UNIT 5

Land and Water Use

Part 2
SOLUTIONS & MITIGATION
5.11 Ecological Footprints
5.12 Introduction to Sustainability
5.13 Methods to Reduce Urban Runoff
5.14 Integrated Pest Management
5.15 Sustainable Agriculture
5.16 Aquaculture
5.17 Sustainable Forestry
Extra Externalities

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING
Humans can mitigate their impact on land
and water resources through sustainable
use.
GUIDE TO MAKING EACH PRESENTATION

This is a collaborative assignment, completed in small

groups. Each group will add pages to this Google Slide
presentation until we have a whole learning base, shared for
everyone to work with and from.

The assignment will culminate in a summative assessment.

● Each group starts with a Topic from the Unit.

● “What does APES Say?” forms the first page of the Topic.
This includes:
○ LEARNING OBJECTIVES
○ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
● The task of the group is to add pages to the
presentation which expand on the Learning Objectives and
Essential Knowledge in a way which provides the
necessary learning for that Topic.

There are a wealth of resources available, many of them

specific to APES. You should use (and cite) several
different resources, which might include:
● The digital textbook
● YouTube, TedEd and other videos, which can be linked and
described
● Powerpoints, Canva, Slides, Prezi, etc presentations
● Khan Academy, ck-12 and other academic web pages
● Blogs and teachers’ internet pages
● Images

The focus of the presentations is very much mitigating

activities which humans can implement in order to reduce
their impact on land and water resources and make them more
sustainable.
CONTENT IN EACH OF THE PRESENTATIONS

● Explain what it is that you are presenting. This might

be a definition or explanation or description.
● Remember the negative impacts from the previous Topics.
● Describe the mitigating activities which humans can
undertake in order to lessen their impact on land and
water resources.
● Provide data and figures.
● Research and provide links for extension learning or
understanding. (If any of the content of these links is
fundamental to the Topic, then that content must be
included in this Slides presentation.)
● Add images if they help understanding of the content.
● Make sure that your focus all the time is on the APES
content:
○ ENDURING UNDERSTANDING (Mitigation)
○ LEARNING OBJECTIVES
○ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
● Make sure that readers and viewers of your presentation
can easily find their way around the content.
CONTENT IN EACH OF THE PRESENTATIONS

● Explain what it is that you are presenting. This might

be a definition or explanation or description.
● Remember the negative impacts from the previous Topics.
● Describe the mitigating activities which humans can
undertake in order to lessen their impact on land and
water resources.
● Provide data and figures.
● Research and provide links for extension learning or
understanding. (If any of the content of these links is
fundamental to the Topic, then that content must be
included in this Slides presentation.)
● Add images if they help understanding of the content.
● Make sure that your focus all the time is on the APES
content:
○ ENDURING UNDERSTANDING (Mitigation)
○ LEARNING OBJECTIVES
○ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
● Make sure that readers and viewers of your presentation
can easily find their way around the content.
ASSESSMENT RUBRIC
The presentations will be assessed according to
the rubric below, which carries <20 points.
 You should compare:
1. Ecological (or Environmental) Footprints
2. Carbon Footprint
3. Energy Footprint
4. Food print

You should be able to give access to footprint

calculators
STUDENTS

1 Michelle

2 Daniela

3 Ignacio
Ecological footprint
An ecological footprint calculates the total amount of land
that is used to support the consumption of a group or
individual. It takes into account land used for:
● Food production- land required to produce crops,
grow cattle, etc
● Raw materials- land required to produce materials
such as wood, clothes, and plastic
● Housing- land used for living acommodations
● Electricity production- land used to produce energy
such as coal and petroleum
● Waste disposal- landfill space based on waste
production

It is measured in global hectares, which means

biologically productive land.

Carbon footprint
A Carbon footprint refers to the amount of Carbon used and that remains after its use. In this
case the use of carbon for agriculture and/or land use. Carbon is burned and used for
agricultural machinery as well as for slash and burn, methods in forests.

