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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, SVP NPA

SHIVARAMPALLY, HYDERABAD -
500052

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

DRUG ADDICTION
2016-17

Dhananjay Dhiman
XII-A
CBSE Roll No. -
This is to certify that this "Biology
Investigatory Project" on the topic "Drug
Addiction" has been successfully completed by
Dhananjay Dhiman of class XII_A under the
guidance of Mrs. Sailaj@ Nayak in
particular
fulfilment of the curriculum of
Central
B :· .·o ,a1 o ·'S-. ·. e -·c·o ln·
. . .· .·
·uc· a·.1·t - {···c · ·S···•·E · -1· l d i ng
. .. ·. . . : . . . .• . . .

r -'d· f da··. ·1r·y.··.· ·1·o ·n · ·· B e a

.

. .
. .
.
'E ·· d ·.
' . . . ' .· . .
.. ' .

. ·. - . .

to the award of annual examination of the year

2016-17.
Teacher-In-Charge External Exami; er
 ACKNO'
V LEDGEMEN'TS

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not

h ave been possi.bblle hout' t hl k'
t

support an d hteIlp
wi.t. e ind o f
many individuals.

I would like to thank my principal Dr. NSK_Swamy and

sch0ol I ~Ior prov1.dI. ng me facu·u s requu. reda do
wr·t.h, . t e· t o my
project.

I am highly indebted to my Biology teacher, Mrs.

Sailaj@
N@yak, for her invaluable guidance which has sustained
my efforts in all the stages of this project work.

I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous

support and encouragement.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow

classmates and the laboratory assistant in developing the
project and to the people who have willingly helped me
out with their abilities.
S. No. Content Page No.
1. Certificat 2
e
2. Acknowledgements 3

3. Aim/Objective

4. Project Report on Drugs Dependence

5. Introduction to "drugs addiction" 8

6. Classification of Drugs

7. Combinations of Drugs and Alcohol 10

8. How does drug addiction begin? 1L

9. Social Disease - Smoking, Drinking. and 12

Use of Drugs
10. - Tobacco 13

11. Alcohol 15

12. Conclusion 17

14. End of project 18

• To study drugs, their
classification, addictive
nature, and prevention from
addiction.
 roi@et R@ort on ru:{ 8
LO?G K)OLM OU 91.0

Drugs are prescribed by physicians for the prevention

or o fddi' seases, fto ·increasi. ng t'he
treatment' or r phhy·sica I
and mental performance and are withdrawn as soon as
the desired effect is achieved. Repeated use of certain
d rugs on a peri. odi. c or i. nuous b asi. s may t'h
cont- makce e
body dependence. Such drugs are called
psychotropic
drugs. They act on the brain and alter behavior,
consci. ousness, capaci. y otf percepttion. nce, t.hte
an d t. He. y
are also termed mood-altering drugs. Some people start
talki. ng drugs meddi. c addv' dlue to one reason
wi. thhout- al I ice
or the other and become drugs dependent.
 IN

N"

"Drug Addiction" phrase is made by two

words:
(l) Drug
(Il) Addiction.

What is meant by a drug?

Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, all
aviation or treatment of a disease is called a drug. drug may also be
defined as a chemical which, when taken in some way after the
body function. The drug is also known as a medicine. Generally, the
term drugs applied to any stimulating or depressing substance that can be
habituating or addictive.

Meaning of Addiction
Addiction is the habitual, psychological and physiological dependence on
a substance or practice. Which is beyond voluntary control. A person who
is habituated to a substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is
called an addict.
 • •
ass1 1 on O°
•
a1

There are a large number of drugs on which people become

dependent.
These are classified into four major groups: sedatives and tranquilizers,
opiate narcotics, stimulants and hallucinogens.

Type of Drug Examples ] Effect [

Sedatives and Barbiturates Depress CNS activity
,
Tranquillizers B enzox d give a feeling of
>

zepines
,

Calmness,
!!'

a
relaxation,
drowsiness.

