BAL BHARATI SENIOR SEC.

SCHOOL, REWA
(M.P.)

Affiliated to C.B.S.E
PROJECT ON

“HARMFUL EFFECTS OF SMOKING”

SESSION 2021 – 22

Class :- 12th B (Biology)

Submitted To: - Submitted by: -

DR.DHANANJAY TIWARI ABHISHEK SINGH
(Roll No. - 19658896) [Scholar No. - 3971]
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mast.

Abhishek Singh of class 12 of Bal
th

Bharati School Rewa (M.P.) has

completed his project under my
supervision.
He has taken proper care
and shown at most sincerity in
completion of this project up to my
expectation and as per the
guidelines by CBSE.

Signature of Guide

DR. DHANANJAY TIWARI

[ PRINCIPAL]
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my heartiest gratitude to my

guide Mr. Dhananjay Tiwari for his guidance and supervision for
this very important project work. He spared his valuable time
to guide me throughout the project and overcome the difficulties
I faced in completion of this project.
I am equally grateful to my director Sir
Mr. J. S. DIXIT and classmates for their support. I deeply
thankful my parent who helped and encouraged me time to time.

ABHISHEK SINGH

Class :- 12th B (BIO)

 causes stroke, lung cancer, and
Effects of coronary heart disease in adults.
Smoking - Children who are exposed to
secondhand smoke are at
increased risk for sudden infant
Smoking leads to disease and
death syndrome, acute
disability and harms nearly every
respiratory infections, middle ear
organ of the body.
disease, more severe asthma,
More than 16 million Indians are
respiratory symptoms, and
living with a disease caused by
slowed lung growth.
smoking. For every person who
dies because of smoking, at least
30 people live with a serious In the United States cigarette
smoking-related illness. Smoking smoking is the leading cause of
causes cancer, heart disease, preventable disease and death.
stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, About 480,000 people die every
and chronic obstructive year due to smoking.
pulmonary disease (COPD), which Experts estimate 34 million adults
includes emphysema and chronic smoke and more than 16 million
bronchitis. Smoking also
live with a smoking - related
increases risk for tuberculosis,
disease regardless of whether a
certain eye diseases, and
problems of the immune system, person smokes five cigarettes a
including rheumatoid arthritis. day or two packs a day the
negative impact on the body is
Secondhand smoke exposure significant.
contributes to approximately
41,000 deaths among nonsmoking
adults and 400 deaths in infants
each year. Secondhand smoke
How Cigarettes Damage Lungs
Each organ in your body plays an important role in keeping your body healthy. If
you have healthy lungs, you probably don’t think much about them. Damage to
your lungs, however; can quickly cause a noticeable difference in your ability to
breathe easily.

The primary role of the lungs is delivering oxygen-rich blood throughout the
body. You breathe in air and breathe out carbon dioxide as waste exhaling. No
tobacco product is safe. However, combustible products—those that you burn to
smoke—are exceptionally harmful to the lungs.

How does smoking hurt your lungs?

When you smoke, the tissue of the lungs receive damage, impeding them from
functioning properly. Smoking also increases your risk of serious health issues.
Some examples include lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and emphysema.

Upon your very first puff, immediate damage to the lungs begins. Every puff of
cigarette smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals.1 When you inhale, the smoke
hits your lungs almost instantly. The blood then carries these toxic chemicals
throughout the body. Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide, a deadly gas
that then displaces the oxygen in your blood. This deprives all your organs of
needed oxygen.
What chemicals are found in cigarettes?
Cigarettes also include acrolein. This chemical causes lung damage and a sore
throat. Cigarettes may also contain bronchodilators. These chemicals are meant
to open up the airways of the lungs. They also can increase the amount of
dangerous chemicals absorbed by the lungs.

What are the consequences of smoking?

Cigarette smoke has negative consequences for individuals of all ages. Babies
born to mothers that smoked during pregnancy may have abnormal lung
development. Teens who smoke may develop weaker lungs which never operate
at full capacity or develop to their full, adult size.