● The footprint is measured in tons of CO2 emissions per year

● Food Production is the biggest contributor to CO2 emissions
● Natural resource gathering is also a big factor in increasing the footprint
● As more machines need to be used for agriculture more gas and CO2 is emitted
● Examples: Airplanes used for pesticide spreading in agriculture fields. Energy to keep
a barometer working by using drip irrigation, Transporting agricultural goods.

Energy footprint
The total area used to provide non-food and non-feed energy, such as hydroelectric land,
cultivated land for energy and fuel crops, and forest wood fuel land.
● Is the amount of land that must be used to absorb CO2 emissions.
● Can aid in the tracking of energy consumption in manufacturing, commercial, and
institutional settings.
● Can keep track of up to 20 different forms of energy.
Examples:
- land used for hydropower
- cultivated land for energy and fuel crops
- and for forest wood fuel.
 How to measure your ecological footprint:
https://footprint.wwf.org.uk/#/

Sources
Dischinger-Smedes, J. [Jordan Dischinger-S. (2020, May 2). APES Video Notes for 5.11 -
Ecological Footprint [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcNT_Drwlec&feature=youtu.be
Decision-Making for Biomass-Based Production Chains. (2019). Energy Footprint - an
overview | ScienceDirect Topics. ScienceDirect. Retrieved March 21, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/energy-footprint#:%7E:text=Energy%20f
ootprint%20is%20defined%20by,land%20for%20forest%20wood%20fuel.
Srinivas, H. (n.d.). Energy Footprint. GRDC.Org. Retrieved March 21, 2022, from
https://www.gdrc.org/uem/footprints/energy-footprint.html
What is an energy footprint? (2016, October 7). ICTFOOTPRINT.Eu. Retrieved March 21,
2022, from https://www.ictfootprint.eu/en/faq-page/what-energy-footprint
There is more in this Topic 5.12 that at first appears!
Take note! You will need to look at each of the
activities mentioned in ‘Essential Knowledge’.
STUDENTS

4 José Gabriel

5 Valentina

6 Samantha
Sustainability
● Definition: human living on earth the ability to use and maintain a
resource indefinitely or for future generations

Mitigating: Is about to reduce greenhouse gases and the impact they

have on climate change.

Mitigating strategies: Adapt sustainable energy like solar, water or

wind energy, applying biofuels, electric vehicles. Social responsibility
for use of water, using water efficiently and distribute equally the
amount of water.

Biological Diversity
● Definition: the presence of many different types of organisms in an
ecosystem.

It is important to sustainability because it underpins the provision of food,

fibre and water; it mitigates and provides resilience to climate change; it
supports human health, and provides jobs in agriculture, fisheries, forestry
and many other sectors.

● Solution: preserve nature

Average global surface temperatures and
CO2 concentrations

● Definition: excessive CO2 increases global temperatures creating

climate change

It is important to sustainability because without this increasing

temperatures affecting our planet, living a clean and sustainable life could
be much easier and effective.

● Solution: decrease energy use

https://notes.apesnotes.com/chapter-5/5.12-introduction-to-sustainability

https://www.cbd.int/article/biodiversityforSDGs
Food production

● Method of production using processes and a system that are

non-polluting and conserving natural resources and that do not
compromise the needs of future generations.
● 25% of total greenhouse gas emissions are caused by crop and animal
production.
● Crop livestock use 70% of the freshwater.
● Forestry and livestock used the 60% of Earth’s land

https://www.fao.org/sustainability/en/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=so
cial+media&utm_campaign=faodg

Actions to make food production more sustainable

● Use of natural resources efficiently: optimize water use production

and reduce use of fossil fuels, reduce the convertion of land for
agriculture, water and energy efficient food manufacturing.
● Quality of natural resources: good use of fertilizers and pesticides to
avoid pollution of water and soil, restore organic matter in soil, more
farming practices that safeguard land, energy and water sources.
● Protect marine resources: Restoring of fish stock, reduce pollution of
coastal areas.
● Use environmentally efficient food packing: Material that have a lower
environmental impact, recycled materials.