Opiate Narcotics Opium, Morphine, Suppress brain

Codeine, Heroin activity relaxed
pain.
Stimulants Amphetamines, Make a person more
Caffeine, Cocaine wakeful,
alert and active,
cause excitement.
.
.,H auIIiuc no ns
Mescalin, LSQ. Alter thoughts,
m ge
psilocybin, feeling. and
Ganja, Charas, perceptions.
Hashish.
 ., d
Co mb1 nat i ons Cwh\ an
1 · .,
.·
p

o -
( O rus

"lcohol

Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate 'kid' or 'charge'.

Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol may produce dangerous effects,
including death. When barbiturates and alcohol are taken together,
each doubles the effect of the other. A mixture of cocaine and heroin
called speedball gives a spontaneous kick of cocaine and prolonged
pleasure of heroin.

[I HNI WT-ITE-HITE Markedly

increased the
- - - . -- .
depressant effect.
2. Alcohol + Antihistamines
- . -

Marked drowsiness
[[.TETI'TIT
iiiiiii,iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii-=ii-iiiiii-iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii-iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii-iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii-

Dramatically increases sedative

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii- .-

effect.
4. Alcohol + Marijuana or Decreased
Hashish coordination increased
reaction time Impaired
Judgment..
Increased changes of damage to
gastric mucosa. n
 · -ru··, .·.·
How
. .
-~

... . . . I
.
. .

. ·.
I

d iction ·.·.. ·..··.· in?

There are many factors that leadpeople to drug addiction.

1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public media create
curiosity for having a personal experience of the drugs.
2. Friend's pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience by
friends allures others to start the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression; Some people start taking drugs to
get relief from frustration and depression.
4. The desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs to
keep awake the whole night to prepare for the examination. It is
not desirable as it may cause a mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the drugs
open up a new world tempts some young octets to start taking-
drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with
physician's advice at times leads to addiction.
7. Eamily History: Children may take to drugs by seeing their
elders in the family.

8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to drugs to satisfy

their instinct for excitement and adventure.
 Social 9is - 6mokin
D
@rinkin: and Usco» Pru

Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently

or
regularly are social diseases. They adversely affect the
health of the addicts and the society. Young people take to
these habits for fun, show off or curiosity, as an
adventure or feeling of freedom, or as a gesture of
defiance against the elders who themselves indulge in
these activities but check the youngsters. Other factors that
make people take to these vices are the inability to face
problems of life indifference shown by members of the
family and encouragement or pressure by friends. A
temporary escape from the life problems and mental
relaxation felt on taking the drugs in the beginning
increase person's interest in them. Soon they become
habitual and find in difficult to leave. The daily dose to get
the desired effect increases with time.
As in other countries, the menace of drug addiction is
spreading in India also. A large number of our young
men and women have taken to intoxicants. About 87 .6
per cent drug addicts are between the ages of 14 and 25
years.
 .o aco
10DGG
o
Sources:
lt is a native of South Africa, where
the Red Indian first started smoking.
Now the tobacco plant has spread the
world
over. It has large, quote to lanceolate •
leaves and terminal clusters of tubular, white or pink
flowers.
Modes of Use:
Tobacco is used for smoking. chewing and snuffing. Its main
stimulating component is poisonous volatile alkaloid nicotine,
which causes addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of the
plant but it is stored in the leaves. The leaves contain 2 to
8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars, cigarettes,
biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. The cigar is a
roll of tobacco leaf. The cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in
paper. Bidi is tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco
smoke is drawn directly from the pipe and through water is
hubble-bubble. Smoking may give some temporary relief to the
strained nerves but in the long run, it proves a dangerous health
hazard. The quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar may
prove fatal if injected intravenously into a person. When smoked
only 10% of the smoke is inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is
observed. Smokers may develop a physiological craving for nicotine
and then they cannot give up smoking.
 . .
Effi
ofl ect Nc
; t1n
o e:
N.Icoti• •1s t ow concentrat1on.
II

