DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TCHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

PROJECT ON: DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF

EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE LONG TRANSMISSION LINE

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the bachelors Degree of

Electrical and Computer Engineering (electrical power Engineering

Focus area)

Submitted By:
Name ID No.
1. Daniel Embiale 0901434
2. Muluken Mihiret 0904140
3. Tesfaye Yibeltale 0905129
4. Yibel Azanaw 0905638

Advisor: - Mr. Girma Moges (M.Sc.)

March, 2022 G.C

Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
Declaration
We Daniel Embiale, Muluken Mihiret, Tesfaye Yibeltale, Yibel Azanaw a 5th year Electrical power
engineering students declare that this project entitled as “Design, Analysis and Simulation of
Extra High Voltage Long Transmission Line” is our original work.
Declared by: -
1. Daniel Embiale

2. Muluken Mihiret

3. Tesfaye Yibeltale

4. Yibel Azanaw

March, 2022 G.C

Date

As academic advisor, I clarify that the project prepared by the students is original work and compiled
according to the guideline provided by the Institute office as far as my knowledge is concerned.

________________
Mr. Girma Moges (M.Sc.)
Advisor’s Name

i
Acknowledgment
First of all, we would like to thank our Glorious and Almighty God for giving us the persistence to
accomplish our project successfully.
Then, we truly would love to thank our advisor Mr. Girma Moges (M.Sc.) for his professional
assistance by monitoring our progress and inspiring us how we should use the project period effectively
to get more benefits in terms of technical skills.
Finally, we would like to thank Wubegzer Aweke for his grateful help, continuous suggestion and
supporting throughout our project.

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Abstract
The aim of this project is “Design, analysis and simulation of extra high voltage long transmission
line in order to mitigate the transmission line loss also increase the performance of long-distance
transmission line and to consider all possible plans and changes in the future electric power system.
The choice of area (case study) of the project is concerned on the transmission line between Bahirdar
and Debre Markos.

The entire power system is divided into three parts supply, transmission and distribution of
which transmission lines are connecting the other two parts. So, it plays a very important role.
Extra High Voltage (EHV) transmission lines are being used these days because more is the
voltage of transmission line the better the performance and efficiency of the system. Moreover,
at high voltages chances of power loss is reduced to minimal level

Super power stations are also a major reason for usage of EHV transmission line. By simulation
we can analyze the parameters of transmission lines (T-parameters) in actual scenario. By the
result so obtained designing of EHV lines for bulk power transmission with less losses and better
efficiency can be done.

The parameters of overhead transmission line are resistance, inductance and capacitance formulated
using exact representation of transmission line with ABCD parameters. The design and operation of
transmission lines are greatly influenced by voltage drop, line losses and efficiency of the
transmission system. All these factors related to transmission system are dependent on the line
parameters Resistance(R), Inductance (L), and Capacitance (C) of the transmission line. Parameter
R, L and C associated with any transmission are distributed uniformly along the length of line.

After analyzing the transmission line parameters set the required modeling blocks and simulate
using MATLAB Simulink. The simulation is analyzed under varying voltages and evaluate the
result what we expect.

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Contents
Declaration .................................................................................................................................................. i

Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................................................... ii

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... iii

List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... vii

List Of Tables.......................................................................................................................................... viii

List Of Abbreviations................................................................................................................................ ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Statement of the problem ......................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Objective of the project ............................................................................................................ 3

1.3.1 General Objective ............................................................................................................................. 3

1.3.2 Specific Objective of The Project ..................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 3

1.5 Scope Of the Project ................................................................................................................ 4

1.6 Limitation Of the Project ......................................................................................................... 4

1.7 Significance Of the Project ...................................................................................................... 4

1.8 Structure Of the Document ...................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERETURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ...................................... 6

2.1 Literature Review..................................................................................................................... 6

2.2 Theoretical Background ........................................................................................................... 8

2.2.1 Electrical Transmission Line............................................................................................................. 8

2.2.2 Structure Of Power System ............................................................................................................... 9

2.3 Classification Of Overhead Transmission Lines.................................................................... 11

2.3.1 Short Transmission Line ................................................................................................................. 12

2.3.2 Medium Transmission Line ............................................................................................................ 12

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 2.3.3 Long Transmission Line ................................................................................................................. 14

2.4 Classification Of Overhead Transmission Lines Beads on Voltage Level ............................ 15

2.5 Extra High Voltage Transmission Line.................................................................................. 15

2.5.1 Components Of EHV Transmission Line ....................................................................................... 16

2.6 Performance Of Transmission Line ....................................................................................... 25

2.7 Problems Encountered In EHV .............................................................................................. 25

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 27

3.1 System Design, Analysis And Modeling ............................................................................... 27

3.1.1 Chapter Overview .................................................................................................................. 27

3.2 System Design ....................................................................................................................... 27

3.3 Power Of Transmission Line ................................................................................................. 27

3.3.1 Active Power .......................................................................................................................... 28

3.3.2 Reactive Power ...................................................................................................................... 29

3.3.3 Apparent Power...................................................................................................................... 29

3.3.4 Load Assessment.................................................................................................................... 30

3.4 Current Carrying Capacity of Conductor ............................................................................... 30

3.4.1 Selection Of Conductor .......................................................................................................... 32

3.4.2 Calculation Of Line Parameters (Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance).......................... 33

3.5 Mathematical Analysis of The System .................................................................................. 36

3.6 Mathematical Analysis of Three Phase 400KV ..................................................................... 40

3.7 MATLAB Modeling of The System ...................................................................................... 45

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 46

4.1 Simulation Result ................................................................................................................... 46

4.1.1 Simulation Result Of 400kv (260KM) ................................................................................... 46

4.1.2 Simulation Result Of 500kv (260 KM) .................................................................................. 48

4.2 Result Discussion ................................................................................................................... 49

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................... 51

5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 51

5.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 52

vi
List of figures
Figure 2.1: Overhead transmission line ............................................................................................. 9
Figure 2.2: Simplified electric transmission system ........................................................................ 11
Figure 2.3: Nominal 𝜋 representation of short circuit transmission line ......................................... 12
Figure 2.4:Nominal T representation of medium transmission line ................................................ 13
Figure 2.5: Nominal 𝜋 model of medium transmission line ............................................................ 13
Figure 2.6:Circuit diagram with distributed parameter of long transmission line ........................... 14
Figure 2.7Equivalent 𝜋 model of long transmission line ................................................................. 14
Figure 2.8:ACSR conductor ............................................................................................................. 19
Figure 2.9: Suspension type insulator .............................................................................................. 21
Figure 2.10: Shackle type insulator .................................................................................................. 22
Figure 2.11: Supporting structures ................................................................................................... 22
Figure 2.12: Stockbridge dumpers .................................................................................................. 24
Figure 3.1 : System block diagram .................................................................................................. 27
Figure 3.2: Power Triangle .............................................................................................................. 29
Figure 3.3: One phase and neutral connection of three phase of long transmission line ................. 36
Figure 3.4: MATLAB modeling result ............................................................................................ 45
Figure 4.1: Sending end current and voltage of 400KV EHV transmission line respectively ........ 46
Figure 4.2: Receiving end current and voltage respectively of three phase 400kv EHV transmission
line.................................................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 4.3: Sending end current and voltage of 500kv EHV transmission line respectively .......... 48
Figure 4.4: Receiving end current and voltage of 500kv EHV transmission line respectively ....... 48

vii
List Of Tables
Table 1Classification of overhead transmission lines beads on voltage level ................................. 15
Table 2: Load assessment in Debre Markos industrial load supply ................................................. 30
Table 3: Characteristics of Aluminum Cable Steel Reinforced Conductors (ACSR) ..................... 31
Table 4: Performance evaluation of EHV transmission line with variable voltage ......................... 49

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List Of Abbreviations
AAAC All-Aluminum-Alloy Conductors
AAC All aluminum conductor
AC Alternating current (A)
ACAR Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced
ACSR Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
C Capacitance (F)
DC Direct current (A)
EHV Extra high voltage (V)
HV High voltage
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (V)
IEC International Electro technical commission
IR Receiving end current (A)
Is Sending end current (A)
L Inductor (H)
LV Low voltage (V)
MATLAB Matrix laboratory
MV Medium voltage (V)
NESC National electrical safety code
PR Receiving end power (W)
Ps Sending end power (W)
R Resistance (Ὡ)
UHV Ultra high voltage (V)
VR Receiving end power (V)
Vs Sending end voltage (V)

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Extra High Voltage (EHV) A.C. transmission may be considered to have come of age in 1952 when
the first 380–400 kV line was put into service in Sweden. Since then, industrialized countries all
over the world have adopted this and higher voltage levels.