https://www.unep.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/support
ing-resource-efficiency/sustainable-food

Human Population
Our population has quadrupled in the last century which means there
will be a significant impact in both non-renewable and renewable
resources. The two main effects are:

● Affects resources sustainability due to waste and increased

demand for said resource.
● Affects the ability for humans to mitigate climate change and CO2
emissions.

https://environment-review.yale.edu/human-population-and-sustainabl
e-future-0#:~:text=An%20increasing%20population%20challenges%20our
,help%20address%20these%20environmental%20concerns.
Sustainable Yield
The sustainable yield is the amount by which a renewable resource can be
utilized for it to keep renewing itself. This means that there must be a
measured utilization of these resources for them to be long term available.
All renewable resources can be met with a renewable yield, but some
examples of resources which are tied to these are:

● Fishing industry
● Rifle hunting
● Grazing
● Timber

https://www.britannica.com/science/sustainable-yield

Resource Depletion
It is used when resources are consumed at a faster rate. Natural resource
depletion refers to water usage, farming,, fossil fuel consumption, fishing and
mining, the measure of resources is in terms of availability in nature. Some
causes of depletion are overpopulation, poor farming practices, logging net
loss of forest, and overconsumption of resources.

● Overpopulation with over 7 billion people the demand of resources is

high and increases at a faster rate
● Overconsumption and waste, the unnecessary and excessive use of
resources
● Loss of biodiversity because of logging
● Pollution and contamination of resources

https://www.theworldcounts.com/stories/depletion-of-natural-resources

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.bbc.com/news/business-16391040.amp
The focus here is on the hydrologic cycle and how to
mitigate environmental problems of the hydrologic cycle.
Make sure that you define the problems in urban areas,
then state the solutions.

STUDENTS

7 María Paula

8 Matías
Methods to Reduce Urban Runoff Matías Aguilera and María Paula Valle

Definition: Urban runoff is the movement of water through urban areas,

created from rain or by people. The water moves through surfaces of low
permeability like concrete. This runoff catches and carries pollutants like
gasoline, trash and metals. Urban runoff is the product of urbanization,
which helped lowering the permeability of soil, and climate change which
affects the hydrologic cycle due to the rise in temperature.

Problems related to Urban Runoff Methods to mitigate Urban Runoff

● Inability to infiltrate and ● Regarding surfaces with low

recharge groundwater. permeability, implementing SuDS
(Sustainable Urban Drainage
Systems) is great to drain water
using natural elements like
plants.

● Water pollution in local surface

waters through runoff.

Pollutants effects: ● Creating green areas increases

the soil permeability. This
○ Salts from roads may solution has limits because of the
affect organisms that are scarce extension of green areas.
salt intolerant
○ Sediments make the ● For future buildings and roads
water more turbid. This the use of permeable flooring
affects plants ability to would be a key for mitigating
photosynthesize. urban runoff.
○ Fertilizers will lead to
the eutrophication of
body waters.

● Hydrological changes have

significant implications for the
quantity of fresh, clean water Permeable flooring is a type of flooring
that is available for use by which uses highly porous materials so
humans, fish and wildlife. water can infiltrate.

● When lands are developed, ● The comprehension of Climate

hard surfaces like pavement Change and applying new
increase stormwater flows as measures to recover the
less rain soaks into the ground. equilibrium of the cycles,
specially the hydrologic cycle.
 ● Building vertically decreases
impervious surfaces. Therefore
decreasing urban runoff.

● Use of public transport decreases

urban runoff, pollutants on road,
CO2 emissions.

Statistics: Additional Resources:

● A typical city block generates 5 times ● https://www.bluesprin

more runoff than a woodland area of the gsgov.com/1051/How-
same size. Urbanization-Affects-th
● After 1 inch of rain, 748 gallons of e-Water-Cycle
stormwater runs off a 1,200 square foot
roof.
● After 1 inch of rain, 27,000 gallons of
stormwater runs off a 1 acre parking lot.

