without valuable guidance and constructive
suggestion of all who have been supporting us in any way to do our project.

I
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... I
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................IV
LIST OF FIGURE....................................................................................................................IV
LIST OF ABBREVATION AND SYMBOL ................................................................................ V
CHAPTERONE ......................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1Background ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 General Objective of the Project ................................................................................ 2
1.3.2 Specific Objective of the Project .............................................................................. 2
1.4 Significant of the Project ............................................................................................... 3
1.5 Scope of the project ......................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................... 4
2, LITERATURE REVIE AND THEORY OF THE PROJECT .............................................. 4
2.1, THEORY OF THE PROJECT........................................................................................ 4
2.2. Flexible Ac Transmission Systems (FACTS) ................................................................. 5
2.2.1. Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) .................................................. 9
2.2.2. Operation of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator ........................................ 11
2.2.3 PI Controller............................................................................................................ 15
CHAPTER THRE .................................................................................................................... 16
METHOLOGY AND BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................................ 16
3. METHODOLGY ................................................................................................................ 16
3.1 Determination of Conductor Spacing ........................................................................ 16
3.1.2 Block Diagram Development ............................................................................... 17
3.1.3 System Design of the Project .................................................................................. 17
3.2 Block Diagram of the system ......................................................................................... 17
3.2.1. Description of Block Diagram ............................................................................... 17
3.3. Transmission line study ................................................................................................ 18
3.3.1 Transmission line parameter ................................................................................... 18
3.4 Long Transmission Line ................................................................................................ 20
3.5 System Design ............................................................................................................... 22
3.5.1 Design Parameter of Uncompensated System ........................................................ 22

II
 3.5.2 Design parameter of Thyristor control series compensator (TCSC) ...................... 24
3.6 The Overall Circuit of the Design System ..................................................................... 27
3.6.1 Description .............................................................................................................. 28
3.6.3 Line-to-Ground Fault .............................................................................................. 29
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 31
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 31
4.1 Simulation Result of the System .................................................................................... 31
4.1.2. Simulation Result of compensated transmission system ....................................... 32
4.13 Simulation Result of transmission line with TCSC ................................................. 33
CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................... 34
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ....................................................................... 34
5.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 34
5.2 Recommendation ........................................................................................................... 34
References ................................................................................................................................ 35

III
ABSTRACT
The increase for demand of electrical power is continuously rising at a very high rate due to
rapid industrial development and urbanization. This increasing demand of electrical energy,
which leads to reduce quality power transfer during transmission and distribution system.
Therefor this project focuses on reducing total active power loss, to regulate voltage and
optimal setting of reactive power by using of flexible AC transmission system devices as
control parameters and their impacts on system loss minimization in a transmission line. The
Flexible AC Transmission system is a new technology based on power electronics, which
offers an opportunity to enhance controllability, stability and power transfer capability of AC
transmission systems. Here static models of series FACTS devices which is Thyristor
controlled series compensator have been used to reduce transmission line loss. Series
compensation is basically a powerful tool to improve the performance of transmission line .It
aim to control the overall series line impedance of the transmission line and consist of
capacitors connected in series with the line at suitable location. The presented results prove
that series compensator provide satisfactory performance for transmission line. We checked
the performance of these device has been tested by matlab/Simulink by inserting these devices
in series with a sample transmission network when the fault were present. The result show that;
Firs by modelling of uncompensated network with fault in the matlab and we observe the result
that the voltage of the bus are disturbing the overall system in the specified amplitude and the
fault current are higher. Second by modelling the network under fault with series compensator
and the FACT device that TCSC and we observe the amplitude of the bus voltage is increase
without disturbing and also observe the fault current are cleared and reduced fluctuate power.
Finally it maintained the system is stable.

KEYWORDS: - Series compensator, FACTS, Power system, TCSC, MATLAB.

IV
LIST OF FIGURE
figure2. 1: The symbolic of series compensation. ..................................................................... 6
figure2. 2: The symbolic of shunt compensation. ...................................................................... 7
figure2. 3: The symbolic of series- series compensation ........................................................... 7
figure2. 4: The symbolic of series- shunt compensation ........................................................... 8
figure2. 5: Single phase circuit diagram of TCSC ................................................................... 10
figure2. 6 Simulink circuit diagram of TCSC .......................................................................... 10
figure2. 7: Blocked Thyristor mode ......................................................................................... 12
figure2. 8: Bypass thyristor mode ............................................................................................ 12
figure2. 9: Capacitive Vernier mode ........................................................................................ 13
figure2. 10: Inductive Vernier mode ........................................................................................ 14
figure2. 11: Reactance Vs firing angle characteristic curve. ................................................... 14
figure2. 12: Proportional Integral (PI) Controller block diagram ............................................ 15

figure3. 1: Flow chart of the project methodology .................................................................. 16

figure3. 2: Block diagram of the system .................................................................................. 17
figure3. 3: long transmission line model.................................................................................. 20
figure3. 4: concentrated long transmission line model ............................................................ 21
Figure 3. 5the simulink diagram of uncompensated system with fault ................................. 27
figure3. 6 The Simulink diagram of compensated system network with fault ........................ 28
figure3. 7 Simulink diagram of thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) ......................... 29
figure3. 8 the system with fault and without series compensator device................................. 31
figure3. 9 the system with fault and compensator ................................................................... 32
figure3. 10 the output waveform of bus voltage, current and energy dissipated in MOV block.
.................................................................................................................................................. 32
figure3. 11simulation result of transmission line with TCSC ................................................. 33