Simulation of Extra High Voltage Long Transmission Lines: The electrical power system has
three principal divisions the generating stations, the transmission system and the distribution
system. The transmission lines link between generating station and the distribution system that
led to other power system interconnections. Today, we are using of Extra High Voltage (EHV)
transmission lines for transmission of power between the generating station and distribution
system in India.

The main reasons are the construction of super power stations of very large capacities needs the
transmission at high voltage so use EHV lines and at high voltages power loss is also reduced
since losses are directly proportional to the square of current. The performance of a power system
is mainly dependent on the performance of the transmission lines in the system. It is necessary to
calculate the voltage, current and power at any point on the transmission line provided the values at
one point are known.

The more voltages of transmission line make better performance and efficiency of the system
and for this high voltage and extra high voltage transmission lines are used to transmit electrical
power from the sending end to the receiving end substations.

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The transmission line performance has four parameters. They are Series resistance, Series
inductance, Shunt capacitance, and Shunt conductance. With MATLAB, the simulation of
transmission line analyzes the behaviors and parameters of transmission line under the actual
conditions to simulate a long transmission line and analyze the waveforms at sending and
receiving end. The results after simulation help in designing Extra High Voltage Long
Transmission Line Model.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Now a day the use of long-distance transmission line and the bulk powers is increased. But the
performance of this long-distance transmission line depends on the amount of voltage. In long
distance transmission line there is voltage drop, power loss, low efficiency and production of high
current. To reduce these EHV is necessary. There for, extra high voltage transmission line decreases
the transmitted current in the line which reduces I2R losses. This will lead to increase in transmission
efficiency. And also, as transmission current decreases, the size of the conductor required is reduced
which decreases the volume conductor.

The transmission capacity is proportional to square of operating voltages. Thus, the transmission
capacity of line increases with increase in voltage. With increase in level of transmission voltage,
the installation cost of the transmission line per km decreases. For this using extra high voltage
transmission lines have economic advantages. Therefore, low efficiency and performance of long
transmission line problem is solved using extra high voltage (EHV). On the other hand, the more the
voltages of transmission line, the better the performance and efficiency of the system.

2
1.3 Objective of the project
1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective is to design, analysis and simulation of extra high voltage long transmission
line.

1.3.2 Specific Objective of The Project

➢ Model the equivalent circuit diagram of long transmission line.

➢ To see the effect of line parameters on the performance of transmission system.

➢ Analyze and detect the effect of voltage and distance on transmission line performance.
➢ Analyze the simulation result of the long transmission line in EHV.

1.4 Methodology
For successful completion of this project some steps will be followed to carry out different tasks.
These are:

➢ Different literature will be revised relating to this project.

➢ Analyze and mathematical calculations of transmission line will be done.

➢ Based on this parameter system model will be designed.

➢ MATLAB software is selected to model the software simulation.

➢ Identify all the required simulation blocks from the software which are required for
modeling of transmission line.

➢ Simulate the appropriate model of the system using MATLAB software.

➢ Finally analyze and discuss the simulation result with Scope and Limitation of the project.

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1.5 Scope Of the Project
➢ This project covers the Simulink block design and simulation of extra high voltage (EHV)
long transmission lines with specified line parameters. The mathematical equation and
performance analysis of long transmission line in extra high voltage have been done for any
bulk power system.

➢ MATLAB software is used for simulation and code design of extra high voltage long
transmission line.

1.6 Limitation Of the Project

➢ Even if the project has many features, it has some limits due to time shortage and so on.
➢ Difficulty in gaining access to relevant information based on receiving end power and power
factor that pertains to the study.
➢ Data collection in bahirdar and debre markos substation because far distance from Dire
Dawa.
➢ We consider electrical design factor only not include mechanical, and environmental.

1.7 Significance Of the Project

This study will have the following contribution

➢ It reduces voltage drop in transmission line system.

➢ It helps to increase the country power system reliability

1.8 Structure Of the Document

This document is a formal report of the thesis MATLAB SIMULATION OF EXTRA HIGH
VOLTAGE LONG TRANSMISSION LINE. The document contains five chapters by following
appropriate references at the end of the document.

4
CHAPTER ONE: This chapter gradually eases the reader into the thesis concept by initially giving
a brief overview of the problem with the current system practiced dominantly, and then introducing
the proposed solution which reflects the project objectives and the initial desired features. This
chapter also highlights some potential benefits the project will attempt to provide.

CHAPPTER TWO: This chapter describes theoretical backgrounds and some literatures are listed.

CHAPTER THREE: This chapter starts by discussing the applied system arrangement and its block
diagram, and perform mathematical analysis of parameter of the transmission line and performance.
Based on the calculated performance by varying the distance.it can determined the performance in
each distance.

CHAPTER FOUR: This chapter starts by describing the software MATLAB and the simulation results
are shown followed by result discussion.

CHAPTER FIVE: This chapter is the last chapter. In this chapter, the results obtained are analyzed,
conclusions and recommendation are made as appropriate.

5
 CHAPTER 2
LITERETURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Literature Review

This chapter will explain the fundamentals of components used by the project. It is not meant to be
a complete description, but rather an orientation to help the reader understand possibilities and
limitations of the project. A lot of extensive work has been done extra high voltage (EHV) long
transmission line each employing different methods and algorithms. The concept extra high voltage
(EHV) is the most effective means to achieve good transmission line performance by decreasing the
power loss of the line.

In (K. k. Ashish Kumar), the simulation of transmission line using MATLAB. The simulation of
transmission line using MATLAB helps us to analyze the behaviors and parameters of transmission
line under actual conditions of single-phase long transmission.

In (A. S. Mansoori), the line parameters and performance have been calculated by using several
MATLAB functions, With MATLAB programs of transmission line analyzes the behavior and
parameter of transmission line under the shunt compensation condition to a long transmission line
and performance sending end and receiving end.

In (M. S. T. J. O. J. DUNCAN GLOVER) study, analyze and design of Extra-High Voltage

transmission line with the comprehensive electrical and environmental engineering considerations.

In (Satish Karekar1, Tripti Barik) The whole modeling and simulation of different operating and
different conditions of fault on EHV transmission line, their faults are LG fault, 2L-G fault, 3L-G
fault and three-line short circuit of the proposed work is done.

If this fault is occurred in EHV long transmission line so in our system we can detect this fault and
protect the rest of the system from this fault by using MATLAB software. (RP Deshpande), B.Tech
(Hon), Elec., F.I.E Institution of Engineers India, I IT BOMBAY (1966)Power factor if in List of
industrial unit depends on the mix of all types of machines, ovens, pumps, lighting etc. Each one has
its own character, and we strive to maintain maximum possible power factor. Lighting load can have
own power factor of 0.4 — 0.7 except for incandescent bulbs, which are out if date.

6
Motors usually have power factor of 0.7 near no load or low load, and can go to 0.85 — 0.92 at full
load. Most industries today run at power factor of 0.8 — 0.9 without power factor correction
systems. Welding machines can go as low as 0.4 power factor. We have to correct these systems to
improve the power factor to 0.95 or above consistently for maximum utilization of cables,
transformers and switchgear, as also to avoid penalty for low power factor [9]. I have experienced
that we can increase connected load of new machines even without increasing the sanctioned
connected load, by better maintenance of power factor. By adding capacitors right at motor in the
overall scheme of things, existing transformer can be relieved of current capacity to take up new
load.

R.D. Dunlop, R. Gutman and P.P. Marchenko, IEEE Transactions on Power

Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, No. 2, March/April 1979. “Analytical

Development of Load ability Characteristics for EHV and UHV Transmission Lines,” Using the SIL
concept, three 500 kV or six 345 kV circuits would be required to achieve the load ability of a single
765 kV line. Specifically, a 765 kV line can reliably transmit 2200-2400 MW (i.e., 1.0 SIL) for
distances up to 300 miles, whereas the similarly situated 500 kV and 345 kV lines with bundled
conductors can deliver only about 900 MW and 400 MW, respectively. For short distances, these
relationships can differ to some extent reflecting thermal capacities established primarily by the
number/size of line conductors and station equipment ratings.

Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation limited for conductor sizing, ‘panther’ for 132kv lines having
7-strands of steel of diameter 3.00 and 30-strand of aluminum of diameter of 3.00m for 220KV line
‘zebra’s having 7-strand of steel diameter 3.18mm and
54 strands of aluminum of diameter 3.18mm. For 400KV lines twin ’moose’ ACSR having 7 strands
of steel of diameter 3.53mm and 54 strands aluminum of diameter 400kv.