Sources:
● Jordan Dischinger-Smedes. (May 4, 2020). APES Video Notes for 5.13- Reducing Urban
Runoff. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7190e8E6Jt0
● Jordan Dischinger-Smedes. (May 2, 2020). APES Video Notes for 5.10-
Urbanization.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKXZZ4abqKU
● King County. (June 4, 2021). Stormwater services and information.
https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/water-and-land/stormwater.aspx
● California Water and Land Use Partnership. (No Date). How Urbanization affects the
Water Cycle.
https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/ecotoxicology/fact-sheet/watercyclefacts
_0.pdf
Make sure to research and give some examples of IPM.

STUDENTS

9 Isa

10 Alisson
 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Definition:
Integrated pest management, or IPM, is a combination of
methods to control pest species with the goal of minimizing
pesticide use and environmental disruption.

Methods:
- Biological/Biocontrol: uses beneficial organisms (natural
predators of the pests, parasites or competitors) to control a
specific pest. A biological control example is the use of the
spotted lady beetle to help control the Colorado potato beetle.

- Physical: method of pest control that prevents pests from

entering an area. One example is the use of a physical barrier
like a surface to cover a plant and protect it from weeds and
fungus. Some other techniques are tillage, flaming, row covers,
and flooding.

- Chemical: the use of synthetic chemicals like attractants and

repellents. A simple home remedy to control fruit flies is vinegar
and dish soap in a container.

- Intercropping: the process of growing at least two crops at the

same time in the same field. This strategy is helpful for more
biodiversity and helps with weed control. One example is the
match of coffee, beans, maize, and bananas in tropical regions.

- Crop rotation: a technique that is usually done every three to

four years that helps with the control of weeds and other pests,
and it is also used to maintain soil fertility. Some examples are
Allium: onions, garlic, leeks and Legumes: peas, beans.
Benefits: Drawbacks:
- Decreases chemical - Time consuming.
pesticides use. - Expensive.
- Reduces death and - Very specific to the pests
mutation of non-target and the place making it
species from chemical complex.
pesticides.
- Reduces surface water
and ground
contamination by
agricultural runoff of Mitigating Activities:
pesticides.
- It is sustainable. - By using IPM methods
- Minimizes loss of environmental
pollinators. disruptions, human
- Minimizes human health health risks, and harmful
risks. pesticides are mitigated
- Minimizes pesticide due to their eco-friendly
resistance. approach.
Facts:
● The IPM program is effective
until a new threat appears. Like
invasive or re-emerging pests,
climate change, drought or
other factors.
● Growers conserve beneficial
insects and use pest- resistant
plants, farming technology and
reduced risk- selective
pesticides to control insects,
weeds, and diseases.
● New IPM tools and
technologies are being
introduced to maximize the
control of insects, weeds, and
diseases in crops, by also
reducing harmful effects on the
environment.

Extra Resources:
- https://notes.apesnotes.com/chapter-5/5.14-integrated-pest-managem
ent
- https://library.fiveable.me/ap-enviro/unit-5/integrated-pest-manageme
nt/study-guide/qT1rsJ89dPMIyQHRaWz

Data and Figures:

Sources:
5.14 Integrated Pest Management - APES Notes. (n.d.). APES Notes.
https://notes.apesnotes.com/chapter-5/5.14-integrated-pest-management
AP Classroom. (n.d.). AP Classroom. https://apclassroom.collegeboard.org/14/home
APES Unit 5 Study Guide: Integrated Pest Management | Fiveable. (n.d.). Fiveable.
https://library.fiveable.me/ap-enviro/unit-5/integrated-pest-management/study-guide/q
T1rsJ89dPMIyQHRaWz4
Integrated Pest Management & Biological Pest Control. (n.d.). APES : By Reymond
P.
https://ppreymond.weebly.com/integrated-pest-management--biological-pest-control.h
tml
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Principles. (2021, August 26). US EPA.
https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles
Topic 5.15 has a lot of content. Check each of the
activities mentioned in ‘Essential Knowledge’.
STUDENTS

11 Augustina

12 Juan David

13 Francisco
 Sustainable Agriculture

Definition: it is a type of
agriculture that focuses on
producing long term crops
and livestock while having
the least possible effects
on the environment. Some
of its benefits include soil
and fertility preservation.