IV
LIST OF ABBREVATION AND SYMBOL

AC Alternative current

BES Battery energy storage

DC Direct current

EEPCO Ethiopian electric power corporation

FACTS Flexible AC transmission systems

FC-TCR Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor

GTO Gate turns off

HPF Hybrid power flow controller

IEEE International electronics and electrical engineering

IPFC Inter-link power flow controller

PWM Pulse width modulation

SSSC Static synchronous series compensator

STATCOM Static synchronous compensator

SVC Static var compensator

TCR Thyristor controlled reactor

TCSC Thyristor controlled Series Capacitor

UPFC Unified power flow controller

V
 CHAPTERONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1Background
Almost all electric power is generated, transmitted and consumed in an alternating current (AC)
network but recently high volt dc transmission is applicable. Elements of AC systems produce
and consume two kinds of power which active power measured in Watts and reactive power
measured in volt-amperes reactive or var. It is expected that the secure, efficient and
economical operation of power system will become more difficult because of more complex
power flow in the future. As a result, the cost reduction and efficiency improvement are needed
not only for the power plant operation but also for the power system operation. Voltage profile
is improved by controlling the production, absorption and flow of reactive power throughout
the network. Reactive power flows are minimized to reduce system losses.
Transmission losses can be calculated based on the natural properties of components in
the power system like resistance, reactance, capacitance, voltage, current, and power,
which are routinely calculated by utility companies as a way to specify what components
will be added to the systems, in order to reduce losses and improve the voltage levels. The
centralized voltage reactive control is one such control which can help not only to keep
the system voltages within specified limits but also to preserve the reactive power
balances for enhanced security and to decrease the transmission losses for the efficient
system operation. Reactive power flows are minimized so as to reduce system losses and
sources and sinks of reactive power. The power electronics technology development gives
good opportunities to design new power system equipment for power system stability,
loss minimization and voltage regulation. FACTS technology has become a very effective
means to improve the performance of power system without the necessity of adding new
transmission lines. Now for overcoming these problems Flexible alternating current
transmission system (FACTS) gave up new ways for controlling the power flow and
increasing the usable capacity of transmission lines. The FACTS technology is a
collection of controllers, which can be applied individually or in coordination with others
to control one or more of the interrelated system parameters, such as series impedance,
shunt impedance, current, voltage, and damping of oscillations. The first generation of
FACTS devices was mechanically controlled capacitors and inductors. The second

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, low power factor that is generation of FACTS devices replaced the mechanical switches by
the Thyristor value control. FACTS are systems which comprised of static equipment which
are used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. These devices are basically to enhance
controllability and increasing the power transfer capability of the transmission lines.
These devices can regulate the active and reactive power and control the power flow by
reducing the power flow in overloaded lines, the system security margin improved,
voltage profile maintain at acceptable levels and reduce active and reactive line
losses. The combination of TCSC were considered in the power system and the best
location of these devices can be very effective to improved power system network and
incorporating the TCSC will regulates the voltage and power flows. This paper focuses on
the model and design of TCSC device and their simulation in MATLAB.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The need for electrical energy is highly increasing from time to time. Therefore the increasing
demand of electrical energy cause power loss during transmission active power less than
reactive power and low power quality. So one of the alternative and cost effective solutions to
respond the increasing demand is by minimization of transmission loss using flexible
alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices. Therefore in order to mitigate
transmission loss, to regulate voltage, to make the power system stable and to maintain power
quality.

1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General Objective of the Project
The main objective of this project is to mitigate or reduce long transmission line loss by using
series compensating devices.

1.3.2 Specific Objective of the Project

➢ Modelling Thyristor controlled series Compensator.

➢ simulating these components with a sample transmission system using Matlab/Simulink

computer software.

➢ evaluating the performance of transmission line disturbances loss during fault without
compensating devices.

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➢ evaluating the performance of transmission line loss with compensating device while fault
is happen.

1.4 Significant of the Project

The project has been done in relevance with the problem that exists in power system that
is large amount of power loss while transporting power from remote generating stations to
load centres. So the proposed system above is possible to insert series compensator device in
transmission network in order to achieve minimum system losses and increasing the power
transfer capability of transmission lines. This has also great advantage for EEP and EEU by

reducing the power loss.

1.5 Scope of the project

The scope of this project is to design and model series compensating devices such as thyristor
controlled series compensator and to mitigate or reduce power losses on long transmission line
with Matlab simulation/software.

1.6 ORGANAZATION OF THE PROJECT

Chapter one of the project includes introduction, background, objective, scope and significance
of the project. Chapter two of the project includes the literature review and details about TCSC
device that can be used in power system. Chapter three discusses about methodology and block
diagram of the system and description. It also consist of the method how the project has
been done. Chapter four includes results and discussion. Last chapter of this project which is
chapter five includes conclusion and recommendation.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2, LITERATURE REVIE AND THEORY OF THE PROJECT

2.1, THEORY OF THE PROJECT
Several research paper and report addressed the subject of reducing power loss in transmission
system by the use of flexible AC transmission system devices. The following present a brief
review of the work under taken so far.

M.karthikeyan, Dr P. Ajay-D-vimalraj (2012) [1], enhancement of power transfer capability

in long transmission line using shunt FACTS devices. This paper employed shunt
compensators to control voltage and power flow in a transmission line. But in this paper only
shunt compensators have been used and the paper did not show the performance of the device
in loss reduction clearly.

R.selvarasu, Sury A kalavajtti (2012) [2], TCSC placement for loss minimization. This paper
presented self-adaptive algorism to identify the optimal placement of TCSC device. However
this paper did not include the modelling and design of TCSC compensating device.
H.F wang, F.J swift (1997) [4], published a paper in which different FACTS devices which
are controllable series compensator and phase shifter. The paper includes theoretical analysis
of single machine infinite bus power system to do the analysis. Analytical conclusion about
FACTS performance on system operating conditions has also done using numerical
calculations. However the paper has limitations on simulation and detail design of the devices.
Bindeshwar Singh, Kos.Verma, Puoja Mishra, Rash Maheshwari (2012) [7], introduction
to FACTS controllers. This paper has presented about review on applications of FACTS
controllers. It is very important but it didn’t include the design, model and simulation of the
devices listed in the paper.

Priyanath Das, and Ajoy Kumar Chakraborty et al (2013) [9], published a paper on
Modeling and simulation of Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR), for
power system stability enhancement and improvement of power transfer capability have been
presented in this paper. First, power flow results are obtained and then power (real and reactive
power) profiles have been studied for an uncompensated system and then compared with the
results obtained after compensating the system using FACTS devices. The simulation results
demonstrate the performance of the system for each of the FACTS devices in improving the
power profile and thereby voltage stability of the same. But the performance of each devices

4
is tested using matlab simulation independently and both series and shunt compensator devices
have not used in the paper.