7
2.2 Theoretical Background
2.2.1 Electrical Transmission Line

Electrical transmission system is the means of transmitting power from generating station to
different load centers. Electrical energy is generated in large hydroelectric, thermal and nuclear super
and super critical power stations these stations are generally situated far away from the load centers.
This necessitates an extensive power supply network between the generating station and consumer
load. This network may be divided into two parts transmission and distribution the main part of this
is transmission system. Transmission line transmits bulk electrical power from sending end to
receiving end stations without supplying any consumer route and it can be divided into two parts
primary and secondary.

Extra High Voltage (EHV) A.C. transmission may be considered to have come in 1952 when the
first 380–400 kV line was put into service in Sweden. Since then, industrialized countries all over
the world have adopted this and higher voltage levels. Very soon it was found that the impact of
such voltage levels on the environment needed careful attention because of high surface voltage
gradients on conductors which brought interference problems from power frequency to TV
frequencies. Thus, electrostatic fields in the line vicinity, corona effects, losses, audible noise, carrier
interference and radio interference became recognized as steady state problems governing the line
conductor design, line height, and phase-spacing to keep the interfering fields within specified limits.
The line-charging current is so high that providing synchronous condensers at load end only was
impractical to control voltages at the sending-end and receiving-end buses. Shunt compensating
reactors for voltage control at no load and switched capacitors at load conditions became necessary.
The use of series capacitors to increase power handling capacity has brought its own problems such
as increased current density, temperature rise of conductors, increased short-circuit current and sub
synchronous resonance. All these are still steady-state problems.

8
 Figure 2.1: Overhead transmission line

2.2.2 Structure Of Power System

The electrical transmission system is more complex and dynamic than other utility systems, such as
water or natural gas. Electricity flows from power plants, through transformers and transmission
lines, to substations, distribution lines, and then finally to the electricity consumer. Figure 2.2 depicts
a very simplified diagram of the electric system. In reality, the electric system is highly
interconnected. The interconnectedness of the system means that the transmission grid functions as
one entity. Power entering the system flows along all available paths, regardless of boundaries of
service areas, counties, states, or even countries.

The current transmission grid includes not only transmission lines that run from power plants to
centers where electricity is used, but also from transmission line to transmission line, providing a
redundant system that helps assure the smooth flow of power. If a transmission line is taken out of
service in one part of the power grid, the power reroutes itself through other power lines to continue
delivering power to the customer. An electric supply system provides a means of generating,
transmitting, and distributing energy in the form of electric current to the ultimate user i.e., the load.
It consists of five basic elements or subsystems – Generation, transmission, substation, distribution
and load.

9
Generation– generation is simply the conversion of energy from one form to another. In
hydroelectric power generation, there are many types of power plants like - Thermal power plant,
nuclear power plant, geothermal power plant, Bio gas power plant, Hydro power plant etc. From
these power plants the prime moving energy source are different like - Heat, water, air, bio gas heat
etc. Different components of power plants are described briefly which are the core of the electricity
generation. A complete guideline is provided regarding power or electricity.

Transmission – Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a
generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected lines which
facilitate this movement are known as a transmission network. This is distinct from the local wiring
between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power
distribution. The combined transmission and distribution network is part of electricity delivery,
known as the electrical grid. the transmission system consists of a network of overhead lines, or, in
density populated areas, underground cable.

Substation - An electrical sub-station is an assemblage of electrical components including bus bars,

switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries etc. A substation receives electrical power from
generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electric power via the outgoing
transmission lines and distribution out going lines.

They are integral parts of a power system and form important links between the generating station,
transmission systems, distribution systems and the load points.

Distribution – the distribution system also consists of a network of overhead lines, and underground
cables by which the power is ‘distributed’ to the ultimate users of electricity, that is, the load. These
lines are normally shorter than transmission lines, and carry smaller amounts of power.

Load – the utilization of electric power is collectively called load. This includes the user of
electricity in the home (i.e., heating and lighting), in the factory, to drive motors and other
machinery. The electrical load may be resistive, inductive, capacitive or some combination between
them.

10
 Figure 2.2: Simplified electric transmission system

2.3 Classification Of Overhead Transmission Lines

The transmission line performance depends upon the three parameters R, L, and C. These three
parameters are distributed uniformly along the whole length of the line. The resistance and
inductance form the series impedance and the capacitance exists between the line conductor and
earth conductor. The capacitance exists between conductor for 1-phase line or from a conductor to
a neutral. Therefore, capacitance effect introduces complication in transmission line calculation.
among this classification, in this thesis long transmission line is considered. To know the
transmission line performance, it is required to know the manner in which capacitance is taken into
account and accordingly the overhead transmission lines are classified as:

➢ Short transmission line

➢ Medium transmission line

➢ Long transmission line

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2.3.1 Short Transmission Line

In short transmission line calculations, the effects of the line capacitance are neglected because such
lines have smaller lengths and transmit power at relatively low voltages. However, as the length and
voltage of the line increase, the capacitance gradually becomes of greater importance. The lines are
less than 80km longer and the voltage is not over 66kV. Capacitance may be ignored without much
error. The short line model is a simple series circuit. Due to the smaller length and lower voltage of
the line, the capacitance effects of the line are extremely small and hence can be neglected.
Therefore, while studying the short transmission line performance, only resistance and inductance
of the line are taken into account.

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋

Figure 2.3: Nominal 𝜋 representation of short circuit transmission line

2.3.2 Medium Transmission Line

The length of medium between (80 km < T.L length < 250 km) medium transmission line. The length
of medium between (80 km < T.L length < 250 km) the shunt capacitance must be considered. The
modeling of a medium length transmission line is done using lumped shunt admittance along with
the lumped impedance in series to the circuit. Due to sufficient length and voltage of line, the
capacitance effects are also taken into account while studying the medium transmission line
performance.

12
Though capacitance is uniformly distributed over the entire length of the line yet reasonable accuracy
is obtained by considering the capacitance of such a line lumped at one or more places. These lumped
parameters of a medium length transmission line can be represented using two different models,
namely:

1) Nominal T representation.

2) Nominal π representation.

Figure 2.4:Nominal T representation of medium transmission line

Figure 2.5: Nominal 𝜋 model of medium transmission line

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2.3.3 Long Transmission Line

The parameters must be taken as distributed uniformly along the length as a result of which the
Voltages and currents will vary from point to point on the line. The length of then transmission line
is starting from 250km and above. Calculations related to circuit parameters (ABCD parameters) of
such a power transmission is not that simple, as was the case for a short transmission line or medium
transmission line. The reason being that, the effective circuit length in this case is much higher than
what it was for the former models as shown below.

The above diagram is represented with equivalent nominal pi model as shown fig below

Figure 2.6:Circuit diagram with distributed parameter of long transmission line

This circuit diagram is represented with equivalent nominal 𝜋 model as shown figure below

Figure 2.7Equivalent 𝜋 model of long transmission line

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2.4 Classification Of Overhead Transmission Lines Beads on Voltage Level
In general, electric power is produced at power stations which are located at favorable places,
generally quite away from the consumers. It is then transmitted over large distance to load centers
with the help of conductors known as transmission lines. Finally, it is distributed to a large number
of small and big consumers through distribution lines. Electric power is generated in the range of
11KV to 25KV, which is increased by stepped up transformer to the main transmission line voltage.
At substation the connection between various components are made lines. transformers and
switching of these components are carried out. Transmission level voltages are in the range of 45KV
to 400KV (or higher). In our country, network operation is at 400KV, 230KV, 132KV, 66KV, 45KV,
33KV, 15KV and supply the final consumer feeders at 400volt three phase, giving 230 volt per
phase.
Table 1Classification of overhead transmission lines beads on voltage level

Low voltage Below 1000volts

Medium voltage Between 1000V & 33KV

High voltage Above 33KV & up to 132KV

Extra high voltage 230KV; 400KV

Ultra-high voltage Above 400KV

2.5 Extra High Voltage Transmission Line

The term high voltage characterizes electrical circuits in which the voltage used is the cause of
particular safety concerns and insulation requirements. High voltage is used in electrical power
distribution, in cathode ray tubes, to generate X-rays and particle beams, to demonstrate arcing, for
ignition, in photomultiplier tubes, and high-power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and
scientific applications.

15
Two factors considered in the classification of a "high voltage" are the possibility of,

➢ a spark in air.

➢ The danger of electric shock by contact or proximity.

In electric power transmission engineering, high voltage is usually considered any voltage over
approximately 350,000volts. Electrical transmission and distribution lines for electric power always
use voltages significantly higher than 50 volts while electric power voltages higher than 350,000V
is extra high voltage (EHV), so contact with or close approach to the line conductors presents a
danger of electrocution.