Soil Preservation:
- The goal of soil preservation is to prevent soil erosion which is essential to
maintaining sustainable food production practices
- The methods for soil preservation include:

Contour Plowing
Definition: plowing along the topographical contours of the land

Benefits: preserves natural topography of the land and leaves soil

intact, the purpose is to slow down soil erosion caused by water
velocity

Windbreaks
Definition: adding elements such as trees, fences or walls to
provide protection from the wind

Benefits: reduces wind erosion, and protects livestock from heat

and cold

* graphics are taken from the college board lesson videos

 Strip cropping
Definition: harvesting one crop at a different time leave one crop
holding the soil in place

Benefits: reduces soil erosion

Terracing
Definition: cultivating the land in a series of flat terraces similar to
steps

Benefits: when rain hits it hits flat area decreases velocity of water
going downhill, reducing soil erosion

No till agriculture
Definition: planting crops without tilling or plowing the soil

Benefits: leaves soil in place and does not loosen it so it can resist
erosion

Perennial Crops
Definition: planting crops whose roots hold soil together, and does
not have to be replanted, the plant keeps on giving. Examples
such as berries or trees which produce fruit

Benefits: reduces soil erosion because no replanting is needed

* graphics are taken from the college board lesson videos

Maintaining soil fertility:

- Maintaining soil fertility is important because it directly affects the crop's

yield and quality

Crop rotation
Definition: alternating the crops harvested in a specific piece of
land

Benefits: replenish soils of nutrients naturally, for example,

legumes adding nitrogen to soil

Green manure
Definition: green manure is allowing small green species to cover
the soil around your crop and replenish it with nutrients

Benefits: replenish soils of nutrients naturally, and protects soil

from erosion

Limestone
Definition: refers to the practice of adding limestone to the soil

Benefits: adds calcium to soil and increases ph making soils more

alkaline

Additional resources:
Rotational Grazing:

* graphic by Ian Alexander, uploaded to wikipedia

- Rotation grazing is the cycling of livestock in order to prevent overgrazing

an area
- Rotational grazing focuses on providing sustainable solutions to
overgrazing, which is when there is excessive grazing and the environment
suffers negative consequences
Positive Aspects and Strategies to improve
soil fertility

- Contributes to environmental conservation:

Sustainable agriculture helps to replenish the land as
well as other natural resources such as water and air.

- Saves Energy for the Future:

Sustainable agricultural systems have reduced the need
for fossil fuels or nonrenewable energy sources and a
substitution of renewable sources or labor to the extent
that is economically feasible.
- Public Health Safety:
Sustainable agriculture avoids hazardous pesticides
and fertilizers.

- Prevent Pollution:
Sustainable agriculture means that any waste a
farm produces remains inside the farm’s
ecosystem. In this way, the waste can prevent
pollution.
- Prevent Soil Erosion:
Sustainable Agriculture has numerous practices that
aid in keeping the soil in place, reducing or eliminating
tillage, managing irrigation to reduce runoff, and
keeping the soil covered with plants or mulch.

- Economically Beneficial for farmers:

Sustainable Agriculture greatly reduces their
reliance on government subsidies and
strengthens rural communities. Organic farms
typically require 2 ½ times less labor than
factory farms yet yield 10 times the profit
Strategies to improve soil fertility

- Manure:
Animal manures supply different amounts of
nutrients depending on the animal species, feed,
bedding and manure storage practices.