N Vijayasanthi and C N Arpitha (2014) [10], transmission loss enhancement using FACTS
devices. This paper employs the shunt and series connected compensation based FACTS
device for the control of voltage and the power flow in long distance transmission line. The
proposed devices were used in different locations for optimal allocation. The PWM control
strategy is used to generate the firing pulses of the controller circuit. Simulations were carried
out using MATLAB Simulink software. But modeling of the fact devices is not included.
Hamid, H.A.; Harid, N. Haddad, A., John Grainger and William Stevenson Jr [5]: - Shunt
reactors are commonly employed in substations as a cost-effective way of reducing the voltage
rise, during conditions of low load. When the transmission line is loaded below the surge
impedance load (SIL), the line experiences a voltage rise due to the line’s natural shunt
capacitance drawing charging current through the series inductance. Shunt reactors are
switched into the circuit to compensate for this effect.

In our project series compensators which are thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC)
and thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) have been used to reduce total system active Power loss
and to compensate negative reactive power by reviewing the above literatures.

2.2. Flexible Ac Transmission Systems (FACTS)

Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) describe a wide range of controllers which includes
large power electronic converters that can increase flexibility of power system. Concept of
FACTS devices was first defined by N.G. Hingorani in 1988. According to IEEE definitions
and standards, FACTS are power electronics based devices and other static controllers to
enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the transmission system. To
meet the increasing demand of electric power, there is need of improving the transmission
system. This can be done by increasing the transmitted power either by installing new
transmission lines or by improving the existing transmission lines by adding new devices.
Installation of new transmission lines in power system will lead to the technological
complexities such as economic and environment considerations that include cost and time for
construction. To overcome these problems flexible alternating current transmission system
(FACTS) gave up new ways for controlling the power flow and increasing the usable capacity
of transmission lines. FACTS are systems which comprised of static equipment which are used
for the AC transmission of electrical energy. FACTS devices can be shown in to four

5
categories:-
(a) Series Controller

(b) Shunt Controller

(c) Combined Series-Series Controllers

(d) Combined Series-Shunt Controllers

a) Series Controllers: These controllers which are connected in series with the
transmission line. Series controllers, in FACTS technology, are used to inject voltage and
current in series with the transmission line. In simplest form, a variable impedance multiplied
by the current flow through it represents an injected series voltage in the line. If the series
voltage in phase quadrature with the line current, the series controller only supplied or absorbs
variable reactive power. Real power is involved for any other phase relationship between the
injected voltage and the line current.

figure2. 1: The symbolic of series compensation.

It controls the effective line parameters by connecting a variable reactance in series with the
line. This increase the transmission line capability which in turn reduces transmission line net
impedance.

b) Shunt Controllers: These controllers which are connected in parallel with the transmission
line. They inject voltage and current in parallel with the transmission system. Similar to series
controller, shunt Compensator have variable impedance or variable source or combination of
both as shown in Figure 2.2. All shunt connected FACTS controllers inject current into the
bus at the point of connection. The shunt impedance may be variable to vary the injected
current. As long as this injected current is in phase quadrature with the line voltage, the shunt
controller only supplies or absorbs variable reactive power. Any other phase relationship of
the generated current with line voltage will involve real power flow.

6
figure2. 2: The symbolic of shunt compensation.
The operational pattern is same with an ideal synchronous machine that generates balanced
three phase voltages with controllable amplitude and phase angle. The characteristics enables
shunt compensators to be represented in positive sequence power flow studies with zero active
power generation and reactive limits.

c) Combined Series-Series Controllers: These controllers which are connected in series with
the transmission line coupled via common dc power link to transmit the current, voltage and
power. It is the combination of two or more static synchronous compensators coupled
through a common dc link to enhance bi-directional flow of real power between the ac
terminals of SSSC and are controlled to provide independent reactance compensation for the
adjustment of real power flow in each line and maintain the desired of reactive power flow
among the power lines.

figure2. 3: The symbolic of series- series compensation

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d) Combined Series-Shunt Controllers: These controllers which are connected in
parallel and they both are coupled via a coordinated control and a common dc power link in
transmission line to transmit the current, voltage and power. It allows the simultaneous control
of active power flow, reactive power flow and voltage magnitude at the series shunt
compensator terminals. The active power control takes place between the series converter and
the AC system, while the shunt converter generates or absorbs reactive power so as to provide
voltage magnitude at the point of connection of the device and the AC system.

figure2. 4: The symbolic of series- shunt compensation

FACTS Controllers in transmission system have many advantages like increasing the
reliability of transmission system, utilization of existing power system, to increase the transient
stability of the system, to reduce transmission losses and to increase power transfer capacity
of power system. There are many flexible ac transmission systems controllers such as thyristor
controlled reactor, thyristor controlled switched reactor, static var compensator or fixed
capacitor‐ thyristor controlled reactor, thyristor controlled series capacitor, thyristor controlled
voltage reactor, thyristor controlled voltage limiter, thyristor controlled switched series,
thyristor controlled phase angle regulator, static synchronous series compensator, static
synchronous compensator, distributed static synchronous compensator, generalized unified
power flow controller, unified power flow controller(UPFC), inter‐link power flow controller
(IPFC), generalized inter‐link power flow controller, semiconductor magnetic energy storage,
battery energy storage (BES), in power system environments for enhancement of performance
parameters of power systems such as reactive power support, minimize the real power losses,
improvement in voltage profile, improvement in damping ratio of power systems, provide the

8
flexible operation and others. The relevant references in the field of enhancement of
performance parameters of power systems by different FACTS controllers such as series,
shunt, series‐shunt, and series‐series connected FACTS controllers are incorporated in power
systems. This is very much useful for researchers for further research work carryout regarding
with the application of FACTS controllers in power system environments for enhancement of
performance parameters of systems. Among these FACTS devices thyristor controlled series
compensator (TCSC) and thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) have been selected in this project
because of these devices have the following advantages. TCR is a shunt compensating device
which is used to compensate the system by reduction of unwanted reactive power flows due
to Ferranti effect while TCSC is used to minimize power loss by reducing series reactance of
the transmission line. The basic power flow equation through a transmission line shows that
modulating the voltage and reactance influences the flow of active power. In principle, a
thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) could
provide fast control of active power and reactive power through a transmission line. The
possibility of controlling the transmittable power implies the potential application of these
devices for damping of power system electromechanical oscillations. Thyristor controlled
reactors are mainly used to perform voltage or reactive power regulation.