2.5.1 Components Of EHV Transmission Line

2.5.1.1 Conductors

The most commonly used conductor materials for overhead lines are copper, aluminum, steel-cord
aluminum, galvanized steel and cadmium copper. The choice of a particular material will depend
upon the cost, the required electrical and mechanical properties and the local conditions. All
conductors used for overhead lines are preferably stranded in order to increase the flexibility. In
stranded conductors, there is generally one central wire and round this, successive layers of wires
containing 6, 12, 18, 24 ...... wires. In the manufacture of stranded conductors, the consecutive layers
of wires are twisted or spiraled in opposite directions so that layers are bound together.

16
What Is Bundled Conductor?

We call bundled conductor to those conductors which from two or more stranded conductors,
bundled together to get more current carrying capacity. Here, we use two or more stranded
conductors per phase. Also, to increase the current carrying capacity of the system, a bundle
conductor also contributes various facilities to the electrical transmission system. A bundled
conductor reduces the reactance of the electric transmission line. It also reduces voltage gradient,
corona loss, radio interference, surge impedance of the transmission lines. Single stranded
conductors are used in transmission system usually up to 220 KV. But it is not possible to use for
the voltage above 220 KV system

Types of Conductors

1. Copper

Copper is an ideal material for overhead lines owing to its high electrical conductivity and greater
tensile strength. It is always used in the hard drawn form as stranded conductor. Although hard
drawing decreases the electrical conductivity slightly yet it increases the tensile strength
considerably.
Copper has high current density i.e., the current carrying capacity of copper per unit of X-sectional
area is quite large. This leads to two advantages. Firstly, smaller X-sectional area of conductor is
required and secondly, the area offered by the conductor to wind loads is reduced. Moreover, this
metal is quite homogeneous, durable and has high scrap value. There is hardly any doubt that copper
is an ideal material for transmission and distribution of electric power. However, due to its higher
cost and non-availability, it is rarely used for these purposes. Now-a-days the trend is to use
aluminum in place of copper.

17
2. Aluminum

Aluminum is cheap and light as compared to copper but it has much smaller conductivity and tensile
strength. The relative comparison of the two materials is briefed below:
➢ The conductivity of aluminum is 60% that of copper. The smaller conductivity of
aluminum means that for any particular transmission efficiency, the X-sectional area
of conductor must be larger in aluminum than in copper. For the same resistance,
the diameter of aluminum conductor is about 1·26 times the diameter of copper
conductor. The increased X-section of aluminum exposes a greater surface to wind
pressure and, therefore, supporting towers must be designed for greater transverse
strength. This often requires the use of higher towers with consequence of greater
sag.
➢ The specific gravity of aluminum (2·71 gm/cc) is lower than that of copper (8·9
gm/cc). Therefore, an aluminum conductor has almost one-half the weight of
equivalent copper conductor. For this reason, the supporting structures for
aluminum need not be made as strong as that of copper conductor.

➢ Aluminum conductor being light, is liable to greater swings and hence larger
crossarms are required.
➢ Due to lower tensile strength and higher co-efficient of linear expansion of
aluminum, the sag is greater in aluminum conductors. Considering the combined
properties of cost, conductivity, tensile strength, weight etc., aluminum has an edge
over copper. Therefore, it is being widely used as a conductor material. It is
particularly profitable to use aluminum for heavy-current transmission where the
conductor size is large and its cost forms a major proportion of the total cost of
complete installation.

18
 Figure 2.8:ACSR conductor

3. Steel Cored Aluminum

Due to low tensile strength, aluminum conductors produce greater sag. This prohibits their use for
larger spans and makes them unsuitable for long distance transmission. In order to increase the
tensile strength, the aluminum conductor is reinforced with a core of galvanized steel wires. The
composite conductor thus obtained is known as steel cored aluminum and is abbreviated as A.C.S.R.
(aluminum conductor steel reinforced).

Steel-cored aluminum conductor consists of central core of galvanized steel wires surrounded by a
number of aluminum strands. Usually, diameter of both steel and aluminum wires is the same. The
X-section of the two metals are generally in the ratio of 1: 6 but can be modified to 1: 4 in order to
get more tensile strength for the conductor. Figure 2.8 shows steel cord aluminum conductor having
one steel wire surrounded by six wires of aluminum. The result of this composite conductor is that
steel core takes greater percentage of mechanical strength while aluminum strands carry the bulk of
current. The steel cord aluminum conductors have the following advantages:

➢ The reinforcement with steel increases the tensile strength but at the same time
keeps the composite conductor light. Therefore, steel cored aluminum
conductors will produce smaller sag and hence longer spans can be used.
➢ Due to smaller sag with steel cored aluminum conductors, towers of smaller
heights can be used.
Stranded copper conductors or steel-reinforced aluminum cable (ACSR) cable (ACSR), ACSR
usually preferred because result in lighter and more economical lines.in our design used ACSR.

19
Conductor Sizing

The following sizes have now been standardized by CEA for transmission lines of different voltages-

➢ For 132 KV lines

'Panther' ACSR having 7-strands of steel of diameter 3.00 mm and 30-Strands of

Aluminum of diameter 3.00 mm.
➢ For 220 KV lines

'Zebra' ACSR having 7-strand of steel of diameter 3.18 mm and 54-Strands of Aluminum of
diameter 3.18 mm.
➢ For 400 KV lines

Twin 'Moose' ACSR having 7-Strands of steel of diameter 3.53 mm and 54Strands of
Aluminum of diameter 3.53 mm.
➢ In our design we use Twin 'Moose' ACSR having 7-Strands of steel of diameter

3.53 mm and 54-Strands of Aluminum of diameter 3.53 mm. for 400kv

2.5.1.2 Types Of Insulators

The insulators provide necessary insulation between line conductors and supports and thus prevent
any leakage current from conductors to earth. In general, the insulators should have the following
desirable properties.

➢ High mechanical strength.

➢ High electrical resistance.

➢ High relative permittivity.

➢ The insulator material should be non-porous, free from impurities and cracks otherwise
the permittivity will be lowered.
➢ High ratio of puncture strength to flashover.

The most commonly used material for insulators is porcelain but glass, steatite, and quartz.

There are several types of insulators, but the most commonly used are:

20
 ➢ pin type

➢ Suspension type.

➢ strain insulator and

➢ shackle insulator

Pin Type Insulators: - are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up
to 33 kV.
Suspension- Type Insulator: - For high voltages (>33 kV), it is a usual practice to use suspension
type insulators consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form
of a string. Our design is using this type of insulator.
For low voltage line (<11kv), shackle type insulator is used as strain insulator.

Figure 2.9: Suspension type insulator

Shackle Type Insulators

➢ It is used for low voltage distribution lines.

➢ They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.
➢ The conductor in the groove is fixed with a soft binding wire.

21
 Figure 2.10: Shackle type insulator

2.5.1.3 Supporting Structures

Keep conductors at safe height from ground and at adequate distance from each other, wooden poles
equipped with cross-arms used for voltages below 70 kV for higher voltage two poles used to create
H-frame (angle suspension tower) for very high voltage lines, steel tower used Spacing between
conductors must be sufficient to prevent arcover under gusty conditions and increased as distance
between tower and line voltages.
In our design used angle suspension tower as shown below

Figure 2.11: Supporting structures

22
Design Of Number of Towers

Transmission line conductors are strung on in line suspension tower and bend (strain) towers. For
the proposed 400 kV transmission line between Bahirdar and Debre Markos substation, compact
cross –rope suspension structure and self-supporting towers might be used. The towers are generally
30-40 meter in height and a total footprint area Approximately 12 m x 12 m is required the average
span between two towers will be 350 m in IEEE standard.so to calculate total number of towers.
Total distance from Bahirdar and Debre Markos substation is 260km then total number of towers:

Number of towers=total distance/distance between the tower

Number of towers = 260KM/0.35km =approximately 743 tower is needed for installation.

Foundation

The foundation is influenced by the type of terrain encountered as well as the underlying geo
technical condition. The actual size and type of foundation to be installed will be depending on the
soil bearing capacity. The area required for construction of the foundation will be 12 m x12 m.
Foundation will be excavated manually and using machines such as compressor and excavator. All
foundation will back fill, stabilized through compaction, and capped with concrete at ground level.

2.5.1.4 Pilot Cables

Are used for control, protection, signaling, telecommunications and data transmission purposes
associated with power distribution and transmission systems. Such systems are mainly operated by
the electrical supply industry and similar applications occur in many industrial systems.