- Alfa meal or Pellets:

Contain around 3 percent nitrogen and are
commonly used as an animal feed. This is an
excellent fertilizer material in high-value
horticultural crops.
- Granite dust:
Granite dust typically contains from 1 to 5 percent
potash depending on overall mineral composition of
the rock, but granite is mostly feldspar, a highly
insoluble mineral, so little of that potassium is easily
available.
Actions taken

Luckily in the USA the erosion percentages have reduced in the past decades,
yet the change is almost nonexistent, only a 2 percent decrease.
SOURCES:

Importance of Soil Fertility in Vegetable Crop Production. (n.d.). Small Farm Sustainability.

https://www.extension.iastate.edu/smallfarms/importance-soil-fertility-vegetable-crop-production

Oxford Languages. (2021, December 2). Oxford Languages and Google - English | Oxford Languages.

https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/

R. (2020, August 22). Methods and Benefits of Sustainable Agriculture. Conserve Energy Future.

https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/methods-and-benefits-of-sustainable-agriculture.php

Study.com. (n.d.). Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees

& Careers. Agriculture.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-sustainable-agriculture-definition-benefits-and-issues.html

AP daily videos from College Board

Try to research and note some specific examples of fish
species which are farmed. Where? How? Why?

STUDENTS

14 Natalia

15 Martina M
Sources

- APES Video Notes 5.16 - Aquaculture. (2020, May 5). YouTube. Retrieved March 18, 2022, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcrjRie0iAk

- APES Unit 5 Study Guide & Notes: Aquaculture | Fiveable. (n.d.). Fiveable. Retrieved March 18,

2022, from

https://library.fiveable.me/ap-enviro/unit-5/aquaculture/study-guide/zst9Eh0Z22BteZNX9SzG

- How To Farm a Better Fish. (n.d.). National Geographic. Retrieved March 18, 2022, from

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/aquaculture/

- What is aquaculture? (n.d.). Ocean Service. Retrieved March 18, 2022, from

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/aquaculture.html

- 5 ways to net a sustainable future for aquaculture. (2020, 7 febrero). World Economic Forum.

Retrieved March 20,2022, from

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/5-ways-to-guarantee-sustainable-aquaculture/

- Sawe, B. E. (2017, 25 abril). Leading Countries In Fishing And Aquaculture Harvests. WorldAtlas.

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/leading-countries-in-fishing-and-aquaculture-output.html
Give good focus to forest burning - natural, controlled
and accidental. Also the implications of poor forestry
management and the build-up of dead biomass which can
have serious implications.

STUDENTS

16 Paula R

17 José Antonio
 Sustainable Forestry

What is sustainable forestry?

Sustainable forestry refers to a

collection of methods that try to
reduce the human impact of
harvesting trees and utilizing
forest resources.

Principles

-Practice of the regulation of resources of the environment to feed the

world and the human needs, but at the same time to preserve the
environment.

-Basic purpose is to find a balance between conserving the nature

and the demand of the world.

-Aspects like reforestation or reusing wood is a basic action to find a

way to keep the environment good.

Advantages

- Preserves biodiversity and Did you know?

the ecosystem services
forests provide “In addition to saving trees, using recycled
lumber can save energy. Processing reclaimed
- Reusing wood reduces the wood to create flooring uses 13 times less
need to cut down more energy than processing virgin wood for
trees flooring.”

- http://www.barnstormerswood.com/four-fa
- Economic support for st-facts-reclaimed-wood/
companies and
organizations which
promote sustainable
forestry
Methods for mitigating deforestation

- Reforestation
- Using / buying wood harvested by ecologically sustainable
forestry techniques
- Reusing wood
- Sustainable and improving agricultural practices, this will help so
that the pressure in forests is lower.
- Protection of forest and reforestation
- Secure communities and livelihoods.
Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYSlk358qyU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmeW5UzqDDk

Methods to protect forests from IPM

IPM techniques can help reduce infestations in an

ecological and sustainable way:

Knowledge of common pest species which can

affect the forest

Thinning of underbush ( shrubs, bushes or small

trees growing beneath large trees )

Developing and setting pest control systems like

traps and manual weeding

With the help of predators monitor biological control

Control pests with pesticides, herbicides and

repellents. ( This is the last result since it can impact
the environment in a negative way )
Prescribed burns

Sources

Jordan Dischinger-Smedes. (2020, May 7). APES Video Notes 5.17 -

Sustainable Forestry [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYSlk358qyU

College Board AP Daily video 1, 5.17

W. (2018, February 1). Four Fast Facts About Reclaimed Wood |

Barnstormerswood. BARNSTORMERSWOOD.
http://www.barnstormerswood.com/four-fast-facts-reclaimed-wood/
EXTERNALITIES
This is a slide which results from the Cookie Mining ‘Lab’ and is
relevant to the whole Unit 5.