2.2.1. Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)

FACTS controller is power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide
control of one or more AC transmission system parameters. Out of numbers of FACTS devices
the one which is very efficient is the TCSC. It can have various roles in the operation and
control of power systems such as scheduling power flow, decreasing unsymmetrical
components, reducing net loss providing voltage support, limiting short-circuit currents,
damping the power oscillation and enhancing transient stability. Power transfer between areas
can be affected by adjusting the net series impedance. One such conventional and established
method of increasing transmission line capability is to install a series capacitor, which reduces
the net series impedance, thus allowing additional power to be transferred. Although this
method is well known, slow switching times is the limitation of its use. Thyristor controllers,
on the other hand, are able to rapidly and continuously control the line compensation over a
continuous range with resulting flexibility. Now a day, it is becoming increasingly difficult to
build new transmission lines, due to restrictions regarding environment and financial issues.
One important benefit of FACTS devices technology is that it makes it possible to improve
the use of the existing power transmission system and to postpone or avoid the construction of

9
new transmission facilities. TCSC is an effective and economical means of solving problems
of transient stability, dynamic stability, steady state stability, loss minimization and voltage
stability in transmission lines. TCSC can be connected in series with the transmission line to
compensate the inductive reactance of the transmission line. The reactance of TCSC depends
on its compensation ratio and the reactance of the transmission line where it is located.

figure2. 5: Single phase circuit diagram of TCSC

It consists of parallel combination of capacitor and a TCR branch. TCR branch consist of
thyristor valve in series with an inductor. The thyristor valve consists of anti-parallel connected
thyristor in order to provide bi-directional functionality. The TCSC module is connected in
series with a transmission line. The practical module of TCSC consists of protective equipment
connected in series with capacitor as shown in Fig 2.5. It consists of metal-oxide varistor
(MOV), a non-linear resistor, connected across the capacitor to provide protection against high
capacitor voltage. Ultra high speed contacts are used across the valves for minimizing the
conduction losses when TCSC valves are required to operate for prolonged duration in the fully
“ON” mode.

figure2. 6 Simulink circuit diagram of TCSC

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2.2.2. Operation of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator
TCSC is a series FACTS device which allows rapid and continuous changes of the
transmission line impedance. It has great application potential in accurately regulating the
power flow on a transmission line, damping inter-area power oscillations and improving
transient stability. TCSC controllers use Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) in parallel with
capacitor segments of series capacitor bank. The combination of TCR and capacitor allow the
capacitive reactance to be smoothly controlled over a wide range and switched upon command
to a condition where the bi-directional Thyristor pairs conduct continuously and insert an
inductive reactance into the line. According to IEEE definition, a TCSC is a capacitive
reactance compensator which consists of a series capacitor bank shunted by a Thyristor
Controlled Reactor (TCR) in order to provide a smooth variation in series capacitive reactance.
TCSC controllers use TCR in parallel with segments of series capacitor bank. The combination
of TCR and capacitor allow the capacitive reactance to be smoothly controlled over a wide
range and switched upon command to a condition where the bidirectional Thyristor pairs
conduct continuously and insert appropriate reactance into the line. The system is controlled
by varying the firing angle of the Thyristor firing pulses relative to the zero crossing of some
reference wave form. The effect of such variation can be interpreted as a variation in the value
of the capacitive and inductive reactance at the fundamental frequency.

There are three modes of operation of TCSC depending upon the firing angle of the pulses fed
to the thyristor.

 Thyristor blocked mode

 Thyristor by passed mode

 Venire operating mode

Thyristor blocked Operating Mode:

In blocked thyristor mode in which capacitor is inserted by turning off the thyristor valves, i.e.
all the gating signals to the thyristor are blocked and no current flows through the thyristor
valves. In this mode TCSC reactance is same as that of fixed series capacitance.

11
figure2. 7: Blocked Thyristor mode
When the thyristor valve is not triggered and the thyristors are kept in non-conducting state,
the TCSC is operating in blocking mode. In this mode, the TCSC performs like a fixed series
capacitor.

Thyristor bypass Operating mode: In bypass mode the thyristor valve is triggered
continuously and the valve stays conducting all the time; so the TCSC behaves like a parallel
connection of the series capacitor with the inductor, Ls in the thyristor valve branch. In this
mode, the resulting voltage in the steady state across the TCSC is inductive and the valve
current is somewhat bigger than the line current due to the current generation in the capacitor
bank. For practical TCSC’s with ratio (XL/XC) between 0.1 to 0.3 ranges, the capacitor
voltage at a given line current is much lower in bypass than in blocking mode. Therefore, the
bypass mode is utilized as a means to reduce the capacitor stress during faults.

figure2. 8: Bypass thyristor mode

Fig 2.7 is the thyristor bypass mode, in which the thyristor are gated for full conduction i.e.
180˚. In this mode, most of the line current is flowing through the reactor and the thyristor

12
valve with some current flowing through the capacitor. This mode is also called as thyristor
switched reactor mode (TSR).