2.5.1.5 Stockbridge Dampers

A Stockbridge damper is a tuned mass damper used to suppress wind-induced vibrations on slender
structures such as overhead power lines and long cantilevered signs. Which is clamped at its middle
to the main cable. The damper is designed to dissipate the energy of oscillations in the main cable
to an acceptable level. Depending on the type of the conductor of the overhead transmission line,
several damper types with many different models are available. The name of the damper is due to
the scientist H. Stockbridge, who advanced the development of the damper in the 1920’s.

23
 Figure 2.12: Stockbridge dumpers

2.5.1.6 Resistance

Resistance which depends on the cross section, temperature and material type it will be comparable
for the same carrying capability because the cross sections sized to limit the ohmic losses.

2.5.1.7 Inductance

Series inductance of transmission line consists of two components. These are internal inductance
(Due to magnetic flux enclosed by conductor) and External inductance (Due to magnetic flux outside
conductor). Total inductance is a combination of both these effects.

24
2.5.1.8 Capacitance

The calculation of the capacitance of a line is based upon the relative position of the conductors, the
height, and the presence of a ground wire. Overhead transmission line models are usually divided
into three categories, with the length of the transmission line determining which model to be used.
When trying to determine the line parameters of a short transmission line (50 miles or less), the shunt
admittances can be neglected without much loss of accuracy (< 5%). For transmission lines longer
than 50 miles, the shunt admittance can no longer be ignored when trying to determine the line
parameters. However, depending on the purpose for which the parameters are required, these may
be ignored. For example, if the sole purpose of the study is to determine the fault currents associated
with faults on a particular line, then the shunt parameters can be ignored. The same cannot be said
if the goal is to determine the sensitivity of a line current differential relay etc.

2.6 Performance Of Transmission Line

The transmission line performance is governed by its four parameters

➢ Series resistance

➢ Series inductance

➢ Shunt capacitance

➢ Shunt conductance

All these parameters are distributed over the length of the line. The insulation of a line us seldom
perfect and leakage currents flow over the surface of insulators especially during bad weather.

2.7 Problems Encountered In EHV

The problems encountered while using such high voltages are different from those encountered at
lower voltages. These problems are: Increase in Current Density due to increase in line, loading by
using series capacitors, Use of bundled conductors, High surface voltage gradient on conductors,
Corona problems: Audible Noise, Radio Interference, Corona Energy Loss, Carrier Interference, and
TV Interference.

25
High electrostatic field under the line, Switching Surge Over voltages which cause more havoc to
air-gap insulation than lightning or power frequency voltages, increased Short Circuit currents and
possibility of Ferro-resonance conditions, Use of gapless metal oxide arresters which replaces the
conventional gap-type Silicon Carbide arresters, for both lightning and switching-surge duty.

Shunt reactor compensation and use of series capacitors, resulting in possible sub synchronous
Resonance conditions and high short circuit currents. Insulation coordination based upon switching
impulse levels. Single-pole reclosing to improve stability, but causing problems with arcing.

26
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 System Design, Analysis And Modeling
3.1.1 Chapter Overview

Once the problem, its proposed solution and its system theoretical back ground is addressed, the next
task is to design the system. Design emphasizes a conceptual solution that fulfills the requirements.
The chapter start by discussing the applied system arrangement and load assessment followed by
design and selection of component and parameter for the simulation.

3.2 System Design

Electrical energy is generated in large hydroelectric, thermal and nuclear super and super critical
power stations these stations are generally situated far away from the load centers. This necessitates
an extensive power supply network between the generating station and consumer load. This network
is transmission line. Transmission line transmits bulk electrical power from sending end to receiving
end stations without supplying any consumer route as shown in fig 3.1 bellow.

Figure 3.1 : System block diagram

3.3 Power Of Transmission Line

Instantaneous power the instantaneous power supplied to a device is simply the product of the
instantaneous voltage across its terminals times the instantaneous current that flows through it.
Instantaneous power is always expressed in watts, irrespective of the type of circuit used. The
instantaneous power may be positive or negative. A positive value means that power flows in to the
device. Conversely a negative value indicates that the power is flowing out of the devices.

27
3.3.1 Active Power

The power wave consists of a series of positive pulse that vary from zero to maximum value of
I = 2VI = 2P watts. The fact that power flows from the source to the resistor. This is one of
the basic properties of what is called active power. Active power eventually tangible result (heat,
mechanical power, light etc.). Active power is represented as p. The active power may be receiving
end or send end of transmission line.

𝑃𝑟 = 𝑉𝑅𝐼𝑅 cos ∅𝑟 (3.1)

𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠 cos ∅𝑠 (3.2)

Where

Ps = sending end power

Pr = receiving end power

Vs = sending end voltage

Vr = receiving end voltage

Фs = sending end power factor

Фr = receiving end power factor

The power loss of transmission line is the deference between the sending end power and receding
end power.

𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠 − 𝑃𝑟 (3.3)

Where:

Ps = sending end power

Pr = receiving end power

28
3.3.2 Reactive Power

The power delivered by the generator or source to the reactor and the instantaneous power delivered
from the reactor to the generator or the source is called reactive power. The reactive power surges
back and forth and represented by a symbol Q. and measured by a unit called var (i.e., kvar, Mvar).

3.3.3 Apparent Power

Loads that absorb both active power p and reactive power Q may be considered to be made up of a
resistance and an inductive reactance have apparent power S. apparent power is expressed neither in
watts nor in var, but in volt amperes. (i.e., KVA, MVA). Apparent power is expressed in terms of p
and Q using power triangle formula

Figure 3.2: Power Triangle

𝑠2 = 𝑝2 + 𝑄 (3.4)

𝑠 (3.5)
Where,

S=Apparent power

P=Active power

Q=reactive power

29
3.3.4 Load Assessment
Table 2: Load assessment in Debre Markos industrial load supply

No Industries with Inductive Active Power Reactive

load and resistive load power (MW) factor power (M
w
1 WA oil factory 100 0.9 48.4322

2 Metal industry 120 0.88 64.7681

3 Bure oil factory 50 0.9 24.2161

4 Dejen cement factory 70 0.88 37.782

5 Amanuel 84 0.9 40.6831

Garment industry
Total 424 0.8911 215.8815

3.4 Current Carrying Capacity of Conductor

In the receiving end current of the 400KV transmission line can be calculated bellow

The receiving end current is

𝑝𝑟
𝐼𝑅 =
√3 ×𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)× cos 𝜙𝑟
(3.6)
424MW
= √3 × 400𝐾𝑉 × 0.891 = 0.6869𝐾𝐴 = 686.9∟ − 27 °A

An electric transmission line is modeled using series resistance, series inductance, shunt capacitance,
and shunt conductance. The calculated average value of transmission line parameters for some

30
 standard voltages is summarized in table below. Typical values of resistance, inductive reactance
and capacitance reactance, per unit length, of ACSR conductors at deferent temperature is given in
the table below from IEEE standard.

Table 3: Characteristics of Aluminum Cable Steel Reinforced Conductors (ACSR)

Cross section area Diameter Resistance(mὩ/Km) G 50Hz reactance

M
Stra
ndin R
Core
g (mm
Al/st (mm
Laye )
eel ) rs

Cod
Aluminum Cond u I AC (50Hz) MὩ/
(A)
ctor Km
T0tal kcmi (mm2 Ὡ/Km
(mm)
(mm2 l )
25°c 50°c 75°
) c XL

XC
Joree 134 2 515 127 76/1 47.75 10.80 4 26.0 28.0 30. 18.9 0.299 0.178
4 4 9 0 3
Thrasher 123 2 312 117 76/1 45.77 10.34 4 27. 7 30. 0 32. 18.1 0.302 0.180
5 1 9 2 4
Kiwi 114 2 167 109 72/7 44.07 8.81 4 29. 4 31. 9 34. 17.3 0.306 0.182
6 8 2 7
Bluebird 118 2 156 109 84/1 44.75 12.19 4 29. 0 31. 4 33. 17.9 0.303 0.181
1 2 9 8 2
Chukar 976 1 781 902 84/1 40.69 11.10 4 34. 1 37. 2 40. 16.2 0.311 0.186
9 1 8
Falcon 908 1 590 806 54/1 39.24 13.08 3 1 37. 4 40. 8 44. 15.9 0.312 0.187
9 380 3 1
Lapwing 862 1 590 806 45/7 38.20 9.95 3 1 38. 7 42. 1 45. 15.1 0.316 0.189
370 6 5
Parrot 862 1 510 765 54/1 38.23 12.75 3 1 39. 2 42. 8 46. 15.4 0.314 0.189
9 340 5 8