Additionally, smoking can destroy the cilia. These tiny hairs in the airway keep
dirt and mucus out of your lungs. This may then lead to the development of
“smoker’s cough,” a chronic cough common for long-term smokers.

Smokers are also at risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (or COPD).
80% of cases of COPD are due to smoking. 2 People with COPD have difficulty
breathing and eventually die because of the lack of oxygen.

COPD has no cure. Moreover, nearly all lung cancer—the top cause of cancer
death— is due to smoking. Smokers are 20 times more likely to develop lung
cancer than nonsmokers.
Are e-cigarettes also harmful?

Because e-cigarettes are still relatively new tobacco products, many do not
realize the harm they cause.

Some e-cigarette aerosols contain some of the same chemicals as cigarettes.

This includes the lung irritant acrolein, and formaldehyde. Some chemicals that
create flavor could be harmful when inhaled too. Furthermore, fruit flavored e-
cigarettes often large amounts of acrylonitrile, a known respiratory irritant.

Can I reverse the damage of smoking to my lungs?

When you stop smoking, you have overall better health. Lung cancer risk drops
drastically in the years after quitting. Furthermore, only 12 hours after quitting,
the carbon monoxide level in your blood drops to normal. This, of course, allows
more oxygen to circulate to your organs.
Tobacco Smoke Consists of:-

Experts say that cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 different

compounds. A significant number of them are toxic (poisonous) and can
damage our cells and many of them are carcinogenic (cause cancer). If
you’ve ever wondered exactly what you might be breathing in when you
inhale cigarette smoke, this list is a real eye opener.

We’ve listed information on a few compounds found in tobacco and cigarette

smoke. Note that the most abundant ones, tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide
are at the bottom of this list:

• Acetaldehyde – this chemical is used in resins and glues. It is believed

to be a carcinogen. Experts say it is likely that it facilitates the
absorption of other dangerous chemical into the bronchial tubes.
• Acetone – this chemical is used in solvents. It irritates the eyes, nose
and throat. Long-term exposure can damage the liver and kidneys.
• Acrolein – commonly used in herbicides and polyester resins. It is also
used in chemical warfare. Acrolein is an ingredient in tear gas. It is very
poisonous and irritates the eyes and upper respiratory tract.
• Acrylonitrile – also known as vynil cyanide. Experts believe it is a
human carcinogen. It is used in synthetic resins, rubber and plastics.
• 1-aminonaphthalene – in ingredient in weed killers. It is a known
carcinogen.
• 2-aminonaphthalene – this substance causes bladder cancer. It is
banned in industrial uses.
• Ammonia – it is known to cause asthma and raise blood pressure.
Ammonia is used in cleaners.
• Benzene – used in gasoline, causes several cancers,
including leukemia
• Benzo[a]pyrene – this chemical is found in coal tar pitch, and creosote.
It is a known carcinogen, especially for lung and skin cancers. It can
also undermine human fertility.
• 1,3-Butadiene – it is used in latex, rubber and neoprene products.
Experts believe it is most likely a carcinogen.
• Butyraldehyde – this chemical affects the lining of the lungs and nose.
It is used in solvents and resins. It is a powerful inhalation irritant.
• Cadmium – a known carcinogen. It damages the brain, kidneys and
liver. Cadmium is used in non-corrosive metal coatings, storage
batteries, pigments, and bearings.
• Catechol – it elevates blood pressure and irritates the upper respiratory
tract. It can also cause dermatitis. Catechol is used as an antioxidant in
oils, inks and dyes.
• Chromium – known to cause lung cancer. It is used in wood treatment,
wood preservatives, metal plating and alloys. Those involved in welding
have the greatest risk of exposure.
• Cresol – acute inhalation can cause throat, nasal and upper respiratory
irritation. It is used in disinfectants, wood preservatives and solvents.
• Crotonaldehyde – a warning agent in fuel gasses. Experts say it
messes up the human immune system. It can also cause chromosomal
changes.
• Formaldehyde – part of the resin used in foam insulation, plywood,
fiberboard and particleboard. It can cause nasal cancer, as well as
damaging the digestive system, skin and lungs.
• Hydrogen Cyanide – some states use this chemical in their gas
chambers for executions. It weakens the lungs and
causes fatigue, headaches and nausea. It is used in the production of
acrylic plastics and resins, and can also be a fumigant.
• Hydroquinone – has a detrimental effect on the central nervous
system. Also causes eye injuries and skin irritation. It is used in
varnishes, motor fuels and paints.
• Isoprene – similar to 1,3-butadiene. It causes skin, eye and mucous
membrane irritation. It is used in rubber.
• Lead – lead damages the nerves in the brain, as well as the kidneys
and the human reproductive system. Lead intake can also cause
stomach problems and anemia. It is a known carcinogen and is
particularly toxin to children. Lead is used in paint and metal alloys.
• Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) – depresses the human nervous system,
irritates the eyes, nose and throat. MEK is used in solvents.
• Nickel – a known carcinogen, nickel also causes bronchial asthma and
upper respiratory irritation.
• Nitric Oxide – this is a major contributor to smog and acid rain. It is
made by gasoline combustion. Scientists say it is linked to a higher risk
of developing Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s
disease and asthma.
• NNN, NNK, and NAT – NNN and NNK are known carcinogens and
NAT might be one. The three compounds are unique to tobacco. NNN
may also cause reproductive problems. NNK is closely linked to lung
cancer risk.
• Phenol – this highly toxic substance is harmful for the CNS (central
nervous system), cardiovascular system, respiratory system, the
kidneys and liver. It is used in resins in plywood and construction
materials.
• Propionaldehyde – irritates the respiratory system, skin and eyes. It is
used as a disinfectant.
• Pyridine – irritates the eyes and upper respiratory tract. It also causes
nervousness, headaches and nausea. Experts say it might cause liver
damage. This substance is used in solvents.
• Quinoline – it is used for stopping corrosion and also as a solvent for
resins. It is a severe eye irritant, is harmful to the liver, and causes
genetic mutations. Experts believe it may be a carcinogen.
• Resorcinol – irritates the eyes and skin. It is used in resins, adhesives
(glue) and laminates.
• Styrene – irritates the eyes, may slow down reflexes, and causes
headaches. It is linked to a higher risk of leukemia. This substance is
used in fiberglass, pipes, plastic and insulation materials.
• Toluene – causes confusion, memory loss, nausea,
weakness, anorexia, and drunken movements. It is also associated with
permanent brain damage. The chemical is used in resins, oils and
solvents.
• Nicotine – this is not carcinogenic. However, it is highly addictive.
Smokers find it very hard to quit because they are hooked on the
nicotine. Nicotine is an extremely fast-acting drug. It reaches the brain
within 15 seconds of being inhaled. If cigarettes and other tobacco
products had no nicotine, the number of people who smoke every day
would drop drastically. Without nicotine, the tobacco industry would
collapse. Nicotine is used as a highly controlled insecticide. Exposure to
sufficient amounts can lead to vomiting, seizures, depression of the
CNS (central nervous system), and growth retardation. It can also
undermine a fetus’ proper development.
• Carbon Monoxide – this is a poisonous gas. It has no smell or taste.
The body finds it hard to differentiate carbon monoxide from oxygen
and absorbs it into the bloodstream. Faulty boilers emit dangerous
carbon monoxide, as to car exhausts. If there is enough carbon
monoxide around you and you inhale it, you can go into a coma and
die. Carbon monoxide decreases muscle and heart function, it causes
fatigue, weakness, and dizziness. It is especially toxic for babies still in
the womb, infants and indifividuals with heart or lung disease.
• Tar – consists of several cancer-causing chemicals. When a smoker
inhales cigarette smoke, 70% of the tar remains in the lungs. Try the
handkerchief test. Fill the mouth with smoke, don’t inhale, and blow the
smoke through the handkerchief. There will be a sticky, brown stain on
the cloth. Do this again, but this time inhale and the blow the smoke
through the cloth, there will only be a very faint light brown stain.
Effects of smoking on the • tightening of certain muscles
• reduced bone density.
circulatory system -
The effects of tobacco smoke on the
Effects of smoking on the
circulatory system include: sexual organs -
• raised blood pressure and heart The effects of tobacco smoke on the
rate male body include an increased risk for:
• constriction (tightening) of blood
vessels in the skin, resulting in a • lower sperm count
drop in skin temperature • higher percentage of deformed
• less oxygen carried by the blood sperm
during exercise • genetic damage to sperm
• ‘stickier’ blood, which is more • impotence, which may be due to
prone to clotting the effects of smoking on blood
• damage to the lining of the flow and damage to the blood
arteries, which is thought to be a vessels of the penis.
contributing factor to
atherosclerosis (the build-up of The effects of tobacco smoke on the
fatty deposits on the artery walls) female body include:
• reduced blood flow to extremities
(fingers and toes) • reduced fertility, menstrual cycle
• increased risk of stroke and heart irregularities, or absence of
attack due to blockages of the menstruation
blood supply. • menopause reached one or two
years earlier
Effects of smoking on the • increased risk of cancer of the
cervix
immune system - • greatly increased risk of stroke
and heart attack if the person
The effects of tobacco smoke on the who smokes is aged over 35
immune system include: years and taking the oral
contraceptive pill.
• greater susceptibility to infections
such as pneumonia and
influenza Effects of smoking on the
• more severe and longer-lasting sexual organs -
illnesses
• lower levels of protective The effects of tobacco smoke on the
antioxidants (such as vitamin C), male body include an increased risk for:
in the blood.
• lower sperm count
Effects of smoking on the • higher percentage of deformed
musculoskeletal system - sperm
• genetic damage to sperm
• impotence, which may be due to
The effects of tobacco smoke on the
the effects of smoking on blood
musculoskeletal system include:
flow and damage to the blood
vessels of the penis.
The effects of maternal smoking and emphysema heart disease
on an unborn baby include: and stroke
• ulcers of the digestive system
• increased risk of miscarriage, • osteoporosis and hip fracture
stillbirth and premature birth • poor blood circulation in feet and
• weaker lungs hands, which can lead to pain
• low birth weight, which may have and, in severe cases, gangrene
a lasting effect of the growth and and amputation
development of children. Low • type 2 diabetes
birth weight is associated with an • rheumatoid arthritis.
increased risk of heart disease,