Venire Operating Mode: In Venire control the TCSC dynamics are varied continuously by
controlling the firing angle. The firing angle is possible from 0o to 90o for each half cycle when
it is generated from the zero crossing of the line current hence divided into two parts;
Capacitive Boost (Vernier) mode: In capacitive boost mode a trigger pulse is supplied
to the thyristor having forward voltage just before the capacitor voltage crosses the zero
line, so a capacitor discharge current pulse will circulate through the parallel inductive
branch.

figure2. 9: Capacitive Vernier mode

In capacitive Vernier mode the effective value of TCSC reactance increases beyond the fixed
value of capacitor as the firing angle is decreased from 90˚ to αClim. In this mode capacitor is
fired when the capacitor voltage and current are of opposite polarity and enhances the
equivalent capacitive reactance and series compensation level for the same level of the line
current.
Inductive Boost (Vernier) Mode: In inductive boost mode the circulating current in the
TCSC thyristor branch is bigger than the line current. In this mode, large thyristor
currents result and further the capacitor voltage waveform is very much distorted from its
sinusoidal shape.

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figure2. 10: Inductive Vernier mode
In inductive Vernier mode thyristor are fired with greater level of conduction period and the
inductive reactance increases above the fixed values of TCSC reactance as the firing angle is
varied from 0 ˚ to αL lim.

The effective reactance of TCSC operates in three regions: -

1. Inductive region: - 0 ≤ α ≤ αL lim.

2. Capacitive region: - αClim ≤ α ≤ 90.

3. Resonance region:-αLlim ≤ α ≤αClim.

figure2. 11: Reactance Vs firing angle characteristic curve.

14
 2.2.3 PI Controller
The PI controller is used to tune the firing angle of the SCRs present in the TCSC. This in
turn reduces the impedance error and enhances the power flow in the transmission line
considered. It also improves the steady state performance.

figure2. 12: Proportional Integral (PI) Controller block diagram

The proportional term produces an output value that is proportional to the current error value.
A high proportional gain results in a large change in the output for a given change in the error.
If the proportional gain is too high, the system can become unstable. In contrast, a small gain
results in a small output response to a large input error, and a less responsive or less sensitive
controller. If the proportional gain is too low, the control action may be too small when
responding to system disturbances. Tuning theory and industrial practice indicate that the
proportional term should contribute the bulk of the output change. The contribution from the
integral term is proportional to both the magnitude of the error and the duration of the error.
The integral in a PID controller is the sum of the instantaneous error over time and gives the
accumulated offset that should have been corrected previously. The integral term accelerates
the movement of the process towards set point and eliminates the residual steady-state error
that occurs with a pure proportional controller. However, since the integral term responds to
accumulated errors from the past, it can cause the present value to overshoot the set point
value.

15
 CHAPTER THRE

METHOLOGY AND BLOCK DIAGRAM

3. METHODOLGY
We reviewed different related works; it is observed that many projects done on transmission
system loss reduction and power system stability using different flexible AC transmission
system (FACTS) devices. But we have selected thyristor controlled series
compensator (TCSC) rather than other FACT devices because of cost i.e. they have better costs
compared to others according to our country’s economic level.so the methodology of the
project is as follows:

Gathering of data and information

Searching and studying related literature

Studying and selecting required material

Determining of the selecting material

Mm mmaterial
Design the circuit based on their specification

Developing simulation for the project

Figure 3.1:1:Flow
figure3. Flowchart
chartofofthe
theproject
projectmethodology
methodology

3.1 Determination of Conductor Spacing

Selecting conductor type, determining conductor spacing and taking conductor data from
the standard specifications to calculate inductance per kilometer, capacitance per kilometer,
capacitive reactance and inductive reactance for different voltage level and length of
conductor.

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3.1.2 Block Diagram Development
The block diagram of the overall system has been developed. This block diagram consists
of generating station in which the power is generated, transmission line which is used to
transport power from generating station to substations, series compensator load centre.
Each part of the block diagram has been explained in detail.

3.1.3 System Design of the Project

This project has been aimed to reduce electrical power loss which occurs on long
transmission line and to improve the stability of the system as much as possible. The
design of TCSC compensators involves the interconnection of different equipment like
capacitor, inductor, Thyristor, and resistor. TCSC is a series connected device which is
designed using a series capacitor bank shunted by a Thyristor controlled reactor in order
to provide a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance connected device which is
designed using fixed capacitor. These compensating devises are designed and simulated
using matlab. After designing the compensating devices simulation of these devices has
been done by combining the two devices to test their effect on the transmission line loss.

3.2 Block Diagram of the system

Transmission line
Generation Series compensator

Load
figure3. 2: Block diagram of the system centre

3.2.1. Description of Block Diagram

At the generation station power has been generated and this power has been transported to
customers through transmission and distribution lines. During the transmission of power
there is power loss on the transmission line due to the reactance of the line. That is why
we want to minimize this loss by inserting series compensating devise on the transmission
line. The reactance is compensated by series compensator. The series compensator

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increases power transfer capability of the transmission line by reducing the series
impedance of the transmission line. The power generated that flows on the transmission
line compensated by the series compensator. After the power passes through series
compensators, it flows to load centres.

3.3. Transmission line study

Transmission line is an electrical conductor carrying electrical signal or power from one place
to other i.e. from generation station to distribution substation. There are different types of
transmission line depends up on the length of the line and the amount of line voltage they
carry. These are: -

 Short transmission line (up to 50km length and line voltage less than 20kv)
 Medium transmission line (50km up to 150km length and line voltage greater than 20kv)
 Long transmission line (length of greater than 150km and the line voltage greater than
100kv.) By considering cost, conductivity, strength, weight and some other related factor in
our country and other world; aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) is more preferable
and widely used type of conductor for overhead transmission line.