31
Nuthatc 818 1 510 765 45/7 37.21 9.30 3 134 40. 5 44. 2 47. 14.7 0.318 0.190
0 9 8
Plover 817 1 431 725 54/1 37.21 12.42 3 1 300 41. 2 45. 1 48. 15.0 0.316 0.190
9 9 6

Bobolink 775 1 431 725 45/7 36.25 9.07 3 1 42. 6 46. 4 50. 14.3 0.320 0.191
300 3 9
Martin 772 1 351 685 54/1 36.17 12.07 3 1 43. 5 47. 5 51. 14.6 0.319 0.191
9 250 6 3
Duck 347 606 307 54/7 24.21 8.08 3 750 97.0 106.3 115.8 9.81 0.349 0.210

Eagle 348 557 282 30/7 24.21 10.39 2 730 105.4 115.8 126.1 10.0 0.347 0.210

0
Pelican 255 477 242 18/1 20.68 4.14 2 680 122.4 134.4 146.4 8.02 0.364 0.218

Dove 328 556 282 26/7 23.55 8.66 2 730 105.3 115.6 125.9 9.54 0.351 0.212

Parakeet 319 557 282 24/7 23.22 7.75 2 730 105.3 115.6 125.9 9.33 0.352 0.212

Lark 248 397 201 30/7 20.47 8.76 2 600 147.4 161.9 176.4 8.44 0.360 0.218

3.4.1 Selection Of Conductor

In the early days of transmission of electric power conductor were usually copper but aluminum
conductors have completely replaced copper because of the much lower cost and lighter weight of
aluminum conductor compared with a copper conductor of the same resistance. The fact that an
aluminum conductor has a large diameter than a copper conductor of the same resistance is also an
advantage. Different types of aluminum conductors are as follows.

ACSR; aluminum conductor steel-reinforced

ACAR; aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced

AAC; all-aluminum conductors

AAAC; all-aluminum-alloy conductors

32
 ACSR (aluminum conductor steel-reinforced) is the most wildly used conductor material,
shaving particular application at high voltage. In this project design from the receiving
end current (686.9A) value we can determine the specification of line parameters from
the table3.2 [19].

IEEE standard value of line parameters at 25°, 50HZ:

➢ Conductor name: Plover

➢ Cross section area=817 mm²

➢ Current carrying capacity of conductor (1300 A) it can carry our design current 686.9A
➢ Resistance = 41.2 mὩ/Km

➢ inductive reactance (XL)= 0.316Ὡ/Km

➢ capacitive reactance (XC) =0.190 MὩ/Km

3.4.2 Calculation Of Line Parameters (Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance)

In power system, transmission lines transfer electrical energy between power generation unit and
distribution system. For a single cylindrical conductor carrying a current I or charge q across the
cross-sectional area, the inductance, L and capacitance, C between two points, p1 and p2 in the
magnetic and electric field regions around the conductor are obtained by

p2
𝐿 = ʎ12/I = 2 × 10−7 ln (p1) (3.7)
q p2
C = V12= 2𝜋𝜀𝑜ln (p1) (3.8)

Where:

ʎ12 and V12 are the magnetic flux-linkage and electric potential between the two points respectively.
A single-phase two-wire conductor of radius r carrying a current, I1 or charge q1 and the return
current –I1 or charge –q1, separated by a distance, D. The inductance, L and capacitance, C per
phase per unit length are calculated using,

33
 D
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7[0.5 +ln ( r )] (3.9)
D
𝐶 = 𝜋𝜀𝑜/ ln ( r ) (3.10)

A three-phase transmission line consists of three conductors of phases a, b and c, each

having a radius r and separated by a distance Dab, Dac and Dbc between each of them.
The inductance, L and capacitance, C per phase per unit length are defined as

3
𝐿 = 2 × 10(−7) ln √DabDacDcb ⁄ 𝑒^ (−1/4) (3.11)

𝐶 = (𝜋𝜀𝑜/(𝑙𝑛∛𝐷𝑎𝑏𝐷𝑎𝑐𝐷𝑏𝑐))/𝑟 (3.12)

Resistance(R) at given temperature T, is expressed as:

ρl
𝑅, 𝑇 = A

Where:

l – Length of conductor

A – Cross-sectional area of conductor

ρ – Resistivity of conductor
Resistivity will depend upon conductor material.

If verification of conductor resistance is performed at a conductor temperature different from that at

which the standard conductor characteristics are given (usually 20°C) the resistance can be corrected
by use of the formula,

Rt2 To+t2
= (3.14)
Rt1 To+t1

Where:

Rt2 = resistance at desired temperature

Rt1 = resistance at known temperature
t1, t2 = temperatures in degrees ℃

34
T0 = temperature constant for conductor material (241.0 ℃ for copper with 97.5% conductivity
and 224.1 °C for aluminum with 62% conductivity).

In our design the line parameters (Resistance, inductance and capacitance) per unit length can
be calculated from the IEEE standard at 50 Hz

𝑋𝐿
L= (3.15)
𝐽2𝜋𝑓

1
𝑥 = 𝐽2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝐶 (3.16)

XL
XL=0.316ῼ/KM but XL=2𝜋fL⟹ L= 2𝜋𝑓

There fore

0.316
𝐿 = 2𝜋×50=0.00100586H/KM

And

1 1
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝐶=2𝜋×50×0.190=16.75×10-9F/KM, but XC=0.190M ῼ//KM

And also

R=41.2m ῼ//KM

Where

XL = inductive reactance (positive or negative sequence)

XC = capacitance reactance (positive or negative sequence)

R = resistance of transmission line

L = inductance of transmission line

C= capacitance of transmission line

f= frequency

35
3.5 Mathematical Analysis of The System
In long transmission line parameters are distributed uniformly throughout the length of the line.
Figure bellow shows a uniform long line with an incremental section at a distance from the receiving
end, its series impedance is, and its shunt admittance is, where and are the impedance and admittance
per unit length, respectively.

Figure 3.3: One phase and neutral connection of three phase of long transmission line

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 2ΠfL (3.17)

𝑌 = 𝑗2ΠfC (3.18)

Z = impedance of transmission line

Y= admittance of transmission line

The voltage drop in the section is

𝑑𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥 + 𝑑𝑉𝑥 − 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑑𝑉𝑥 = (𝐼𝑥 + 𝑑𝐼𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (3.19)

Or

𝑑𝑉𝑥 ≅ 𝐼𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑥 (3.20)

Similarly, the incremental charging current is

𝑑𝐼𝑥 ≅ 𝑉𝑥𝑦𝑑 (3.21)

Therefore,

36
 dV(x)
= 𝑧𝐼𝑥 (3.22
dx

And

dI(x)
= 𝑦𝑉𝑥 (3.23)
dx

Differentiating equations (3.22) and (3.23) with respect to x,

d2 V(x) dI(x)
=z (3.24)
𝑑𝑥² dx

𝑑2 𝐼(𝑥) 𝑑𝑉(𝑥)
dx2
=y 𝑑𝑥
(3.25)

From equations (3.24)

d2 V(x) dI(x)
−z =0 (3.26)
𝑑𝑥² dx

At x =0, VR=Vx and Ix = IR. Therefore, the solution of the ordinary second-order differential
equations gives as:

𝑉(𝑥) = 𝐴1 eγx + 𝐴2 e−γx (3.27)

Again, derivate equation (3.27) with respect to x.
𝑑𝑉(𝑥) 𝑑
− dx(𝐴1 eγx + 𝐴2 e−γx) (3.28)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑉(𝑥)
But 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑧𝐼𝑥
(𝛾𝐴1𝑒 γx –𝛾𝐴2𝑒 −γx )
𝐼(𝑥) = 𝑍
(3.29)
𝐴1𝑒 γx –𝐴2𝑒 −γx )
𝐼(𝑥) = = 𝑍/𝛾
(3.30)

37
 𝐴1𝑒 γx –𝐴2𝑒 −γx )
𝐼(𝑥) = (3.31)
𝑍𝐶

Where-:

𝑍𝐶 = 𝑧/√(𝑧𝑦) (3.32)

Then the constant value of A1 and A2 can be find as follows. That is, At x
= 0,
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉 (0) (3.33)

And

𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼 (0) (3.34)
Then from equations (3.27) and (3.31)

VR = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 (3.35)

IR = (𝐴1 − 𝐴2)/𝑍𝐶 (3.36)

From these two equations the constants are denoted as follows in terms of IR and VR,

A1 = ((𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅𝑍𝐶))/2 (3.37)

A2 = ((𝑉𝑅 − 𝐼𝑅𝑍𝐶))/(2 ) (3.38)