ne a
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve
impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and
pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk
of
heart diseases.
(v) Retards foetal growth in expecting mothers
and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine
paralyzes nerve cells.
Other Harmful components of Tobacco
Smoke:
Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains
carbon•
monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and
tar.
Other Effects:
(i) Smoking effects economy: A smoker not only waste money
but also runs the risk of burns and fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality: Teeth may become stained. Lips
may get discolored and breath becomes foul. A person with a
cigarette hanging from the mouth looks odd.
(iii) Smoking is annoying to others: Cigarette smoke is
quite annoying to non-smokers. It may prove even more
harmful to them. A smoker should avoid smoking. When in the
company of non-smokers. A smoker makes the person nearby
person's passive smokers through inhaling smoke released by him.
 GO
Sources:
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid having a penetrating
odour and burning taste. It is one of the products of the distillation of
fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with the help of yeast enzymes. It
is the principal constituent and the intoxicating principle of wines.
Modes of
Use:
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy, and wine and in
relatively high concentration as arrack, brandy, whiskey, rum, gin,
vodka etc.

Addiction:
Addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics are found in all
society section of society. Alcohol causes intoxication and thus, acts as a
poison. They drinkers begin with small doses, but many of them
soon start consuming large doses and become addicts. By the time they
realize that drinking in adversely affecting them, it is too late to give it up.

Why People Take to

Drinking:
The drinkers offer one or more of the following reasons for starting
drinking.
(v) Social pressure
(ii) Desire for excitement
(iii) Feeling of independence
(iv) Liking of taste
() Desire to escape from such realities of life as disappointments
and
(
' ■)
V failures and
The
desire
to
offset
the
hardsh
ips
and
mono
tony
of
daily
life.
What happens when Alcohol is
consumed?
ueohol a ealt wnotion is

not
Alcohol is quickly absorbed in
the stomach and upper part of
small intestine and reaches all
the tissues in minutes. Its ncer gtro
iuti
oxidation starts at once and hirbat
a hL»r.
e. q i
e l.

..
l

. heart
disease iii t t tt
large amount of heat in liv e +cancer
disease 4lttttt
~
o

produced. Since heat is

not
needed in the body, it is up by the blood and carried to the skin for
taken
dissipation. Since the of heat are located in the the rush of
receptors skin,
blood to the skin gives a false impression of warmth in the body. The
blood
supply of internal organs is greatly reduced resulting in fall of
temperature in them. The energy released by alcohol is not used in any
life process. Rather the energy derived from food is used up in ridding the
body of excess heat.
Is Alcohol A Stimulant?
Many people take alcohol for stimulation. Actually, alcohol is a
depressant,
a substance which dulls t he senses. It reduces the efficiency of every
tissue
the body. Any feeling of lift a person may claim to feel is a
mistaken
impression or an attempt to justify the act in his own
mind.
 o nclusions
1GT1101
Drug use and addiction cause a lot of disease and disability in the
world. Recent advances in neuroscience may help improve
policies to reduce the harm that the use of tobacco, alcohol and
other psychoactive drugs impose on society.

.·o···•
l ··.....
'

See H. Abadinsky. Drug Abuse (1989); H. T. Milhorn, Jr., Chemical

Dependence (1990); D. Baum, Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs
and the Politics of Failure (1996); M. Massing. The Fix (1998): J. Jonnes.
Hepcats, Narcs, and Pipe Dreams: A History of America's Romance with
Illegal Drugs (1999): publications of the Drugs & Crime Data Center and
Clearinghouse, the Bureau of Justice Statistics Clearinghouse, and the
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information.
•• NCERT Class 12 Lab Manual
•• https://en.wikipedia.org
•• https://www.google.co.in
•• https://www.scribd.com
•♦ httpi-:s. w...-s. sh re- o. . m
:- /~/~w. w. lid. . e_· a' -..c. .
•• Class 12 NCERT Textbook
•• Reference articles from various blogs.
THANK YOU!