3.3.1 Transmission line parameter

Transmission line is modelled by means of the parameter resistance, inductance, capacitance,
and conductance. When resistance and inductance together is called impedance of the line
which is the series parameter; capacitance and conductance is called admittance of the
transmission line and they are the shunt parameter of the transmission line.
I. Resistance

The resistance of transmission line conductor is the most important cause of transmission line
loss. The resistance (R) of the conductor is given by;

𝐴
𝑅=𝜌
𝐿

Where
𝜌 = resistivity of the ACSR

L= length of the conductor or transmission line

A= cross sectional area of the conductor

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II. Inductance

Inductance in a simple language is flux linking with a conductor divided by the current flowing
in the conductor. For medium and long-distance transmission line the inductance (reactance)
is more dominant than resistance. The value of current that flows in a conductor associated
with the parameter inductance and it is known that magnetic field is associated with current
carrying conductor. In AC transmission line current varies sinusoidal this causes or made the
magnetic field to vary sinusoidal; this varying magnetic field induces an electromagnetic field
(or induce voltage) in a conductor and the induced electromagnetic field or induced voltage
opposes the current flow on the line. For a single circuit of 3Ф transmission line the inductance
per phase per meter of the line is given by:
𝐷𝑚 𝐻⁄
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 log 𝑀
𝐷𝑠

1⁄
𝐷𝑠= 0.7788 and 𝐷𝑚= (𝑑1𝑑2𝑑3) 3

Where
r = radius of the conductor

d1d2d3 = the spacing between each conductor

𝐷𝑠 = self-distance

𝐷𝑚 = mutual distance between the phase of the Conductor

III. Capacitance

As the flow of line current is associated with inductance of transmission line as well as
inductance with magnetic field; the voltage difference between two points is related with
capacitance which is associated with electric field. The capacitance of three phase transmission
line is given by;

2𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝑓⁄
𝐶= 3 𝑑1𝑑2𝑑3 𝑚
log𝑒 √
𝑟

Where: -

C = capacitance of transmission line per m

d1d2d3= the spacing distance between each phase

r = radius of the conductor

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3.4 Long Transmission Line
A power transmission line with its effective length of around 250 Km or above is referred to
as a long transmission line. The line constants are uniformly distributed over the entire length
of line. Calculations related to circuit parameters (ABCD parameters) of such a power
transmission is not that simple, as was the case for a short transmission line or medium
transmission line. The reason being that, the effective circuit length in this case is much higher
than what it was for the former models (short and medium line) and, thus ruling out the
approximations considered there like:

1. Ignoring the shunt admittance of the network, like in a small transmission line model.
2. Considering the circuit impedance and admittance to be lumped and concentrated at a
point as was the case for the medium line model.

figure3. 3: long transmission line model

Rather, for all practical reasons, we should consider the circuit impedance and admittance
being distributed over the entire circuit length as shown in the figure below. The calculations
of circuit parameters for this reason are going to be slightly more rigorous. For accurate
modelling to determine circuit parameters let us consider the circuit of the long transmission
line as shown in the diagram below.

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 figure3. 4: concentrated long transmission line model
Here a line of length l > 250km is supplied with a sending end voltage and current of Vs and
is respectively, whereas the VR and IR are the values of voltage and current obtained from the
receiving end. Let’s us now consider an element of infinitely small length Δx at a distance x
from the receiving end as shown in the figure above.

Where:-
V = value of voltage just before entering the element Δx.

I = value of current just before entering the element Δx.

V+ΔV = voltage leaving the element Δx.

I+ΔI = current leaving the element Δx.

ΔV = voltage drop across element Δx.

zΔx = series impedance of element Δx.

yΔx = shunt admittance of element Δx.

Where;

Z = z l and Y = y l are the values of total impedance and admittance of the long transmission
line.

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3.5 System Design
3.5.1 Design Parameter of Uncompensated System
GMR - Geometric mean radius under this system we design the active power, reactive power,
impedance of the transmission line. The long transmission system has voltage range 230kv and
50 Hz as EPICO standards. The Power system consists of two sources or two areas the sending
and the receiving ends. We try to compensate the transmission line with series compensator
devices to mitigate the long transmission line loss. All parameters are taken from the
specification. Generally the design of the system consists of three cases. Those designs
have been done comparatively design without compensator devise, and with series
compensator device. The inductance per kilometer is shown below.

➢ We select ash type conductor which have a diameter of 17.40mm from the
EEPICO standard for 230kv.

➢ Conductor spacing of 200cm.opreating frequency is 50 Hz.

➢ Conductor resistance per kilo meter, 0.2132ohom per kilo meter for 230kvand200km
length.

➢ To calculate inductance per kilometer the following formula is available.

𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝐿 =2× 10−7 𝑙𝑛 𝐺𝑀𝑅 ………………………………………………………………………. (4.1)

−1⁄
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 𝑟𝑒 4 0.7788r ...…………………………………………………………... (4.2)

r=𝐷⁄2

D = 1.74mm

D = 0.0174m

r= 0.0087m

GMR = 0.7788×0.0087

GMR = 0.0067556m

𝑓
e =8.854 × 10−12 ⁄𝑚Where: -

L - Inductance

𝐺𝑀𝐷- Geometric mean distance

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r - Internal radius of the conductor

D - Diameter of the conductor

Since the conductor is symmetrical spacing:

GMD = 0.0067556m
𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝐿 =2× 10−7 𝑙𝑛 𝐺𝑀𝑅

𝐺𝑀𝐷
L=2× 10−7 𝑙𝑛 𝐺𝑀𝑅

2𝑚
L=2× 10−7 𝑙𝑛 0.006756𝑚

𝜇𝐻
L=1.138 ⁄𝑘𝑚
⁄𝑝ℎ

➢ To calculate capacitive reactance per kilometre the following formula is available.

2𝜋𝑒
𝐶= 𝐺𝑀𝐷 …………………………..(4.3)
ln
𝑟

2𝜋×8.85410−12
C= 2𝑚
ln
0.0174𝑚

𝑝𝑓⁄
C=11.72 𝑘𝑚

Design of 230kv ash type transmission system parameters:

Data from specification:

Type of conductor is ash type.

Resistance per kilo meter, R = 0.2132Ω/km

Reactance per kilo meter, XL = 0.3261 Ω/km

➢ To calculate inductive reactance

The reactance and resistance of transmission line with in 200km is calculated as

follow.

R = 0.2132 Ω/km×200

XL = 0.3261 Ω/km×200 km

XL = 65.23 Ω

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XL = 2πfl
𝑋𝐿 65.23
L= =
2𝜋𝑓 2𝜋×50

L = 0.2076 H

➢ The impedance of the line is:

Z = R+jXL …………………………………………………………... (4.4)

Z= 42.6Ω+j65.23 Ω

➢ The active and reactive power is calculated as follow.