Then substitute equation (3.37) and (3.38) in to equation (3.27) and (3.31) e7

(𝑉𝑅+𝐼𝑅𝑍𝐶) γx + (𝑉𝑅−𝐼𝑅𝑍𝐶) −γx

𝑉(𝑥) = 2
e2
e (3.39)
((𝑉𝑅+𝐼𝑅𝑍𝐶)𝑒 𝛾𝑥 −(𝑉𝑅−𝐼𝑅𝑍𝐶)𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 )
𝐼(𝑥) = (3.40)
2𝑍𝐶

By collecting like terms, I(x) and V(x) can be denoted in terms of VR and IR as follows

𝑒 𝛾𝑥 +𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 𝑒𝛾𝑥 − 𝑒−𝛾𝑥

𝑉(𝑥) =( 2
)VR +𝑍𝐶( )𝐼𝑅 (3.41)
2

1 𝑒 𝛾𝑥 +𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 𝑒𝛾𝑥 − 𝑒−𝛾𝑥

I(x) =𝑍𝐶( 2
)VR +( )𝐼𝑅 (3.42)
2

38
These equations are equivalent to the following cosine and sin hyperbolic equations,

𝑉(𝑥) = cosh(𝛾𝑥) VR + 𝑍𝐶 sinh(𝛾𝑥) 𝐼𝑅 (3.43)

1
𝐼(𝑥) = 𝑍𝐶 sinh(𝛾𝑥) 𝑉𝑅 + cosh(𝛾𝑥) IR (3.44)

Where:

X = the length of the transmission lines

𝛾 = √(zy) =propagation constant per unit length,

𝑧
ZC = √(𝑦)characteristics (or surge or natural) impedance of line per unit

length
𝑦
YC = √( 𝑧 )characteristics (or surge or natural) admittance of line per unit length

Further

𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 (3.45)

Where: -

𝛼 = attenuation constant (measuring decrement in voltage and current per unit length in
direction of travel) in nippers per unit length.

𝛽= phase (or phase change) constant in radians per unit length (i.e., change in phase
angle between two voltages, or currents, at two points one per unit length apart on infinite
line).
At x=l,

V(x) = Vs and I(x) = Is then equations (3.43) and (3.44) becomes

𝑉𝑠 = cosh(𝛾) VR + 𝑍𝐶 sinh(𝛾)𝐼𝑅 (3.46)

𝐴𝑛𝑑

1
𝐼𝑠 =𝑧𝑐 sinh(𝛾) 𝑉𝑅 + cosh(𝛾)IR (3.47)

ABCD parameter representation the transmission lines

39
 𝑉𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑥) 𝑍𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑥) 𝑉𝑅
[ ] = [1 ] [ ] (3.48)
𝐼𝑥 sinh(γx) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛾𝑥) 𝐼𝑅
𝑧𝑐

Let,

A = cosh(𝛾𝑥) = 𝐷

𝐵 = 𝑍𝐶 sinh(𝛾𝑥)
1
𝐶 = 𝑌𝐶 sinh(𝛾𝑥) = 𝑧𝑐 sinh(𝛾𝑥)

Then equation (3.48) becomes

𝑉𝑠 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉𝑅
[ ]=[ ] [ ] (3.49)
𝐼𝑆 𝐶 𝐷 𝐼𝑅

3.6 Mathematical Analysis of Three Phase 400KV

Since EHV is greater than about 350 KV let’s take 400KV voltages having amounts arbitrary and
analysis of the performance of a transmission line.
The IEEE standard value of line parameters at 25°.
f = 50H

Length (l) = 260km (From Bahirdar to Debre Markos)

R = 0.0412Ω/km

L = 0.00100586 H/KM

𝐶 = 16.75 × 10−9F/KM

Then the impedance (z) of the transmission line per Km is

𝑧 = 𝑅 + 𝐽2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑧 = (0.0412 + 𝑗0.316) Ω

𝑧 = 0.3187∟82.57

The admittance (y) of the transmission line per Km is

40
 𝑦 = 𝐽2𝜋𝑓𝐶

𝑦 = 𝑗0.00000526

𝑦 = 0.00000526∟90

The characteristics (ZC) impedance is

𝑧 0.3187∟82.57
ZC=√𝑦=√0.00000526∟90

= 246.1∟ − 3.715

Analysis of ABCD parameter

Hence,
𝑒 𝛾𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥
A = cosh(𝛾𝑥) = 𝐷, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 cosh(𝛾𝑥) = 2

𝑒 𝛾𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥
𝐵 = 𝑍𝐶 sinh(𝛾𝑥), 𝑏𝑢𝑡 sinh(𝛾𝑥) = 2
1

1
𝐶 = 𝑌𝐶 sinh(𝛾𝑥) = sinh(𝛾𝑥), 𝑏𝑢𝑡 sinh(𝛾𝑥)
𝑧𝑐
𝑒 𝛾𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥
= 2

And
𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽

𝛾𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥 + 𝑗𝛽𝑥

= 0.3366∟86.285

= 0.0218 + 𝑗0.3359

eγx = e0.0218 × e𝑗0.3359 = 1.022∟0.3359 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

= 1.022∟19.24°

= 0.9649 + 𝑗0.3368

e−γx = e−0.0218 × e−𝑗0.3359 = 0.9784∟ − 0.3359 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

41
 =0.9784∟−19.24°
e−γx = 0.9238 − 𝑗0.3224
Therefore,
𝑒 𝛾𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥
A = cosh(𝛾) = =𝐷
2
0.9649+𝑗0.3368+0.9238−𝑗0.3224
𝐴=𝐷= = 0.9444 + 𝑗0.0072
2

= 0.9444∟0.437°

And

𝑒 𝛾𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 0.9649+𝑗0.3368−0.9238+𝑗0.3224
sinh(𝛾𝑥) = =
2 2

= 0.3302∟86.424

Then,

𝐵 = 𝑍𝐶 sinh(𝛾𝑥) = 246.1∟ − 3.715° × 0.3302∟86.424°

= 81.2622∟82.709°
1 1
𝐶 = 𝑧𝑐 sinh(𝛾𝑥) = 246.1∟−3.715°× 0.3302∟86.424

= 0.0013∟90.139°

Then substitute A, B, C and D in equation (3.43)

𝑉𝑆 0.9444∟0.437° 81.2622∟82.709° 𝑉𝑅
[ ]= [ ][ ] (3.50)
𝐼𝑆 0.0013∟90.139° 0.9444∟0.437° 𝐼𝑅
Analysis of 400KV

Thus, the receiving end voltage is 400kv. Then the receiving end line to neutral voltage

V (𝐿 − 𝑁) is given as follows
400
𝑉𝑅 (𝐿 − 𝑁) = KV = 230.9401∟0°𝐾𝑉
√3

Then taking this voltage as a reference that means starting from 0 degree.

42
 The receiving end current is

𝑃𝑟 424 𝑀𝑊
𝐼𝑅 = =𝑥 = == 0.6869𝐾𝐴 = 686.9∟ − 27°𝐴
√3×VR((L−L)×cosϕr √3×400𝐾𝑉×0.891

Then the load at which the voltage is connected can be calculated as follows

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑉𝑅 × 𝐼𝑅 𝐾𝑉 × 0.6869𝐾𝐴

= 475.8983𝑀𝑉𝐴

Then from equations (3.50) the sending end voltage of line to neutral Vs (L-N) and Is can
be calculated as follows
𝑉𝑆 0.9444∟0.437° 81.2622∟82.709° 230.9401𝐾𝑉
[ ]=[ ][ ]
𝐼𝑆 0.0013∟90.139° 0.9444∟0.437° 0.6869∟ − 27°𝐾𝐴
𝑉𝑠 (𝐿 − 𝑁) = 0.9444∟0.437° × 230.9401 + 81.2622∟82.709° × 0.6869∟ − 27°
𝑉𝑠

84°𝐾𝑉

Vs (𝐿 − 𝐿) = √3 × 254.0748 = 440.07𝐾𝑉

And

𝐼𝑠 27°

=0.5795 + 𝑗0.0101𝐾𝐴

°𝐴

The sending end power factor is

𝜙𝑠 = 10.84° − 0.998° = 9.842

cos 𝜙𝑠 = 0.985

43
 The sending end active power is

𝑃𝑠 = 3 × 𝑉𝑠 (𝐿 − 𝑁) × 𝐼𝑠 × cos 𝜙𝑠

= 3 × 254.0748 × 579.6 × 0.985

= 435.1585𝑀𝑊

The sending end apparent power is

Ps 435.1585𝑀𝑊
𝑆= = =441.785MVA
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠 0.985

The sending end reactive power is

𝑄𝑠

𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅

The loss of power in transmission line is

𝑃(𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠) = 𝑃𝑠 − 𝑃𝑟 = 435.1585 𝑀𝑊 − 424𝑀𝑊 = 11.1585𝑀𝑊