Effects on Skin:
high blood pressure, and
diabetes in adulthood
• increased risk of cleft palate and
cleft lip
• increased risk of attention deficit You can expect wrinkles, sooner.
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Smoking speeds up your skin’s
Passive smoking (exposure of the non- aging process. It can make the
smoking mother to second-hand smoke) skin of a 40-year-old look like that
can also harm the fetus.
of a nonsmoking 70-year-old. This
If a parent continues to smoke during damage can't be undone and can
their baby’s first year of life, the child
has an increased risk of ear infections,
make many skin diseases,
respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia including skin cancer, worse.
and bronchitis, sudden unexpected

Effects on
death in infancy (SUDI) and
meningococcal disease.

Diseases caused by long-

term smoking
Heart :
A person who smokes throughout their Smoking is a major cause of heart
life is at high risk of developing a range disease, which more people in the
of potentially lethal diseases, including:
U.S. die of than all cancers
• cancer of the lung, mouth, nose, combined. It hardens and
larynx, tongue, nasal sinus, narrows your arteries, and it
oesophagus, throat, pancreas,
bone marrow (myeloid causes your blood to thicken and
leukaemia), kidney, cervix, ovary, clot, which could cause a heart
ureter, liver, bladder, bowel and
stomach attack.
• lung diseases such as chronic
bronchitis and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, which
includes obstructive bronchiolitis