𝑉1×𝑉2
P= sin 𝛿……………………………………….(4.5)
𝑋𝐿

𝑉12 −𝑉1×𝑉2
Q= cos 𝛿……………………………………(4.6)
𝑋𝐿

Where:-
Z –impedance of the conductor

Xl – reactance of the conductor

P – Active power

Q – Reactive power

V1 – Sending voltage

V2 – Receiving voltage

XL –Reactance of conductor

δ - Phase difference between v1&v2

R – Resistance of the conductor

3.5.2 Design parameter of Thyristor control series compensator (TCSC)

Now calculate the capacitor and inductor in order to design the TCSC. The
impedance of transmission line for 200km is calculated for 230kv as bellows:

𝑋𝐿 =0.0426Ω⁄𝑘𝑚 ×200=8.52Ω

Z=R+jXL

Z =42.6 Ω +j8.52 Ω

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When 230kv transmission line reactance is compensated 60% then the XTCSC
Impedance is calculated as below:

𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 65.23𝛺 × 0.6 = 39.138𝛺

(𝑋𝐿(𝛼) × 𝑋𝐶)
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = ⁄(𝑋𝐿(𝛼) + 𝑋𝐶)

𝑋𝐿 (𝛼) = 13.03 𝑋𝐿, But the standard ratio of 𝑋𝐿⁄𝑋𝐶 is from 0.1 to 0.3 and we are taken 0.2.
𝑋𝐿 = 0.2𝑋𝐶 … … … . … … … … … … … … … … … … … …. (4.7)

From the above equation

(13.03𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝐶)
39.192 = ⁄(3.03𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝐶)

By substitute XL by 0.2XC

𝑋𝐶 = 54.23 Ω, then the value of capacitor will be

𝑋𝐶 = 1⁄2𝜋𝑓𝑐

𝐶 = = 1⁄
2𝜋𝑓𝑐 = 1⁄2𝜋 × 50 × 54.23

𝐶 = 5.869𝑒 − 5𝐹
𝑋𝐿 = 0.254.23 = 10.846 Ω
𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿⁄2𝜋𝑓

𝐿 = 0.0345𝐻
𝑍 = 25.56 𝛺 + 𝑗10.8462 𝛺

These values are the same for all system. And also active and reactive power of the
system is calculated as follow:

𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝑃= sin 𝛿
𝑋𝐿

𝑉12 − 𝑉1 × 𝑉2
𝑄= cos 𝛿
𝑋𝐿

Where:-
P – Real power in MW

V1 -Sending end voltage

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V2 -Receiving end voltage

X - Line reactance

Angle-delta - This is the symbol for phase angle difference between the sending and receiving
voltages

✓ Increasing impedance results in decrease in real power transfer.

✓ Increasing the phase angle difference increases real power transfer. Maximum power
transfer occurs when phase angle difference between voltages is 90 degree.
Neither increasing nor decreasing voltage magnitudes has a significant effect on the flow of
real power. Real power flow is inversely proportional to line impedance or reactance of the
line. Power only flows when there is a phase difference between the voltages at sending and
receiving ends. Reactive power flows only if there a difference in sending and receiving end
potentials. Increasing voltage magnitude at sending end increases the reactive power flow
towards the receiving end. Increasing voltage magnitude at receiving end decreases the
reactive power flow towards the receiving end. Increasing the path impedance between two
ends decreases the reactive power flow towards the receiving end. The system is tested for
with a fault and without a fault. The fault considered here is a three phase fault. The power
flow, impedance of TCSC reference and the measured impedance of the TCSC and the firing
angle are plotted. In this model the reference considered is the impedance of the TCSC. The
reference is a step input of 0 to 120 ohms. The measured impedance is compared with the
reference impedance and the error which is the difference between the impedances is given as
the input to the PI controller which processes the error and reduces the error to minimum. A
transmission line is considered with parameters R = 6.0852 and L = 0.4323 Henry. It consists
of a TCSC model is as shown in subsystem TCSC. The voltage and current of the TCSC is
measured and given as input to the control system. The TCSC consists of SCRs to be fired.
The firing unit is shown in the subsystem firing unit. The firing unit is shown as a collection
of firing units for three phases separately. The model also consists of a subsystem named
control system which is shown in control system. This is the important block of the
SIMULINK model; it consists of PI controller, impedance calculation block, firing angle
calculation block. The impedance calculation block calculates the impedance of the TCSC
called measured impedance from the values of voltage and current. The measured impedance
is also the line impedance of the transmission line. Reference impedance is given as the input
to the PI controller. The measured impedance is compared with the reference impedance the

26
impedance error is minimized using PI controller. Depending on the value of the impedance
to be adjusted, the PI controller controls the firing angle of the SCRs, which in turn modifies
the measured impedance of the TCSC which again is compared with the reference and the
process continues till the impedance error is minimized.

3.6 The Overall Circuit of the Design System

This project has been aimed to reduce electrical power loss which occurs on long
transmission line and to improve the stability of the system as much as possible. The
TCSC have an effect on the system active power loss. Here we are modeling the network or
the system with fault and compensating device. The above figure shows the configurations
that what we are saying above. The system is generator source, bus, transformers, transmission
lines and loads interconnected together. We are inserting the transmission line parameters, the
source voltages, TCSC parameters. The sending end power is also available in the parameter
so what we are find in system is the buses voltage, fault current and the receiving end power
from the modeling network by simulating the scope.