The efficiency of transmission line is

Pr 424
η = 𝑃𝑠 × 100 = × 100= 97.44%
435.1585

Percentage of voltage regulation is

|𝑉𝑆|−|𝑉𝑅 | 254.0748−230.9401
%Voltage regulation = |𝑉𝑅|
× 100 = ×100=10%
230.9401

44
3.7 MATLAB Modeling of The System

Figure 3.4: MATLAB modeling result

45
 CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Simulation Result
MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical and graphical multi -domain simulation and model-
based design for dynamic and embedded systems.
In this CHAPTER the Simulink implementation result is discussed with appropriate figures extra
high voltages in the different distance and the same line parameters.
4.1.1 Simulation Result Of 400kv (260KM)

Figure 4.1: Sending end current and voltage of 400KV EHV transmission line respectively

Figure 4-1sending end current and voltage of 400kv EHV transmission line respectively
The wave form of generated 440.07 KV of sending end is shown fig 4.1. The fig shows peak to peak
value of each phase. That is the line-to-line voltage of 440.07 KV each phase has 440.07KV/ Kv
which is the Vrms of each phase. The peak-to-peak value of each phase voltage sending end is Vrms
× which equal to 359. 32KV.Which is shown the figure above. And the current shown in wave

46
form is the amount of peak-to-peak current produced at sending end.is xIrms which equal to
820.02A (peak to peak).

Figure 4.2: Receiving end current and voltage respectively of three phase 400kv EHV transmission line

Figure 4.2 above shows the wave form of generated 440.07 KV voltage and current at the receiving
end of 260km distance from source. This shows that peak to peak voltage value of each phase. Hence
three phase line to line voltage of 400KV at the receiving end is which is equal to 326.59 KV. The
amount of current at the receiving end is greater than that of the sending end. This shows that there
is a power loss produced by i2 R on transmission line is 11.158 MW but the efficiency of transmission
line is 97.07%.

47
4.1.2 Simulation Result Of 500kv (260 KM)

Figure 4.3: Sending end current and voltage of 500kv EHV transmission line respectively

The wave form of generated KV of sending end is shown fig 4.3. The fig shows peak to peak value
of each phase. That is the line-to-line voltage of 520.141 KV each phase has 520.141/ Kv which
is the Vrms of each phase. The peak-to-peak value of each phase voltage sending end is Vrms ×
which equal to 424. 693KV.Which is shown the figure above. And the current shown in wave form
is the amount of peak-to-peak current produced at sending end.is xIrms which equal to 691.55A.

Figure 4.4: Receiving end current and voltage of 500kv EHV transmission line respectively

Figure 4.4 above shows the wave form of generated 520.141 KV voltage and current at the receiving
end of 260km distance from source. This shows that peak to peak voltage value of each phase. Hence
three phase line to line voltage of 500KV at the receiving end is which is equal to 408.248Kv. The
amount of current at the receiving end is greater than that of the sending end. This shows that there

48
is a power loss produced by i2 R on transmission line is 7.94 MW but the efficiency of transmission
line is 98.104%.
4.2 Result Discussion
The system voltage in EHV, transmission line parameters, the distance from sending end side are
very much affect the voltage regulation and efficiency of transmission line. The weight of conductor
material, the efficiency of the line, the voltage drop in the line and system stability depends upon
system voltage and selection of distance. The choice of voltage and distance therefore, a major factor
in the line de-signs. The EHV systems are not only the power transporting system but fulfill the need
of interconnecting the different EHV systems so as to improve the reliability as well as efficiency of
the system. The EHV system here certain advantages such as the voltage goes on increasing the
current reduces, the size of the conductor reduces and cost of conductor decreases. As current
decreases line losses reduce there by increasing the efficiency and voltage regulation decreasing.
The overall simulation result of the two three phase voltage source is summarized by the following
table.
Table 4: Performance evaluation of EHV transmission line with variable voltage

400 KV 500kv at

At receiving end receiving end

VS (rms), kv 254.2 243.7

Sending end peak to peak voltage kv 359.49 344.64

Three phase voltage (VSL), kv 440.07 520.141

Current (Is), A 580.7 415.8

Sending end

Power (Ps), KW 438.1 310.2

VR (rms), KV 230.4 243.7

Receiving end peak to peak voltage 325.83 408.248

49
 Three phase voltage (VRL), KV 400 500

Current (IR), A 686.9 464.8

Receiving end

Power (PR), MW 424 424

Power loss (Pl), MW 16.5 7.1

Transmission line efficiency, % 96.23 97.7

Voltage regulation, % 10.33 4.24

50
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
This paper focus on the label of transmission line distance, voltage regulations and its line efficiency.
The results for the system are obtained by the MATLAB code. For compared and selection of line
parameter from the IEEE standards and transmission line efficiency of two receiving end line voltage
conditions and 250 KM,255KM,260KM and 300KM with 400KV receiving end line voltage
discussed. And also, the output result table clearly shown that the efficiency of transmission line for
the different length from the sending end side. This shows that different distance systems with the
same power flow have different voltage regulation on the line. When the distance increase from the
sending end side tends to produce the higher losses. And also, it is concluded that, as the distance
increase the power loss and voltage regulation of a transmission line are increase and efficiency.

The results for the system are obtained by the MATLAB Simulink. For compared and calculate line
parameter and transmission line efficiency of two conditions 400kv and 500kv line voltage
discussed. And also, the output result table clearly shown that the efficiency of transmission line for
the two-line voltages. This shows that different voltage systems with the same power flow have
different carrying current on the line. Higher current tends to produce the higher losses. To reduce
the current on the line, the line voltage is to be increased. As the magnitude of the voltage increases
power loss and voltage regulation of a transmission line are reduced. And also, efficiency increases.
From the simulation result of this project, it can be analyzed that the performance of long
transmission line increases as the line voltage increase.

And also, it is concluded that, by the study and simulation of Extra High Voltage transmission lines
it is best suited for designing of bulk power transmission line.

51
5.2 Recommendation
Extra high voltage long transmission line provides us a means to use high voltage in a transmission
line for more efficiency and effective power transmission system. The model of standard long
transmission line is simulated in MATLAB. Since the analysis of long transmission line is broad and
complex there may be some variations in calculation relative to simulation result. But also, this
transmission model is can be simulated using another software called POWERWORLD which
shows the flow and direction of powers. So, for this work will continue and modify it by creating
different types of faults and detecting them in POWER WRLD software.

52
 References
[1] BEGAMUDER, "Extra voltage ac transmission line," 1990.

[2] N.V.Ramana, power system opration and control, india: dorling kindersley, 2012.

[3] D. DAS, Electrical power system, mumbai: Published by New Age International (P) Ltd, 2006.

[4] A.S. PABLA, electrical power systems planning, new delhi: rajiv beri for macmillan, 1998.

[5] K. k.:. Ashish Kumar, the simulation of transmission line using MATLAB.

[6] A. S. Mansoori, The Line parameter and performance have been calculated.

[7] M. S. T. J. O. J. DUNCAN GLOVER, POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN,

mumbai, 2012.

[8] s. karekar and t. barik, "modeling and simulation of different operating and different condition
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[9] R. Deshpande, "https://www.quora.com," 1966. [Online]. Available:

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54
 APPENDIX
z=0.0412+1i*0.316;
y=1i*0.00000526;
length= variable;VR3ph=400; length=250,255.260,280,300.
VR=VR3ph/sqrt(3)+1i*0;
gamma=sqrt(z*y); ZC=sqrt(z/y);
A=cosh(gamma*length);

B=ZC*sinh(gamma*length);

C=(1/ZC)*sinh(gamma*length);D=A;

ABCD=[A B;C D];

SR=424+1i*215.8815;

IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VR));

RIVE=[VR;IR];

VSIS=ABCD*RIVE;

VS=VSIS(1);

VS3ph=sqrt(3)*abs(VS); IS=VSIS(2);ISm=abs(IS);
pfs=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
Ss=3*VS*conj(IS);

VREG=100*(VS3ph-VR3ph)/(VR3ph);

eff=100*(real(SR)/real(Ss));
loss=real(Ss)-real(SR);
fprintf('VS=%g L-L KV', VS3ph),fprintf('pfs %g ', pfs);
fprintf('IS=%g KA', ISm);
fprintf('PS=%g MW', real(Ss));
fprintf('QS=%g MVAR', imag(Ss));
fprintf('voltage regulation=%g %', VREG);
fprintf('efficicey=%g %', eff); fprintf('loss=%g MW', loss);

55