What are EXTERNALITIES?

Define.
Give some simple, easily understandable examples, not necessarily
environmental.

What are NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES?

Define.
Give some examples, focussing on environmental activities.

What are POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES?

Define.
Give some simple, not necessarily environmental, examples.
Give an environmental example.

A researched EXAMPLE
Take the delivery by small lorry of household cooking gas (butane
or propane) to homes in Quito. The gas is delivered as Liquid
Petroleum Gas (LPG) in cylinders. The official, subsidised price of a
cylinder of LPG in the distribution centres is $1.60.

Create a table of externalities and see if you can estimate what we

should really be paying for a cylinder of LPG.

STUDENTS

18 Andreina

19 Sarah
EXTERNALITIES

Externalities are the side effects or consequences of an

industrial or commercial activity (mining in this case) that
affect other unrelated third parties without altering the
cost of the goods involved.

Negative externalities
- A factory burns fossil fuels for production = air
pollution (environmental externality)
- Passive smoking = deteriorate the health of the smoker
and those around them (consumption externality)

Positive externalities
- Building a subway station for example = infrastructure
development (production externality)
- People being vaccinated = infected decrease in a
community (consumption externality)

Researched example

Cylinder of LPG
A cylinder of gas is officially priced at 1.60 USD. A
cylinder of gas for domestic use with delivery is priced at
3.50 USD.
The actual and final price of a cylinder of gas would be
around 14 USD, meaning the subsidy is of an estimated 12 USD.
From this data we can understand that the subsidy cancels out
when companies have to put money into externalities:
- CLimate change (pollution)
- Transportation (truck and fuel)
- Labour
- Extraction of the gas
EXTRA from John O

5.12 Sustainability
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiQzvGxn9JY

5.15 Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways meeting society's present food, textile and resource needs, without
compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs.
It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services. There are many methods to increase the sustainability of
agriculture. When developing agriculture within sustainable food systems, it is important to develop flexible business process
and farming practices. Agriculture has an enormous environmental footprint, playing a significant role in:
· causing climate change
· water scarcity
· water pollution
· land degradation
· deforestation

It is simultaneously causing environmental changes and being impacted by these changes. Sustainable agriculture consists
of environment friendly methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without damage to human or
natural systems. It involves preventing adverse effects to soil, water, biodiversity, surrounding or downstream resources—as
well as to those working or living on the farm or in neighbouring areas. Elements of sustainable agriculture can include:
· permaculture
· agroforestry
· mixed farming
· multiple cropping
· crop rotation.
Developing sustainable food systems contributes to the sustainability of the human population. For example, one of the best
ways to mitigate climate change is to create sustainable food systems based on sustainable agriculture. Sustainable
agriculture provides a potential solution to enable agricultural systems to feed a growing population within the changing
environmental conditions. Numerous sustainability standards and certification systems exist, including organic certification,
Rainforest Alliance, Fair Trade, UTZ Certified, GlobalGAP, Bird Friendly, and the Common Code for the Coffee Community
(4C).

Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture

5.16 Aquaculture
What is Aqyaculture? The term aquaculture broadly refers to the cultivation of
aquatic organisms in controlled aquatic environments for any commercial,
recreational or public purpose. The breeding, rearing and harvesting of plants
and animals takes place in all types of water environments including ponds,
rivers, lakes, the ocean and man-made “closed” systems on land.

OVERALL REVIEW:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZKtuF_2b_I