Figure 3. 5the simulink diagram of uncompensated system with fault

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 figure3. 6 The Simulink diagram of compensated system network with fault

3.6.1 Description
A three-phase, 50 Hz, 230 kV power system transmitting power from a power plant to the
transmission line is split in two 200 km lines connected between buses B1and B2. In order to
increase the transmission capacity, each line is series compensated by capacitors representing
40% of the line reactance. The series compensation equipment are located at the B2 substation
where a 300 MVA 230/15 kV transformer with a 25 kV tertiary winding feeds a 230 kV, 250
MW load. The series compensation subsystems are identical for the two lines. For each line,
each phase of the series compensation module contains the series capacitor. The generators are
simulated with a Simplified Synchronous Machine block. Universal transformer blocks (two
windings and three-windings) are used to model the two transformers. Saturation is
implemented on the transformer connected at bus B2. Voltages and currents are measured in
B1, B2, and B3 blocks. These blocks are Three-phase V-I Measurement blocks where voltage
and current signals are sent to the Data Acquisition block through Go to blocks.
3.6.2 Fault and Line Switching

You now study the transient performance of this circuit when line-to-ground and three-phase-
to ground faults are applied on line 1. The fault and the two line circuit breakers CB1 and CB2
are simulated with blocks from the three-phase library. Open the dialog boxes of CB1 and CB2.
See how the initial breaker status and switching times are specified. A line-to-ground fault is

28
applied on phase A at t = 1cycle. The two circuit breakers which are initially closed are then
open at t =5 cycles, simulating a fault detection and opening time of 4 cycles. The fault is
eliminated at t = 6 cycles, one cycle after line opening.

3.6.3 Line-to-Ground Fault

Double click the Data Acquisition block and open the three scopes. Start the simulation. As the
system has already been initialized (1500 MW generation at the 13.8 kV bus) with the Load
Flow utility of the Powergui, the simulation starts in steady state. At t = 1 cycle a line-to-ground
fault is applied and the fault current reaches 10 kA.

figure3. 7 Simulink diagram of thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC)

As shown figure3.7 TCSC can operate in capacitive or inductive mode and 75% compensation.
The capacitive mode is achieved with firing angles 69-90 deg.The impendance is lower at 90
deg, and therefore power transfer increases as the firing angle is reduced.in capacitive mode
the range for impendance value is approximately120-136 ohm. When TCSC in operate in the
constant impedance mode it use voltage and current feedback for calculating the TCSC
impendance. A separate PI controller is used in each operating mode. Each controller further
includes an adaptive control loop to improve performance over a wide operating range. The

29
controller gain scheduling compensates for the gain change in the system, caused by the
variations in the impendance. The firing circuit uses three single-phase PLL unite for
synchronization with line current. Line current is used for synchronization, rather than line
voltage, since the TCSC voltage can vary widely during the operation. Run the simulation and
observe waveforms on the main variables scope block. At 0.5s TCSC begin to regulate the
impendance to 128 ohm and start with alpha at 90 deg to enable lowest switching disturbance
on the line .

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CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Simulation Result of the System
The simulation of the system is discussed with both compensated system and
uncompensated system comparatively is shown below.

4.1.1. Simulation Result of Uncompensated transmission system

We are simulating the network and getting the bus current, bus voltage, and fault current as
follows:

figure3. 8 the system with fault and without series compensator device
Here the simulation result show there is a disturbance in the voltage and in the current and this
leads to the bus current become zero after 0.1 second.

31
4.1.2. Simulation Result of compensated transmission system
We are simulating the network and getting the bus current, bus voltage, and fault current as
follows:

figure3. 9 the system with fault and compensator

Here the simulation result show the bus voltage hasn’t disturbance and the fault current is
cleared.

figure3. 10 the output waveform of bus voltage, current and energy dissipated in MOV
block.
This simulation result shows the energy dissipated in the MOV is the product of MOV
voltage and current and when the energy exceeds the settled threshold value, a closing order
is sent to the breaker block simulating the gap.

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4.13 Simulation Result of transmission line with TCSC

figure3. 11simulation result of transmission line with TCSC

Here the simulation result shows TCSC is compensating the receiving end power by using
controller that minimized the impendence error.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
Finally from this work conclusion can be given as TCSC helps in better voltage regulation in
the transmission line and higher reactive power compensation in the line reactance. Power
quality In the system is improved due to voltage stability achieved in the line. Hence there is
reduction in the circulating reactive power and these controllers improves the system stability
limits, also controls the power flows so that it can flow through designated routes.
The reduction of transmission line loss using TCSC compensators have been applied to a
sample transmission network on matlab. The result of matlab simulation shows that the
proposed method with FACTS devices reduced the total active power loss to a considerable
amount for all voltage levels. Therefore the compensated system shows better performance for
a higher kV because active power shows greater increase while reactive power shows small
difference relative to uncompensated system. Generally we can conclude that for all voltage
levels both active and reactive powers are increased after the system is compensated. But the
increase in active power is greater and the increase in reactive power is less after the system is
compensated using TCSC devices. Finally from this work conclusion can be given as TCSC
helps in better voltage regulation in the transmission line and higher reactive power
compensation in the line reactance. Power quality in the system is improved due to voltage
stability achieved in the line. Hence there is reduction in the circulating reactive power and
these controllers improves the system stability limits, also controls the power flows so that it
can flow through designated routes.

5.2 Recommendation
This project focuses on controlling power flow on the transmission line and minimizing
power loss on the transmission line by reducing the transmission line reactance. Anybody
who want to do research on this field can do more on power loss mitigation techniques
which is one option to control both active and reactive power flow on the transmission
line. So in the future anyone can do more work on controlling power flow on the
transmission line by controlling the power angle which is the phase difference between
phase angles of sending and receiving end voltages.

34
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transmission line using shunt fact device, 2017.

[2] R.selvarasu,Surruy A Kalavajtti,, “TCSC placement for loss minimization,” pp. 35-39,
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[3] D. V. Makawana, “Thyristor controlled series capacitor,” vol. 1, pp. 58-95, 2018.

[4] H.F Wang,F.J Swift, “comparison of three FACTs devices which are static var
compensator, controllabel series compensator,” vol. 2, pp. 210-218, 2019.

[5] Bindeshwar Singh, Kos.Verma,Puja Mishra, Rash Maheshwari, “introduction to FACT

controller,” pp. 40-49, 320-329, 2015.

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[7] Priyanath Das, Anjoy Kumar Chakraborty et al, “modelling and simulation of fixed
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